Investment protection in the European Union: considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Baden-Baden
Nomos
2017
Wien facultas 2017 Zürich ; St. Gallen Dike 2017 |
| Edition: | 1. Auflage |
| Series: | Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht
Band 26 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 548 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9783848743476 3848743477 9783708916170 9783037519653 |
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| 653 | |a Investitionsschutz | ||
| 653 | |a bilaterale Abkommen | ||
| 653 | |a Freihandelsabkommen | ||
| 653 | |a Kollisionsrecht | ||
| 653 | |a Europarecht | ||
| 653 | |a Intra-EU | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
ABBREVIATIONS 21
INTRODUCTION 23
PART I: INVESTMENT PROTECTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE RISE OF
POTENTIALLY CONFLICTING LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 33
CHAPTER 1: THE NECESSITY OF INVESTMENT PROTECTION 33
CHAPTER 2: THE ASCENT OF INVESTMENT PROTECTION THROUGH IIA / BITS 37
A. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTMENT PROTECTION MECHANISMS 37
I. FROM THE MIDDLE AGES UNTIL THE COLONIAL ERA: THE USE OF FORCE
AND OTHER INDIVIDUAL MEASURES 37
II. THE POST-COLONIAL ERA: THE GRADUAL RISE OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW AS PROTECTION MECHANISM 39
1. CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW: MINIMUM STANDARD OF
TREATMENT 40
2. CONVENTIONAL OBLIGATIONS: TREATIES OF FRIENDSHIP,
COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION 42
III. REMAINING INEFFICIENCIES OF THE PROTECTION MECHANISMS
LEADING TO MORE SPECIFIC INSTRUMENTS 44
1. PROCEDURAL ENFORCEMENT: DEPENDENCE ON EITHER THE HOME
STATE OR THE HOST STATE * 44
2. UNSPECIFIC PROVISIONS AND A GENERAL TREND TO THE CONCLUSION
OF MORE SPECIFIC TREATIES 46
B. INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS: INVESTMENT PROTECTION
THROUGH BILATERAL OR MULTILATERAL INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 47
I. CONVENTIONAL PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS THROUGH IIAS 49
II. HIGHER DEGREE OF CLARITY AS TO THE PROTECTION STANDARDS 50
III. DIRECT ENFORCEMENT BY INVESTORS 51
IV. ENLARGEMENT OF THE SCOPE OF RIGHTS THROUGH THE TERMS
INVESTMENT AND INVESTOR 54
C. STATE-CONTRACTS 57
CHAPTER 3: THE RECEPTION OF MODEM INVESTMENT PROTECTION THROUGH
IIAS / BITS IN THE EU: DOUBLING THE PROTECTION? 58
A. RISE OF THE EU AND THE INTERNAL MARKET: INVESTMENT PROTECTION
THROUGH EU LAW - 58
B. RISE OF IIAS CONCLUDED BY EU MEMBER STATES: EU-INVESTMENT
PROTECTION THROUGH IIAS 63
I. EXTRA-EU IIAS 66
II. INTRA-EU IIAS 67
III. MIXED AGREEMENTS INCLUDING THE EU AS CONTRACTING PARTY 68
CHAPTER 4: THE SEPARATE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS OF INVESTMENT PROTECTION IN
THE EU 70
A. THE IIA FRAMEWORK: INVESTMENT-PROTECTION THROUGH IIAS 70
I. GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF INVESTMENT PROTECTION THROUGH IIAS 70
II. SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION: OVERVIEW AND SCOPE OF PROTECTION
STANDARDS IN IIAS 71
1. FAIR AND EQUITABLE TREATMENT 72
2. PROTECTION AGAINST EXPROPRIATION 77
3. FULL PROTECTION AND SECURITY 80
4. NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSES 83
(1) NATIONAL TREATMENT 83
(2) MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATMENT 86
(3) OTHER NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSES 87
5. UMBRELLA CLAUSES 89
