Red famine: Stalin's war on Ukraine
"From the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Gulag and the National Book Award finalist Iron Curtain, a revelatory history of one of Stalin's greatest crimes...the consequences of which still resonate today In 1929 Stalin launched his policy of agricultural collectivization...in effect a...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "From the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Gulag and the National Book Award finalist Iron Curtain, a revelatory history of one of Stalin's greatest crimes...the consequences of which still resonate today In 1929 Stalin launched his policy of agricultural collectivization...in effect a second Russian revolution...which forced millions of peasants off their land and onto collective farms. The result was a catastrophic famine, the most lethal in European history. At least five million people died between 1931 and 1933 in the USSR. But instead of sending relief the Soviet state made use of the catastrophe to rid itself of a political problem. In Red Famine, Anne Applebaum argues that more than three million of those dead were Ukrainians who perished not because they were accidental victims of a bad policy but because the state deliberately set out to kill them. Applebaum proves what has long been suspected: after a series of rebellions unsettled the province, Stalin set out to destroy the Ukrainian peasantry. The state sealed the republic's borders and seized all available food. Starvation set in rapidly, and people ate anything: grass, tree bark, dogs, corpses. In some cases, they killed one another for food. Devastating and definitive, Red Famine captures the horror of ordinary people struggling to survive extraordinary evil. Today, Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union, has placed Ukrainian independence in its sights once more. Applebaum's compulsively readable narrative recalls one of the worst crimes of the twentieth century, and shows how it may foreshadow a new threat to the political order in the twenty-first."...Provided by publisher |
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| 520 | |a "From the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Gulag and the National Book Award finalist Iron Curtain, a revelatory history of one of Stalin's greatest crimes...the consequences of which still resonate today In 1929 Stalin launched his policy of agricultural collectivization...in effect a second Russian revolution...which forced millions of peasants off their land and onto collective farms. The result was a catastrophic famine, the most lethal in European history. At least five million people died between 1931 and 1933 in the USSR. But instead of sending relief the Soviet state made use of the catastrophe to rid itself of a political problem. In Red Famine, Anne Applebaum argues that more than three million of those dead were Ukrainians who perished not because they were accidental victims of a bad policy but because the state deliberately set out to kill them. Applebaum proves what has long been suspected: after a series of rebellions unsettled the province, Stalin set out to destroy the Ukrainian peasantry. The state sealed the republic's borders and seized all available food. Starvation set in rapidly, and people ate anything: grass, tree bark, dogs, corpses. In some cases, they killed one another for food. Devastating and definitive, Red Famine captures the horror of ordinary people struggling to survive extraordinary evil. Today, Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union, has placed Ukrainian independence in its sights once more. Applebaum's compulsively readable narrative recalls one of the worst crimes of the twentieth century, and shows how it may foreshadow a new threat to the political order in the twenty-first."...Provided by publisher | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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RED FAMINE
/ APPLEBAUM, ANNEYYD1964-YYEAUTHOR
: 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INTRODUCTION: THE UKRAINIAN QUESTION
THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION, 1917
REBELLION, 1919
FAMINE AND TRUCE: THE 1920S
THE DOUBLE CRISIS: 1927-9
COLLECTIVIZATION: REVOLUTION IN THE COUNTRYSIDE, 1930
REBELLION, 1930
COLLECTIVIZATION FAILS, 1931-2
FAMINE DECISIONS, 1932: REQUISITIONS, BLACKLISTS AND BORDERS
FAMINE DECISIONS, 1932: THE END OF UKRAINIZATION
FAMINE DECISIONS, 1932: THE SEARCHES AND THE SEARCHERS
STARVATION: SPRING AND SUMMER, 1933
