The geology companion: essentials for understanding the earth
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
[2018]
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Physical Description: | xvii, 469 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780367572648 9781498756082 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface.......................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments..............,.................................................xv
Authors.......................................................................xvii
1. Introduction.................................................................1
Geology Matters..............................................................1
Reading the Rocks.......................................................... 2
Hypothesis and Theory......................................................2
Facts.................................................................... 3
Taking Notes...............................................................3
Tools of the Trade...........................................................5
Rules of the Road for Collecting..........................................11
Why This Book?.......................................................... 11
References............................................................... 11
2. Minerals....................................................................13
All about Crystals..........................................................14
Mineral Properties..........................................................24
Color.....................................................................24
Streak....................................................................24
Luster....................................................................24
Transparency........................................................ 24
Cleavage..................................................................24
Fracture..................................................................25
Hardness..................................................................25
Specific Gravity..........................................................27
Mineral Identification....................................................27
Special Powers of Crystals................................................28
Common Minerals.............................................................28
Mineral Collecting: Knowing Where to Look...................................35
A Sampling of Mineral Collecting Field Guides........................... 36
References..................................................................36
3. Rocks.......................................................................37
Sedimentary Rock............................................................37
Igneous Rock................................................................42
Volcanic (Extrusive) Rocks................................................42
Plutonic (Intrusive) Rocks................................................49
Plutonic Structures...................................................49
Metamorphic Rock............................................................53
Metamorphic Rock Types.................................................. 58
What Rocks Tell You.........................................................58
A Sampling of Geologic Guidebooks....................................... 61
Maps......................................................................65
vii
viii Contents
4. Geologic Principles........................................................67
Principle of Original Horizontality.........................................67
Principle of Superposition..................................................68
Unconformities..............................................................69
Types of Unconformities...................................................69
Principle of Stratigraphic Correlation and Lateral Continuity...............69
Principle of Faunal Succession..............................................73
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships....................................74
Principle of Inclusions................................................... 75
Principle of Uniformitarianism..............................................75
References..................................................................76
5. Deep Time.............................................................. 77
The Concept of Deep Time....................................................77
How to Tell the Age of Rocks: Relative and Absolute Dating..................79
Age of the Earth and the Solar System (and How Long Earth Will Last)........83
References..................................................................84
6. Earth History..............................................................85
The Geologic Time Scale.....................................................85
Key Events of the Precambrian Eon...........................................86
The Hadean: Formation of the Earth, Moon, and Atmosphere..................86
The Archaean: Beginning of Life and the Oldest Rocks......................87
The Proterozoic: Photosynthesis, the Great Oxygenation Event, and Snowball
Earth.....................................................................89
Key Events of the Paleozoic Era.............................................90
An Explosion of Life.................................................. 90
First Land Plants.........................................................93
First Land Animals........................................................94
The Great Extinction................................................... 100
Key Events of the Mesozoic Era.............................................101
Dinosaurs................................................................101
Birth of the Atlantic Ocean..............................................101
Flowering Plants.........................................................103
End of the Dinosaurs.....................................................104
Key Developments of the Cenozoic Era.......................................105
Mammals..................................................................105
Ice Ages.................................................................108
The Earth We Know........................................................109
What the Future Holds......................................................115
References and General Reading........................................... 116
7. Fossils...................................................................117
Seashells on Mountain Tops—The Development of Paleontology.................117
How Fossils Are Formed and Preserved.......................................124
The Fossil s Tale........................................................ 125
Major Categories of Life...................................................127
Fossil Hunting.............................................................131
References and General Reading.............................................158
Contents
IX
8. Evolution................................................................159
The Concept of Evolution..................................................160
Lamarckian Genetics....................................................161
Darwin and Wallace.....................................................162
Mendel and Inheritance of Traits.......................................165
The Tree of Life..........................................................167
The Large Size of Some Animals............................................170
Ongoing Evolution of Humans...............................................171
Extinction................................................................172
Origin of Life............................................................173
References and General Reading............................................178
9. The Changing Face of the Earth—Structure of the Earth, Plate Tectonics,
and Mountain Building.....................................................181
Structure of the Earth....................................................181
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift.....................................188
Mountain Building.........................................................199
Rock Deformation.......................................................201
Brittle Deformation: Faults, Joints, and Earthquakes...................202
Ductile Deformation and Folding........................................210
Erosional Highlands.......................................................213
References and General Reading............................................. 215
10. The Changing Face of the Earth—Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.......217
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.......................................217
Erosional and Depositional Landscapes.....................................224
Soil and Agriculture......................................................234
References................................................................240
11. Maps.....................................................................241
Types of Geological Maps..................................................241
Standard Geological Maps...............................................241
Geological Hazards Maps................................................244
Seismic Hazard Maps....................................................245
Paleogeographic Maps...................................................245
Soil Maps..............................................................245
Groundwater or Potentiometric Surface Maps.............................247
Structure Contour Maps.................................................247
Mineral Alteration Maps.............................................. 247
Isopach Maps and Overburden Thickness Maps.............................252
A Resource Guide—Where to Find Maps and Imagery...........................253
References................................................................255
12. Acts of God? Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Other Natural Disasters.........257
Earthquakes and Tsunamis..................................................257
Where Do They Happen?..................................................260
Causes.................................................................261