6. FREE TRANSFER OF FUNDS 90
7. ADMISSION CLAUSES AND RIGHT TO ESTABLISH 92
III. LEGAL REMEDIES: THE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM
IN IIAS 93
1. INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATION GOVERNED BY THE ICSID-
CONVENTION 95
(1) JURISDICTION OF THE CENTRE 95
(2) PROCEDURAL RULES AND APPLICABLE LAW 97
(3) RECOURSE AND ENFORCEMENT 99
2. INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATION IN PRIVATE FORUMS:
ICC/SCC, ETC. 101
(1) JURISDICTION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL 101
(2) APPLICABLE LAW AND PROCEDURAL RULES 102
(3) RECOURSE AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS ISSUED IN
PRIVATE FORUMS 104
3. OTHER REMEDIES SUCH AS INTER-STATE AND LOCAL REMEDIES 107
B. THE EU-LAW FRAMEWORK: *INVESTMENT*-PROTECTION IN EU LAW 108
I. GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF EU LAW 109
II. SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION AND ITS LIMITS UNDER EU LAW 110
1. INVESTMENT PROTECTION THROUGH THE FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 110
(1) FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT 111
(2) FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL 118
(3) FREE TRANSFER OF FUNDS 122
(4) FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND FREEDOM TO PROVIDE
SERVICES 122
2. CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EU 123
(1) SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CHARTER
(ART. 51 OF THE CHARTER) 124
(2) FREEDOM TO CONDUCT BUSINESS (ART. 16 OF THE
CHARTER) 127
(3) RIGHT TO PROPERTY (ART. 17 OF THE CHARTER) 129
3. OTHER PRINCIPLES, INCLUDING THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
EU LAW AND PRINCIPLES OF ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND DUE
PROCESS / RELIEF 136
III. DUAL PROVISIONS OFFERING PROTECTION BUT ALSO ENABLING
INTERVENTIONIST MEASURES 139
1. COMPETITION LAW: ART. 101, 102 TFEU 140
2. STATE AID PROVISIONS: ART. 107 FF TFEU 140
3. SECONDARY LEGISLATION 141
IV. LEGAL REMEDIES: JUDICIAL REVIEW AS CONCEIVED UNDER
EU LAW 142
1. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE NATIONAL COURTS AND PRELIMINARY RULING
PROCEDURE (ART. 267 TFEU) 142
2. IMMEDIATE PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE CJEU: LEGAL
ACTIONS ENUMERATED IN THE EUROPEAN TREATIES 145
(1) ACTION FOR ANNULMENT (ART. 263, 264 TFEU) 145
(2) INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS AS INTER-STATE REMEDIES FOR
VIOLATION OF EU LAW (ART. 258 FF TFEU) 147
3. ACTION FOR DAMAGES 148
(1) EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL ACTION FOR DAMAGES AGAINST THE EU 149
(2) EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL ACTION FOR DAMAGES AGAINST THE
MEMBER STATES 150
CHAPTER 5: POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF EU LAW AND INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT
LAW 151
A. PRELIMINARY REMARKS AS TO THE NOTION OF CONFLICT REGARDING DIFFERENT
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 153
B. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS BETWEEN EU LAW AND IIAS 156
I. CONFLICTING PROVISIONS BETWEEN EU LAW AND IIAS REGARDING
SUBSTANTIVE GUARANTEES 156
1. STATE AID RULES (ART. 107 FF TFEU) 158
2. EUROPEAN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AND COMPETITION LAW 161
3. FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS IN GENERAL 165
4. NON-DISCRIMINATION (ART. 18 TFEU OR THE FUNDAMENTAL
FREEDOMS) 168
5. FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL 169
6. CHANGING LEGAL FRAMEWORK 170
II. CONFLICTING PROVISIONS BETWEEN EU LAW AND IIAS REGARDING
JURISDICTION 170
1. CONFLICT BETWEEN ARBITRATION CLAUSES AND ART. 344 TFEU 171
2. CONFLICT BETWEEN ARBITRATION CLAUSES AND THE DISPATCH OF
COMPETENCIES IN THE EU 172
3. CONFLICT BETWEEN ARBITRATION CLAUSES AND THE PRINCIPLE OF
NON-DISCRIMINATION (ART. 18 TFEU) 173
C. POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONFLICT 175
I. ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS 176
II. 6SETTING-ASIDE* OR *VACATUR* PROCEEDINGS AND ANNULMENT
PROCEEDINGS 176
1. SETTING-ASIDE AN AWARD RENDERED IN PRIVATE FORUMS (ICC,
SCC, ETC.) 177
(1) INVALIDITY OF THE ARBITRATION CLAUSE (ART. 34 (2)
LIT. A UNCITRAL MODEL LAW
(LACK OF JURISDICTION)) 177
(2) AWARD CONTRARY TO PUBLIC POLICY 179
2. ICSID-ANNULMENT PROCEEDINGS 181
III. ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS 183
1. ENFORCEMENT IN PRIVATE FORUMS (ICC, SCC, ETC.) 183
2. ENFORCEMENT OF ICSID-AWARDS 184
IV. THE IMPACT OF FURTHER POTENTIAL EU PROCEEDINGS ON THE
ENFORCEMENT OF AN AWARD 186
V. CONCLUSION ON POTENTIAL CONFLICTS IN THE ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS 187
D. HANDLING EU LAW IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS: DIFFERENT SCENARIOS BUT SIMILAR INTERESTS 187
I. DISTINGUISHING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SITUATIONS RAISING THE
CONFLICT: INTRA-EU VS. EXTRA-EU IIAS 187
II. ENJEUX EN QUESTION - GUIDING PRINCIPLES WHICH SHOULD
BE RESPECTED BY ANY SOLUTION TO THIS CONFLICT OF LAWS 189
PART II: CONFLICTS BETWEEN EU LAW AND IIAS IN THE INTRA-EU SETTING 191
CHAPTER 6: INTRA-EU IIAS IN ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS: HOW TO ADDRESS
THE INTERACTION OF EU LAW AND INTRA-EU IIAS 193
A. STRUCTURE OF THE ANALYSIS 198
B. THE PERSPECTIVE OF AN ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL IN AN INTRA-EU INVESTMENT
DISPUTE 200
CHAPTER 7: EU LAW AS INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO THE DISPUTE 204
A. THE RELEVANCE OF ANY OTHER RULE OF LAW THAN THE IIA IN THE
PROCEEDINGS 204
B. THE QUALIFICATION OF EU LAW AS INTERNATIONAL LAW 206
I. EU LAW IS SOURCED IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 213
1. TRANSFERAL OF COMPETENCIES AND RIGHTS TO LEGISLATE 214
2. IRRELEVANCE OF PRINCIPLES SET FORTH IN THE EUROPEAN TREATIES
FOR ITS QUALIFICATION 218
II. EU LAW PRIMARILY CREATES RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS TOWARDS
MEMBER STATES AND AS AN AUXILIARY INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 222
III. EU LAW REGULATES RIGHTS BETWEEN SUBJECTS OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW 223
CHAPTER 8: THE RELEVANT RULE OF CONFLICT OF LAWS REGARDING EU LAW
AND IIAS 225
A. PRELIMINARY REMARKS HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS BETWEEN
SEVERAL RULES OF LAWS 226
I. ABSENCE OF EXPLICIT PROVISIONS DEALING WITH THE
CONFLICT IN IIAS AND THE EUROPEAN TREATIES 228
II. ABSENCE OF CONFLICT RULE LEADING TO THE TERMINATION
OF AN ENTIRE TREATY 230
B. ART. 59 OF THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 231
I. SAME SUBJECT MATTER IN TERMS OF ART. 59 VCLT 232
1. THE NOTION OF SAMENESS IN ART. 59 VLCT AS INTERPRETED BY
THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNALS DEALING WITH INTRA-EU DISPUTES 233
2. THE MISUSE OF THE NOTION OF *SAME SUBJECT MATTER* TO
ELIMINATE CONFLICTS AB INITIO 235
