Fundamentals of plant physiology:
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press
[2018]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xx, 561, G20, IL6, I32 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781605357904 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of plant physiology |c Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press |c [2018] | |
| 300 | |a xx, 561, G20, IL6, I32 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant physiology |v Textbooks | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Zeiger, Eduardo |d 1939- |0 (DE-588)141479027 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Møller, Ian M. |d 1950- |0 (DE-588)141109068 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Murphy, Angus |0 (DE-588)1153851261 |4 aut | |
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| _version_ | 1804178587057651712 |
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| adam_text | Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 Plant and Cell Architecture 1
CHAPTER 2 Water and Plant Cells 45
CHAPTER 3 Water Balance of Plants 65
CHAPTER 4 Mineral Nutrition 91
CHAPTER 5 Assimilation of Inorganic Nutrients 121
CHAPTER 6 Solute Transport 147
CHAPTER 7 Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions 181
CHAPTER 8 Photosynthesis: The Carbon Reactions 213
CHAPTER 9 Photosynthesis: Physiological and Ecological Considerations 243
CHAPTER 10 Translocation in the Phloem 269
CHAPTER 11 Respiration and Lipid Metabolism 303
CHAPTER 12 Signals and Signal Transduction 341
CHAPTER 13 Signals from Sunlight 369
CHAPTER 14 Embryogenesis 391
CHAPTER 15 Seed Dormancy, Germination, and Seedling Establishment 411
CHAPTER 16 Vegetative Growth and Senescence 445
CHAPTER 17 Flowering and Fruit Development 473
CHAPTER 18 Biotic Interactions 507
CHAPTER 19 Abiotic Stress 537
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
Plant and Cell Architecture 1
Plant Life Processes: Unifying Principles 2
Plant Classification and Life Cycles 2
Box 1 1 Evolutionary Relationships
among Plants 3
Plant life cycles alternate between diploid
and haploid generations 4
Overview of Plant Structure 6
Plant cells are surrounded by rigid cell walls 6
Primary and secondary cell walls differ in
their components 7
The cellulose microfibrils and matrix polymers are
synthesized via different mechanisms 9
Plasmodesmata allow the free movement of
molecules between cells 10
New cells originate in dividing tissues
called meristems 11
Box 1 2 The Secondary Plant Body 14
Plant Cell Types 15
Dermal tissue covers the surfaces of plants 15
Ground tissue forms the bodies of plants 15
Vascular tissue forms transport networks between
different parts of the plant 17
Plant Cell Organelles 17
Biological membranes are bilayers that
contain proteins 18
The Nucleus 20
Gene expression involves both transcription
and translation 23
Posttranslational regulation determines the
life span of proteins 23
The Endomembrane System 25
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of
internal membranes 25
Vacuoles have diverse functions in plant cells 26
Oil bodies are lipid-storing organelles 27
Microbodies play specialized metabolic roles in leaves
and seeds 27
Independently Dividing Semiautonomous
Organelles 28
Proplastids mature into specialized plastids in
different plant tissues 31
Chloroplast and mitochondrial division are
independent of nuclear division 31
The Plant Cytoskeleton 32
The plant cytoskeleton consists of microtubules
and microfilaments 32
Actin, tubulin, and their polymers are in constant flux
in the living cell 33
Microtubule protofilaments first assemble into flat
sheets before curling into cylinders 34
Cytoskeletal motor proteins mediate cytoplasmic
streaming and directed organelle movement 34
Cell Cycle Regulation 37
Each phase of the cell cycle has a specific set of
biochemical and cellular activities 37
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-
dependent kinases 38
Mitosis and cytokinesis involve both microtubules
and the endomembrane system 39
CHAPTER 2
Water and Plant Cells 45
Water in Plant Life 46
viii Table of Contents
The Structure and Properties of Water 46
Water is a polah molecule that forms
hydrogen bonds 47
Water is an excellent solvent 47
Water has distinctive thermal properties relative
to its size 48
Water molecules are highly cohesive 48
Water has a high tensile strength 49
Diffusion and Osmosis 51
