Requirements engineering for software and systems:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
[2018]
|
| Edition: | Third edition |
| Series: | An Auerbach book
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 375 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781138196117 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Requirements engineering for software and systems |c Phillip A. Laplante |
| 250 | |a Third edition | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a System design | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Engineering systems |x Specifications | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................xiii Author.......................................................... xv Introduction....................................................................... xvii 1 Introduction to Requirements Engineering...............................................1 Motivation................. ..................................................................................... 1 What Is Requirements Engineering?............................ 2 You Probably Don’t Do Enough Requirements Engineering.........................3 What Are Requirements?.................................... 3 Requirements vs. Goals................................................... .........................4 Requirements Level Classification............................................................. 4 Requirements Specifications Types............... 6 Functional Requirements...... ..................................... .6 Nonfunctional Requirements.............................. 7 Domain Requirements....................................................... И Domain Vocabulary Understanding...................... И Requirements Engineering Activities.............................. 12 Requirements Elicitation/Discovery........................................................ 12 Requirements Analysis and Agreement....................................... 12 Requirements Representation...................................................................13 Requirements
Validation................................................. 13 Requirements Management............................. ....................................— 13 Bodies of Knowledge.....................................................................................14 The Requirements Engineer............. 17 Requirements Engineer Roles.......................................................................18 Requirements Engineer as Software or Systems Engineer.......... ............18 Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert................................... 18 Requirements Engineer as Architect......................... ·.............................19 Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert................................ 19 Ignorance as Virtue................................................................ 79 Role of the Customer........................................................................ 70
■ VI 2 Contents Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering....... Complexity...................................................................... Gold-Plating and Ridiculous Requirements................... Obsolete Requirements................................................... Four Dark Corners.......................................................... Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior......................... The Danger of “All” in Specifications............................. Exercises................................................................................ References............................................................................. ,21 Preparing for Requirements Elicitation........................... .31 .31 .32 34 34 34 .35 .36 ,.36 „37 .39 ,40 ..41 „41 .44 „45 .46 „47 „48 „49 „50 „53 „54 Product Mission Statement.................................................. Encounter with a Customer................................................. Identifying the System Boundaries..................................... Context Diagrams..................................................... ...... Stakeholders.......................................................................... Negative Stakeholders..................................................... Stakeholder Identification............................................... Stakeholder Questions................................................ Rich Pictures............................................................... Stakeholder/User Classes............................................ User
Characteristics.................................................... Customer Wants and Needs................................................. What Do Customers Want?........................................... What Don’t Customers Want?........................................ Why Do Customers Change Their Minds?........................ Stakeholder Prioritization................................................... Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders Managing Expectations.................................................. Stakeholder Negotiations........ ........................................... Uncovering Stakeholder Goals.... ....................................... Exercises ........... ................................................................ . References............................................................................. З Requirements Elicitation..................................................... Introduction........................................................................ Preparing for Requirements Elicitation.............................. Elicitation Techniques Survey............................................. Brainstorming......................... Card Sorting......... .............................................. Designer as Apprentice............................................ Domain Analysis............................................................ Ethnographic Observation............................................. Goal-Based Approaches......................................... ,21 .23 ,23 .24 .25 .26 .28 .29 „55 „55
„56 „57 „57 ,..58 „59 ...60 ...61 ...62
Contents ■ vH Group Work........................................................ 63 Interviews......................................................................... 64 Introspection..................................................................... 65 Joint Application Design......... ............................................................... 66 Laddering....................................................................................... 67 Protocol Analysis.................... 68 Prototyping........................................................ 69 Quality Function Deployment............................................... 70 Questionnaires/Surveys.................................................................................73 Repertory Grids..............................................................................................74 Scenarios................................ 75 Task Analysis................. 75 Use Cases................. 76 User Stories...................... 78 Viewpoints..................... 79 Workshops...................... 79 Eliciting Nonfunctional Requirements............................................................ 80 Elicitation Summary............................................................................................81 Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used?....................................... 81 Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques................................. 85 Eliciting Hazards....................................... 86 Misuse Cases..................... 86
Antimodels............................ 87 Formal Methods...................................................... ......... ............................ 88 Exercises........................................... ................................................................... 89 References............................ ....... ......... ............................................................ 90 4 Writing the Requirements Document....................... 93 Requirements Agreement and Analysis............................................................93 Requirements Representation .......................................... 94 Approaches to Requirements Representation............................................. 94 ISO/IEC/IEEE Standard 29148.......... 96 Recommendations on Representing Nonfunctional Requirements.......97 Recommendations on Representing Functional Requirements............... 98 Operating System...................................·.....................·.......................... 99 Command Validation..................................................... WO UML/SysML...................................................................................................... W1 The Requirements Document......................... 101 Users of a Requirements Document.......................................................... 102 Requirements Document Requirements................................. 102 Preferred Writing Style..................................... 103 Text Structure Analysis................................................................... ЮЗ
