The Routledge handbook of planning history:
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| Other Authors: | |
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| Format: | Electronic eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York ; London
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2018
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| Series: | Routledge handbooks
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | BSB01 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 520 Seiten) Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781315718996 9781317514664 |
| DOI: | 10.4324/9781315718996 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Routledge handbook of planning history |c edited by Carola Hein |
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CONTENTS
1 BASIC CONCEPTS, QUALITY & RELIABILITY (RAMS) ASSURANCE OF COMPLEX
EQUIP. & SYSTEMS . . I 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 2
1.2.1 RELIABILITY 2
1.2.2 FAILURE 3
1.2.3 FAILURE RATE, MTTF. MTBF 4
1.2.4 MAINTENANCE, MAINTAINABILITY 8
1.2.5 LOGISTIC SUPPORT 8
1.2.6 AVAILABILITY 9
1.2.7 SAFETY, RISK, AND RISK ACCEPTANCE 9
1.2.8 QUALITY 11
1.2.9 COST AND SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS 11
1.2.10 PRODUCT LIABILITY 15
1.2.11 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 16
1.3 BASIC TASKS & RULES FOR QUALITY & REL. (RAMS) ASSURANCE OF COMPLEX
EQ. & SYSTEMS . 17
1.3.1 QUALITY AND RELIABILITY (RAMS) ASSURANCE TASKS 17
1.3.2 BASIC QUALITY AND RELIABILITY (RAMS) ASSURANCE RULES 19
1.3.3 ELEMENTS OF A QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM 21
1.3.4 MOTIVATION AND TRAINING 24
2 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS DURING THE DESIGN PHASE (NONREPAYABLE ELEMENTS UP
TO SYSTEM FAILURE) . . 25
2.1 INTRODUCTION 25
2.2 PREDICTED RELIABILITY OF EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS WITH SIMPLE STRUCTURE
28
2.2.1 REQUIRED FUNCTION 28
2.2.2 RELIABILITY BLOCK DIAGRAM 28
2.2.3 OPERATING CONDITIONS AT COMPONENT LEVEL, STRESS FACTORS 33
2.2.4 FAILURE RATE OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 35
2.2.5 RELIABILITY OF ONE-ITEM STRUCTURES 39
2.2.6 RELIABILITY OF SERIES-PARALLEL STRUCTURES 41
2.2.6.1 SYSTEMS WITHOUT REDUNDANCY 41
2.2.6.2 CONCEPT OF REDUNDANCY 42
2.2.6.3 PARALLEL MODELS 43
2.2.6.4 SERIES - PARALLEL STRUCTURES 45
2.2.6.5 MAJORITY REDUNDANCY 49
2.2.7 PART COUNT METHOD 51
2.3 RELIABILITY OF SYSTEMS WITH COMPLEX STRUCTURE 52
2.3.1 KEY ITEM METHOD 52
2.3.1.1 BRIDGE STRUCTURE 53
2.3.1.2 REL. BLOCK DIAGRAM IN WHICH ELEMENTS APPEAR MORE THAN ONCE ...
54
2.3.2 SUCCESSFUL PATH METHOD 55
2.3.3 STATE SPACE METHOD 56
2.3.4 BOOLEAN FUNCTION METHOD 57
2.3.5 PARALLEL MODELS WITH CONSTANT FAILURE RATES AND LOAD SHARING 61
2.3.6 ELEMENTS WITH MORE THAN ONE FAILURE MECHANISM OR ONE FAILURE MODE
.... 64
2.3.7 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS ON FAULT TOLERANT STRUCTURES 66
2.4 RELIABILITY ALLOCATION AND OPTIMIZATION 67
IX
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X CONTENTS
2.5 MECHANICAL RELIABILITY, DRIFT FAILURES 68
2.6 FAILURE MODES ANALYSES 72
2.7 RELIABILITY ASPECTS IN DESIGN REVIEWS 77
3 QUALIFICATION TESTS FOR COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLIES 81
3.1 BASIC SELECTION CRITERIA FOR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 81
3.1.1 ENVIRONMENT 82
3.1.2 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 84
3.1.3 TECHNOLOGY 84
3.1.4 MANUFACTURING QUALITY 86
3.1.5 LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 86
3.1.6 RELIABILITY 86
3.2 QUALIFICATION TESTS FOR COMPLEX ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 87
3.2.1 ELECTRICAL TEST OF COMPLEX ICS 88
3.2.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPLEX ICS 90
3.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SPECIAL TESTS OF COMPLEX ICS 92