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules by
random thermal agitation 51
Diffusion is most effective over short distances 52
Osmosis describes the net movement of water across a
selectively permeable barrier 53
Water Potential 53
The chemical potential of water represents the
free-energy status of water 53
Three major factors contribute to cell water
potential 54
Water potentials can be measured 55
Water Potential of Plant Cells 55
Water enters the cell along a water potential
gradient 56
Water can also leave the cell in response to a water
potential gradient 56
Water potential and its components vary with growth
conditions and location within the plant 58
Cell Wall and Membrane Properties 58
Small changes in plant cell volume cause large
changes in turgor pressure 58
The rate at which cells gain or lose water is influenced
by plasma membrane hydraulic conductivity 60
Aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across
plasma membranes 60
Plant Water Status 61
Physiological processes are affected by plant
water status 61
Solute accumulation helps cells maintain turgor
and volume 62
CHAPTER 3
Water Balance of Plants 65
Water in the Soil 66
A negative hydrostatic pressure in soil water lowers
soil water potential 66
Water moves through the soil by bulk flow 67
Water Absorption by Roots 68
Water moves in the root via the apoplast, symplast,
and transmembrane pathways 69
Solute accumulation in the xylem can generate
root pressure 70
Water Transport through the Xylem 71
The xylem consists of two types of transport cells 71
Water moves through the xylem by pressure-driven
bulk flow 73
Water movement through the xylem requires a
smaller pressure gradient than movement
through living cells 73
What pressure difference is needed to lift water 100
meters to a treetop? 74
The cohesion-tension theory explains water transport
in the xylem 74
Xylem transport of water in trees faces physical
challenges 76
Plants minimize the consequences of xylem
cavitation 78
Water Movement from the Leaf
to the Atmosphere 78
Leaves have a large hydraulic resistance 79
The driving force for transpiration is the difference
in water vapor concentration 80
Water loss is also regulated by the pathway
resistances 81
The boundary layer contributes to diffusional
resistance 81
Stomatal resistance is another major component
of diffusional resistance 82
The cell walls of guard cells have specialized
features 82
An increase in guard cell turgor pressure opens
the stomata 83
Table of Contents ix
Coupling Ldaf Transpiration and
Photosynthesis: Light-dependent
Stomata I Opening 85
Stomatal opening is regulated by light 85
Stomatal opening is specifically regulated by
blue light 86
Water-use efficiency 87
Overview: The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere
Continuum 87
CHAPTER 4
Mineral Nutrition 91
Essential Nutrients, Deficiencies,
and Plant Disorders 92
Special techniques are used in nutritional studies 95
Nutrient solutions can sustain rapid plant growth 95
Mineral deficiencies disrupt plant metabolism and
function 98
Analysis of plant tissues reveals mineral
deficiencies 103
Treating Nutritional Deficiencies 104
Crop yields can be improved by the addition
of fertilizers 105
Some mineral nutrients can be absorbed by leaves 106
Soil, Roots, and Microbes 106
Negatively charged soil particles affect the adsorption
of mineral nutrients 107
Soil pH affects nutrient availability, soil microbes,
and root growth 108
Excess mineral ions in the soil limit plant growth 109
Some plants develop extensive root systems 109
Root systems differ in form but are based on
common structures 110
Different areas of the root absorb different
mineral ions 112
Nutrient availability influences root growth 114
Mycorrhizal symbioses facilitate nutrient uptake
by roots 114
Nutrients move between mycorrhizal fungi and
root cells 118
CHAPTER 5
Assimilation of Inorganic
Nutrients 121
Nitrogen in the Environment 122
Nitrogen passes through several forms in a
biogeochemical cycle 122
Unassimilated ammonium or nitrate may be
dangerous 124
Nitrate Assimilation 125
Many factors regulate nitrate reductase 125
Nitrite reductase converts nitrite to ammonium 126
Both roots and shoots assimilate nitrate 127
Ammonium Assimilation 128
Converting ammonium to amino acids requires
two enzymes 128
Ammonium can be assimilated via an alternative
pathway 128
Transamination reactions transfer nitrogen 129
Asparagine and glutamine link carbon and