Man-Made Earthquakes................................................. 264
Living in Earthquake Country...........................................267
X
Contents
Sources of Earthquake and Tsunami Information.........................269
Landslides and Downslope Mass Movements..................................270
Living in Landslide Country...........................................274
Sources of Landslide Information.................................... 276
Volcanoes................................................................277
Living in Volcano Country.............................................286
Some Dormant Volcanoes Aren t.......................................289
Sources of Volcano Hazard and Safety Information......................292
Flooding.................................................................292
Living in Flood Country...............................................293
Sources of Flood Information..........................................295
Subsidence, Sinkholes, and Expanding Soils...............................295
Living in Subsidence Country......................................... 301
Sources of Subsidence, Sinkhole, and Swelling Soil Information........301
Natural Pollution........................................................302
Sources of Information on Natural Pollution......................... 310
It Came from Outer Space!................................................311
Sources of Information on Impacts.....................................313
References and General Reading...........................................313
13. Groundwater.............................................................315
The Hydrologic Cycle.....................................................315
Finding Groundwater......................................................319
Groundwater Ownership....................................................323
Groundwater Mining and Sustainability....................................323
Groundwater Contamination................................................324
Frac ing and Groundwater............................................ 325
Hot Springs and Geothermal Energy........................................330
References and General Reading...........................................331
14. Oceans..................................................................333
In the Beginning.......................................................«.333
How Deep Are They?..................................................... 334
What s Down There? The Ocean Floor.......................................334
The Continental Shelf............................................... 336
The Deep Seafloor.....................................................337
Trenches..............................................................339
Mid-Ocean Ridges......................................................340
Reference................................................................343
15. Mineral Resources................................................... 345
Metals.................................................................. 346
Exploring for Mineral Deposits...........................................353
Energy Minerals..........................................................355
Uranium...............................................................356
Nuclear Waste Repositories..........................................358
Coal..................................................................359
Nonmetallic Economic Minerals............................................361
Gemstones.............................................................361
Contents
xi
Rare Earth Minerals...................................................370
Salt..................................................................371
Potash................................................................371
Phosphates............................................................372
Sulfur................................................................373
Silica................................................................373
Calcium Carbonate.....................................................373
Sand, Gravel, and Rock................................................375
Building Stone (Dimension Stone)......................................375
References..............................................................375
16. Black Gold (Texas Tea)..................................................377
How Is Oil Formed?......................................................380
Source Rocks......................................................... 382
Generation, Migration, and Entrapment............................... 382
Preservation and Destruction of Hydrocarbons..........................384
Exploring for Hydrocarbons..............................................385
What about the Oil Sands?...............................................387
Production, Consumption, and the Price of Oil......................... 391
Remaining Reserves and Peak Oil.........................................393
References..............................................................396
17. Climate Change..........................................................397
What We Know............................................................398
A Word about Models.....................................................400
Lots of Moving Parts....................................................403
Role of the Sun..................................................... 403
The Atmosphere, Aerosols, and Greenhouse Gases........................406
Carbon Dioxide......................................................407
Methane.............................................................410
Water Vapor.........................................................411
Complex Interactions................................................411
Role of the Oceans................................................... 411
Currents............................................................411
The Ocean-Atmosphere Linked System..................................413
Ocean Models........................................................413
The Land Surface......................................................414
Ice Sheets............................................................414
The Biosphere.........................................................414
To Summarize............................................................414
The Worst-Case Scenario?..............................................415
References..............................................................416
18. So You Want to Be a Geologist...........................................421
What Does a Geologist Do?...............................................421
Resource Geology......................................................427
Environmental Geology.................................................427
Geological Engineering............................................... 427
Marine Geology........................................................428
Contents
Xll
Geochemistry..............................................................428
Geophysics................................................................428
Paleontology..............................................................429
Geological Surveys and Government Agencies................................429
Academia..................................................................429
Other Geologic Specialties................................................429
Education Requirements......................................................432
High School...............................................................432
University................................................................432
Undergraduate School...................................................433
Field Camp.............................................................433
Graduate School........................................................434
Internships...............................................................437
Professional Geologist Certification......................................437
Starting Your Career...................................................... 443
Sources of Information....................................................444
References..................................................................444
Index
445
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| spelling | Prost, Gary L. Verfasser (DE-588)1150521082 aut The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth Gary L. Prost, Benjamin P. Prost Boca Raton CRC Press [2018] xvii, 469 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references Geologie Geology Mineralogy Rocks Collection and preservation Minerals Collection and preservation Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd rswk-swf Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 s DE-604 Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 s Prost, Benjamin P. Verfasser (DE-588)1150521368 aut Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029948695&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Prost, Gary L. Prost, Benjamin P. The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth Geologie Geology Mineralogy Rocks Collection and preservation Minerals Collection and preservation Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020227-6 (DE-588)4020288-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth |
| title_auth | The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth |
| title_exact_search | The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth |
| title_full | The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth Gary L. Prost, Benjamin P. Prost |
| title_fullStr | The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth Gary L. Prost, Benjamin P. Prost |
| title_full_unstemmed | The geology companion essentials for understanding the earth Gary L. Prost, Benjamin P. Prost |
| title_short | The geology companion |
| title_sort | the geology companion essentials for understanding the earth |
| title_sub | essentials for understanding the earth |
| topic | Geologie Geology Mineralogy Rocks Collection and preservation Minerals Collection and preservation Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd Geowissenschaften (DE-588)4020288-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geologie Geology Mineralogy Rocks Collection and preservation Minerals Collection and preservation Geowissenschaften Einführung |
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