Optics manufacturing: components and systems
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
2019
|
| Series: | Optical sciences and applications of light
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xv, 309 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781498764599 9780367877736 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Optics manufacturing |b components and systems |c Christoph Gerhard |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
/A
Preface...................................................................xiii
Author....................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................1
References......................................................4
Chapter 2 Basics of Light Propagation........................................5
2.1 Introduction.............................................5
2.2 Refraction...............................................5
2.3 Reflection...............................................6
2.4 Transmission and Absorption..............................9
2.5 Summary.................................................12
2.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations.......... 12
References................................................... 15
Chapter 3 Optical Materials...............................................17
3.1 Introduction............................................17
3.2 Optical Glasses.........................................17
3.2.1 Composition of Optical Glasses...................17
3.2.1.1 Network Formers.........................18
3.2.1.2 Network Modifiers.......................18
3.2.1.3 Stabilizers.............................19
3.2.1.4 Glass Families and Types................19
3.2.1.5 Colored Glasses.........................21
3.2.2 Manufacturing of Optical Glasses.................22
3.2.2.1 Manufacturing of Fused Silica...........22
3.2.2.2 Classical Melting of Multicomponent
Glasses.................................23
3.2.3 Characterization of Optical Glasses..............29
3.2.3.1 Index of Refraction.....................30
3.2.3.2 Dispersion Characteristics............ 32
3.3 Glass Ceramics..........................................35
3.4 Gradient Index Materials.............................. 36
3.5 Crystals................................................37
3.6 Summary.................................................38
3.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations............39
References.....................................................42
VII
,43
43
,43
43
46
,48
48
49
50
51
52
53
53
56
57
57
57
60
60
62
65
65
66
67
68
73
74
74
77
78
84
85
85
85
87
87
88
90
90
93
94
Optical Components....................................
4.1 Introduction....................................
4.2 Lenses..........................................
4.2.1 Spherical Lenses.........................
4.2.2 Nonspherical Lenses......................
4.3 Prisms and Wedges................................
4.3.1 Deflection Prisms........................
4.3.2 Dispersion Prisms.........................
4.3.3 Polarization Prisms......................
4.3.4 Wedges...................................
4.4 Plates..........................................
4.5 Summary.........................................
4.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations....
References............................................
Design of Optical Components..........................
5.1 Introduction....................................
5.2 Determination of Optical Components and Systems.
5.3 Optical Aberrations.............................
5.3.1 Spherical Aberration.....................
5.3.2 Chromatic Aberration.....................
5.3.3 Coma.....................................
5.3.4 Astigmatism and Petzval Field Curvature ....
5.3.5 Distortion...............................
5.3.6 Ghost Images.............................
5.4 Optimization....................................
5.5 Determination of Manufacturing Tolerances.......
5.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis.....................
5.5.2 Monte Carlo Simulation...................
5.6 Summary.........................................
5.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations....
References............................................
Tolerancing of Optical Components and Systems.........