nitrogen metabolism 130
Amino Acid Biosynthesis 130
Biological Nitrogen Fixation 131
Free-living and symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen 131
Nitrogen fixation requires microanaerobic or
anaerobic conditions 132
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized
structures 134
Establishing symbiosis requires an exchange
of signals 134
Nod factors produced by bacteria act as signals
for symbiosis 135
Nodule formation involves phytohormones 136
The nitrogenase enzyme complex fixes N2 138
Amides and ureides are the transported forms
of nitrogen 139
Sulfur Assimilation 140
Sulfate is the form of sulfur transported
into plants 140
Sulfate assimilation occurs mostly in leaves 140
Methionine is synthesized from cysteine 141
x Table of Contents
Phosphate Assimilation 141
Iron Assimilation 141
Roots modify the rhizosphere to acquire iron 141
Iron cations form complexes with carbon
and phosphate 142
The Energetics of Nutrient
Assimilation 143
CHAPTER 6
Solute Transport 147
Passive and Active Transport 148
Transport of Ions across
Membrane Barriers 150
Different diffusion rates for cations and anions
produce diffusion potentials 151
How does membrane potential relate to ion
distribution? 152
The Nernst equation distinguishes between active
and passive transport 153
Proton transport is a major determinant of the
membrane potential 154
Membrane Transport Processes 155
Channels enhance diffusion across membranes 156
Carriers bind and transport specific substances 158
Primary active transport requires energy 158
Secondary active transport uses stored energy 160
Kinetic analyses can elucidate transport
mechanisms 161
Membrane Transport Proteins 163
The genes for many transporters have been
identified 163
Transporters exist for diverse nitrogen-containing
compounds 165
Cation transporters are diverse 166
Anion transporters have been identified 168
Transporters for metal and metalloid ions transport
essential micronutrients 169
Aquaporins have diverse functions 170
Plasma membrane H+-ATPases are highly regulated
P-type ATPases 170
The tonoplast H+-ATPase drives solute accumulation
in vacuoles 171
H+-pyrophosphatases also pump protons at
the tonoplast 173
Ion Transport in Stomatal Opening 173
Light stimulates ATPase activity and creates a
stronger electrochemical gradient across the guard
cell plasma membrane 173
Hyperpolarization of the guard cell plasma membrane
leads to uptake of ions and water 175
Ion Transport in Roots 176
Solutes move through both apoplast and symplast 176
Ions cross both symplast and apoplast 176
Xylem parenchyma cells participate in
xylem loading 178
CHAPTER 7
Photosynthesis: The Light
Reactions 181
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 182
General Concepts 182
Light has characteristics of both a particle and
a wave 182
When molecules absorb or emit light, they change
their electronic state 183
Photosynthetic pigments absorb the light that
powers photosynthesis 185
Key Experiments in Understanding
Photosynthesis 186
Action spectra relate light absorption to
photosynthetic activity 186
Photosynthesis takes place in complexes containing
light-harvesting antennas and photochemical
reaction centers 187
The chemical reaction of photosynthesis is driven
by light 189
Light drives the reduction of NADP4 and the
formation of ATP 189
Oxygen-evolving organisms have two photosystems
that operate in series 190
Table of Contents xi
Organization of the
Photosynthetic Apparatus 192
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis 192
Thylakoids contain integral membrane
proteins 192
Photosystems I and II are spatially separated in
the thylakoid membrane 193
Organization of Light-Absorbing
Antenna Systems 195
Antenna systems contain chlorophyll and are
membrane-associated 195
The antenna funnels energy to the
reaction center 195
Many antenna pigment-protein complexes have
a common structural motif 196
Mechanisms of Electron
Transport 197
Electrons from chlorophyll travel through
the carriers organized in the Z scheme 197
Energy is captured when an excited chlorophyll
reduces an electron acceptor molecule 199
The reaction center chlorophylls of the
two photosystems absorb at different
wavelengths 200
The PSII reaction center is a multi-subunit
pigment-protein complex 201
Water is oxidized to oxygen by PSII 202
Pheophytin and two quinones accept electrons
from PSII 202
Electron flow through the cytochrome b6f complex
also transports protons 203