viii ■ Contents Requirement Format.......................................................................... Use of Imperatives............................................................................. Shall or Shall Not?..............................................................................106 Avoiding Imprecision in Requirements............................................. 108 Requirements Document Size................................................................. Ю9 Ί 110 Behavioral Specifications............................................................................. Best Practices and Recommendations.......................................................... Ш Exercises........................................................................................................ ^ ^ References............................. 45 5 Requirements Risk Management..............................................................47 What Is Requirements Risk Management?..................................................117 Requirements Validation and Verification....................................................120 Techniques for Requirements V V......................................................... 121 Walkthroughs...................................................................................... 121 Inspections.......................... 122 Goal-Based Requirements Analysis.....................................................122 Requirements Understanding............................................................. 123 Validating Requirements Use
Cases....................................................124 Prototyping.......................................................................................... 124 Tools for V V.......... ...... 125 Requirements V V Matrices..................................................................125 The Importance of Measurement in Requirements V V......................126 Goal/Question/Metric Analysis.......................................................... 128 Standards for V V...................................................................................... 129 ISO/IECIEEE Standard 29148................................................................129 Singularity.......... ........... ............ ........................ ...............................131 Feasibility............................................................................................. 132 Ambiguity..... ......................................................................................132 Completeness....................................................................................... 133 Consistency..........................................................................................133 Verifiability...........................................................................................134 Traceability...........................................................................................!34 Ranking........................ 135 Example Validation of Requirements................................................135 NASA Requirements
Testing........................................................... լ 37 NASA ARM Tool....................................ZZ ZZ Z ZZZZZ .l37 Imperatives........................................................................... լ 35 Continuances................................................................................ լՀՕ Directives................................................................................ J4Q Options................................................................................. լՀլ Weak Phrases.......................................................................... լՀլ Incomplete..................................................................
Contents я ¡x Subjects....................................... 144 Specification Depth......................... ...................................................... 144 Readability Statistics.................................................................................145 Summary of NASA Metrics....................................................................146 Exercises........................................................................... 148 References............................................................................................................. 149 Formal Methods.............................................................. 151 Motivation.............................................. 151 What Are Formal Methods?........ ........................ 152 Formal Methods Classification.................. 153 A Little History...............................................................................................154 Using Formal Methods.................................................................................154 Examples................................. 155 Formalization of Train Station in В................... 155 Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using МигФ...............158 Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory.... ................................. 159 Example: An Energy Management System......... ......... 161 Requirements Validation..............................................................................164 Consistency Checking Using Truth Tables......... ............................... 164
Consistency Checking by Inspection.................................................... 165 Consistency Checking Limitations.................................................... 166 Theorem Proving....... ........................................ 166 Program Correctness........................ 166 Hoare Logic...................................... 167 Model Checking.................................................................... 171 Integrated Tools..................................................................................... 171 Objections, Myths, and Limitations............................................................... 171 Objections and Myths....... .................................. 172 Limitations of Formal Methods....................·...........................................173 Bowen and Hinchey’s Advice............................................... 174 Exercises................. 176 References................... 177 Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies.......................... 179 Introduction to Agile Methodologies............................................................. 179 Principles behind the Agile Manifesto.......................-............................180 Benefits of Agile Software Development................................... 181 Extreme Programming............................................................................... 182 Scrum......................... 183 Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies...................................185 General Practices in Agile Methodologies
................................. 185 Example Application of Agile Software Development........................... 186
x ■ Contents When Is Agile Recommended?................................................................ ^8 Agile Requirements Best Practices...........................................................^88 Requirements Engineering in .. ............................................................... 18^ Requirements Engineering in Scrum.......................................................190 Writing User Stories..................... 191 Agile Requirements Engineering.................................................................. 193 Story Test-Driven Development.............................................................. 193 Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies...........194 Exercises........................................................................................................196 References...................................................................................................... 197 8 Tool Support for Requirements Engineering......................................... 199 Introduction..................................................................................................199 Traceability Support.....................................................................................291 Requirements Linkage Traceability Matrix........................................... 202 Requirements Source Traceability Matrix..............................................205 Requirements Stakeholder Traceability Matrix...................................... 205 Requirements Management