II. TACIT INTENTION TO TERMINATE THE IIA SUBSEQUENT TO A MEMBER
STATE*S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION (ART. 59 (1) LIT. A
VCLT) 240
III. INCOMPATIBILITY OF EU LAW AND IIAS (ART. 59 (1) LIT. B VCLT) 243
IV. CONCLUSIONS ON THE EFFECT OF ART. 59 VCLT ON
INTRA-EU IIAS 245
C. CONFLICT RULES OF THE TFEU (ART. 350, 351 TFEU AND THE PRINCIPLE
OF PRIMACY) 245
I. ORDINARY MEANING AND SCOPE OF ART. 351 TFEU 246
II. ORDINARY MEANING AND SCOPE OF ART. 350 TFEU 247
III. ART. 350, 351 TFEU AS OPPOSITION TO THE (INHERENT) GENERAL
PRINCIPLE OF PRIMACY 247
D. APPLICABLE CONFLICT RULE UNDER THE PRINCIPLES OF THE VIENNA
CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 252
E. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY CONCERNING THE RULE OF CONFLICT IN THE
INTRA-EU HYPOTHESIS 254
I. FIRST SUB-HYPOTHESIS: IIA CONCLUDED BEFORE ACCESSION 254
II. SECOND SUB-HYPOTHESIS: IIA CONCLUDED AFTER ACCESSION 255
III. NECESSITY OF A CONFLICT AND THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES 255
CHAPTER 9: JURISDICTION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL: INCOMPATIBILITY OF
THE INTRA-EU IIA*S ARBITRATION CLAUSE 256
A. INCOMPATIBILITY OF ARBITRATION CLAUSES WITH THE SPECIFIC
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE AUTONOMY OF EU LAW (THE EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION OF THE CJEU) 257
I. WHY THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL SHOULD CONSIDER THE INTERPRETATION OF
THE CJEU IN ITS ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS 257
II. THE ERRONEOUS VIEW ON THE CRITERIA TO BE OBSERVED BY A
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION 259
1. THE IRRELEVANCE OF THE EU*S COMPETENCIES TO REGULATE
ARBITRATION FOR THE QUESTION OF COMPATIBILITY 263
2. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF ART. 344 TFEU 264
3. THE EXISTENCE OF A DUTY TO RESPECT THE FUNDAMENTAL
ELEMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION*S LEGAL ORDER AND JUDICIAL
SYSTEM 268
4. THE CRITERIA TO DETERMINE THE INCOMPATIBILITY WITH THE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION*S LEGAL AND
JUDICIAL ORDER 272
III. VIOLATION OF THE PRINCIPLES DEDUCTED BY THE CJEU BY ARBITRAL
TRIBUNALS IN INVESTMENT PROCEEDINGS 280
1. QUANTITY OF CASES AND QUALITY OF PROVISIONS CONCERNED
(CRITERIA N 1 AND N 2) 280
2. INTERPRETATIVE MONOPOLY - (DE FACTO) BINDING INTERPRETATION
(CRITERION N 3) 283
3. CIRCUMVENTION OF PRELIMINARY RULING PROCEDURE - DISRUPTING
THE INTERACTION OF THE COURTS (CRITERION N 4) 286
4. FURTHER SAFEGUARDS TO ENSURE THE UNIFORM APPLICATION
OF EU LAW (CRITERION N 5) 290
5. CONTRAVENTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MUTUAL TRUST
(CRITERION N 6) 292
6. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE CRITERIA N 1 TO N 6 295
IV. INTERIM CONCLUSIONS ON THE ARBITRATION CLAUSE*S
INCOMPATIBILITY WITH THE AUTONOMY OF THE EU*S LEGAL ORDER
AND ITS SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS 295
V. EXCURSUS FOR MIXED AGREEMENTS 296
B. INCOMPATIBILITY OF THE ARBITRATION CLAUSE WITH EU LAW DUE
TO THE VIOLATION OF COMPETENCIES EXCLUSIVELY ATTRIBUTED TO
THE EU? 297
I. THE TYPE OF PROVISIONS TO BE AFFECTED TO TRIGGER THE APPLICATION
OF THE ERTA-JURISPRUDENCE 301
II. SCOPE OF COMPARISON UNDER THE ERTA-DOCTRINE /
PRINGLE-CASE 303
III. INTERIM CONCLUSION ON THE ARBITRATION CLAUSE*S INCOMPATIBILITY
DUE TO VIOLATION OF THE EU*S EXCLUSIVE COMPETENCES 305
C. INCOMPATIBILITY OF THE ARBITRATION CLAUSE WITH THE PRINCIPLE
OF NON-DISCRIMINATION 305
I. VIOLATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION BY
THE ARBITRATION CLAUSE 307
1. INBOUND PERSPECTIVE (HOST STATE DISCRIMINATING
NON-IIA PROTECTED INVESTORS) 307
(1) DIFFERENCE IN TREATMENT BETWEEN INVESTORS FROM
DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES 308
(2) COMPARABLE CIRCUMSTANCES BETWEEN SUCH INVESTORS 309
(3) JUSTIFICATION FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN
COMPARABLE CIRCUMSTANCES 316
2. OUTBOUND PERSPECTIVE (HOME STATE FAVORING ITS
NATIONAL INVESTORS TOWARDS NON-NATIONAL INVESTORS) 316
II. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE VIOLATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF NON
DISCRIMINATION 319
D. INTERIM CONCLUSIONS ON CONFLICTS BETWEEN EU LAW AND ARBITRATION
CLAUSES CONTAINED IN IIAS 321
CHAPTER 10: PRIMACY OF EU LAW ON THE MERITS 322
A. INCONSISTENCY WITH SUBSTANTIVE GUARANTEES PROVIDED IN THE IIA 322
B. HOW TO IMPLEMENT EU LAW*S PRIMACY ON THE MERITS 323
CHAPTER 11: CHALLENGES TO THE RESULTS DUE TO THE PARTICULAR INTERESTS
AND RIGHTS IN QUESTION 326
A. IMPACT OF SUNSET CLAUSES ON THE RESULTS 326
B. CONFORMITY OF THE SOLUTION WITH THE INTERESTS IN QUESTION 332
PART III: CONFLICTS BETWEEN IIAS AND EU LAW IN THE EXTRA-EU SETTING 335
CHAPTER 12: THE CURRENT STATUS OF EXTRA-EU IIAS UNDER PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EU LAW 338
A. EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: CONTINUOUS VALIDITY OF EXTRA-EU IIAS UNDER
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 338
I. PRINCIPLE OF PACTA SUNT SERVANDA 339
II. NO FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES UPON
ACCESSION TO THE EU (ART. 62 VCLT) 340
III. CONSEQUENCES FOR OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM IIAS
UNDER PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 342
B. UNIONIST PERSPECTIVE: PRIMACY OF EU LAW DESPITE
CONTRADICTING OBLIGATIONS UNDER PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 343
I. THE EFFECTS OF ART. 351 TFEU: GRANDFATHERING OF CONFLICTING
OBLIGATIONS 344
II. LIMITS TO ART. 351 (1) TFEU AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
FOR THE UNIONIST PERSPECTIVE ON EXTRA-EU IIAS 346
1. LIMITS TO ART. 351 (1) TFEU REGARDING
PRIOR TREATIES 347
2. NON-APPLICATION OF ART. 351 (1) TFEU TO SUBSTANTIAL
CONFLICTS IN POSTERIOR TREATIES 352
(1) ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE APPLICATION OF
ART. 351 (1) TFEU BY ANALOGY 353
(2) LIMITATIONS TO THE GRANDFATHERING EFFECT OF
ART. 351 (1) TFEU IF APPLIED BY ANALOGY 354
III. SUMMARY REGARDING THE UNIONIST PERSPECTIVE AND THE STATUS OF
EXTRA-EU IIAS 356
C. EXCURSUS FOR MIXED AGREEMENTS AND FUTURE COMPREHENSIVE TRADE
AGREEMENTS 357
CHAPTER 13: CURRENT PERCEPTION OF EU LAW IN EXTRA-EU ARBITRATION
PROCEEDINGS 358
A. THE DUAL NATURE OF EU LAW IN EXTRA-EU ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS:
INTERNATIONAL LAW BUT ALSO DOMESTIC LAW OF THE MEMBER STATE 359
B. POTENTIAL INTERFERENCES OF EU LAW WITH EXTRA-EU INVESTMENT
PROCEEDINGS 361
I. INTERFERENCES OF EU LAW WITH EXTRA-EU INVESTMENT
PROCEEDINGS THROUGH THE IIA ITSELF 362
1. THE LEGALITY REQUIREMENT: INVESTMENTS MADE IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE LAW OF THE HOST STATE 363
(1) THE PREREQUISITE OF THE INVESTMENT*S LEGALITY UNDER THE
LAW OF THE HOST STATE 363
(2) CONSEQUENCES FOR INTERFERENCES OF INVESTMENTS WITH
EU LAW 369