Plastoquinone and plastocyanin carry
electrons between photosystem II and
photosystem I 205
The PSI reaction center reduces NADW 205
Cyclic electron flow generates ATP but no
NADPH 206
Some herbicides block photosynthetic electron
flow 206
Proton Transport and ATP Synthesis
in the Chloroplast 207
CHAPTER 8
Photosynthesis: The Carbon
Reactions 213
The Calvin-Benson Cycle 214
The Calvin-Benson cycle has three phases:
carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration 215
The fixation of C02 via carboxylation of
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and the reduction
of the product 3-phosphoglycerate yield
triose phosphates 215
The regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
ensures the continuous assimilation of C02 217
An induction period precedes the steady state of
photosynthetic C02 assimilation 219
Many mechanisms regulate the Calvin-Benson
cycle 220
Rubisco activase regulates the catalytic activity
of Rubisco 221
Light regulates the Calvin-Benson cycle via the
ferredoxin-thioredoxin system 221
Light-dependent ion movements modulate enzymes
of the Calvin-Benson cycle 222
Photorespiration: The C2 Oxidative
Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle 222
The oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
sets in motion the C2 oxidative photosynthetic
carbon cycle 224
Photorespiration is linked to the photosynthetic
electron transport chain 227
Inorganic Carbon-Concentrating
Mechanisms 228
Inorganic Carbon-Concentrating
Mechanisms: The C4 Carbon Cycle 229
Malate and aspartate are the primary
carboxylation products of the C4 cycle 229
The C4 cycle assimilates C02 by the concerted
action of two different types of cells 229
Bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells exhibit
anatomical and biochemical differences 231
The C4 cycle also concentrates C02 in
single cells 232
xii Table of Contents
Light regulates the activity of key C4
enzymes 2|4
Photosynthetic assimilation of C02 in C4
plants demands more transport processes
than in C3 plants 234
In hot, dry climates, the C4 cycle reduces
photorespiration 234
Inorganic Carbon-Concentrating
Mechanisms: Crassulacean Acid
Metabolism (CAM) 235
Different mechanisms regulate C4 PEPCase
and CAM PEPCase 237
CAM is a versatile mechanism sensitive to
environmental stimuli 237
Accumulation and Partitioning
of Photosynthates—Starch and
Sucrose 238
CHAPTER 9
Photosynthesis: Physiological and
Ecological Considerations 243
The Effect of Leaf Properties on
Photosynthesis 245
Leaf anatomy and canopy structure maximize
light absorption 245
Leaf angle and leaf movement can control
light absorption 248
Leaves acclimate to sun and shade environments 249
Effects of Light on Photosynthesis
in the Intact Leaf 250
Light-response curves reveal photosynthetic
properties 250
Leaves must dissipate excess light energy 252
Absorption of too much light can lead to
photoinhibition 255
Effects of Temperature on Photosynthesis
in the Intact Leaf 256
Leaves must dissipate vast quantities of heat 256
There is an optimal temperature for
photosynthesis 257
Photosynthesis is sensitive to both high and low
temperatures 257
Photosynthetic efficiency is
temperature-sensitive 258
Effects of Carbon Dioxide on
Photosynthesis in the Intact Leaf 259
Atmospheric C02 concentration keeps rising 259
C02 diffusion to the chloroplast is essential to
photosynthesis 260
C02 imposes limitations on photosynthesis 261
How will photosynthesis and respiration change in
the future under elevated C02 conditions? 264
CHAPTER 10
Translocation in the Phloem 269
Patterns of Translocation:
Source to Sink 270
Pathways of Translocation 271
Sugar is translocated in phloem sieve elements 272
Mature sieve elements are living cells specialized
for translocation 272
Large pores in cell walls are the prominent feature
of sieve elements 274
Damaged sieve elements are sealed off 275
Companion cells aid the highly specialized sieve
elements 276
Materials Translocated in the Phloem 276
Phloem sap can be collected and analyzed 277
Sugars are translocated in a nonreducing form 278
Other solutes are translocated in the phloem 278
Rates of Movement 280
The Pressure-Flow Model, a Passive
Mechanism for Phloem Transport 280
An osmotically generated pressure gradient drives
translocation in the pressure-flow model 281
Some predictions of pressure flow have been
confirmed, while others require further
experimentation 282
Table of Contents xiii