6.1 Introduction....................................
6.2 Tolerancing of Optical Glasses..................
6.2.1 Stress Birefringence.....................
6.2.2 Bubbles and Inclusions...................
6.2.3 Inhomogeneity and Striae.................
6.2.4 Further Specifications...................
6.2.4.1 Chemical Resistance and Stability
6.2.4.2 Hardness and Grindability........
6.2.4.3 Thermodynamic Glass Properties.
Contents ix
6.3 Fabrication Tolerances of Optics.......................94
6.3.1 Contour Accuracy................................95
6.3.2 Centering Error...............................101
6.3.3 Surface Cleanliness............................102
6.3.4 Surface Roughness..............................104
6.3.5 Geometrical Variations.........................107
6.3.6 Coatings.......................................108
6.4 Specification of Laser-Induced Damage Threshold.......108
6.5 Tolerancing of Optomechanical Assemblies..............Ill
6.6 Summary............................................. 112
6.7 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations..........114
References.................................................115
Chapter 7 Shape Forming...............................................117
7.1 Introduction..........................................117
7.2 Preshaping............................................117
7.2.1 Compression Molding of Pressed Blanks..........117
7.2.2 Cutting and Rounding...........................119
7.2.2.1 Cutting................................119
7.2.2.2 Rounding...............................122
7.3 Rough Grinding of Lenses..............................124
7.3.1 Machines and Tools for Rough Grinding..........124
7.3.2 Rough Grinding Process.........................129
7.3.3 Roughing.......................................132
7.4 Finish Grinding.......................................135
7.4.1 Machines and Tools for Finish Grinding.........136
7.4.1.1 Bound Abrasive Grinding................136
7.4.1.2 Loose Abrasive Grinding................137
7.4.2 Finish Grinding Process........................140
7.4.2.1 Bound Abrasive Grinding................141
7.4.2.2 Loose Abrasive Grinding................141
7.5 Flat Grinding.........................................145
7.6 Beveling..............................................147
7.7 Surface Testing.......................................148
7.8 Summary...............................................152
7.9 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations..........152
References.................................................155
Chapter 8 Polishing...................................................157
8.1 Introduction..........................................157
8.2 Hypotheses of Polishing Processes.....................158
8.2.1 Removal Hypothesis.............................158
8.2.2 Flow Hypothesis.............................. 159
8.2.3 Chemical Hypothesis.......................... 159
X
Contents
8.2.4 Fretting Hypothesis............................161
8.3 Classical Polishing....................................161
8.3.1 Polishing Pads and Tools.......................162
8.3.2 Polishing Suspension...........................166
8.3.3 Polishing Process..............................167
8.4 Unconventional Polishing Techniques....................169
8.4.1 Magneto-Rheological Finishing..................169
8.4.2 Plasma Polishing...............................170
8.4.3 Laser Polishing.............................. 172
8.4.4 Fluid Jet Polishing............................173
8.5 Summary................................................173
8.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations...........174
References...................................................175
Chapter 9 Cementing...................................................179
9.1 Introduction...........................................179
9.2 Classical Cementing.................................... 179
9.2.1 Cementing Procedure............................179
9.2.2 Cementing Errors...............................182
9.3 Unconventional Bonding Methods.........................185
9.3.1 Optical Contact Bonding........................185
9.3.2 Laser Welding................................ 186
9.4 Summary................................................187
References................................................. 187
Chapter 10 Centering...................................................189
10.1 Introduction...........................................189
10.2 Centering Methods......................................190
10.2.1 Classical Centering............................190
10.2.2 Precision Centering of Cemented Optics.........195
10.3 Summary................................................195
10.4 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations...........196
Reference....................................................196
Chapter 11 Coating.....................................................197
11.1 Introduction...........................................197
11.2 Basics of Optical Coatings........................... 197
11.2.1 Reflective Coatings............................198
11.2.2 Antireflective Coatings........................200
11.2.3 Filter Coatings................................202
11.3 Mechanisms of Layer Growth.............................203
11.4 Coating Techniques................................... 204
11.4.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition......................204
Contents
XI
11.4.2 Physical Vapor Deposition......................205
11.5 Summary................................................206
11.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations...........206
References...................................................208
Chapter 12 Assembly of Optomechanical Systems.......................211
12.1 Introduction...........................................211
12.2 Mounting Techniques....................................211
12.2.1 Screw Connecting...............................211
12.2.2 Gluing.........................................213
12.2.3 Clamping.......................................214
12.2.4 Glass-Metal Soldering..........................215
12.3 Mounting Errors........................................216
12.4 Summary................................................217
References...................................................217
Chapter 13 Microoptics..................................................219
13.1 Introduction...........................................219
13.2 Basics of Microoptics..................................219
13.2.1 Formation of Airy Discs........................219
13.2.2 Talbot Self-Images.............................221
13.2.3 Specification of Microoptical Components.......222
13.2.3.1 Fresnel Number........................222
13.2.3.2 Strehl-Ratio..........................222
13.2.3.3 Modulation Transfer Function..........223
13.2.3.4 Point Spread Function.................223
13.2.3.5 Rayleigh-Criterion....................224
13.2.3.6 Mardchal-Criterion....................224
13.2.3.7 Geometrical Quality Scores............224
13.3 Microoptical Components and Systems....................225
13.3.1 Microlenses....................................225
13.3.2 Microlens Arrays...............................228
13.3.3 Micromirrors...................................230