3.2.4 RELIABILITY TESTS 101
3.3 FAILURE MODES, MECHANISMS, AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 101
3.3.1 FAILURE MODES OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 101
3.3.2 FAILURE MECHANISMS OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 102
3.3.3 FAILURE ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 102
3.3.4 PRESENT VLSI PRODUCTION-RELATED RELIABILITY PROBLEMS 106
3.4 QUALIFICATION TESTS FOR ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLIES 107
4 MAINTAINABILITY ANALYSIS 112
4.1 MAINTENANCE, MAINTAINABILITY 112
4.2 MAINTENANCE CONCEPT 115
4.2.1 FAULT DETECTION (RECOGNITION) AND LOCALIZATION 116
4.2.2 EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS PARTITIONING 118
4.2.3 USER DOCUMENTATION 118
4.2.4 TRAINING OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL 119
4.2.5 USER LOGISTIC SUPPORT 119
4.3 MAINTAINABILITY ASPECTS IN DESIGN REVIEWS 121
4.4 PREDICTED MAINTAINABILITY 121
4.4.1 CALCULATION OF MTTRG 121
4.4.2 CALCULATION OF MTTPM S 125
4.5 BASIC MODELS FOR SPARE PARTS PROVISIONING 125
4.5.1 CENTRALIZED LOGISTIC SUPPORT, NONREPAIRABLE SPARE PARTS 125
4.5.2 DECENTRALIZED LOGISTIC SUPPORT, NONREPAIRABLE SPARE PARTS 129
4.5.3 REPAIRABLE SPARE PARTS 130
4.6 MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES 134
4.6.1 COMPLETE RENEWAL AT EACH MAINTENANCE ACTION 134
4.6.2 BLOCK REPLACEMENT WITH MINIMAL REPAIR AT FAILURE 138
4.6.3 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES 139
4.7 BASIC COST CONSIDERATIONS 142
5 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AND SOFTWARE
QUALITY 144
5.1 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RELIABILITY 144
5.1.1 DERATING 144
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XI
5.1.2 COOLING 145
5.1.3 MOISTURE 147
5.1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, ESD PROTECTION 148
5.1.5 COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLIES 150
5.1.5.1 COMPONENT SELECTION 150
5.1.5.2 COMPONENT USE 150
5.1.5.3 PCB AND ASSEMBLY DESIGN 151
5.1.5.4 PCB AND ASSEMBLY MANUFACTURING 152
5.1.5.5 STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION 153
5.1.6 PARTICULAR GUIDELINES FOR 1C DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING 153
5.2 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINABILITY 154
5.2.1 GENERAL GUIDELINES 154
5.2.2 TESTABILITY 155
5.2.3 CONNECTIONS, ACCESSIBILITY, EXCHANGEABILITY 157
5.2.4 ADJUSTMENT 158
5.2.5 HUMAN, ERGONOMIC, AND SAFETY ASPECTS 158
5.3 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY 159
5.3.1 GUIDELINES FOR SOFTWARE DEFECT PREVENTION 162
5.3.2 CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT 165
5.3.3 GUIDELINES FOR SOFTWARE TESTING 166
5.3.4 SOFTWARE QUALITY GROWTH MODELS 166
6 RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF REPAIRABLE SYSTEMS 169