There is no bidirectional transport in single sieve
elements, and solutes and water move at the
same velocity 283
The energy requirement for transport through the
phloem pathway is small in herbaceous plants 283
Sieve plate pores appear to be open channels 284
Pressure gradients in the sieve elements may be
modest; pressures in herbaceous plants and
trees appear to be similar 284
Phloem Loading 285
Phloem loading can occur via the apoplast
or symplast 285
Abundant data support the existence of apoplastic
loading in some species 287
Sucrose uptake in the apoplastic pathway requires
metabolic energy 287
Phloem loading in the apoplastic pathway involves a
sucrose-H+ symporter 288
Phloem loading is symplastic in some species 288
The polymer-trapping model explains symplastic
loading in plants with intermediary-type
companion cells 288
Phloem loading is passive in several tree species 290
Phloem Unloading and
Sink-to-Source Transition 290
Phloem unloading and short-distance
transport can occur via symplastic or
apoplastic pathways 290
Transport into sink tissues requires
metabolic energy 291
The transition of a leaf from sink to source
is gradual 292
Photosynthate Distribution:
Allocation and Partitioning 294
Allocation includes storage, utilization,
and transport 294
Various sinks partition transport sugars 295
Source leaves regulate allocation 295
Sink tissues compete for available translocated
photosynthate 297
Sink strength depends on sink size
and activity 297
The source adjusts over the long term to changes
in the source-to-sink ratio 298
Transport of Signaling Molecules 298
Turgor pressure and chemical signals coordinate
source and sink activities 298
Proteins and RNAs function as signal molecules
in the phloem to regulate growth and
development 299
Plasmodesmata function in phloem signaling 299
CHAPTER 11
Respiration and Lipid
Metabolism 303
Overview of Plant Respiration 303
Glycolysis 306
Glycolysis metabolizes carbohydrates from
several sources 307
The energy-conserving phase of glycolysis extracts
usable energy 309
Plants have alternative glycolytic reactions 310
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation regenerates
the NAD+ needed for glycolytic ATP
production 310
The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate
Pathway 311
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway produces
NADPH and biosynthetic intermediates 313
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is
redox-regulated 313
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 314
Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles 314
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized
via the TCA cycle 315
The TCA cycle of plants has unique features 317
Mitochondrial Electron Transport
and ATP Synthesis 318
The electron transport chain catalyzes a flow of
electrons from NADH to 02 318
The electron transport chain has supplementary
branches 320
ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion is coupled to
electron transport 321
xiv Table of Contents
Transporters exchange substrates and products 322
Aerobic respiration yields about 60 molecules
of ATP per molecule of sucrose 324
Plants have several mechanisms that lower the ATP
yield 324
Short-term control of mitochondrial respiration
occurs at different levels 326
Respiration is tightly coupled to other pathways 328
Respiration in Intact Plants and Tissues 329
Plants respire roughly half of the daily
photosynthetic yield 329
Respiratory processes operate during
photosynthesis 329
Different tissues and organs respire at
different rates 330
Environmental factors alter respiration rates 331
Lipid Metabolism 332
Fats and oils store large amounts of energy 333
Triacylglycerols are stored in oil bodies 333
Polar glycerolipids are the main structural lipids
in membranes 334
Membrane lipids are precursors of important
signaling compounds 334
Storage lipids are converted into carbohydrates in
germinating seeds, releasing stored energy 336
CHAPTER 12
Signals and Signal Transduction 341
Temporal and Spatial Aspects
of Signaling 342
Signal Perception and Amplification 343
Signals must be amplified intracellularly to regulate
their target molecules 344
Ca2+ is the most ubiquitous second messenger in
plants and other eukaryotes 344
Changes in the cytosolic or cell wall pH can serve
as second messengers for hormonal and stress
responses 345
Reactive oxygen species act as second messengers
mediating both environmental and developmental
