Silencing the bomb: one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing
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Columbia University Press
[2017]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 284 pages, 4 unnumbered pages Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780231182485 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi
1. ft HURRIED TRIP TO MOSCOW IN 1974 TO NEGOTIATE
THE THRESHOLD NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY 1
2. DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 7
3. FROM THE EARLY NEGOTIATIONS TO HALT NUCLEAR TESTING
TO THE LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY OF 1963 17
4. ATTEMPTS TO HIDE NUCLEAR TESTS:
THE BIG-HOLE EVASION SCHEME 40
5. U.S. OVERESTIMATION OF SIZES OF SOVIET
UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIONS: 1961-1974 55
6. NEW METHODS TO IDENTIFY UNDERGROUND TESTS: 1963-1973 62
VI
CONTENTS
7. CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS ON A COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN 75
8. PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS 83
9. HEATED CONTROVERSIES OVER YIELDS OF SOVIET TESTS
AND AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT AT A CT8T 91
10. CONTINUED DEBATE ABOUT YIELDS, ACCUSATIONS OF
SOVIET CHEATING ON THE THRESHOLD TREATY,
AND ITS ENTRY INTO FORCE 103
11. RENEWED INTEREST IN A CTBT, THE OTA REPORT, AND THE GROUP
OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS: 1979-1996 127
12. DEALING WITH PROBLEM OR “ANOMALOUS EVENTS IN THE USSR
AND RUSSIAN REPUBLIC: 1972-2009 143
13. NEGOTIATING THE COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN:
GLOBAL MONITORING, 1993-2016 159
14. MONITORING NUCLEAR TESTS SITES AND COUNTRIES OF SPECIAL
CONCERN TO THE UNITED STATES 174
15. SENATE REJECTION OF THE CTBT IN 1999 195
16. THE CTBT TASK FORCE AND THE 2002 AND 2012 REPORTS
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES 211
CONTENTS
VII
17. STRATEGIC NUCLEAR WEAPONS: SOVIET AND U.S. PARITY 232
18. NUCLEAR WAR, FALSE ALARMS, ACCIDENTS, ARMS CONTROL,
AND WAYS FORWARD 242
Glossary and Abbreviations 259
References 263
Index 269
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Note: Ron Doel, now of Oregon State University, recorded seven ses-
sions of oral history with me in 1996 and 1997. They include my child-
hood, education, the development of plate tectonics, and my work on
nuclear test verification. Each is available through either the Oral His-
tory Research Office of Columbia University or the American Institute
of Physics. I was not given the opportunity to correct spelling and other
minor mistakes in the AIP transcript before it was placed on their website.
INDEX
ABM systems. See missile defense
ABM Treaty. See Anti-Ballistic Missile
(ABM) Treaty
accidents and false alarms (1950-2007),
244-46. See also false alarm problem
ACDA. See Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency
Ackerman, T. P., 252-54
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), 73-74
AEDS. See Atomic Energy Detecting
System
AFTAC. See Air Force Technical
Application Center
AGU. See American Geophysical Union
Air Force Technical Application Center
(AFTAC), 3, 9,165; as data center,
153,165,171-73; and debate over yield
calculations, 61, 92-96; and NAS
report of 2012, 220; role in monitoring
nuclear tests, 41-42; Romney and,
73-74
Albright, Madeleine K., 200, 210, 211
Alewine, Ralph, 235; and AGU
symposium on verification (1983), 105,
107; and anomalous seismic events,
155; and DARPA panel meetings
on yield determination, 111-12;
and DARPAs Nuclear Monitoring
Office, 141; and improved verification
methods refuting claims of Soviet
cheating, 124-25; opposition to full
test ban, 103; opposition to release of
data from IDC, 172-73; Sykes and, 117,
125; and yield determinations using Lg
waves, 122
Algeria, French testing site in, 69,95,101,111
alluvium, testing in, 56-58, 93,129
Alvarez, Luis, 251
Ambraseys, N. N., 188
Amchitka Island test site, 39,111, 246
American Geophysical Union (AGU),
134, 206, 216; AGU symposium on
verification (1983), 105-11,128
Anderson, Jack, 237
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 105,
215, 246
ARCESS seismic array (Norway), 153
Archambeau, Charles, 114-16,128,131,
i34 136
Arctic test site. See Novaya Zemlya test site
argon, detection of, 163, 220
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
(ACDA), 53
ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects
Agency
Atomic Energy Commission, 28, 35, 36»
39 43 78, 84
Atomic Energy Detecting System
(AEDS), 3, 9» 23 61
270
INDEX
Australia, 161
Azgir test site (western Kazakhstan):
partially decoupled test at (1976),
46-47, 49, 54, 83, 89, 231; and peaceful
nuclear explosions (PNEs), 87-89; salt
at, 50, 87-89
Bache, Thomas, 103,104,105,107,112,117,
125,134-36
Bailey, Kathleen, 224-25
Baker test (1946), 23
Becket, Marta, 81-82
Bell, Robert, 155,172-73
Benham test (1968), 80-82
Berberian, M., 188
Berger, Samuel R., 200
Berkner, Lloyd, 26, 62
Berkner Panel, 26-27, 44
Best, William, 77
Bethe, Hans, 45
Biden, Joseph, 196, 200, 201, 210
“big-hole” hypothesis, 40-54. See also
evasive testing
“Big Ivan”/“Tsar Bomb” test (1961), 30
Bikini Atoll test site, 12
Billingslea, Marshall, 203
Birks, J. W, 254
Blair, Tony, 207
Blanca test (1958), 65-66
Blandford, Robert, 111
Bocharov, V. S., 122,125
Bohr, Niels, 8
Bolt, Bruce, 61
Bowyer, Theodore, 218
Bradbury, Norris, 35
Bravo test (1954), 12
Brekhovskikh, Leonid, 26
Brezhnev, Leonid, 5,126, 234
The Broken Connection: On Death and the
Continuity of Life (Lifton), 257
Brune, James, 75
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 100
Bulganin, Nikolai, 20
Burdick, Larry, 104
Burke, Edmund, 257
Bush, George H. W., 90,103,137,182
Bush, George W., 215-17, 246
Byerly, Perry, 73
Byrd, Robert, 209
Byron, Beverly, 117
Canada, 14, 21-22
Cannikin test (1971) 39, 237, 246
Carter, Jimmy, 79,100-102,185-86, 234
Case, Clifford, 72
CCD. See Conference of the Committee
on Disarmament
CD. See Conference on Disarmament
Chafee, John, 209
Chemical explosions, 42, 44-45, 51-52,133,
152,165,178, 214, 230
China, 157; and CTBT, xi, 6, 37,159,162;
current capabilities for monitoring,
171; earthquakes in, 175,194; and
LTBT, 37; and missile defense, 248;
and NAS report of 2012, 219; nuclear
tests, 14,179; number of nuclear
weapons, 15; and Pakistans nuclear
program, 182-83; possible technical
achievements for different yield
ranges, 221-25; salt deposits in, 50;
tensions with índia, 178-79, 240; test
site (see Lop Nor test site)
Chirac, Jacques, 207
Christmas Island test site, 31
Cifuentes, Inés, 109-10,128-29
Clinton, Bill, 6,197; and CTBT, 35,152,
160-62,195-96,199-201, 208,210, 211;
and CTBT task force, 211; halt to U.S.