13.3.4 Gratings.......................................230
13.4 Manufacturing of Microoptics...........................231
13.4.1 Dry Etching....................................232
13.4.1.1 Physical Etching......................232
13.4.1.2 Chemical Etching......................233
13.4.1.3 Chemical-Physical Etching.............234
13.4.2 Photolithography...............................235
13.4.3 Laser-Based Methods............................237
13.4.3.1 Laser-Induced Plasma-Assisted
Ablation..............................238
13.4.3.2 Laser-Induced Backside Wet Etching....238
Contents
XII
13.433 Laser Etching at a Surface Adsorbed
Layer.................................240
13.43.4 Laser-Induced Backside Dry Etching..240
13.43.5 Laser Interference Patterning........241
13.4.4 Embossing Methods ............................242
13.4.4.1 Hot Embossing........................242
13.4.4.2 UV-Reactive Injection Molding........243
13.4.43 Nanoimprint Lithography...............244
13.4.5 Microjet Printing........................... 244
13.4.6 Thermal Reflow Method.........................245
13.4.7 Ion Exchange..................................246
13.4.8 3D Printing...................................247
13.5 Summary...............................................247
13.6 Formulary and Main Symbols and Abbreviations..........247
References.............................................. 253
Chapter 14 Cleaning....................................................257
14.1 In troduction.........................................257
14.2 Cleaning Methods .....................................257
14.2.1 Classical Cleaning............................257
14.2.2 Precision Cleaning............................258
14.2.2.1 Plasma Cleaning......................258
14.2.2.2 Dry-Ice Blasting.....................259
14.2.23 High-Precision Cleaning by Surface
Modification..........................259
14.3 Summary...............................................260
References..................................................260
Appendix................................................................263
Index...................................................................301
Electrical Engineering
Optical components are essential key elements in modern engineering and
everyday life. The education of skilled personnel and specialists in the fields of
theoretical and practical optics manufacturing is of essential importance for
next-generation technologies. Against this background, this book provides the
basis for the education and advanced training of precision and ophthalmic optics
technicians, craftsmen, and foremen, and it is an extensive reference work for
students, academics, optical designers or shop managers, and production
engineers. It not only covers particularly used and applied machines, working
materials, testing procedures, and machining steps for classical optics manufac-
turing, but it also addresses the production and specification of optical glasses as
well as unconventional production techniques and novel approaches.
Optics Manufacturing: Components and Systems furthermore covers the
basics of light propagation and provides an overview on optical materials and
components; presents an introduction and explanation of the necessary consider-
ations and procedures for the initial definition of manufacturing tolerances and the
relevant industrial standards for optics manufacturing; and addresses the produc-
tion of micro optics, the assembly of opto-mechanical setups and possible
manufacturing errors, and the impact of the resulting inaccuracies.
In order to allow fast and clear access to the most essential information, each
chapter ends with a short summary of the most important aspects, including an
explanation of relevant equations, symbols, and abbreviations. For further reading,
extensive lists of references are also provided. Finally, exercises on the covered
basic principles of optics, approaches, and techniques of optics manufactur-
ing—including their corresponding detailed solutions—are found in the appendix.
• Provides a comprehensive overview on classical optics manufacturing.
• Covers unconventional optics manufacturing methods and novel approaches.
• Explains the relevant industrial standards for optics manufacturing.
• Provides insight in the definition of manufacturing tolerances.
• includes summaries and formularies to summarize each chapter.
• Contains exercises and corresponding solutions.
CRC Press
Taylor Francis Group
an Informa business
www.crcpress.com
K2TD3E
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park
Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN, UK
I
ISBN-13: ^70- 1-4TÄ 7 - b 4 5*1 - 1
1 TDOOO
1 7014*10 7^45*1*1
|
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| id | DE-604.BV044709723 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:00:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781498764599 9780367877736 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017035810 |
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| oclc_num | 1021091676 |
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| owner | DE-526 DE-703 DE-92 |
| owner_facet | DE-526 DE-703 DE-92 |
| physical | xv, 309 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Optical sciences and applications of light |
| spelling | Gerhard, Christoph 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)12465679X aut Optics manufacturing components and systems Christoph Gerhard Boca Raton CRC Press 2019 © 2018 xv, 309 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Optical sciences and applications of light Includes bibliographical references and index Optical instruments Design and construction Optisches Instrument (DE-588)4140457-9 gnd rswk-swf Optisches Instrument (DE-588)4140457-9 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4987-6461-2 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030106283&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030106283&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Gerhard, Christoph 1977- Optics manufacturing components and systems Optical instruments Design and construction Optisches Instrument (DE-588)4140457-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4140457-9 |
| title | Optics manufacturing components and systems |
| title_auth | Optics manufacturing components and systems |
| title_exact_search | Optics manufacturing components and systems |
| title_full | Optics manufacturing components and systems Christoph Gerhard |
| title_fullStr | Optics manufacturing components and systems Christoph Gerhard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optics manufacturing components and systems Christoph Gerhard |
| title_short | Optics manufacturing |
| title_sort | optics manufacturing components and systems |
| title_sub | components and systems |
| topic | Optical instruments Design and construction Optisches Instrument (DE-588)4140457-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Optical instruments Design and construction Optisches Instrument |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030106283&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030106283&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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