signals 347
Hormones and Plant Development 347
Auxin was discovered in early studies of coleoptile
bending during phototropism 349
Gibberellins promote stem growth and were
discovered in relation to the foolish seedling
disease of rice 349
Cytokinins were discovered as cell division-
promoting factors in tissue culture
experiments 351
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that promotes fruit
ripening and other developmental processes 351
Abscisic acid regulates seed maturation and stomatal
closure in response to water stress 351
Brassinosteroids regulate floral sex determination,
photomorphogenesis, and germination 352
Salicylic acid and jasmonates function in defense
responses 353
Strigolactones suppress branching and promote
rhizosphere interactions 353
Phytohormone Metabolism
and Homeostasis 353
Indole-3-pyruvate is the primary intermediate in
auxin biosynthesis 354
Gibberellins are synthesized by oxidation of the
diterpene ewf-kaurene 354
Cytokinins are adenine derivatives with isoprene
side chains 355
Ethylene is synthesized from methionine via the
intermediate ACC 355
Abscisic acid is synthesized from a carotenoid
intermediate 355
Brassinosteroids are derived from the sterol
campesterol 356
Strigolactones are synthesized from
ß-carotene 358
Signal Transmission and Cell-Cell
Communication 358
Hormonal Signaling Pathways 359
The cytokinin and ethylene signal transduction
pathways are derived from the bacterial two-
component regulatory system 359
Receptor-like kinases mediate brassinosteroid
signaling 360
Table of Contents xv
The core A^A signaling components include
phosphdtases and kinases 362
Plant hormone signaling pathways generally employ
negative regulation 362
Protein degradation via ubiquitination plays a
prominent role in hormone signaling 362
Plants have mechanisms for switching off or
attenuating signaling responses 363
The cellular response output to a signal is often
tissue-specific 363
Cross-regulation allows signal transduction pathways
to be integrated 363
CHAPTER 13
Signals from Sunlight 369
Plant Photoreceptors 372
Photoresponses are driven by light quality or spectral
properties of the energy absorbed 372
Plant responses to light can be distinguished by the
amount of light required 375
Phytochromes 375
Phytochrome is the primary photoreceptor for red
and far-red light 375
Phytochrome can interconvert between Pr and Pfr
forms 376
Phytochrome Responses 377
Phytochrome responses vary in lag time and escape
time 377
Phytochrome responses fall into three main categories
based on the amount of light required 378
Phytochrome A mediates responses to continuous
far-red light 379
Phytochrome regulates gene expression 380
Blue-Light Responses and
Photoreceptors 380
Blue-light responses have characteristic kinetics and
lag times 381
Cryptochromes 381
Blue-light irradiation of the cryptochrome FAD
chromophore causes a conformational change 382
The nucleus is a primary site of cryptochrome
action 382
Cryptochrome interacts with phytochrome 382
Phototropins 383
Phototropism requires changes in auxin
mobilization 384
Phototropins regulate chloroplast movements 384
Stomatal opening is regulated by blue light which
activates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase 385
The Coaction of Phytochrome,
Cryptochrome, and Phototropins 386
Responses to Ultraviolet Radiation 387
CHAPTER 14
Embryogenesis 391
Overview of Embryogenesis 393
Comparative Embryology of Eudicots and
Monocots 393
Morphological similarities and differences between
eudicot and monocot embryos dictate their
respective patterns of development 394
Apical-basal polarity is maintained in the embryo
during organogenesis 396
Embryo development requires regulated
communication between cells 398
Auxin signaling is essential for embryo
development 400
Polar auxin transport is mediated by localized auxin
efflux carriers 401
Auxin synthesis and polar transport regulate
embryonic development 404
Radial patterning guides formation of tissue
layers 404
The protoderm differentiates into the epidermis 405
The central vascular cylinder is elaborated by
cytokinin-regulated progressive cell divisions 405
Formation and Maintenance
of Apical Meristems 406
Auxin and cytokinin contribute to the formation
and maintenance of the RAM 406
xvi Table of Contents
SAM formation is ,also influenced by factors involved
in auxin moverhent and responses 407
Cell proliferation in the SAM is regulated by cytokinin