SURVIVAL: SPRING AND SUMMER, 1933
AFTERMATH
THE COVER-UP
THE HOLODOMOR IN HISTORY AND MEMORY
EPILOGUE: THE UKRAINE QUESTION RECONSIDERED
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
INDEX
Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of (1979),
336
agriculture
1920-1 drought, 59-60
1924 harvest, 192
1928-9 harvests, 107
1931 drought, 164
1931 spring sowing, 163
1933 harvest, 283,284,297-8
1946 drought, 329
All-Ukrainian Agricultural Society,
166
“black earth” region, 3-4
exporting of grain, xxvi, 63,161-3,
174,178,193,306
post-famine labour shortages, 286-8,
289-91,297-8
post-famine resettlement programme,
288-91
Russian communal tradition, 33-5,
140
two harvests per year, 4
Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 217
see also collective farms (kolkhoz);
collectivization; grain
procurement; peasantry;
Ukrainian peasantry
Aleksievich, Svetlana, 328
Alexander I, Tsar, 8
Alexander II, Tsar, 7, 8
Alliluyeva, Kira, 187
Alliluyeva, Nadezhda Sergeevna (wife
of Stalin), 186-7,189
Alliluyeva, Svetlana (daughter of
Stalin), 186
American Enterprise Institute, 337
American Relief Administration
(ARA), 28, 62-3,64-6,67
Andrew, Prince, of Great Britain, 352
Angelina, Pasha, 120-1,145
Antonenko, Borys, 101
Antonov-Ovsienko, Volodymyr, 26,39
Arbuzynka, Mykolaiv province, 237-40
Architects’ Union of USSR, 219
architecture, 9,73,218-20
Arkhangelsk region, 125-6,131
Armenia, 13,21,348,352
Arshinov, Piotr, 41
art, xxvii, 6,13,91,220
modernist, 73-4,92
Ukrainian Academy of Fine Arts,
12-13
Askatin, Oleksandr, 301
Astor, Nancy, 307
Austro-Hungarian empire, 2,5,6,9,10,
13,16, 25
Avdiienko, Mykhailo, 301
Azerbaijan, 352
Babel, Isaac, 46
Babenko, Nadiia, 275
Babi Yar ravine murders (1941), 329
Backe, Herbert, 323
[438]
Index
Bakai, Anatolii, 265
Balanovskyi, Mykhailo, 229
Balkar people, 288
Baltic States, 13, 322
Balytsky, Vsevolod, 212
and 1919 peasant rebellion, 79
and 1932-3 famine, 174, 197, 208, 258
background and early life, 78—9
belief in cleansing political
violence, 78
commands Ukrainian Cheka, 79,
94-7, 99, 140, 174, 184, 198
and Dzerzhinsky s “clean up,” 79—80
exiles Hrushevsky (1931), 214
on foreign conspiracies, 108, 212
invention of SVU, 98, 158
loyalty to Moscow, 94
and peasant rebellion (1930), 140, 148,
151, 152,153,154, 155, 157-8
purge of Ukrainian Communist
Party, 209-13, 234
and purges of 1926-8 period, 95—7
and socialist reconstruction of Kyiv,
219
transferred back to Ukraine, 184, 209
bandura (musical instrument), 76,
135-6
Barbar, Arkadii, 100
Barthou, Jean-Louis, 318
Basha, Mykola, 249
Bashkiria, 157
Basmachi guerrilla movement, 157
Batumi, Georgia, 199
Bazhan, Mykola, 215
BBC, 335
Belarus, 57, 78, 124, 125,132, 195,
198-9, 289, 323
and Kyivan Rus’, 2,4
minority in Ukraine, 293
Belinsky, Vissarion, 3
Bendryk, Maria, 223
Bila Tserkva, Kyiv province, 145
Bilenky, Serhiy, 3
Bilorus, Hanna, 260
Black Army (Makhnovists), 41, 46—7,
50, 56, 66, 79, 154-5, 283
Błażejewska, Maria, 199—200
Bohdanivka, Pavlohrad district, 154—6
Boichuk, Mykhailo, 92
Boichuk, Petro, 244
Bolsheviks, 58—9, 63—4, 66, 68
and anti-semitism, 50, 52
and centralized state, 70
civil war as watershed, 22
disdain for idea of Ukrainian state,
19-20,21,68-70
first occupation of Ukraine (February
1918), 16, 24-5,26,41
followers in Ukraine (1917), 19,
23, 25
food emergency (1918—19), 29—39
and Hryhoriev, 43—5
leaders raised in Russian Empire,
19-20, 68-70
link between food and power, 27—9,
30-2
and Makhno, 41—3
October 1917 coup d’etat, 19, 23
second occupation of Ukraine (1919),
27, 33-9
suspicion of Ukrainian intellectuals,
23, 93, 94, 95, 96-102
third occupation of Ukraine (1920),
69-71
truce with Piłsudski, 54, 56
and Ukrainian revolution, 22, 23—4
Ukrainian revolutionary council, 26
Bondarenko, Mariia, 297
Borotbyst group, 13, 38, 39, 71, 74, 95
Brest-Litovsk treaty (1918), 15, 16, 24
Brynza, Ivan, 248
Buckley, William, 336—7
Budantseva, Halyna, 251
Budyonny, Semyon, 187
Buhaievych, Ihor, 225, 265
Bukharin, Nikolai, 70, 83, 90,91, 114,
186, 187
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 17, 18, 40
The Master and Margarita, 274
White Guard (1926), 16
Bulgaria, 15, 26, 329
minority in Ukraine, 293
Index
[439]
Cairns, Andrew, 267, 268, 306
Canada
Canadian Institute for Ukrainian
Studies, Alberta, 333
Rhea Clyman s tour of USSR, 309—10,
311
Holodomor Research and Education
Consortium, Toronto, xxix
Ukrainian Association of Victims of
Russian Communist Terror, 331
Ukrainian Cultural and Educational
Centre, Winnipeg, 331—2
Ukrainian diaspora in, 61,303, 331—2,
333,334,336
Ukrainian Famine Research