6.1 INTRODUCTION, GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS, CONCLUSIONS 169
6.2 ONE-ITEM STRUCTURE 175
6.2.1 ONE-ITEM STRUCTURE NEW AT TIME 1 = 0 176
6.2.1.1 RELIABILITY FUNCTION 176
6.2.1.2 POINT AVAILABILITY 177
6.2.1.3 AVERAGE AVAILABILITY 178
6.2.1.4 INTERVAL RELIABILITY 179
6.2.1.5 SPECIAL KINDS OF AVAILABILITY 180
6.2.2 ONE-ITEM STRUCTURE NEW AT TIME I = 0 AND WITH CONSTANT FAILURE
RATE X . . .183
6.2.3 ONE-ITEM STRUCTURE WITH ARBITRARY CONDITIONS AT ; = 0 184
6.2.4 ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR 185
6.2.5 STEADY-STATE BEHAVIOR 187
6.3 SYSTEMS WITHOUT REDUNDANCY 189
6.3.1 SERIES STRUCTURE WITH CONSTANT FAILURE AND REPAIR RATES 189
6.3.2 SERIES STRUCTURE WITH CONSTANT FAILURE AND ARBITRARY REPAIR RATES
192
6.3.3 SERIES STRUCTURE WITH ARBITRARY FAILURE AND REPAIR RATES 193
6.4 L-OUT-OF-2 REDUNDANCY (WARM, ONE REPAIR CREW) 196
6.4.1 L-OUT-OF-2 REDUNDANCY WITH CONSTANT FAILURE AND REPAIR RATES 196
6.4.2 L-OUT-OF-2 REDUNDANCY WITH CONSTANT FAILURE AND ARBITRARY REP.
RATES .... 204
6.4.3 L-OUT-OF-2 RED. WITH CONST. FAILURE RATE IN RESERVE STATE &
ARBITR. REP. RATES . 207
6.5 /:-OUT-OF-H REDUNDANCY (WARM, IDENTICAL ELEMENTS, ONE REPAIR CREW)
213
6.5.1 -OUT-OF- REDUNDANCY WITH CONSTANT FAILURE AND REPAIR RATES 214
6.5.2 -OUT-OF-/I REDUNDANCY WITH CONSTANT FAILURE AND ARBITRARY REPAIR
RATES . . .218
6.6 SIMPLE SERIES - PARALLEL STRUCTURES (ONE REPAIR CREW) 220
6.7 APPROXIMATE EXPRESSIONS FOR LARGE SERIES - PARALLEL STRUCTURES 226
6.7.1 INTRODUCTION 226
6.7.2 APPLICATION TO A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE 230
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XII
CONTENTS
6.8 SYSTEMS WITH COMPLEX STRUCTURE (ONE REPAIR CREW) 238
6.8.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 238
6.8.2 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE 240
6.8.3 IMPERFECT SWITCHING. 243
6.8.4 INCOMPLETE COVERAGE 249
6.8.5 ELEMENTS WITH MORE THAN TWO STATES OR ONE FAILURE MODE 257
6.8.6 FAULT TOLERANT RECONFIGURABLE SYSTEMS 259
6.8.6.1 IDEAL CASE 259
6.8.6.2 TIME CENSORED RECONFIGURATION (PHASED-MISSION SYSTEMS) 259
6.8.6.3 FAILURE CENSORED RECONFIGURATION 266
6.8.6.4 REWARD AND FREQUENCY / DURATION ASPECTS 270
6.8.7 SYSTEMS WITH COMMON CAUSE FAILURES 271
6.8.8 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS ON NETWORK-RELIABILITY 275
6.8.9 GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR MODELING COMPLEX SYSTEMS 277
6.9 ALTERNATIVE INVESTIGATION METHODS 280
6.9.1 SYSTEMS WITH TOTALLY INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS 280
6.9.2 STATIC AND DYNAMIC FAULT TREES 280
6.9.3 BINARY DECISION DIAGRAMS 283
6.9.4 EVENT TREES 286
6.9.5 PETRI NETS 287
6.9.6 NUMERICAL RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY COMPUTATION 289
6.9.6.1 NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF SYSTEM S RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY .
. .289 6.9.6.2 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS 290
6.9.7 APPROXIMATE EXPRESSIONS FOR LARGE, COMPLEX SYSTEMS: BASIC
CONSIDERATIONS. . 293
6.10 HUMAN RELIABILITY 294
7 STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL AND RELIABILITY TESTS 299
7.1 STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL 299
7.1.1 ESTIMATION OF A DEFECTIVE PROBABILITY P 300
7.1.2 SIMPLE TWO-SIDED SAMPLING PLANS FOR DEMONSTRATION OF A DEF.
PROBABILITY P . . 302 7.1.2.1 SIMPLE TWO-SIDED SAMPLING PLAN 303
7.1.2.2 SEQUENTIAL TEST 305
7.1.3 ONE-SIDED SAMPLING PLANS FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF A DEF.
PROBABILITY P . . .306
7.2 STATISTICAL RELIABILITY TESTS 309
7.2.1 RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY ESTIMATION & DEMON, FOR A GIVEN FIXED
MISSION . . 309
7.2.2 AVAILABILITY ESTIMATION & DEMONSTRATION FOR CONTINUOUS OPERATION
(STEADY-STATE) 311 7.2.2.1 AVAILABILITY ESTIMATION (ERLANGIAN
FAILURE-FREE AND/OR REPAIR TIMES). . .311 7.2.2.2 AVAILABILITY
DEMONSTRATION (ERLANGIAN FAILURE-FREE AND/OR REPAIR TIMES) 313 7.2.2.3
FURTHER AVAILABILITY EVALUATION METHODS FOR CONTINUOUS OPERATION . .314
7.2.3 ESTIMATION AND DEMONSTRATION OF A CONST. FAILURE RATE X (OR OF
MTBF = 1 I X ) . .316 7.2.3.1 ESTIMATION OF A CONSTANT FAILURE RATE X
318
7.2.3.2 SIMPLE TWO-SIDED TEST FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF X 320
7.2.3.3 SIMPLE ONE-SIDED TEST FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF A. 324
7.3 STATISTICAL MAINTAINABILITY TESTS 325
7.3.1 ESTIMATION OF AN MTTR 325
7.3.2 DEMONSTRATION OF AN MTTR 327
7.4 ACCELERATED TESTING 329
7.5 GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS 334
7.5.1 KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST 334
7.5.2 CHI-SQUARE TEST 338
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XIII
7.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GENERAL RELIABILITY DATA 341
7.6.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 341
7.6.2 TESTS FOR NONHOMOGENEOUS POISSON PROCESSES 343
7.6.3 TREND TESTS 345
7.6.3.1 TESTS OF A HPP VERSUS A NHPP WITH INCREASING INTENSITY 345
7.6.3.2 TESTS OF A HPP VERSUS A NHPP WITH DECREASING INTENSITY 348
7.6.3.3 HEURISTIC TESTS TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HPP AND MONOTONIC TREND .
. . 349 7.7 RELIABILITY GROWTH 351
8 QUALITY & RELIABILITY (RAMS) ASSURANCE DURING PRODUCTION PHASE (BASIC
CONSIDERATIONS). 357
8.1 BASIC ACTIVITIES 357
8.2 TESTING AND SCREENING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 358
8.2.1 TESTING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 358
8.2.2 SCREENING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 359
8.3 TESTING AND SCREENING OF ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLIES 362
8.4 TEST AND SCREENING STRATEGIES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS 364
8.4.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 364
8.4.2 QUALITY COST OPTIMIZATION AT INCOMING INSPECTION LEVEL 367
8.4.3 PROCEDURE TO HANDLE FIRST DELIVERIES 372
A P P E N D I C E S ( A 1 - A I 1 )
A1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 373
A2 QUALITY AND RELIABILITY (RAMS) STANDARDS 387
A2.1 INTRODUCTION 387
A2.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE INDUSTRIAL FIELD 388
A2.3 REQUIREMENTS IN THE AEROSPACE, RAILWAY, DEFENSE, AND NUCLEAR FIELDS
390
A3 DEFINITION AND REALIZATION OF QUALITY AND RELIABILITY (RAMS)
REQUIREMENTS 391
A3.1 DEFINITION OF QUALITY AND RELIABILITY (RAMS) REQUIREMENTS 391
A3.2 REALIZATION OF QUALITY & RELIABILITY (RAMS) REQUIREMENTS FOR
COMPLEX EQ. & SYST. . 393
A3.3 ELEMENTS OF A QUALITY AND RELIABILITY (RAMS) ASSURANCE PROGRAM 398
A3.3.1 PROJECT ORGANIZATION, PLANNING, AND SCHEDULING 398
A3.3.2 QUALITY AND RELIABILITY (RAMS) REQUIREMENTS 399
A3.3.3 RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AND SAFETY ANALYSIS 399
A3.3.4 SELECTION AND QUALIFICATION OF COMPONENTS, MATERIALS, MANUF.