and gibberellin 408
CHAPTER 15
Seed Dormancy, Germination,
and Seedling Establishment 411
Seed Structure 412
Seed anatomy varies widely among different plant
groups 412
Seed Dormancy 415
There are two basic types of seed dormancy
mechanisms: exogenous and endogenous 415
Non-dormant seeds can exhibit vivipary
and precocious germination 416
The ABA:GA ratio is the primary determinant
of seed dormancy 417
Release from Dormancy 419
Light is an important signal that breaks dormancy in
small seeds 419
Some seeds require either chilling or after-ripening
to break dormancy 419
Seed dormancy can be broken by various chemical
compounds 420
Seed Germination 421
Germination and postgermination can be divided
into three phases corresponding to the phases
of water uptake 421
Mobilization of Stored Reserves 423
The cereal aleurone layer is a specialized digestive
tissue surrounding the starchy endosperm 423
Seedling Establishment 425
The development of emerging seedlings is strongly
influenced by light 425
Gibberellins and brassinosteroids both suppress
photomorphogenesis in darkness 426
Hook opening is regulated by phytochrome, auxin,
and ethylene 426
Vascular differentiation begins during
seedling emergence 427
Growing roots have distinct zones 427
Ethylene and other hormones regulate
root hair development 428
Lateral roots arise internally from the pericycle 428
Cell Expansion: Mechanisms
and Hormonal Controls 430
The rigid primary cell wall must be loosened for cell
expansion to occur 430
Microfibril orientation influences growth
directionality of cells with diffuse growth 431
Acid-induced growth and cell wall yielding are
mediated by expansins 432
Auxin promotes growth in stems and coleoptiles,
while inhibiting growth in roots 433
The outer tissues of eudicot stems are the targets of
auxin action 433
The minimum lag time for auxin-induced elongation
is 10 minutes 434
Auxin-induced proton extrusion loosens
the cell wall 434
Ethylene affects microtubule orientation and induces
lateral cell expansion 435
Tropisms: Growth in Response
to Directional Stimuli 435
Auxin transport is polar and gravity-independent 436
The Cholodny-Went hypothesis is supported by
auxin movements and auxin responses during
gravitropic growth 437
Gravity perception is triggered by the sedimentation
of amyloplasts 438
Gravity sensing may involve pH and calcium ions
(Ca2+) as second messengers 439
Phototropins are the light receptors involved in
phototropism 440
Phototropism is mediated by the lateral redistribution
of auxin 440
Shoot phototropism occurs in a series of steps 441
Table of Contents xvii
CHAPTER f6
Vegetative Growth and
Senescence 445
The Shoot Apical Meristem 445
The shoot apical meristem has distinct zones and
layers 446
Leaf Structure and Phyllotaxy 447
Auxin-dependent patterning of the shoot apex begins
during embryogenesis 448
Differentiation of
Epidermal Cell Types 450
A specialized epidermal lineage produces guard
cells 451
Venation Patterns in Leaves 452
The primary leaf vein is initiated in the leaf
primordium 452
Auxin canalization initiates development of the leaf
trace 452
Shoot Branching and Architecture 454
Auxin, cytokinins, and strigolactones regulate axillary
bud outgrowth 454
The initial signal for axillary bud growth may be an
increase in sucrose availability to the bud 456
Shade Avoidance 457
Reducing shade avoidance responses can improve
crop yields 458
Root System Architecture 458
Plants can modify their root system architecture
to optimize water and nutrient uptake 458
Monocots and eudicots differ in their
root system architecture 458
Root system architecture changes in response to
phosphorus deficiencies 459
Plant Senescence 461
During leaf senescence, nutrients are remobilized
from the source leaf to vegetative or reproductive
sinks 462
The developmental age of a leaf may differ from its
chronological age 462
Leaf senescence may be sequential, seasonal,
or stress-induced 463
The earliest cellular changes during leaf senescence
occur in the chloroplast 464
Reactive oxygen species serve as internal signaling
agents in leaf senescence 464
Plant hormones interact in the regulation
of leaf senescence 465
Leaf Abscission 467
The timing of leaf abscission is regulated by the
interaction of ethylene and auxin 467
Whole Plant Senescence 469
Angiosperm life cycles may be annual, biennial,
or perennial 469
Nutrient or hormonal redistribution may trigger
senescence in monocarpic plants 470