Committee, Toronto, 334, 336
Cardiff Western Mail, 315
Carpathian Mountains, 1
Catholic Church
Greek, 5, 303
Roman, 3, 5, 303—4
Caucasus, 78, 169,277, 297,322
census (1937), xxviii, 279, 299-301,339
Central Asian states, 21, 131, 132, 157,
207
Central Black Earth province, 125, 126,
143,165,207,212
Chamberlin, William Henry, 310,311,
316,318
Chechens, 7, 157,288
Chepur, Volodymyr, 320
Cherkasy, city of, 1
Cherkasy province, 85, 119,133—4, 223,
228,229, 256,264
Cherniavsky, Stepan, 166
Chernihiv province, 36,47—8, 127,223,
226,249-50, 265, 299
famine death rates in, 282
Nizhyn pedagogical institute, 218
Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986),
340-3
Chicago Daily News, 315
Chicherin, Georgii, 26
China, 83
Chornovil, Vyacheslav, 342
Chornyi, Pavlo, 277
Chubar, Vlas, 175, 176-7, 178, 209, 226,
234,292
civil war, 20,22—3, 53, 59, 64,105, 184
and blacklists, 194
and Cossacks, 38
end of, 56—8
food shortages (1918), 37
Polish-Ukrainian joint campaign
(1920), 54, 105, 184
Clyman, Rhea, 309—10, 311
coal industry, 9, 19, 130, 132
Cold War, 331, 332,333,337-8
Collective Farm Centre, 118, 126
collective farms (kolkhoz)
in 1919 Ukraine, 34, 57, 88
1931 grain procurement, 164—5, 166,
167-9
agricultural specialists as scapegoats,
165-7
as beneficiaries of mass theft, 126
blacklists, 193—5
and communal ownership, 114—15
and communist ideology, 88,90—1
de-collectivization on Nazi arrival,
322,324
death sentences over grain targets,
210
as disincentive to work, 137, 160—1
edict on theft of public property
(7 August 1932), 180-2, 192, 228,
247-8
escapes from, 130—1, 144—5, 161,
197-203
internal “anti-Soviet groups” in,
210-11,212,216-17
levels of theft from, 161,179—82
Machine Tractor Stations, 88, 114,
165, 167,195
machinery in poor condition, 164
meat penalties, 192, 196
missing feeling of “responsibility,”
165-6
poor working practices, 164, 165,
178
“sabotage” narratives, 166—7
as “second serfdom,” 55, 143, 160, 204
[440]
Index
collective farms (kolkhoz) (continued)
spiritual rejection of, 143—4
Stalin/Molotov coercion (1931—2),
167-9
collectivization, xxvi
acceleration after famine, 286
acts of bravery and kindness, 129—30
assault on religion as part of, 133—4,
135-7, 139, 143-4,252
attack on village rituals, 133, 135, 252
brigades, 37, 113—19, 120—2, 126,
127-9, 140, 142, 148-9
brutality during, 127—8, 129,140, 146
Central Committee meetings (1928),
89-90
and “criminal elements,” 121
“de-kulakization,” xxvi, 39, 52, 120—1,
122-8, 129-33, 140, 159, 235, 288
deportations during, 122—3, 125—6,
131-3
destruction of ethical and social
structure, 133, 135—8, 160,245,
252-3
“Dizzy with Success” article (2 March
1930), 146-8, 156, 159
expanded targets (July/December
1930), 159
falls in production after, 160—1, 163—5
local collaborators (the aktiv), 120-2,
127, 128, 134
loss of musical traditions, 134—6
marches towards Polish border
(1930), 144-5
and new rural elite, 121—2
official grain statistics (1930), 161—2
OGPU’s role, 103-4, 105, 106-8, 118,
119, 121-2, 129, 140, 143, 144-6,
149-57, 161, 189
propaganda campaign, 88, 128—9, 130
and purges of Ukrainian Communist
Party, 111
and Red Army, 128—9
resistance and opposition to, 106—8,
119, 124, 126, 140-6, 148-57, 161,
186-7, 196
riots over grain confiscation, 142—3
and “Ry utin s Platform,” 188—9
scapegoats for failure of, 146-8,
165-7, 206-7
as second revolution, 139
and Sholokhov, 293—4
slaughter of livestock, 141, 142
songs and poetry of resistance, 144
as Stalin s personal policy, 88, 89—91,
113,114,120,146-8,164-6, 172-4
supposedly voluntary and
spontaneous, 114, 117, 147
“Twenty-Five Thousanders,” 115—19,
120, 148, 166,230
women’s revolts (babs^i bunty)
149-51, 161
Collier, Laurence, 306, 318
commemoration see memory,
commemoration and bearing of
witness
communism
and centralized state, 70
and foreign left-wing visitors, 307—9
internationalism, 21
“national communism” concept, 25
“national communists” in Ukraine,
70-7, 92-4, 214-15
“War Communism,” 29,30—3, 57—8,
81,89
see also Bolsheviks
Conquest, Robert, The Harvest of
Sorrow (1986), xxviii, 336,337,339
Cossacks, 4—5, 38—9, 66, 75, 157
Kuban, 38, 75, 194-6, 207
Zaporozhian, 4, 5, 6, 38
Crimea, 54, 65, 288, 322
Russian annexation of, xxx, 354—5,
358
Curzon, Lord, 162—3
Czechoslovakia, 10, 72, 329
Dagestan, 157
Daily Express, 315
Davydenko, Mariia, 257
Debaltseve, city of, 196
Denikin, Anton, 45, 46, 49, 50, 53, 56
Dnieper River, 1,4, 7,308
Index
[441]
Dnipropetrovsk, city of (Katerynoslav),
1,45, 172,270
Dnipropetrovsk province
(Katerynoslav)
famine (1921—3), 60, 67