Tools................................................................206 Tool Evaluation........................................................................................207 Open-Source Requirements Engineering Tools...........................................207 FreeMind.............................. 208 FitNesse....................................................................................................210 Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices........................................... 212 Elicitation Support Technologies................................................................. 212 Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation.............................................. 213 Mobile Technologies................................................................................213 Virtual Environments......... ..................................................................... 214 Content Analysis...................................................................................... 214 Requirements Metrics....................................................................................215 Exercises............................................................... 217 References......................................... 218 9 Requirements Management.............................................. շշւ Introduction.................................................................................................. շշւ Configuration Management and Control...................................................222 Reconciling Differences.................... շշշ
Managing Divergent Agendas................................................................. 223 Consensus Building................................................................................ շշ4 Expectation Revisited: Pascals Wager................................ ........................ 225 Global Requirements Management................................................ 227 Antipatterns in Requirements Management................................................229 Environmental Antipatterns.................................................................... 230 Divergent Goals..................................................................... 230 Process Clash...................... тя.
Contents ա xi Management Antipatterns...... ................................... ............. ........231 Metric Abuse......................................................................................231 Mushroom Management...... ............................................................232 Other Paradigms for Requirements Management........................ 233 Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy.......... .......233 Requirements Management as Scriptwriting.... :.................................. 235 Standards for Requirements Management............................. ..236 Capability Maturity Model Integration.................................................237 ISO 9001 ............... 238 ISO/IEEE 12207.....................................................................................239 Six Sigma..................................................... 240 Exercises....................................................................................................... 242 References.....................................................................................................243 10 Value Engineering of Requirements....................................................... 245 What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering................................. 245 What Is Value Engineering?...................................................................246 When Does Value Engineering Occur?.................................................247 Challenges to Simple Cost vs. Risk Analysis........................................ 248 Estimating Using COCOMO and
Its Derivatives.................................... 250 COCOMO................ 250 WEBMO................................................................................................. 252 COSYSMO....................................................................................... 253 Estimating Using Function Points............................................................. 254 Function Point Cost Drivers...................................................................255 Feature Points.................................................................................. 256 Use Case Points....................................................................................... 256 Requirements Feature Cost Justification....................................................257 Return on Investment............................................................................ 258 Net Present Value....................................................................................258 Internal Rate of Return..........................................................................259 Profitability Index...................................................................................260 Payback Period........................................................................................ 261 Discounted Payback............................................................................... 261 Putting It All Together.............. 262 Exercises............................................................................ 263
References.................................................................................................... 264 Appendix A: Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home....... 267 Appendix Bí Software Requirements for a Wastewater Pumping Station Wet Well Control System.................................. 293 Appendix C: Unified Modeling Language (UML).........................................307
xii ■ Contents Appendix D: User Stories................................................................................ 323 Appendix £: Use Cases.....................................................................................331 Appendix F: IBM DOORS Requirements Management Tool...................... 353 Glossary...................... 363 Index......................................... 369
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| edition | Third edition |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:53:23Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Laplante, Phillip A. Verfasser (DE-588)121624943 aut Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante Third edition Boca Raton CRC Press [2018] © 2018 XXI, 375 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier An Auerbach book Includes bibliographical references and index Software engineering System design Engineering systems Specifications Computer software Specifications Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd rswk-swf Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029854800&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Laplante, Phillip A. Requirements engineering for software and systems Software engineering System design Engineering systems Specifications Computer software Specifications Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4213997-1 |
| title | Requirements engineering for software and systems |
| title_auth | Requirements engineering for software and systems |
| title_exact_search | Requirements engineering for software and systems |
| title_full | Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante |
| title_fullStr | Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante |
| title_full_unstemmed | Requirements engineering for software and systems Phillip A. Laplante |
| title_short | Requirements engineering for software and systems |
| title_sort | requirements engineering for software and systems |
| topic | Software engineering System design Engineering systems Specifications Computer software Specifications Requirements engineering (DE-588)4213997-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Software engineering System design Engineering systems Specifications Computer software Specifications Requirements engineering |
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