2. INTERPRETATION OF THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE TREATMENT
STANDARD 372
II. INTERFERENCES OF EU LAW WITH EXTRA-EU INVESTMENT
PROCEEDINGS THROUGH DOMESTIC LAW BEING APPLICABLE LAW TO THE
ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS 376
1. EU LAW BEING THE APPLICABLE LAW TO THE JURISDICTIONAL STAGE
AS LEX LOCI ARBITRI. 376
2. EU LAW AT THE MERITS STAGE 379
C. THE ROLE OF EU LAW IN THE SUBSEQUENT PROCEEDINGS 382
I. SETTING-ASIDE OR ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS 383
II. POTENTIAL DECISIONS BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 384
D. INTERIM CONCLUSION ON THE DISRUPTIVE POTENTIAL OF IGNORING
EU LAW IN EXTRA-EU INVESTMENT PROCEEDINGS 387
CHAPTER 14: COOPERATIVE APPROACH: TRANSPOSING SOLANGE AND
BOSPHORUS TO EXTRA-EU INVESTMENT PROCEEDINGS 388
A. THE RECEPTION OF *SIMILAR CONFLICTS* BY OTHER COURTS: SOLANGE AND
BOSPHORUS 389
I. GERMAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT: SOLANGE II 389
II. ECTHR: BOSPHORUS VS. IRELAND 390
B. TRANSPOSING SOLANGE AND BOSPHORUS TO EXTRA-EU IIA INVESTMENT
ARBITRATION 395
I. EU LAW AS A MEAN OF INTERPRETATION FOR OBLIGATIONS
UNDER AN IIA 396
1. EU LAW AS DOMESTIC LAW BEING APPLICABLE LAW TO
THE INVESTMENT DISPUTE 397
2. CONSIDERING EU LAW BY VIRTUE OF ART. 31 (3)
LIT. C VCLT 397
(1) MIXED AGREEMENTS (E.G. ENERGY CHARTER TREATY) 398
(2) TRANSPOSING THE UNDERLYING IDEA OF THE BOSPHORUS-
APPROACH TO EXTRA-EU-ILAS 405
II. INTERIM RESULTS ON THE POSSIBILITY TO TRANSPOSE THE BOSPHORUS
APPROACH TO IIAS 406
CHAPTER 15: CONDITIONS TO REDUCE THE MARGIN OF CONTROL ACCORDING TO
THE BOSPHORUS-APPROACH 407
A. EQUIVALENCE OF SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION UNDER EU LAW 408
I. PROTECTION AGAINST (DIRECT AND INDIRECT) EXPROPRIATIONS 408
1. EQUIVALENCE OF MEASURES BEING QUALIFIED AS EXPROPRIATIONS 412
2. EQUIVALENCE OF CONDITIONS FOR A LAWFUL EXPROPRIATION 417
(1) PUBLIC PURPOSE / PUBLIC INTEREST 418
(2) DUE PROCESS OF LAW 418
(3) PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION 419
(4) DUE COMPENSATION 420
3. EQUIVALENCE OF PROTECTED ASSETS AND HOLDERS OF THESE RIGHTS 422
(1) PROTECTED ASSETS AND DIFFICULTIES ARISING THEREOF 422
(2) IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHAIN OF CONTROL: INDIRECTLY OWNED
INVESTMENTS 427
II. NATIONAL TREATMENT AND NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSES 428
1. EQUIVALENCE OF PROHIBITION OF NATIONAL TREATMENT
UNDER THE FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL 429
(1) PROTECTED ASSETS: *INVESTMENT* AND *FREE MOVEMENT OF
CAPITAL* 430
(2) EXCEPTIONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS TO GUARANTEES
UNDER THE IIA AND UNDER EU LAW 432
(3) SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL:
ERGA OMNES PROTECTION? 440
2. COMPENSATION OF PROTECTION THROUGH APPLICATION OF ART. 20
OF THE CHARTER 443
III. FAIR AND EQUITABLE TREATMENT 445
1. ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL DUE PROCESS (ELEMENT NOL) 447
(1) DUE PROCESS IN JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS 447
(2) DUE PROCESS IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 450
2. PROHIBITION OF ARBITRARY AND DISCRIMINATORY MEASURES AND
MEASURES CAUSING INTENTIONAL HARM
(ELEMENT NO2) 452
3. OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE LEGALITY, STABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY
IN EXERCISING LEGISLATIVE OR REGULATORY POWERS (ELEMENT
NO3) 453