CHAPTER 17
Flowering and Fruit
Development 473
Floral Evocation: Integrating Environmental
Cues 474
The Shoot Apex and Phase Changes 474
Plant development has three phases 475
Juvenile tissues are produced first and are located at
the base of the shoot 475
Phase changes can be influenced by nutrients,
gibberellins, and epigenetic regulation 476
Photoperiodism: Monitoring
Day Length 476
Plants can be classified according to their
photoperiodic responses 477
Photoperiodism is one of many plant processes
controlled by a circadian rhythm 479
Circadian rhythms exhibit characteristic features 479
Circadian rhythms adjust to different
day-night cycles 481
The leaf is the site of perception of the
photoperiodic signal 482
xviii Table of Contents
Plants monitor day length by measuring the length
of the night ,482
Night breaks can cancel the effect of the
dark period 482
Photoperiodic timekeeping during the night depends
on a circadian clock 483
A coincidence model links oscillating light sensitivity
and photoperiodism 484
Phytochrome is the primary photoreceptor in
photoperiodism 486
Vernalization: Promoting
Flowering with Cold 487
Long-distance Signaling
Involved in Flowering 488
Gibberellins and ethylene can induce
flowering 489
Floral Meristems and Floral
Organ Development 490
The SAM in Arabidopsis changes with
development 491
The four different types of floral organs are initiated
as separate whorls 491
Two major categories of genes regulate floral
development 492
The ABC model partially explains the determination
of floral organ identity 492
Pollen Development 494
Female Gametophyte Development
in the Ovule 495
Functional megaspores undergo a series
of free nuclear mitotic divisions followed
by cellularization 495
Pollination and Double Fertilization
in Flowering Plants 496
Two sperm cells are delivered to the female
gametophyte by the pollen tube 497
Pollination begins with adhesion and hydration of a
pollen grain on a compatible flower 497
Pollen tubes grow by tip growth 497
Double fertilization results in the formation of the
|
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| id | DE-604.BV044983897 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:06:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781605357904 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 018014331 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030376238 |
| oclc_num | 1035763439 |
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| owner | DE-29T DE-703 DE-11 DE-20 DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-703 DE-11 DE-20 DE-384 |
| physical | xx, 561, G20, IL6, I32 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Taiz, Lincoln 1942- (DE-588)141478993 aut Fundamentals of plant physiology Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy New York Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press [2018] xx, 561, G20, IL6, I32 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Plant physiology Textbooks Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 s DE-604 Zeiger, Eduardo 1939- (DE-588)141479027 aut Møller, Ian M. 1950- (DE-588)141109068 aut Murphy, Angus (DE-588)1153851261 aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030376238&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Taiz, Lincoln 1942- Zeiger, Eduardo 1939- Møller, Ian M. 1950- Murphy, Angus Fundamentals of plant physiology Plant physiology Textbooks Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045580-4 |
| title | Fundamentals of plant physiology |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of plant physiology |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of plant physiology |
| title_full | Fundamentals of plant physiology Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of plant physiology Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of plant physiology Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy |
| title_short | Fundamentals of plant physiology |
| title_sort | fundamentals of plant physiology |
| topic | Plant physiology Textbooks Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plant physiology Textbooks Pflanzenphysiologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030376238&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT taizlincoln fundamentalsofplantphysiology AT zeigereduardo fundamentalsofplantphysiology AT møllerianm fundamentalsofplantphysiology AT murphyangus fundamentalsofplantphysiology |