PROCESSES . . 400 A3.3.5 SOFTWAER QUALITY ASSURANCE 400
A3.3.6 CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT 401
A3.3.7 QUALITY TESTS 402
A3.3.8 QUALITY DATA REPORTING SYSTEM 404
A4 CHECKLISTS FOR DESIGN REVIEWS 405
A4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN REVIEW 405
A4.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN REVIEWS 406
A4.3 CRITICAL DESIGN REVIEW (SYSTEM LEVEL) 409
A5 REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY DATA REPORTING SYSTEMS 410
A6 BASIC PROBABILITY THEORY 413
A6.1 FIELD OF EVENTS 413
A6.2 CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY 415
IMAGE 6
XIV
CONTENTS
A6.3 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY, INDEPENDENCE 418
A6.4 FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF PROBABILITY THEORY 419
A6.4.1 ADDITION THEOREM FOR MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS 419
A6.4.2 MULTIPLICATION THEOREM FOR TWO INDEPENDENT EVENTS 420
A6.4.3 MULTIPLICATION THEOREM FOR ARBITRARY EVENTS 421
A6.4.4 ADDITION THEOREM FOR ARBITRARY EVENTS 421
A6.4.5 THEOREM OF TOTAL PROBABILITY 422
A6.5 RANDOM VARIABLES, DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 423
A6.6 NUMERICAL PARAMETERS OF RANDOM VARIABLES 429
A6.6.1 EXPECTED VALUE (MEAN) 429
A6.6.2 VARIANCE 432
A6.6.3 MODAL VALUE, QUANTILE, MEDIAN 434
A6.7 MULTIDIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIABLES, CONDITIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS 434
A6.8 NUMERICAL PARAMETERS OF RANDOM VECTORS 436
A6.8.1 COVARIANCE MATRIX, CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 437
A6.8.2 FURTHER PROPERTIES OF EXPECTED VALUE AND VARIANCE 438
A6.9 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SUM OF INDEP. POSITIVE RANDOM VARIABLES AND OF
T MJN , TMAX . 438
A6.10 DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS USED IN RELIABILITY ANALYSIS 441
A6.10.1 EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION 441
A6.10.2 WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION 442
A6.10.3 GAMMA DISTRIBUTION, ERLANGIAN DISTRIBUTION, AND X 2-DISTRIBUTION
. .444 A6.10.4 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 446
A6.10.5 LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTION 447
A6.10.6 UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION 449
A6.10.7 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 449
A6.10.8 POISSON DISTRIBUTION 451
A6.10.9 GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION 453
A6.10.10 HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION 454
A6.11 LIMIT THEOREMS 454
A6.11.1 LAWS OF LARGE NUMBERS 455
A6.11.2 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 456
A7 BASIC STOCHASTIC-PROCESSES THEORY 460
A7.1 INTRODUCTION 460
A7.2 RENEWAL PROCESSES 463
A7.2.1 RENEWAL FUNCTION, RENEWAL DENSITY 465
A7.2.2 RECURRENCE TIMES 468
A7.2.3 ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR 469
A7.2.4 STATIONARY RENEWAL PROCESSES 471
A7.2.5 HOMOGENEOUS POISSON PROCESSES (HPP) 472
A7.3 ALTERNATING RENEWAL PROCESSES 474
A7.4 REGENERATIVE PROCESSES WITH A FINITE NUMBER OF STATES 478
A7.5 MARKOV PROCESSES WITH A FINITE NUMBER OF STATES 480
A7.5.1 MARKOV CHAINS WITH A FINITE NUMBER OF STATES 480
A7.5.2 MARKOV PROCESSES WITH A FINITE NUMBER OF STATES 482
A7.5.3 STATE PROBABILITIES AND STAY TIMES IN A GIVEN CLASS OF STATES 491
A7.5.3.1 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 491
A7.5.3.2 METHOD OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS 495
A7.5.3.3 STATIONARY STATE AND ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR 496
A7.5.4 FREQUENCY / DURATION AND REWARD ASPECTS 498
A7.5.4.1 FREQUENCY / DURATION 498
A7.5.4.2 REWARD 500
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XV
A7.5.5 BIRTH AND DEATH PROCESS 501
A7.6 SEMI-MARKOV PROCESSES WITH A FINITE NUMBER OF STATES 505
A7.7 SEMI-REGENERATIVE PROCESSES WITH A FINITE NUMBER OF STATES 510
A7.8 NONREGENERATIVE STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WITH A COUNTABLE NUMBER OF
STATES 515
A7.8.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 515
A7.8.2 NONHOMOGENEOUS POISSON PROCESSES (NHPP) 516
A7.8.3 SUPERIMPOSED RENEWAL PROCESSES 520
A7.8.4 CUMULATIVE PROCESSES 521
A7.8.5 GENERAL POINT PROCESSES 523
A8 BASIC MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS 525
A8.1 EMPIRICAL METHODS 525
A8.1.1 EMPIRICAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 526
A8.1.2 EMPIRICAL MOMENTS AND QUANTILES 528
A8.1.3 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE EMPIRICAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 529
A8.2 PARAMETER ESTIMATION 533
A8.2.1 POINT ESTIMATION 533