4. HONOURING OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS AND STABILITY
OF LEGISLATION (ELEMENT NO4) 457
5. PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY (ELEMENT NO5) 462
6. OVERALL COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT REGARDING THE FET
STANDARD 462
IV. FURTHER PRINCIPLES: PROHIBITION OF ARBITRARY MEASURES
AND UMBRELLA CLAUSES 463
1. PROTECTION AGAINST ARBITRARY MEASURES 463
2. UMBRELLA CLAUSES 463
V. ADDITIONAL PROTECTION FOR INVESTORS ESTABLISHED WITHIN
THE EU AND OPERATING IN OTHER EU MEMBER STATES 465
VI. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION UNDER EU LAW
AND IIAS 465
B. EQUIVALENCE OF PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES UNDER EU LAW 467
I. HOW TO ADDRESS THE EQUIVALENCE OF PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 468
II. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCEDURAL INVESTMENT
PROTECTION BY MIXED ARBITRATION 469
III. EQUIVALENCE OF PROCEDURAL INVESTMENT PROTECTION UNDER EU
LAW COMPARED TO IIAS 470
1. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION THROUGH A NON-NATIONAL COURT SYSTEM 471
(1) DIRECT ACTIONS BEFORE THE CJEU 471
(2) SUPPLEMENTARY FUNCTION OF NATIONAL COURTS UNDER EU
LAW 478
(3) THE ASSISTING FUNCTION OF SECONDARY RELIEF:
COMPENSATION FOR VIOLATION OF EU LAW 482
2. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE INSTEAD OF DETERRENCE: HOW TO ENSURE
OBSERVANCE OF SUBSTANTIVE GUARANTEES 484
3. COMPLEMENTARY MEANS OFFERED BY EU LAW TO ENFORCE
COMPLIANCE WITH SUBSTANTIVE GUARANTEES 485
IV. OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE EQUIVALENCE OF PROCEDURAL
PROTECTION UNDER IIAS AND EU LAW 487
CHAPTER 16: IMPLEMENTING THE BOSPHORUS-APPROACH IN EXTRA-EU
INVESTMENT ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS 488
A. THE PRESUMPTION OF LAWFULNESS: HOW TO DETERMINE IF AN ACT
IS *MANDATORY* UNDER EU LAW 488
I. MANDATORY ACTIONS BY THE HOST STATES UNDER EU LAW 489
II. THE BURDEN OF PROOF RELATING TO AN ACT BEING *MANDATORY* 490
B. REBUTTING THE PRESUMPTION: WHEN TO CONSIDER THE PROTECTION
TO BE MANIFESTLY DEFICIENT 491
I. CONSEQUENCE OF PRIOR PROCEEDINGS 491
II. DOWNGRADE IN THE LEVEL OF PROTECTION 492
III. CONSIDERABLE LACK OF PROTECTION IN THE PARTICULAR CASE
DEPRIVING THE INVESTOR OF ANY PROTECTION 492
IV. DENIAL OF JUSTICE: FORCING THE EU MEMBER STATES TO
GRANT SUFFICIENT PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 493
C. THE REQUIRED DIALOGUE OF THE JUDGES 495
D. CONFORMITY OF THE SOLUTION WITH THE INTERESTS IN QUESTION 496
PART IV: OUTLOOK REGARDING THE EU*S FUTURE INVESTMENT POLICY 499
CONCLUSION 503
LITERATURE 513 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Basener, Nico |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1141330717 |
| author_facet | Basener, Nico |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Basener, Nico |
| author_variant | n b nb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044455177 |
| classification_rvk | PR 2353 PS 3760 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1011100444 (DE-599)DNB1137486198 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. Auflage |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV044455177 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T13:08:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783848743476 3848743477 9783708916170 9783037519653 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029855983 |