testing, 125,137
Cloverdell, Paul, 203
Cochran, Thomas B., 61
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
(CTBT), xii, xiv; arguments against/
opposition to, 17-20,102,103,137-38,
141,160-61,198, 202-9, 211, 217;
arguments for/support for, 19-20,
71-79» 196-99» 203, 206, 207; Bush
INDEX
271
(G. W.) and, 216-17; Clinton and, 35,
152,160-62,195-96,199-201, 208,
210, 211; congressional hearings on
(1971,1972), 75-79; CTBT task force,
211-12; defeated in Senate (1999), 19,
35, 41,162,195-210; developments
prior to Senate vote (1997,1998)» 195-
200; and evasive testing, 41, 76-77,
205-7, 228-31; Kennedy and, 34;
monitoring stations, xiv, 139-40 (see
also monitoring and identification
of nuclear weapons tests); and NAS
report of 2002, 212-14; and NAS
report of 2012, 217-31; negotiations
(i977)» 102; negotiations (1993-1996),
159-62; Obama and, 199, 217; and
OTAs independent review of test
ban issues (1986-1988), 127; and
political issues, 128,196-97, 202, 208;
problems with ratification and the
UN’s Committee on Disarmament,
161-62; public opinion on, 19,199,
207; Reagan and, 136-37; renewed
interest in the 1980s and 1990s, 127-
42; safeguards submitted by Clinton,
195-96; signers’ adherence to, 195;
signers and nonsigning countries, 79,
87,161-62,187; signing of, 159; Sykes
and Evernderis Scientific American
article on verification (1982),
103-4, 127-28; and TTBT, 6; and zero
nuclear yield as limit, 18,160, 204,
206, 211, 227
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Organization (CTBTO), 140,162,
165-66,174, 227
computer hacking, 243, 245
Conference of the Committee on
Disarmament (CCD), 139,143
Conference on Disarmament (CD), 139,
159 161
Conference on the Discontinuance of
Nuclear Tests (1958,1959), 25, 28-29
Conference of Experts (1958), 22-25, 64
Congress, U.S.: defunding of OTA,
199-200; and failure to ratify CTBT,
19, 35, 4i, 162,195-210; and funding
for nuclear tests, 136-37; hearings on
verification and testing (1985» 1986),
117-18; and OTAs independent review
of test ban issues (1986-1988), 118-19,
127; and renewed interest in a CTBT
(1979-1996), 127,136-37; short senate
hearings and debate on CTBT prior to
vote, 200-210; and TTBT, 136
The Containment of Underground Nuclear
Explosions (OTA report of 1989), 134
CORRTEX method of yield
measurement, 120-21,123,125
Cowboy chemical explosions (1959), 42,
44-45, 51-52
Cox, Allan, 72
Cranswick, Edward, 134
craters, produced by underground tests,
57(figure), 58, 84, 86, 88, 89,129,179
Crutzen, R, 254
CTBT. See Comprehensive Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty
CTBTO. See Comprehensive Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty Organization
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 31-32,37,
240-41
Dahlman, Ola, 139,159
DARPA. See Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency
Daschle, Thomas, 200-201
Davis, Daniel, 232, 234, 236-37
decoupling/muffling underground
explosions, 40-54; and claims of
Russian evasive testing, 52-53 (see
also under Russia/Soviet Union); and
CTBT Senate debate, 205-7; databases
on tests, 45-46; and difference
between probability and possibility,
44; and limited size of cavities in
Russian Federation, 87; misstatements
and misleading inferences about,
272
INDEX
decoupling/muffling underground
explosions (continued)
40-45, 205-7; and NAS report of
2002, 214; partially decoupled Soviet
test at Azgir (1976), 83, 89,231;
technological challenges of, 228-31;
and testing in caves, 206; and testing
in salt, 47(hgure), 48(figure), 49-50;
U.S. meetings on (1996 and 2001),
53-54; and U.S. overestimation of
yields, 49; U.S. tests in very small
cavities, 50-51. See also evasive testing
Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA): and AGU
symposium on verification (1983),
105-11,128; and choice of consulting
firms, 136; and claims of Russian
cheating on TTBT, 105,110; and
debate over yield calculations,
103-4; and international seismic
monitoring tests, 140; and negative
views about monitoring, 128-31,
141; and opposition to full test ban,
103,141; panel meetings on yield
determination (1983-1985), 111-14;
political influence of, 142; Research
and Systems Development Initiative,
141-42
Defense Science Board, 98-99
Defense Special Weapons Agency
(DSWA), 53
Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 53
de Klerk, E. W., 186
DeLaure, Richard D., 112
Detecting the Bomb: The Role of
Seismology in the Cold War (Romney),
22, 60,74
Diamond, John, 154
Dirksen, Everett, 36
Dole, Robert, 160, 232
Domenici, Pete, 196-97
Donn, William, 185
Doomsday Clock, 258
Drell, Sidney, 198, 203-4
DSWA. See Defense Special Weapons
Agency
earthquakes: and aftershocks of Benham
test (1968), 80; determining depths of
earthquakes and explosions, 62-64;
and evasive testing, 76-77,129-30;
identification of, 23, 26-27, 66-69 (see
also monitoring and identification
of nuclear weapons tests); and
International Monitoring System,
169-70; location of, 63(figure),
64(figure); locations in states of
the former Soviet Union, 133; and
monitoring countries of special
interest, 174-94; and plate tectonics,
69-70; and “problem” or “anomalous”
events (1972-2009), 143-58,191-94,
i92(figure), i93(figure), 227; seismic
waves from, 24(figure); and U.S.
concerns about verification as obstacle
to treaties, 26-27. See also specific
countries
Eimer, Fred, 205
Eisenhauer, Thomas, 93,94
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 17, 20-22,25-29,
33, 43, 44,184
Ekström, Göran, 121,124
Ess test (1955), 58
evasive testing, xiii-xiv, 76-77; and
decoupling/muffling underground
explosions (“big hole” hypothesis),
40-54 (see also decoupling/muffling
underground explosions); and
detection of radionuclides, 163-64;
and “hide-in-earthquake” scenario, 77,
129-30; and misinformation during
CTBT Senate debate, 205-7; and NAS
report of 2002, 214; and NAS report of
2012, 228-31; technological challenges
of, 228-31. See also monitoring and
identification of nuclear weapons tests
Evernden, Jack, 112; and analysis of
monitoring the Soviet Union (1983),
INDEX
273
129; and damage to nearby structures
as limit on size of tests, 109; and
debate over yield calculations, 103,
104,105,107; and high-frequency
seismic monitoring, 134-36; Scientific
American article on verification
(1982), 104,127-28; and support for
CTBT, 71-74; and variation in P-wave
propagation, 60
Ewing, Maurice, 122,164
false alarm problem, 76,143,156, 242-44
Farley, Philip, 78
Fat Man, 9,10
Fedorov, Yevgeni, 22
Fisher test (1961), 58
Fisk, James, 22
Fisk, Mark, 191
Flanagan, Dennis, 127
Forsyth, Donald, 144
Foster, John, 34-36, 225-26
fracking, 85-86
France: and CTBT, xi, 37,159; first nuclear
test (i960), 29; and hydroacoustic and
infrasound studies, 164; and LTBT,
37; number of nuclear weapons, 15;
summary of weapons tests, 14; test site
in Algeria, 69, 95,101,111; uranium
from Niger, 191
Frank, Jerome, 256
Frisch, Otto Robert, 8
Frist, Bill, 198
Fuchs, Klaus, 10
Fukushima, Japan, 170
Gadget test (1945), 8
Gafney, Frank, 156
Garwin, Richard, 196, 203, 205
Gasbuggy test (1967), 85
Gertz, Bill, 151,157,194, 202
Gingrich, Newt, 200
Glenn, L. A., 50, 54
Gnome test (1961), 43, 60, 85, 93
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 87, 90,120,131, 248
Gordon, Michael, 113-14,121
Gore, Al, 210, 216-17
Grafenberg seismic array (Germany), 122
Great Britain: and CTBT, xi, 102,159;
development and testing of nuclear
weapons, 12,14, 31; early attempts to
identify nuclear tests, 21-22; number
of nuclear weapons, 15
Gromyko, Andrei, 2,126
Group of Scientific Experts (GSE),
139-40,159-60
GSETT-i, GSETT-2, GSETT-3
(international seismic monitoring
tests), 139-40
Gulf War, 254-55
Hade, George, 70
Hafemeister, David, 125
Hagel, Charles, 215
Hahn, Otto, 8
Hannon, James, 114-15
Hardhat test (1962), 52, 95
Harriman, W. Averell, 32
Hartse, Hans, 218
Hatfield-Exon-Mitchell Nuclear
Moratorium Amendment, 137
Heckrotte, Warren, 3
Heirtzler, James, 72
Helmberger, Donald, 98, 99
Helms, Jesse, 198, 200, 203, 206, 207, 216
Henderson, R. W., 34
Heritage Foundation, 225-27
Herrin, Eugene, 3, 4; and DARPA panel
meetings on yield determination, 112;
and debate over yield calculations, 59,
60-61, 93-95» 98; and identification of
anomalous seismic events, 154
Hersh, Seymour, 185-86
Heuze, F. A., 52
High-Gain, Long-Period seismographs
(HGLPs), 70-72, 76
Hindu Kush, 63
Hiroshima, 9,10
Hoggar region (Algeria), 101
274
INDEX
Holdren, John, 212, 217
Holifield, Chester, 41
hydroacoustic waves, 22,164,169
hydrodynamic tests, 222, 224
hydronuclear tests, 224-25
ICBMs, 31, 233-34» 237» 240» 243
IDC. See International Data Center
Indefensible Weapons: The Political and
Psychological Case Against Nuclearism
(Lifton), 257
India: Clinton and, 197; consequences
of nuclear exchange with Pakistan,
254; and CTBT, xi, 6,20,161,162; and
LTBT, 37, 79; monitoring of, 178-81,
230; nonparticipation in international
monitoring, 166,179; and NPT, 79;
nuclear tests, 14, 37,170,178-81,194;
number of nuclear weapons, 15, 240;
and peaceful nuclear explosions
(PNEs), 83-84,180; Pokhran test
site, 179; salt deposits in, 50; tensions
with China and Pakistan, 178-79,
180-82, 240; unidentified seismic
events/nuclear explosions, i92(figure),
i93(figure)
infrasound, 21,164
Inhofe, James, 201
INSAR (Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar), 164,181, 229
International Data Center (IDC), 153,162,
167; U.S. attempt to restrict data from,
171-73
International Federation of Digital
Seismograph Networks, 169
International Monitoring System (IMS),
140,153, i67(figure), i68(figure),
187; current operations, 166-71, 220;
described, 162-63; and NAS report
of 2002,213-14; nonmilitary uses
(tsunami warnings, etc.)» 169-70;
and North Korean nuclear tests, 176,
i77(figure); and pros and cons of
CTBT, 18, 202
Iran, 14,187-91; and CTBT, 161,187;
and danger of transfer of nuclear
technology to other actors, 247;
and evasive testing, 54; geology and
earthquakes, 187-91,190 (figure); and
Israel, 247; and missile defense, 247;
salt deposits in, 50
Iraq, 191,194
Israel: and CTBT, xi, 6,159,186; and
Iran, 247; Israeli and South African
nuclear cooperation, 185-86; and
missile defense, 248; monitoring
of, 185; and NPT, 79,186; nuclear
program, 14,184-85; number of
nuclear weapons, 15
Item test (1951), 10
Jackson, Henry, 36
Jacob, Klaus, 80-82
Jaycor (consulting group), 53-54
Jeanloz, Raymond, 212
Jeffords, Jim, 209
Johnston Island test site, 25, 31
JVE (Joint Verification Experiment)
explosion (1988), 123,126
Kaiser, Robert, 209
Kazakhstan, 87,92; test sites (see Azgir
test site; Semipalatinsk test site)
Kearsarge test (1988), 126
Kelly, Michael, 255
Kennedy, John F., 17, 21,28,31-35
Kerr, Ann, 140
Kerr, Donald, 124
Khan, A. Q., 14,182-83
Khrushchev, Nikita, 28, 30-33
Kidder, Ray, 137-38,157-58, 207
Killian, James, 43» 44
Kim, Won-Young, 153,177
Kimball, Daryl, 157,198, 202
Kissinger, Henry, 1-2,5,126,198, 249, 250
Kisslinger, Carl, 98
Knowles, Cyrus, 214
Kulp, Larry, 20
INDEX
275
Kuwait, oil fires in, 254-55
Kyi, Jon, 201, 203, 208
Latin America, 37
Latter, Albert, 40, 41, 42, 43
Leith, William, 50, 54, 90, 214
Levin, Carl, 210
Lg waves, 121-26,177
Libya, 14, 54,182
Liebermann, Robert, 66
Lifton, Robert Jay, 256-57
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), 6;
and accusations of Soviet cheating,
163; countries participating, 37; and
detecting radionuclides, 163; exclusion
of underground testing from, 40,
69; Kennedy and, 21, 32-33» 35;
negotiations following Cuban Missile
Crisis, 32-33; positive and negative
consequences of, 36-39; Senate
approval of, 36; signing of, 33; support
for and opposition to, 33-36; and
Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons in Latin America, 37
Linger, Don, 214
Little Boy, 9, 227
Long-Range Detection program, 9
Lop Nor test site: and earthquakes, 194;
monitoring of, 171,175,176(figure),
221, 230; and Pakistan s nuclear
program, 183; unidentified seismic
events/nuclear explosions, 193(figure)
Lott, Trent, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205,
206, 207, 216
Love, A. E. H., 71
Love waves, 70-71,110
LTBT. See Limited Test Ban Treaty
Lukasik, Steven, 72, 75
Macmillan, Harold, 28
Mandela, Nelson, 186
Manhattan Project, 7-9
Marshall, Peter, 96, 97,101,109,112,122,
124,148,159, 235, 237
Masse, Robert, 100
Matthews, Drummond, 72
May, Michael, 3
McEvilly, Thomas, 97
McNamara, Robert, 33, 34, 35, 240
McTigue, Brian, 114
Meitner, Lise, 8
Melville, C. P., 188
Middle East, 187-91. See also specific
countries
Mike test (1952), 10-11
Mikhailov, V. N., 125,126
Mill Yard test (1985), 46, 50-51
Milrow test (1969), 39
Minster, Bernard, 110
MIRVs, 38, 78, 237, 243, 249, 250
missile defense, 35, 39,102, 246-49
Molnar, Peter, 80
monitoring and identification of nuclear
weapons tests: AGU symposium on
verification (1983), 105-11,128; Bache
and Alewine s negative views about
monitoring, 128-31; B ache’s letter to
Sykes about high-frequency seismic
monitoring, 134-36; and Berkner
Panel, 26-27; black boxes, 27,33;
claims (refuted) that 1997 earthquake
in Kara Sea was a nuclear explosion,
151-57; and Conference of Experts
(1958), 22-25; and CTBT Senate
debate, 202-7; current capabilities,
166-71, 219-21, 226-27, 256; and
decoupling/muffiing underground
explosions (“big hole” hypothesis),
40-54 (see also decoupling/muffiing
underground explosions); detection
of hydroacoustic waves, 22,164,169;
detection of infrasound, 21,164;
detection of radionuclides, 163-64,
170,177, 220-21; detection of seismic
surface waves, 65-66 (see also seismic
waves); and detection vs. verification,
226; determining depths of
earthquakes and explosions, 62-64;
276
INDEX
monitoring and identification of nuclear
weapons tests (continued)
development of new seismographs
for nuclear verification, 70-72; early
attempts to identify nuclear tests,
21-25; early monitoring technologies,
21-22; and earthquakes, 22-23,
26-27,143-58 (see also earthquakes;
seismic waves); improved detection
and identification capabilities,
62-74» 157-58» 162-71, i7i(figure);
international monitoring efforts, 139-
40,153,162-71» i67(figure), 168(figure)
{see also International Monitoring
System); and lessons learned from
1997 anomalous seismic event, 156;
and LTBT, 33; and misstatements on
evasive testing, 41-42; monitoring
countries of special interest, 174-94
(see also specific countries); and NAS
report of 2002, 213-14; National
Technical Means (NTM), 33,133,164,
202, 219; new technologies (1963-
1973)» 62-74; and OTA’s independent
review of test ban issues (1986-1988),
118-19,127» 128,132-35,142; and plate
tectonics, 69-70,188; and political
issues, 73-74» 132» 142,* “problem” or
“anomalous” events (1972-2009),
143-58,158(figure), 191-94,192(figure),
193(figure); seismic monitoring by
U.S. scientists in the Soviet Union,
131-32; Sykes and Everndens Scientific
American article on verification
(1982), 103,104,127-28; Sykes et al.s
analysis of monitoring the Soviet
Union (1983), 128-29; U.S. attempt to
restrict data from IDC, 171-73; U.S.
paper on anomalous events submitted
to UN (1972), 143-45. See also on-site
inspections; satellite imaging; seismic
arrays; seismic magnitudes; seismic
waves; seismology; yield
Moulthrop, Peter, 112
Moynihan, Patrick, 201, 210
Ms - mb method, 66-69, 67֊68(figures),
143-44,184
Murphy, John, 45
Muskie, Edmund, 77
Myers, Henry R., 44
Nagasaki, 9
National Academies of Science,
Engineering, and Medicine. See
U.S. National Academies of Science,
Engineering, and Medicine
National Technical Means (NTM), 33,133,
164, շօշ, 219, 224
Natural Resources Defense Council
(NRDC), 131-32
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 12
Nelson, Robert, 54
Nettles, Meredith, 174-75,183-84,187,
194
Nevada Test Site, 23-24,31, 59» 224; and
aftershocks of Benham test (1968),
80-82; calibration of test site, 121;
“chemical kiloton” test (1993), 178; and
damage to nearby structures as limit
on size of tests, 108-9; earthquakes
at, 187; JVE (Joint Verification
Experiment) explosion (1988), 123,
126; monitoring of, 187; peaceful
nuclear explosions at, 84; and plate
tectonics, 69; and P wave propagation,
59-60; rock types at, 23, 52, 56-58,
93» 97; seismic monitoring by U.S.
and Soviet scientists, 132; subcritical
experiments, 224; tests in very
small cavities, 50-51; and TTBT, 92;
unidentified seismic events/nuclear
explosions, 193 (figure)
Niger, 191
Niger seismic array, 179
Nitze, Paul, 198, 233
Nixon, Richard, 5, 39, 78,126
noble gases, detection of, 163-64,170,177,
206, 220-21, 229
ÍNDEX
ni
Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), 79-80,
160; and CTBT, 20; extension in 1995,
80; provisions of, 79-80; signers and
nonsigning countries, 79, 87,179,186,
187; withdrawal of North Korea, 20,
79»175
Nordyke, Milo, 53,110,111
NORSAR seismic array (Norway), 88,
97» 122
North, Robert, no
North Korea, 37; and CTBT, 6,162,175;
current capabilities for monitoring,
230; and danger of transfer of nuclear
technology to other actors, 247;
detection of nuclear tests in, 163,
164,169,174-78, i77(figure), 220,
227; earthquakes in, 174; and evasive
testing, 54; lack of salt deposits, 50;
and missile defense, 247; and NPT, 79;
nuclear tests, 14,163,164,170,175,177»
178,194, 220, 227; number of nuclear
weapons, 15; Punggye-ri test site, 175;
unidentified seismic events/nuclear
explosions, i92(figure), 193(figure),
194; withdrawal from NPT, 20, 79,175
Novaya Zemlya test site, 30, 92; and
anomalous events/earthquake
activity, 143,145-51» i46(figure),
i47(figure), 172, i93(figure), 227;
current capabilities for monitoring,
171, 221, 227, 230; and damage to
nearby structures as limit on size of
tests, 109; and magnitude bias, 236-37;
published yields of nuclear tests,
235; and radionuclide monitoring,
221; salvos (multiple tests conducted
close in time), 235-36; and seismic
arrays, 149(figure), 149-50; and Soviet
strategic weapons, 234; subcritical
experiments, 224
NPT. See Nonproliferation Treaty
NRDC. See Natural Resources Defense
Council
NTM. See National Technical Means
The Nuclear Express (Reed and Stillman),
14» 183
Nuclear Test Ban: Converting Political
Visions to Reality (Dahlman et al.), 139
nuclear tests: and history of nuclear
weapons development, 7-16;
hydronuclear tests, 224-25; location
of test sites, i5(figure); possible
technical achievements for different
yield ranges, 221-25; public opposition
to, 19, 21, 92, 207; salvos (multiple
tests conducted close in time),
235-36; television interview of 1986 on
controversy over nuclear testing, 114-
17. See also evasive testing; monitoring
and identification of nuclear weapons
tests; yield; specific countries and test
sites; and following headings
nuclear tests, atmospheric: banned
by LTBT, 8, 21, 36; and infrasound
detection, 21,164; Soviet tests, 10,
12, 24, 29-30; and U.S. and Soviet
proposals to halt testing, 20-21; U.S.
tests, 10-12,11 (figure), 24-25
nuclear tests, underground: and collapse
of cavities, 49-50; containment issues,
134, 206-7, 229; craters produced by,
57(figure), 58, 84, 86, 88,129,179; and
decoupling/muffling underground
explosions (“big hole” hypothesis),
40-54 (see also decoupling/muffling
underground explosions); detection
of (see monitoring and identification
of nuclear weapons tests); excluded
from LTBT, 69; Soviet tests, 24,
46-49; U.S. overestimation of Soviet
yields, 49, 55-61, 69-70, 91, 97» 99»
100, 232-34» 237; U.S. tests, 23-24»
41, 45-46» 49» 56-58, 80-82 (see
also specific tests); U.S. tests in very
small cavities, 50-51. See also evasive
testing; Threshold Test Ban Treaty;
specific test sites
nuclear tests, underwater, 21, 23, 24
278
INDEX
nuclear tests, negotiations and debates
over banning, xiv, 22; Conference
on the Discontinuance of Nuclear
Tests (1958,1959), 25-29; and missile
defense, 248-49; negotiations
and debates in the 1990s, 159-62;
negotiations in the 1950s and early
1960s, 17-39; negotiations in the 1970s,
i-6,91,102,126, 233; negotiations
in the 1980s, 120,136; pros and cons
of banning nuclear tests, 17-20 (see
also under Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty). See also Comprehensive
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty; Congress,
U.S.; Threshold Test Ban Treaty;
specific presidents
nuclear war, dangers of, 12-13, 242-58;
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 31-32,
240-41; dangers of hair-trigger alerts
and unauthorized launches, 242-44;
and MIRVs, 38; nuclear winter,
251-55; and public opinion, 21; steps
to reducing nuclear threat, 249-50;
and tensions among India, China, and
Pakistan, 180
nuclear weapons: accidents and false
alarms (1950-2007), 244-46;
development of, 7-16; “low-yield”
nuclear weapons, 216, 221-22; number
in various countries, 15; one-point
safety of, 224, 244; Soviet-U.S. parity
in strategic nuclear weapons, 232-41.
See also ICBMs; MIRVs; yield
nuclear weapons laboratories, 7,14,33, 34,
35, 40, 84, no, 196-97» 215-16
nuclear weapons stockpile, 137-38, 215-16;
and CTBT Senate debate, 197, 203-4;
current status, 219-20; life extension
programs (LEPs), 220; and NAS
report of 2002, 213; and NAS report
of 2012, 218-19; Stockpile Stewardship
program, 195,197,199, 213, 219
Nunn, Sam, 249
Nuttli, Otto, 121,122
Obama, Barack, 199, 212, 217, 250-51
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA):
defunding of, 199-200; review of test
ban issues (1986-1988), 118-19,127»
128, i32-35 142
O’Leary, Hazel, 137
Oliver, Jack, 65
on-site inspections, 69,87,102; and CTBT,
19,22,162,165,203,218; and LTBT, 33-34;
on-site measurements of yield, 120-21
Operation Hardtack, 24, 25, 29
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 7
Pakistan, 37; Clinton and, 197;
consequences of nuclear exchange with
India, 254; and CTBT, xi, 6,20,162; and
danger of transfer of nuclear technology
to other actors, 183; earthquakes in,
183-84; identification limit for, 175;
Khan and, 182-83; nonparticipation in
international monitoring, 179; and NPT,
79; nuclear tests, 14,170,179,181-84,
194; number of nuclear weapons, 15,
240; salt deposits in, 50; tensions with
India, 178,180-82,240; unidentified
seismic events/nuclear explosions,
i92(figure), i93(figure)
Pasyanos, Michael, 191
Pauling, Linus, 21
peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs), xiv,
83-90; and India, 83-84,180; purposes
of, 83-85, 89, 90; and Soviet Union,
xiv, 5, 43, 53, 83, 86(figure), 86-90; and
U.S., 43» 83-86
Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
(PNET), 84, 87, 90,104,120,126,
136
Perle, Richard N., 114-17,125
Perry, William, 249
Peurifoy, Bob, 215-16
Phillips, Scott, 191
Pickering, Thomas, 157
Piel, Gerard, 127
Pike, John, 111
INDEX
279
Piledriver test (1966), 52, 95
Pincus, Walter, 233-34
Pitman, Walter, 72
plate tectonics, 69-70, 96,188
Plowshare program, 84
plutonium pits, 219-20
PNEs. See peaceful nuclear explosions
PNEX See Peaceful Nuclear Explosions
Treaty
Pokhran test site, 179
Pollack, J. B., 252-54
Pomeroy, Paul, 66, 70
Power, Thomas, 36
Presidents Science Advisory Panel
(PSAC), 43
Press, Frank, 100,122
PSAC. See President’s Science Advisory
Panel
Punggye֊ri test site, 175
Putin, Vladimir, 251
P waves. See seismic waves
Radford, Arthur, 43
radioactive fallout, 20; containment
issues, 134, 206-7,229; detection of
radionuclides, 163-64,170, 220-21;
and LTBT, 36; and peaceful nuclear
explosions (PNEs), 85
radiochemical method of yield
measurement, 120
Rainier test (1957)» 23-24 4i 43» 58
Rayleigh waves, 71,109-10
Reagan, Ronald: and claims of Soviet
cheating on TTBT, 59,103,105; and
CTBT, 136; and missile defense, 246,
248; and PNET, 104; and SALT II, 234;
and TTBT, 104-5,120; and U.S.’s desire
to continue testing, 131
Reed, Thomas, 14,183,184-85
Reynolds, John, 72
Rich, J., 111
Richards, Paul, 203; and identification of
anomalous seismic events, 153,154;
and NAS report of 2002, 212; and NAS
report of 2012, 218; and OTA panel,
118,119; Seismology Seminar course,
138; studies of Indian explosions, 181;
studies of North Korean explosions,
177; studies of Soviet explosions, 53,124
Richter, Charles, 27
Ringdal, Frode, 53,122,123,124,155, 235
Rio Blanco test (1973), 85
Riznichenko, Y., 26
Robinson, Paul, 204, 215, 225-26, 227
Robock, A., 254
rock types, 50, 55-58, 95; in Algeria, 101;
and debate over yield calculations, 97;
at Nevada Test Site, 23, 52, 56-58, 93,
97; in North Korea, 50,176; at Soviet
test sites, 24, 50, 56, 87-89, 97
Rodean, Howard, 97,101,112
Romney, Carl, 3, 9, 22, 23,125;
background and reputation, 73-74;
and debate over yield calculations, 59,
60-61, 93-95, 98-99,100; and evasive
testing, 41-42; opposition to full test
ban, 103; political influence of, 73-74»
94, 99; and SAIC (consulting firm),
136; and TTBT, 58
Rowny, Edward, 3, 233
Ruggi, Steven, 61
Ruina, Jack, 186
Rulison test (1969), 85
Rusk, Dean, 34, 35
Russia/Soviet Union: accusations of
cheating during treaty negotiations,
30-31; atmospheric tests, 10,12, 24,
29-30; breakup of Soviet Union, 64,
133; chemical explosions, 51-52,152;
claims (refuted) of cheating on test
ban treaties, xiii, 59, 69, 91, 98,103,
105,110-11,114-17,119,124-25,151-57»
163-64; claims (refuted) of evasive
decoupled testing, 52-53; claims
(refuted) that 1997 earthquake in Kara
Sea was a nuclear explosion, 151-57,
172; and CTBT, xi, 2,102,159, 215 (see
also Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
280
INDEX
Russia/Soviet Union (continued)
Treaty); degraded weapons programs,
251; development and testing of
nuclear weapons, 10,12; downing of
U-2 spy plane (1959), 28; and early
proposals to halt testing, 20-22;
earthquakes in, 63(figure), 64(figure),
133; end of moratorium on testing
(1961), 29; ICBMs (SS-17, SS-18,
SS-19), 31,233-34» 237» 243; and missile
defense, 248; and “missile gap,” 31;
moratorium on testing (1958), 21,29;
moratorium on testing (1985), 131; and
NAS report of 2012, 219; nuclear tests
of 1961 and 1962, 29-31; number of
nuclear weapons, 15, 238-40; peaceful
nuclear explosions (PNEs), xiv, 5,
43» 53» 83-90, 86(figure); possible
technical achievements for different
yield ranges, 221-25; “problem” or
“anomalous” events in (1972-2009),
143-58; seismic monitoring by U.S.
scientists in the Soviet Union, 131-32;
Soviet-U.S. parity in strategic nuclear
weapons, 37, 232-41; subcritical
experiments, 224; summary of
weapons tests, 14; test sites (see Azgir
test site; Novaya Zemlya test site;
Semipalatinsk test site); and TTBT,
xiv, 1-6,103 (see also Threshold Test
Ban Treaty); underground tests, 24,
46-49, 61 (see also specific test sites);
underwater tests, 23; U.S. distrust
of, 31» 34» 59; U.S. overestimation of
Soviet yields, 49, 55-61, 69-70, 91, 97»
99,100, 232-34, 237; withdrawal from
START II following U.S. withdrawal
from ABM Treaty, 215. See also
nuclear tests, negotiations and debates
over banning
Ryall, Alan, 103,145
Sagan, C., 252-55
SAIC (consulting firm), 136
Salmon test (1964)» 43,45» 60, 85, 93» 109
salt: and chemical explosions, 51-52; and
decoupling/muffling underground
explosions (“big hole” hypothesis),
46,47(hgure), 48(figure), 49-50, 87;
location of salt deposits, 50, 88; and
monitoring in the USSR, 128; and
peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs),
83, 85, 88-89; testing in, 43, 49-50,
228, 230
salvos (multiple tests conducted close in
time), 235-36
Sanity and Survival in the Nuclear Age:
Psychological Aspects of War and Peace
(Frank), 256
satellite imaging, 164, 224; and
anomalous events, 157; collapsed
craters detected by, 57, 84, 86, 88, 89,
129,179; and CTBT, 256; “double flash”
detected (1979), 185-86; improved
resolution, 164; and LTBT, 33; and
monitoring India, 179,181; and
monitoring North Korea, 178; and
National Technical Means, 33,133; and
peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs),
83, 84, 86, 88, 89; and refutation of
“missile gap” claims, 31
Savino, John, 71
Scheber, Thomas, 225-26
Schlesinger, James, 78, 208-9
Schroeder, Gerhard, 207
Scoville, Herbert, 76
Scowcroft, Brent, 209
S-CUBED (consulting firm), 136
SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative
Seaborg, Glen, 28,33-34» 102
Sedan test (1962), 84
seismic arrays, 122,166-67,179,186; and
identification of anomalous seismic
events, 149-50,153; and Novaya
Zemlya test site, i49(figure), 149-50
seismic magnitudes, 28-29; conversion
of magnitude to yield, 29, 94-95 (see
also yield); defined/described, 27-28;
INDEX
281
magnitude bias (mb bias), 94, 97, ιοί,
103-4» 123» 236-37; nibLg magnitude
scale, 121--22; seismic magnitude mb,
28, 56, 58; and TTBT, 58; and U.S.
overestimation of yields of Soviet
underground tests, 55-61 (see also
under yield); and variation in P wave
propagation in upper mantle, 55,
58-61, 6o(figure); and variation in
rock type, 55-58
Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing
Treaties (OTA report of 1988), 118-19,
132-35,142
seismic waves, 23, 24(figure), 227; and
debate over yield calculations, 93-98,
101,103-4,109-10,111; detection
of seismic surface waves from
explosions, 65-66; first motions
of seismic P waves, 64-65; and
identification of anomalous seismic
events, 143-44» 148,150,15i(figure),
227; Lg waves, 121-26,177; Love
waves, 70-71,110; Ms - mb method,
66-69, 67-68(figures), 143-44,184;
and plate tectonics, 69; Pn velocities,
96; pP waves, 23, 24(figure), 65; P
waves and seismic magnitude mb,
28; P waves compared to Lg waves,
122; Rayleigh waves, 71,109-10; use
of high-frequency seismic waves for
distinguishing nuclear tests from
earthquakes (e.g., high-frequency P
to S wave ratios), 129-30, i3o(figure),
132,134-36» 150, i5i(figure), 153,156,
170,175, i76(figure), 177,184,187» 227;
variation in P wave propagation in
upper mantle, 55, 58-61, 60(figure)
seismology, xii, 3; and crust and mantle
studies aided by peaceful nuclear
explosions, 89; determining depths of
earthquakes and explosions, 62-64;
development of new seismographs
for nuclear verification, 70-72; lack
of knowledge of, among hardline
opponents of arms control, 114-17,
203; and plate tectonics, 69, 96;
tectonic release, 94,109-10. See also
decoupling/mufiling underground
explosions; monitoring and
identification of nuclear weapons tests
Semipalatinsk test site (eastern
Kazakhstan), 104,109; calibration
of test site, 121; and damage to
nearby structures as limit on size
of tests, 108-9; and debate over
yield calculations, 109-11,113; and
detection of chemical explosions,
214; first underground tests, 24, 25,
61; and hide-in-earthquake scenario,
77; and peaceful nuclear explosions
(PNEs), 86-88; published yields of
nuclear tests, 234-35; rock types, 24,
97; seismic magnitudes for tests at,
106(figures); seismic monitoring of
test site by U.S. scientists, 131-32;
tectonic release at, 94,109-10; as
test site specified in TTBT, 92;
unidentified seismic events/nuclear
explosions, 193 (figure)
September 11, 2001,117
Shalikashvili, John, 211, 212, 215
Sheaks, O. J., 216
Shoal test (1963), 95
Shultz, George, 249
Simmons, Eugene, 98, 99
Singer, S. Fred, 255
Smiling Buddha test (1980), 180
Smith, Gordon, 209
Smith, Harold, 154
Smith, R. Jeffrey, 110,154-57
Solomon, Sean, 111
Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 3
South Africa: Israeli and South African
nuclear cooperation, 185-86; nuclear
program and destruction of inventory,
186-87; nuclear tests, 186; summary of
weapons tests, 14
Soviet Nuclear Weapons (Cochran et al.), 61
282
INDEX
Soviet Union. See Russia/Soviet Union
Specter, Arlen, 209
Springer, Donald, 3» 56, 58, 84» 96, 97» 101,
112,126
Sputnik, 31
Sputnik Scientists, and Eisenhower
(Killian), 44
Stalin, Joseph, 10
START IL See Strategic Arms Limitation
Treaty
Sterling test (1966), 45,46, 49, 89
Stevenson, Adlai, 20
Stillman, Danny, 14,183,184-85
stockpile. See nuclear weapons stockpile
Stockpile Stewardship program, 195,197,
199, 213, 219
Stoessel, Walter, 2,3, 4
Strassmann, Fritz, 8
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT
II), 102, 215, 234
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 246
Strauss, Lewis, 36, 43
Sultanov, D. D., 53, 86, 89
Suro, Robert, 202
S waves. See Love waves; Rayleigh waves;
seismic waves
Sweden, 187
Sykes, Lynn, xi-xv, 127; and AGU
meeting of 2000, 216; and AGU
symposium on verification (1983),
105,107; and analysis of monitoring
the Soviet Union (1983), 128-29;
and anomalous seismic events, 144,
153-55; and Baches letter about high-
frequency seismic monitoring, 134-36;
background, 4; and congressional
hearings (1985,1986), 117-18; and
CTBT Senate debate, 202, 203,207-8;
and damage to nearby structures
as limit on size of tests, 109; and
DARPA panel meetings on yield
determination, 111-14; and debate over
yield calculations, 59, 60-61, 69-70,
91-92, 94-101,103-5,107,109-10; and
decoupling/muffling underground
explosions (“big hole” hypothesis), 45,
48, 53-54; and FAS article (2000) on
CTBT, 202, 203; and FAS earthquake
article (1997), 202; and hearings on
CTBT (1972), 76-78; and HGLP
experiments, 71; and identification
of underground explosions, 66; and
monitoring aftershocks generated
by Benhan test (1968), 80-82; and
monitoring countries of special
interest, 174-75» 183-84,187-88,
194; and NAS report of 2002, 214;
and NAS report of 2012, 218; and
negotiations on Threshold Nuclear
Test Ban Treaty, 1-6, 91; and NRDC,
131; and OTAs independent review of
test ban issues (1986-1988), 118-19;
and peaceful nuclear explosions
(PNEs), 87; public involvement with
test ban issues (1980s and 1990s), 138;
recognition of contributions, 128;
and refutation of claims of Russian
cheating, 105,110,114-17,119; Reviews
of Geophysics article on verification
(1987), 134; Scientific American article
on verification (1982), 103,104,
127-28; Scientific American article
on yields of Soviet strategic weapons
(1987), 232-37; Seismology Seminar
course, 138; and television interview
on controversy over nuclear testing
(1986), 114-16
Tatar, M., 189
Tathum, Robert, 144
Taylor, Maxwell, 34,35
Technical Issues Related to the
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban (NAS
report of 2002), 212-14
tectonic release, 94,109-10
Teller, Edward, 35-36, 40-44
Terrell, Norman, 3
Thatcher, Margaret, 102
INDEX
283
Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT), xiii,
xiv, 3o(figure); claims of Russian
cheating, xiii, xiv, 59, 69, 91, 98,
103,105,123; limits set by, 5-6, 126;
negotiations on, xiv, 1-6, 91,126,
233; provisions of, 92; ratification
of, 103; Reagan administration and,
104-5, 120, 136; revised protocol of
1990,125-26; signing of, 83, 90,126;
Soviet assessment of (2006), 126;
verification of, and debate over yield
calculations, 91-126; and yield vs.
seismic magnitude as measure of
maximum size of underground tests,
58, 83, 93
Timerbaev, Roland, 5,126
Tiny Tot test (1965), 51, 52
Toon, A. B., 252-56
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in
the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and
Under Water. See Limited Test Ban
Treaty
Truman, Harry S., 10
Trump, Donald, 257
TTBT. See Threshold Test Ban Treaty
tuff, testing in, 23, 43, 56, 58, 93
Turco, R. P., 251, 252-55
Turnbull, Larry, 50, 52,155, 205, 207, 214,
216
Ukraine, 187
Unde test (1951), 58
United Nations, 6,161-62,195, 227. See
also Committee on Disarmament
United States: accusations of Soviet
cheating, xiii, xiv, 30-31, 59, 69,
91, 98,103,105,110-11,114-17» 119»
124-25, i5i-57 163-64; atmospheric
tests, 10-12, ll(flgure), 24-25;
chemical explosions, 51-52; claims
(refuted) that 1997 earthquake in
Kara Sea was a nuclear explosion,
151-57; concerns about verification
as obstacle to treaties, 26-28, 34,
202, 206; development and testing
of nuclear weapons, 7-14; distrust
of Soviet Union, 31, 34, 59; early
attempts to identify nuclear tests,
21-25; end of moratorium on testing
(1961), 31; “flexible response” doctrine,
37; “massive response” doctrine,
37; moratorium on testing (1958),
29; moratorium on testing (1992,
1995)» 137» 160; number of nuclear
weapons, 15, 238-40; peaceful nuclear
explosions (PNEs), 43, 83-86; possible
technical achievements for different
yield ranges, 221-25; Soviet-U.S.
parity in strategic nuclear weapons,
37, 232-41; subcritical experiments,
224; summary of weapons tests, 14;
test sites {see Amchitka Island test
site; Bikini Atoll test site; Christmas
Island test site; Johnston Island test
site; Nevada Test Site); underground
tests, 23-24» 45-46, 49-51» 56-58,
80-82, 84-86 {see also specific tests);
underwater tests, 23; upgrading
weapons programs, 250-51. See also
Congress, U.S.; monitoring and
identification of nuclear weapons
tests; nuclear tests, negotiations and
debates over banning; specific treaties
and presidents
U.S. National Academies of Science,
Engineering, and Medicine, xiv; NAS
report of 2002, 212-14; NAS report of
2012, 217-31
U.S. National Authority, 165
U.S. National Data Center, 153
USSR. See Russia/Soviet Union
van Atta, Dale, 237
van der Vink, Gregory, 118,134,135, 216, 218
Vela Uniform program, 62, 66, 74
Velikhov, Evgeny, 131
verification. See monitoring and
identification of nuclear weapons tests
284
INDEX
Vine, Fred, 72
von Hippel, Frank, 118,131, 207
Wagner, Richard, 98
Wallace, Terry, 216
Walter, William, 218
Ward, Peter, 71
Warner, John, 201
Weinberg, Steven, 248-49
Wiesner, Jerome, 33
Wiggins, Graham, 232
Wigwam test (1955), 23
Wilke, John, 110
Williams, Ellen, 218
Willis, Eric, 1, 3
Woolsey, James, 206
World-Wide Standardized Seismograph
Network (WWSSN), 65, 70
xenon, detection of, 163-64,170, 220-21
Yeltsin, Boris, 156,160
yield: and AFTAC panel, 93-96; and
Carter administration science panel
(i977) 100-101; CORRTEX method
of yield measurement, 120-21,123,
125; and damage to nearby structures
as limit on size of tests, 108-9;
DARPA panel meetings on yield
determination (1983-1985), 111-14;
debate over yield calculations (“yield
wars”)» xiii, xiv, 59, 91-126, 227; and
Defense Science Board ad hoc panel
(1977)» 98-99; limits of detection, 214,
230; “low-yield” nuclear weapons, 216,
221-22; measured using Lg waves,
121-26; and NAS report of 2002, 214;
and OTAs independent review of
test ban issues (1986-1988), 118-19,
133; path effects and possible bias,
103-4 (see also seismic magnitudes);
possible technical achievements
for different yield ranges, 221-25;
published yields of Soviet nuclear
tests, 234-35; radiochemical method
of yield measurement, 120; resolution
of debate by close-in monitoring/
calibration of test sites and improved
techniques, 103,120-26; and
Soviet-U.S. parity in strategic nuclear
weapons, 232-41; and Soviet ICBMs,
233-34; and television interview of
1986 on controversy over nuclear
testing, 114-17; and TTBT, 93;
uncertainties in measurements, 120,
123-24; U.S. formulas for estimating
Soviet yields, 94,100,107,113-14;
U.S. overestimation of Soviet yields,
49» 55-6i, 69-70, 91» 97» 99» 100,
232-34» 237; yields of Soviet and
U.S. tests, 3o(figure); yields required
for testing by inexperienced and
experienced states, 214, 219, 221-25.
See also monitoring and identification
of nuclear weapons tests; seismic
magnitudes
York, Herbert, 78,102
Zavadil, Robert, 93, 94,133
Zelentsov, S. A., 125
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- |
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| dewey-search | 341.7/34 |
| dewey-sort | 3341.7 234 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| publisher | Columbia University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- (DE-588)108926013X aut Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing Lynn R. Sykes New York Columbia University Press [2017] XV, 284 pages, 4 unnumbered pages Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Sykes, L. R. Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- (DE-588)108926013X gnd rswk-swf Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (1996 September 10) Vertrag über das umfassende Verbot von Nuklearversuchen 1996 September 24 (DE-588)4638758-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Nuclear weapons Testing Nuclear arms control (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- (DE-588)108926013X p Vertrag über das umfassende Verbot von Nuklearversuchen 1996 September 24 (DE-588)4638758-4 u Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-231-54419-1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030103370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030103370&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030103370&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing Sykes, L. R. Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- (DE-588)108926013X gnd Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (1996 September 10) Vertrag über das umfassende Verbot von Nuklearversuchen 1996 September 24 (DE-588)4638758-4 gnd Nuclear weapons Testing Nuclear arms control |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)108926013X (DE-588)4638758-4 (DE-588)4133254-4 |
| title | Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing |
| title_auth | Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing |
| title_exact_search | Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing |
| title_full | Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing Lynn R. Sykes |
| title_fullStr | Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing Lynn R. Sykes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Silencing the bomb one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing Lynn R. Sykes |
| title_short | Silencing the bomb |
| title_sort | silencing the bomb one scientist s quest to halt nuclear testing |
| title_sub | one scientist's quest to halt nuclear testing |
| topic | Sykes, L. R. Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- (DE-588)108926013X gnd Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (1996 September 10) Vertrag über das umfassende Verbot von Nuklearversuchen 1996 September 24 (DE-588)4638758-4 gnd Nuclear weapons Testing Nuclear arms control |
| topic_facet | Sykes, L. R. Sykes, Lynn Ray 1937- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (1996 September 10) Vertrag über das umfassende Verbot von Nuklearversuchen 1996 September 24 Nuclear weapons Testing Nuclear arms control Erlebnisbericht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030103370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030103370&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030103370&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sykeslynnray silencingthebombonescientistsquesttohaltnucleartesting |