A8.2.2 INTERVAL ESTIMATION 538
A8.2.2.1 ESTIMATION OF AN UNKNOWN PROBABILITY P 538
A8.2.2.2 ESTIMATION OF PARAM. X FOR EXP. DISTRIB.: FIXED T, INSTANT,
REPL. .542 A8.2.2.3 ESTIMATION OF PARAM. X FOR EXP. DISTRIB.: FIXED N,
NO REPL. . . .543
A8.2.2.4 AVAILABILITY ESTIMATION (ERLANGIAN FAILURE-FREE AND/OR REPAIR
TIMES) 545
A8.3 TESTING STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES 547
A8.3.1 TESTING AN UNKNOWN PROBABILITY P 548
A8.3.1.1 SIMPLE TWO-SIDED SAMPLING PLAN 549
A8.3.1.2 SEQUENTIAL TEST 550
A8.3.1.3 SIMPLE ONE-SIDED SAMPLING PLAN 551
A8.3.1.4 AVAILABILITY DEMONSTR. (ERLANGIAN FAILURE-FREE AND/OR REP.
TIMES) . .553 A8.3.2 GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS FOR COMPLETELY SPECIFIED
FQ(/) 555
A8.3.3 GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS FOR FQ(/) WITH UNKNOWN PARAMETERS 558
A9 TABLES AND CHARTS 561
A9.1 STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 561
A9.2 X -DISTRIBUTION (CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION) 562
A9.3 T - DISTRIBUTION (STUDENT DISTRIBUTION) 563
A9.4 F - DISTRIBUTION (FISHER DISTRIBUTION) 564
A9.5 TABLE FOR THE KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST 565
A9.6 GAMMA FUNCTION 566
A9.7 LAPLACE TRANSFORM 567
A9.8 PROBABILITY CHARTS (PROBABILITY PLOT PAPERS) 569
A9.8.1 LOGNORMAL PROBABILITY CHART 569
A9.8.2 WEIBULL PROBABILITY CHART 570
A9.8.3 NORMAL PROBABILITY CHART 571
A10 BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL COMPONENT S PROPERTIES 572
ALL PROBLEMS FOR HOMEWORK 576
ACRONYMS 582
REFERENCES 583
INDEX 605
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Hein, Carola 1964- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | c h ch |
| author_GND | (DE-588)172528496 |
| author_facet | Hein, Carola 1964- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044871367 |
| classification_rvk | LH 67700 NR 1830 |
| collection | ZDB-7-TFC |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1035828278 (DE-599)BVBBV044871367 |
| discipline | Kunstgeschichte Geschichte |
| doi_str_mv | 10.4324/9781315718996 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV044871367 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:03:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781315718996 9781317514664 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030265805 |
| oclc_num | 1035828278 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 520 Seiten) Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| psigel | ZDB-7-TFC |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge handbooks |
| spelling | The Routledge handbook of planning history edited by Carola Hein New York ; London Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2018 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 520 Seiten) Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Routledge handbooks Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Städtebau (DE-588)4056795-3 gnd rswk-swf Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 s Städtebau (DE-588)4056795-3 s Geschichte z DE-604 Hein, Carola 1964- (DE-588)172528496 edt Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover 2018 978-1-138-85698-1 (DE-604)BV044549053 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 2019 978-0-367-87237-3 (DE-604)BV049346996 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315718996 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030265805&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The Routledge handbook of planning history Städtebau (DE-588)4056795-3 gnd Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056795-3 (DE-588)4056754-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The Routledge handbook of planning history |
| title_auth | The Routledge handbook of planning history |
| title_exact_search | The Routledge handbook of planning history |
| title_full | The Routledge handbook of planning history edited by Carola Hein |
| title_fullStr | The Routledge handbook of planning history edited by Carola Hein |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Routledge handbook of planning history edited by Carola Hein |
| title_short | The Routledge handbook of planning history |
| title_sort | the routledge handbook of planning history |
| topic | Städtebau (DE-588)4056795-3 gnd Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Städtebau Stadtplanung Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315718996 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030265805&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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