| oclc_num | 1011100444 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-188 DE-29 DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-188 DE-29 DE-20 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 DE-11 |
| physical | 548 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Nomos facultas Dike |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht |
| series2 | Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht |
| spelling | Basener, Nico Verfasser (DE-588)1141330717 aut Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements Nico Basener 1. Auflage Baden-Baden Nomos 2017 Wien facultas 2017 Zürich ; St. Gallen Dike 2017 548 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht Band 26 Dissertation Universität zu Köln 2017 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd rswk-swf Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd rswk-swf Investitionsschutzabkommen (DE-588)4199281-7 gnd rswk-swf Investitionsschutz bilaterale Abkommen Freihandelsabkommen Kollisionsrecht Europarecht Intra-EU Extra-EU Konflikt (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 s Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 s Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 s DE-604 Investitionsschutzabkommen (DE-588)4199281-7 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-3-8452-8571-9 Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht Band 26 (DE-604)BV036760322 26 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029855983&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Basener, Nico Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 gnd Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd Investitionsschutzabkommen (DE-588)4199281-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4238208-7 (DE-588)4027461-5 (DE-588)4003772-1 (DE-588)4199281-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements |
| title_auth | Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements |
| title_exact_search | Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements |
| title_full | Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements Nico Basener |
| title_fullStr | Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements Nico Basener |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investment protection in the European Union considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements Nico Basener |
| title_short | Investment protection in the European Union |
| title_sort | investment protection in the european union considering eu law in investment arbitrations arising from intra eu and extra eu bilateral investment agreements |
| title_sub | considering EU law in investment arbitrations arising from intra-EU and extra-EU bilateral investment agreements |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Investitionsschutz (DE-588)4238208-7 gnd Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4027461-5 gnd Auslandsinvestition (DE-588)4003772-1 gnd Investitionsschutzabkommen (DE-588)4199281-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Investitionsschutz Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht Auslandsinvestition Investitionsschutzabkommen Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029855983&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036760322 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT basenernico investmentprotectionintheeuropeanunionconsideringeulawininvestmentarbitrationsarisingfromintraeuandextraeubilateralinvestmentagreements |