famine (1932-3), 171, 227, 236, 237,
243,247, 249,259, 269, 286-7, 298,
321
famine mortality rates (1932—3), 281,
282
grain procurement in, 213, 227, 235
resistance to collectivization in, 144,
151, 153-6
Dolgorukov, Prince Ivan, 3
Dolot, Miron, 112, 113, 115,118,122-3,
126, 148, 245
Don province, 24,38
Donbas region, 9, 97, 130—1, 133, 193,
204,212,266,267,291,292
Donetsk, city of, 1,9, 19,24,32, 200,
218,312
Donetsk province, 120, 196—7, 219, 259,
282,287-8
Doronenko, Mariia, 245
Drach, Ivan, 341—2, 344—5
Drazhevska, Liubov, 272—3
Drobylko, Petro, 296
Dudnyk, Ivan, 259
Duranty, Walter, 296, 310—12,317—18,
319,336
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 56, 79
Egides, Peter, 267
Ekaterinovka, North Caucasian village,
141-2
Epp, Heinrich, 45—6,47
ethnic and national groups, 144, 292—3
and 1939 census, 302
and “kulaks,” 124—5
Mennonite minority, 41, 45,46—7
WWII deportations, 288
see also German minority
famine (1921—3), 60—1
1920 grain procurement, 58—60
American aid, 28, 62—3, 64—6, 67
assistance from churches/priests, 136
death statistics, 67
exporting of grain during, 63
international appeal for help, 61—2,
297
militarized grain collection during,
63-4, 66, 68
regional mortality rates, 281
in southern Ukraine, 60, 64, 66,67
Soviet relief attempts, 61, 62—3, 297
and Ukrainian religious hierarchy,
66-7
famine (1928-9), 107-8, 140
famine (1932—3), xxviii
1928—9 as “dress rehearsal,” 108
altered death registries in Ukraine,
279-80
attitudes to death/corpses, 252—5
border closures during, xxvi, 190,
202-4,230,266,353
cannibalism during, 252, 256—7, 269
census falsification, 299—302,339
child victims, 242, 243,246, 249—50,
253,257-60, 265, 270-3, 280
confiscation of food during, xxvi, xxix
see also searches, extraordinary
(1932-3)
continuing legacy of, 356—8, 359
death certificates/registries, xxviii,
279-80,298-9
death statistics/number of victims,
xxviii, 279-83, 287,326, 352-3
disposal of the dead, 252, 253, 254—6,
299
“dissident” literature on, 336
escapes across borders, 197—200
export of non-grain foods during,
193
exporting of grain during, xxvi, 177,
193,306
food coupons/ration cards in cities,
266-7
foreign knowledge of, 302—7,309—16
and foreign left-wing visitors, 307—9
foreign press corps in Moscow,
309-10,311-12,316-18
[442]
Index
famine (1932—3) (continued)
“genocide” debate, xxvii, 347,349, 350,
354-6
German minority community, 281,
302-3,305
Gorbachev’s gtarnctf* policy, 341, 342—3
grain procurement quota (1932), 168,
171-3, 176, 178-9, 183, 190, 191-2,
194-7, 327
grain quota blacklists, 194—7, 208, 226,
347, 353
guarding of fields and grain storage
areas, 227-8, 229—30
Holodomor Research and Education
Consortium, Toronto, xxix
information blockade, 170, 179, 254,
258
and international politics/diplomacy,
318-19
Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukraine, 312—18
Khrushchev silent on, 334
life in cities during, 200—1, 246—7,
266-9,271-3
looting of cemeteries during, 276
meat and potato penalties (1932), 192
millstones broken by activists, 228
as non-existent in official Soviet
world, xxviii, 279, 297—302,
306-19, 332-3
official cover-up abroad, 302—3,
306-19,332-3,339-40
official cover-up at home, xxviii, 279,
297-302, 333,339
OGPU conspiracy theories to explain,
207-13
organized Soviet denial of, xxviii,
297-302,306-19,332
orphanages during, 270, 271—3
peak of (spring 1933), 278, 280, 283
peasants’ move to cities, 200—2, 204
pleas to Stalin, xxv—xxvi, 170—1, 202,
296
as political in Ukraine, 282—3,326,
330-1,332, 346-7
and possession of a cow, 224, 231, 247,
264-5,269
post-Soviet Russian return to denial,
355
present-day Russian counter-
narrative, 352—3
process of starvation, 241, 242—4,
250-2
psychological and moral effects,
244-50, 253-61
publicly recognized and remembered,
343-5
random acts of kindness, 265—6,
270
regional mortality rates, 281—3
relief efforts, 171, 189, 270-2, 283
secret decrees (14, 15 December 1932),
205, 206-7, 294
and Sholokhov, 293—5
Sosnovyi s article (1942), 326—7 330,
331,332
Soviet destruction of documents and
records, xxviii, 299
Soviet propaganda blaming
nationalism, 284—6
Soviet propaganda blaming peasants,
232-3, 238,246, 294-5, 347,358
Stalin s decisions on Ukraine
(autumn 1932), xxvi, xxvii, 189—93,
194-7, 202-4, 205-21, 222-40
and Stalin's immediate entourage,
186-7
Stalin’s responses to (1932), 173—5,
176-7, 178, 179, 189-93
survival, 262—77
theft during, 247—8
“Torgsin” hard currency shops during,
273-5
Tottle s book describes as hoax/myth,
338- 9,355
travel ban and roadblocks during,
202-3, 204,266, 312, 340, 347
and Ukrainian communists, 172—3,
174-9, 184, 189-90, 191-2, 193-4,
343-4
U.S. Congress commission on,
339- 40, 343
vigilantism, 249—50
Index
[443]
warning signs, xxv, 159—60, 169—70
Woropay s The Ninth Circle, 330
famine (1946-7), 281,329-30
Fergana region, Central Asia, 157
First World War, 13-14, 25, 59, 78
Russian food shortages, 27—8, 29
Turkish assault on Armenians, 348
folk music, 77, 134—5
food
city-country barter, 30
Commissariat of Food Supply, 29—31
links with power, 28—9,31—2
and Provisional Government, 29—30
rationing in 1920s, 83
recovery from 1921—3 famine, 82
Stalin’s “extraordinary measures,”
85-6, 89, 90-1, 107
WWI Russian shortages, 27—8, 29
France, 83, 318,329
France, Anatole, 307
Frunze, Mikhail, 57
Galicia, 2, 5,9,10, 12, 14, 18,328
gas industry, 162
genocide
Lemkin s creation of term, xxvii,
347-9
and Nuremberg trials, 349
Russian use of term during 2014
invasions, 354—5
Ukraine famine debate, xxvi—xxvii,
347,349,350, 354-6
UN definition of, 349—50
Georgia, 7, 13, 21,23, 24, 199
German minority, 8, 46—7, 104, 144,
171,217, 292
and 1932—3 famine, 281, 302—3, 305
and collectivization, 149
defined as “kulaks,” 124—5
and post-famine resettlement, 290—1
and Torgsin shops, 276
Volga Germans, 276,280—1, 288
Germany, 171, 288,290, 305
and 1932—3 famine, 281
Brest-Litovsk (1918), 15, 16
emergence as nation, 5, 13
First World War, 15, 16,17,25,37
grain exports to, 162
Hitler’s January 1933 electoral victory,
304,306,312
and Makhno s Black Army, 41—2
and Shakhty show trial, 97—8
and Skoropadsky s regime, 16, 41, 43
see also Nazi Germany
Getty, J. Arch, 337
glasnost policy, 341, 342—3
Goebbels, Joseph, 325
Gogol, Nikolai, 1, 217, 316
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 143,340—1, 342,
343
Goring, Hermann, 324
Gorky, Maxim, 61, 62
Gradenigo, Sergio, 257—8, 291, 304-5
grain procurement
1918—23 mandatory collection
iprodrazvyorstka), 24—5, 29, 32—3,
34-40, 52, 58-60, 63-4, 66, 68, 117,
121
1923 moratorium on, 68, 70, 82
1931 collection, 164—5, 166,167—8
1932-3 collection, 168-9, 171-3,
206-7,352
see also searches, extraordinary
(1932-3)
1932 quota, 168, 172-3, 176, 178-9,
183, 190,191-2, 194-7, 327
1933 quota, 284
Bukharin’s opposition to, 70
during collectivization, 118, 119,
128-9,142-3, 155-6,160
death sentences for failures, 210
failure blamed on Ukrainization, 205,
206-7,213,353
Lenin’s “extraordinary measures”
(1918), 31-3
and lower levels of party, 110, 165,
172, 189,206,207-8
resistance to, 102, 104—5,107—8, 110,
140, 142,155-6,161,191-2,236
return of “extraordinary measures”
(1928), 85, 89, 103, 107, 110, 111,
140
[444]
Index
Graziosi, Andrea, xxviii, xxix, 282—3
Great Terror (1937-8), 78, 132, 152,
220,254
origins in 1932/33 period, 158, 189,217
statisticians as victims, 301
Ukrainian Communists as particular
target, 291
Greek minority, 293
Grossman, Vasily, 204, 222, 251—2
Gulag (forced labour system), 125,
132-3, 159, 182, 260, 284,309,329,
331
“dissident” literature on, 334
major expansion of (1937—9), 302
Harmash, Max, 286—7
Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute,
xxix, xxx, 333,334, 336,337
Harvest of Despair (documentary, 1985),
336, 339
Havryliuk, Matvii, 58—59, 121, 235
Heinz II, Jack, 312
Hencke, Andor, 281
Herodotus, 3—4
Herriot, Édouard, 308, 311,318
Hilger, Gustav, 305
Himmler, Heinrich, 324
Hindus, Maurice, 86, 116, 124
Hitchens, Christopher, 336, 339
Hitler, Adolf, 2, 304, 306, 312, 321-2,
323,324
Holocaust, 246, 269, 292,322, 329, 344,
350
Holodomor, xxvi
see also famine (1932—3)
Honcharenko, Oleksandr, 119, 131,
133, 254
Hoover, Herbert, 62, 63
Horban, Varvara, 269
Horodyshche, Voroshilov district,
196-7, 227
Hosking, Geoffrey, 337
Hrebinky, 279
Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 12, 15, 19, 24,
68, 77, 93,96,217
leaves Ukraine, 18
return to Ukraine (1924), 72—3
“show trials,” exile and death, 214, 237
Hryhorenko, Petro, 76, 136—7, 251
Hryhoriev, Otaman Matvii, 40,43—4,
45, 50
Hrynevych, Lyudmyla, xxix, 109
Hughes, John, 9,312
Huiiaipole province, 41, 42, 66
Ialovyi, Mykhailo, 216
Iaroshenko, Kateryna, 236
Ingush people, 288
Innitzer, Cardinal, 304
Institute of Party History, Soviet
Union, 338, 342, 343
Institute of Ukrainian Scientific
Language, 109
International Red Cross, 62
Italy
consulates in Ukraine, 177, 199, 201,
257,274, 291,303,304-5
emergence as nation, 5, 13
grain exports to, 162, 163
non-aggression treaty with USSR
(1933), 305
Ivanisov, Semen, 86, 87—8
Ivanova, Hlafyra, 243
Jackson, Robert, 349
Japan, 83-4, 161,299,319
Jewish community
1905 pogroms, 49
and 1932—3 famine, 265—6, 281,326
Babi Yar ravine murders (1941), 329
cemeteries in Kyiv, 219
and Central Rada, 13
and Directory soldiers, 50, 52—3
Holocaust, 269,344,348, 350
Holocaust in Ukraine, 322, 329
Hryhoriev’s anti-semitism, 44, 50
and language, 6, 8, 292—3
massacres of 1918—20 period, 49—52,
64, 65
Nazi anti-semitism, 325, 326
pogroms during Khmelnytsky s
uprising, 6
Index
[445]
“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 49
restrictions on land ownership, 125
Russian anti-semitism, 6, 48—49, 65
and Ukraine’s political police, 78
Ukrainian anti-semitism, 96, 104, 148,
336
Ukrainian Bolsheviks, 19
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
(JDC), 62, 64, 65
Jones, Gareth, 274,312—18
Kaganovich, Lazar, 108, 150, 186, 215,
292
and 1932 grain procurement, 191—2,
194-5, 226, 230, 239-40
appointed head of Ukrainian
Communist Party, 93—4
and grain collection brigades, 226,
230, 239-40
informed of cannibalism incidents,
252,260
in North Caucasus (autumn 1932),
190
posthumous conviction for genocide
(2010), 351
and Stalin, 93, 94, 174, 175, 176-7,
178,179, 180-1, 184, 190, 191
in Ukraine with Molotov (July 1932),
178-9
and Ukrainization, 93, 95
Kalinichenko, Volodymyr, 352
Kalinin, Mikhail, 103
Kalmyk people, 288
Kamianets-Podilskyi province, 144, 166
Karachai people, 288
Kazakhstan, xxviii, 4, 157, 164, 168,
169, 207, 291,353
and 1932—3 famine, 205—6
“sedentarization” of nomads, 206
Kazan, city of, 62
Kh-ko, I., 332
Kharkiv, city of, 25, 57, 134,291
and 1932—3 famine, 170—1, 187,
198-204,247,254, 255, 258,266,
267,271-3,314
Budynok “Slovo” in, 215-16
capital moved to (1921), 24, 57
culture in national communist era,
73-5
geographical location, 1
Nazi blockade of, 324
Nazi “Hunger Plan,” 323
special passports, 203
“SVU” show trial at Opera House
(1929), 98-101, 158, 216, 218
White Army captures (summer 1919),
45, 47
Kharkiv province, 151, 219, 298
and 1932-3 famine, 170-1, 172, 178,
198-9,213, 228,259, 263, 269,
271-2
famine mortality rates (1932—3), 281,
282-3
Kharkiv University, 230
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 3, 4, 5, 6
Khmelnytskyi province, 49, 243
Kholodnyi, Hryhorii, 109
Khotyn, town of, 2
Khrushchev, Nikita, 221, 292
“Khrushchev thaw,” 209, 334
“Secret Speech” (1956), 288, 334
Khrystiuk, Pavlo, 33
Khvylovyi, My kola, 91—2, 94, 96, 216,
343
Kirovohrad province, 223, 322
Klymenko, Ivan, 275
Kobylko, Olena, 204
Kobzar, Ivan, 238, 239
kobzar (wandering minstrel), 134—5
Kodaky village, 279
Koestler, Arthur, 266
Komsomol (communist youth
organization), 76, 134, 149, 155,
156, 208, 228,254
and 1932—3 purges, 210
and activist search brigades, 229, 233,
235
and collectivization brigades, 118,
121,122, 127, 129, 141,151
Kondrashin, Viktor, 352—3
Kopelev, Lev, 116, 119, 204, 231—2,
232-3,235
[446]
Index
Korobska, Maryna, 235
Kosarev, Borys, 73
Kosior, Stanislav, 157—8, 165—6, 167,
176,177, 190,195,210
appointed head of Ukrainian
Communist Party, 93
arrest and death of, 209, 292
letters to Stalin, 173, 174, 284, 296,
299
meeting with Stalin (autumn 1933),
284
posthumous conviction for genocide
(2010), 351
Stalin criticises, 174—5, 178
Kosnicki, Stanislaw, 306
Kostyrko, My kola, 177
Koval, Maria, 170
Kozhedub, Mariia, 223—4
Kozubovskyi, Fedir, 219
Krasnodar region, 281
Kraval, Ivan, 301
Kravchenko, Viktor, 230—1
Kravchuk, Leonid, 344
Kremenchuk province, 135, 151, 152
Kronstadt sailors rebellion (1920), 42, 67
Krupoderentsi village, 230
Krylenko, Nikolai, 97
Kryvyi Rih, 19, 24, 65, 155-7
Kuban, North Caucasian district, 38,
75, 92-3, 194-5, 206, 207
kulaks
and 1927—8 grain crisis, 83, 84—5, 87-8
as “beneficiaries” of Ukrainization,
207
as Bolshevik scapegoats, 20—1, 35—6,
44, 52,117, 119
Rhea Clyman on, 309
conflict with komnezam members,
35-6,47-8
“de-kulakization,” xxvi, 39, 52, 120—1,
122-8,129-33,140,159,235, 288
early use of term, 44
entry to industrial workforce, 130—1,
200
expropriation through taxation, 127—8
“kulak collectives,” 161
“liquidation of. as a class,” 159, 210
mass deportations, 131—2, 133, 140,
159,288
meaning of term, 35,123—5
peasants* fear of becoming, 86—8, 104,
140-1
podkulachniki “under-kulaks,” 124
sent to the Gulag, 125, 132—3, 159
and smaller ethnic groups, 124—5
Stalin on, 87—8
in Ukraine, 35-6,44, 47-8, 58-9,
104-5,120-1, 130-1,235
Kulchytsky, Stanislav, 192,353
Kursk, 53, 329
Kviring, Emmanuel, 93
Kyiv, city of, 8
and 1932-3 famine, 200, 201, 203, 204,
254, 255, 267
anarchy of 1919 period, 45, 46
and anti-semitic violence (1918—20), 49
archives in, xxviii—xxix
Babi Yar ravine murders (1941), 329
battle against Hitler s armies, 2
Bolshevik attitude towards, 20
Bolshevik occupation (February
1918) , 24
Bolsheviks expelled from (August
1919) , 39, 53
Central Rada in, 12, 13, 14—16, 23—4,
25,38, 50,52
Denikin’s seizure of (August 1919), 53
Directory s rule, 17-18, 27, 43-4
dissidents in 1960s/70s, 335—6
geographical location, 1
Holodomor memorial in, 354
literature and art in, 13, 18, 219—20
Lukianivske cemetery, 254
Maidan Square protests (2014), xxx,
354,359
march and rally (1 April 1917),
11-12, 72
May Day parade (1986), 340
Nazi blockade of, 324
Nazi “Hunger Plan,” 323
opera house, 214, 291
Orange Revolution (2004), 350—1
Index
[447]
Polish-Ukrainian capture of (1920),
54,106
second Bolshevik occupation (1919),
33-39,44
sixtieth anniversary commemorations,
344-5
socialist architectural reconstruction
of, 219
special passports, 203
“Torgsin” hard currency shop, 274,275
and Ukrainian language, 9, 18, 33, 76,
98,335
Kyiv province, 145, 165
and 1932-3 famine, 170-3, 177, 178,
224,228, 236-7, 242, 250,256-8,
259-60, 264
and anti-semitic violence (1918—20),
49-50, 51-2
famine mortality rates (1932-3), 279,
281,282-3
Kyivan Rus’ (medieval state), 2, 4, 20
Kyrychenko, Halyna, 204
Kyrychenko, Vira, 234
Latvia, 26, 78, 162
Laval, Pierre, 318
Lebed, Dmytro, 69
Lebid, Denys, 255—6
Leib-Rabynovych, Symon, 51
Lemkin, Raphael, xxvii, 346,347—8,
350
Axis Rule (1944), 348-9
Lemyk, Mykola, 303
Lenin
and 1921—3 famine, 62, 63^4
blames “speculators” for food
shortages, 30
character of, 19
and Church property, 67
creates secret police (Cheka,
OGPU), 31
death of (1924), 83
“extraordinary measures” (1918), 31-2
and first occupation of Ukraine
(1918), 16,24-5, 25-6
hybrid war in Ukraine, 26—7
ill health, 66
“New Economic Policy,” 68—9, 70,
81-2, 83, 86,98
and non-Russian regions, 21, 26, 63—4,
68, 69-70
October 1917 coup d’etat, 19
and poor peasants’ committees, 36
and Red Terror, 31
and third occupation of Ukraine
(1920), 70
and Ukraine’s grain, 24—5,27,29,34,
52, 59, 63-4, 66,68
view of nationalism, 13,21
view of peasantry, 20,31,67, 69
Leningrad, 198
literature, xxvii, 1, 6—7,13,91—2,217
1933 cycle of poems, 327
Budynok “Slovo” in Kharkiv, 215—16
“dissident,” 335
Hart group in Kharkiv, 73, 91
Kaganovich’s suspicion of, 93—4,215
Pluh organization, 74,91
purge of in 1932—3 period, xxvi—xxvii,
215-16,217,220
VAPLITE, 91, 96
Writers’ Union of Ukraine, 341
Lithuania, 2, 6,26, 276
Litvinov, Maksim, 28, 162,316,319
Liubomyrenko, Bohdan, 328
Lloyd George, David, 312—13, 316
London Evening Standard, 315
London Review of Books, 337
Lozova, Kharkiv province, 198
Lutsyshyna, Nadiia, 263
Lviv, city of, 2,9,10, 74, 98, 302,303,
335,347-8
Lyons, Eugene, 82,97,107,311—12,313,
316-17,318
Lypkivskyi, Vasyl, 73
Lytvyn, Uliana, 245
Lytvynskyi, Oleksii, 249
Mace, James, 334,336,340,344
Mackenzie, F. A., 61
Maidan revolution (2014), xxx, 354, 359
Maisky, Ivan, 313, 316
[448]
Index
Makhno, Nestor, 40—3, 45, 46—7, 51, 56,
66, 154, 283
Malaysian Airlines flight 17 (2014), 355
Malyshko, Nadia, 243, 269
Manchester Guardian, 316
Mane, Olga, 260
Mantsev, Vasilii, 65
Marchenko, Kateryna, 252
Mariupol province, 85, 149, 246
Martin, Terry, xxix, 183
Marx, Karl, 20, 21, 237
Marxist theory, 21, 75, 213—14, 295,
306
and collectivization, 88, 90,115, 181
and peasantry, 20, 35, 90
Ukrainization and New Economic
Policy, 68
Maslianchuk, Hanna, 224
Matushevsky, Borys, 99
Matviienko (Makariv warlord), 51—2
Mazepa, Ivan, 3, 4, 5
media
foreign press corps in Moscow,
309-12,316-18
Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukraine (1933),
312-18
Ukrainian, 9,32-3, 75-6, 91-3
Medvedev, Dmitry, 352, 354
Medvedev, Roy, Let History Judge
(1969), 334
Melitopol district, 178, 288
Memorial, Ukrainian chapter of, 343
memory, commemoration and bearing
of witness, xxviii, 279, 320—1,
324-32, 353-60
Barakhty famine memorial, 279
Book of Memory, 351
commemoration ceremony (2008),
351,352
memory and post-war diaspora,
330-2,333-7,339
memory during Nazi occupation,
324-9
memory in 1980s Ukraine, 340—3
monuments, 278—9,354,355
National Memory Institute, 351, 354
Russian destruction of monuments
(2015), 355
sixtieth anniversary commemorations,
344-5
Soviet campaign against diaspora
memory (1980s), 337—40
as unifying national memory for
Ukrainians, 351
Mennonite minority, 41,45, 46—7
Menshevik Party, 71, 78
Meshketians, 288
Mikoyan, Anastas, 87, 163, 165, 167
Misha the Jap, 46
Moldovan autonomous republic, 168,
238,281,282
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 164, 167—8, 174—5,
176,186, 289
and 1932—3 famine, 176, 177—9, 180,
190, 191, 195, 196, 202
leader of Communist Party
secretariat, 66
posthumous conviction for genocide
(2010), 351
trip to Ukraine (winter 1928), 87,
109-10
Moroz, Hryhorii, 229
Moscow, xxviii—xix, 4—5, 30, 31,32
Moskalenko, Mykola, 257
Mostovyi, Petro, 254, 264
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 274, 316, 318,
338
Muraviev, General Mikhail, 24
music, 134-5, 291
and collectivization, 133—6, 144
folk music, 76, 134—5
Musiichuk, Mykola, 234
Mussolini, Benito, 305
Mykolaiv, city and province, 17, 60, 64,
131,234,237-9
Mylov, Mykola, 225—6
Myrhorod, Poltava province, 231
Myronenko, Ivan, 170
Mytsyk, Iaryna, 245
Nagorno-Karabakh region, 352
Naimark, Norman, 349
Index
[449]
Nansen Mission, 62, 65
Narbut, Heorhii, 13
Nazi Germany, 292,304,305,306,312,
316,318-19
anti-semitism, 196-7,325-6
collaboration of some Ukrainians,
333.339
famine propaganda during
occupation, 325—6
Hitler’s invasion of Soviet Union,
321-2
“Hunger Plan,” 323
invasion of Warsaw, 348
knowledge of 1932—3 famine, 325
occupation of Ukraine, 292,321-9,
333.339
and Soviet prisoners of war, 322
Ukrainian forced labour in, 323,330
view of Slavs, 322,324
Nesterenko, Mykhailo, 209
Netherlands, 162
New York Evening Post, 315
The New York Times, 296,310,311,317,
336
The New Yorker,119
Nicholas II, Tsar, 10,49
Nizhyn, Chernihiv province, 217
Noll, William, 118-19
North Caucasus, 87,97, 107, 159,164,
190,212,311
and 1921—2 famine, 60
and 1932—3 famine, xxv, 280—1,293—5,
300,303,306,339-40
border closure (1933), 202
Kuban Cossack blacklists, 195
Kuban district, 38, 75,92—3,195,206,
207
resistance to collectivization, 141—2,
153,157,160
and Ukrainian language, 75,92—3,
206,207
Northern Krai region, 125
Novooleksandrivka village, southeast
Ukraine, 129,259
Nuremberg trials, 349
Nyzhnyk, Iosyp, 36
Odessa, city of, 104,291
and 1921—2 famine, 64—5
and 1932-3 famine, 177,193,198-9,
199-200, 202,232
anarchy of 1919 period, 46
battle against Hitler’s armies, 2
exporting of grain from during
famine, 177—8,193
foreign consuls in, 161, 177—8,299,
305-6
geographical location, 1
Petliura’s capture of (1918), 17
and resistance to collectivization, 161
as Russophone city, 77,218
special passports, 202—3
Odessa province, 24, 60, 157,298
and 1932—3 famine, 169,170,172, 174,
177,211,251
assault on religion in, 133-4
famine mortality rates (1932—3),
281-2
Oliinyk, Borys, 343
Oliinyk, Ivan, 166
Olitskaia, Ekaterina, 123
Omelchenko, Halyna, 225
Opanasenko, Mykola, 249—50
oral history and memoirs, xxviii,
118-19,133,222-3,229,242-3,
244-5,320-1,324-5,329
The Black Deeds of the Kremlin (ed.
Pidhainy), 332,333
Orange Revolution (2004), 350—1
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 24,32,121
Orel, city of, 53
Organization of Security and
Cooperation in Europe, 351
Orikhiv village, 209—10
Orthodox Church
Russian, 3,5,66
Soviet repression of, 133-4, 135—6,
140,143-4,218-19,252,276
and SVU trial (1929), 99,218
Ukrainian Autocephalous, 66—7, 73,
99,218
Ottoman Turks, 2
Ovcharenko, Petro, 211
[450]
Index
Pasternak, Boris, Doctor Zhivago, 61
Patrynchuk, Mykola, 224
Pavlenko, Anastasiia, 223
Pavlenko, Mykhailo, 219
Pavlohrad district, Dnipropetrovsk,
154-5,156,174,270-1
Pavlychka, Tetiana, 242
peasantry
and 1927—8 grain crisis, 84-8, 89—91
Antonov rebellion, 67
bedniaks (poor peasants), 35, 86, 121
Bolshevik categories of, 35—6
city-country barter, 30—1
disincentive to produce more grain,
59, 86-7, 88,160-1
expropriation through taxation, 128,
159,226
Lenin’s view of, 20—1,31, 67, 68—9
in Marxist theory, 20
moves from collective farms to cities,
129-31, 161,200-2,204
poor peasants’ committees in Russia,
36-7
and possession of a cow, 123,128, 142,
147,224, 264-5, 269
rebellion (1930), 140, 145-6, 148-57
rebellions during 1921—3 famine,
67-8
resistance to collectivization, 106—8,
119,124, 126, 140-6,147-57,161
Russian communal farming tradition,
33,35, 140
Stalin advocates exploitation of, 90—1
Stalin’s view of, 21—2,24—5, 102—3,
295
storing of grain due to low prices, 82,
85-6
Tambov rebellion (1921), 42,67
tax on harvest, 192—3,283
victims of 7 August law, 181—2, 192,
228, 247-8
women’s revolts (“babski bunty”),
149-50, 161
see also Ukrainian peasantry
Pechora, Susannah, 182
pedagogical institute, Nizhyn, 216
Penkivka, Vinnytsia, 259
Petliura, Symon, 17—18,27,41—2,43,
45, 50, 56, 154
assassination of (Paris, 1926), 53,
105-6
and Piłsudski, 54-5,95,106
Soviet demonization of, 52—3, 98—9,
105,106,126,210-11
Petrograd, 23,25, 31
Petrovsky i, Hryhorii, 172, 175-6, 178,
189, 209
Piatakov, Heorhii, 19, 26
Pidhainy, Semen, 331, 332
Pidkui-Mukha, Iukhym, 166
Pidvysotsky, Henrikh, 130
Piłsudski, