Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring: identity and community in the twenty-first century
Middle Eastern Minorities and the Arab Spring: Identity and Community in the Twenty-First Centuryexamines eleven minority groups in the early years of the so-called Arab Spring. Wide-ranging in scope, minorities of diverse religious and ethno-linguistic backgrounds are included from North Africa, th...
Saved in:
| Other Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Piscataway, NJ, USA
Gorgias Press
[2017]
|
| Series: | The modern Muslim world
2 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | Middle Eastern Minorities and the Arab Spring: Identity and Community in the Twenty-First Centuryexamines eleven minority groups in the early years of the so-called Arab Spring. Wide-ranging in scope, minorities of diverse religious and ethno-linguistic backgrounds are included from North Africa, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. Each has experienced the Arab Spring differently and uniquely depending upon their context. Of particular concern to the international team of scholars involved in this volume, is the interaction and reaction of minorities to the protest movements across the Arab World that called for greater democratic rights and end to respective autocratic regimes. While some minorities participated in the Arab Spring, others were wary of instability and the unintended effects of regime change - notably the rise of violent Islamism. The full effects of the Arab Spring will not be known for years to come, but for the minorities of the Middle East, the immediate future seems certainly tenuous at best |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | ix, 343 pages map |
| ISBN: | 9781463206536 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV044678959 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20180213 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 171212s2017 xxub||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 010 | |a 017047892 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781463206536 |c hbk |9 978-1-4632-0653-6 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1020319538 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV044678959 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a DS58 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 909/.097492708312 |2 23 | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring |b identity and community in the twenty-first century |c edited by K. Scott Parker, Tony E. Nasrallah |
| 264 | 1 | |a Piscataway, NJ, USA |b Gorgias Press |c [2017] | |
| 300 | |a ix, 343 pages |b map | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a The modern Muslim world |v 2 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 520 | |a Middle Eastern Minorities and the Arab Spring: Identity and Community in the Twenty-First Centuryexamines eleven minority groups in the early years of the so-called Arab Spring. Wide-ranging in scope, minorities of diverse religious and ethno-linguistic backgrounds are included from North Africa, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. Each has experienced the Arab Spring differently and uniquely depending upon their context. Of particular concern to the international team of scholars involved in this volume, is the interaction and reaction of minorities to the protest movements across the Arab World that called for greater democratic rights and end to respective autocratic regimes. While some minorities participated in the Arab Spring, others were wary of instability and the unintended effects of regime change - notably the rise of violent Islamism. The full effects of the Arab Spring will not be known for years to come, but for the minorities of the Middle East, the immediate future seems certainly tenuous at best | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Minorities |z Middle East |x History |y 21st century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Religious minorities |z Middle East |x History |y 21st century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Linguistic minorities |z Middle East |x History |y 21st century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Arab Spring, 2010- | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sprachliche Minderheit |0 (DE-588)4131504-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nationale Minderheit |0 (DE-588)4039409-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Religiöse Minderheit |0 (DE-588)4140292-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Minderheitenfrage |0 (DE-588)4169999-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Arabischer Frühling |0 (DE-588)102321377X |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Naher Osten |0 (DE-588)4068878-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Naher Osten |0 (DE-588)4068878-1 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Arabischer Frühling |0 (DE-588)102321377X |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Minderheitenfrage |0 (DE-588)4169999-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Nationale Minderheit |0 (DE-588)4039409-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Religiöse Minderheit |0 (DE-588)4140292-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Sprachliche Minderheit |0 (DE-588)4131504-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Parker, K. Scott |0 (DE-588)1121945937 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nasrallah, Tony E. |4 edt | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m LoC Fremddatenuebernahme |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030076153&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 0905 |g 56 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030076153 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1816714752627310592 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
MIDDLE EASTERN MINORITIES AND THE ARAB SPRING
/
: 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
ETHNIC AND LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE ARAB SPRING
RE-CONSIDERING MINORITIES' POSITION IN THE MIDDLE EAST : THE KURDISH
CASE IN SYRIA / EVA SAVELSBERG AND JORDI TEJEL
THE AMAZIGH IN POST-REVOLUTION LIBYA : A CENTURY OF STRUGGLE / TODD M.
THOMPSON AND YOUCEF BOUANDEL
THE ARMENIAN CHRISTIAN MINORITY IN GREATER SYRIA
AND THE ARAB SPRING / DARINA SALIBA ABI CHEDID
RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE ARAB SPRING
ADAPTING TO SHIFTING GROUND : THE ALAWITES OF THE NORTHERN LEVANT / LEON
T. GOLDSMITH
THE DRUZE AND THE ARAB SPRING / LUBNA TARABEY
SYRIAN ISMAILIS AND THE ARAB SPRING : SEASONS OF DEATH AND WHITE
CARNATIONS / OTARED HAIDAR
THE CHRISTIANS OF SYRIA AND THE ARAB SPRING / HABIB C. MALIK
MIDDLE EASTERN MINORITIES AND THE ARAB SPRING
THE CHRISTIANS OF LEBANON AND THE ARAB SPRING / MICHAEL ABI SEMAAN AND
TONY E. NASRALLAH
THE EASY ENEMY : THE SHIA AND SECTARIANISM IN THE ARAB STATES OF THE
GULF AND YEMEN DURING THE ARAB SPRING / JESSIE MORITZ
OTHER MINORITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE ARAB SPRING
PALESTINIANS AT HOME AND IN THE DIASPORAS AND THE ARAB SPRING / BERNARD
SABELLA
A SPRING ABROAD : EXPLORING THE CASE OF TUNISIAN DIASPORAS IN EUROPE /
CLAIRE DEMESMAY, SABINE RUSS-SATTAR, KATRIN SOLD
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Parker, K. Scott Nasrallah, Tony E. |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | k s p ks ksp t e n te ten |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1121945937 |
| author_facet | Parker, K. Scott Nasrallah, Tony E. |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044678959 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DS58 |
| callnumber-raw | DS58 |
| callnumber-search | DS58 |
| callnumber-sort | DS 258 |
| callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1020319538 (DE-599)BVBBV044678959 |
| dewey-full | 909/.097492708312 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 909 - World history |
| dewey-raw | 909/.097492708312 |
| dewey-search | 909/.097492708312 |
| dewey-sort | 3909 1197492708312 |
| dewey-tens | 900 - History & geography |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV044678959</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20180213</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">171212s2017 xxub||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">017047892</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781463206536</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-4632-0653-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1020319538</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV044678959</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">DS58</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">909/.097492708312</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring</subfield><subfield code="b">identity and community in the twenty-first century</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by K. Scott Parker, Tony E. Nasrallah</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Piscataway, NJ, USA</subfield><subfield code="b">Gorgias Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2017]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ix, 343 pages</subfield><subfield code="b">map</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The modern Muslim world</subfield><subfield code="v">2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Middle Eastern Minorities and the Arab Spring: Identity and Community in the Twenty-First Centuryexamines eleven minority groups in the early years of the so-called Arab Spring. Wide-ranging in scope, minorities of diverse religious and ethno-linguistic backgrounds are included from North Africa, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. Each has experienced the Arab Spring differently and uniquely depending upon their context. Of particular concern to the international team of scholars involved in this volume, is the interaction and reaction of minorities to the protest movements across the Arab World that called for greater democratic rights and end to respective autocratic regimes. While some minorities participated in the Arab Spring, others were wary of instability and the unintended effects of regime change - notably the rise of violent Islamism. The full effects of the Arab Spring will not be known for years to come, but for the minorities of the Middle East, the immediate future seems certainly tenuous at best</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Minorities</subfield><subfield code="z">Middle East</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">21st century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Religious minorities</subfield><subfield code="z">Middle East</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">21st century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Linguistic minorities</subfield><subfield code="z">Middle East</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">21st century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Arab Spring, 2010-</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sprachliche Minderheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4131504-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Nationale Minderheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039409-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Religiöse Minderheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4140292-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Minderheitenfrage</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4169999-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Arabischer Frühling</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)102321377X</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Naher Osten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4068878-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Naher Osten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4068878-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Arabischer Frühling</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)102321377X</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Minderheitenfrage</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4169999-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Nationale Minderheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039409-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Religiöse Minderheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4140292-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Sprachliche Minderheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4131504-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Parker, K. Scott</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1121945937</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nasrallah, Tony E.</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">LoC Fremddatenuebernahme</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030076153&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0905</subfield><subfield code="g">56</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030076153</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Naher Osten |
| id | DE-604.BV044678959 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-25T17:03:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781463206536 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017047892 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030076153 |
| oclc_num | 1020319538 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | ix, 343 pages map |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Gorgias Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The modern Muslim world |
| spelling | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century edited by K. Scott Parker, Tony E. Nasrallah Piscataway, NJ, USA Gorgias Press [2017] ix, 343 pages map txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The modern Muslim world 2 Includes bibliographical references and index Middle Eastern Minorities and the Arab Spring: Identity and Community in the Twenty-First Centuryexamines eleven minority groups in the early years of the so-called Arab Spring. Wide-ranging in scope, minorities of diverse religious and ethno-linguistic backgrounds are included from North Africa, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. Each has experienced the Arab Spring differently and uniquely depending upon their context. Of particular concern to the international team of scholars involved in this volume, is the interaction and reaction of minorities to the protest movements across the Arab World that called for greater democratic rights and end to respective autocratic regimes. While some minorities participated in the Arab Spring, others were wary of instability and the unintended effects of regime change - notably the rise of violent Islamism. The full effects of the Arab Spring will not be known for years to come, but for the minorities of the Middle East, the immediate future seems certainly tenuous at best Minorities Middle East History 21st century Religious minorities Middle East History 21st century Linguistic minorities Middle East History 21st century Arab Spring, 2010- Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 gnd rswk-swf Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd rswk-swf Religiöse Minderheit (DE-588)4140292-3 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 gnd rswk-swf Arabischer Frühling (DE-588)102321377X gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Arabischer Frühling (DE-588)102321377X s Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 s Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 s Religiöse Minderheit (DE-588)4140292-3 s Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 s DE-604 Parker, K. Scott (DE-588)1121945937 edt Nasrallah, Tony E. edt LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030076153&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century Minorities Middle East History 21st century Religious minorities Middle East History 21st century Linguistic minorities Middle East History 21st century Arab Spring, 2010- Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 gnd Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd Religiöse Minderheit (DE-588)4140292-3 gnd Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 gnd Arabischer Frühling (DE-588)102321377X gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4131504-2 (DE-588)4039409-8 (DE-588)4140292-3 (DE-588)4169999-3 (DE-588)102321377X (DE-588)4068878-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century |
| title_auth | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century |
| title_exact_search | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century |
| title_full | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century edited by K. Scott Parker, Tony E. Nasrallah |
| title_fullStr | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century edited by K. Scott Parker, Tony E. Nasrallah |
| title_full_unstemmed | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring identity and community in the twenty-first century edited by K. Scott Parker, Tony E. Nasrallah |
| title_short | Middle Eastern minorities and the Arab Spring |
| title_sort | middle eastern minorities and the arab spring identity and community in the twenty first century |
| title_sub | identity and community in the twenty-first century |
| topic | Minorities Middle East History 21st century Religious minorities Middle East History 21st century Linguistic minorities Middle East History 21st century Arab Spring, 2010- Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 gnd Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd Religiöse Minderheit (DE-588)4140292-3 gnd Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 gnd Arabischer Frühling (DE-588)102321377X gnd |
| topic_facet | Minorities Middle East History 21st century Religious minorities Middle East History 21st century Linguistic minorities Middle East History 21st century Arab Spring, 2010- Sprachliche Minderheit Nationale Minderheit Religiöse Minderheit Minderheitenfrage Arabischer Frühling Naher Osten Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030076153&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT parkerkscott middleeasternminoritiesandthearabspringidentityandcommunityinthetwentyfirstcentury AT nasrallahtonye middleeasternminoritiesandthearabspringidentityandcommunityinthetwentyfirstcentury |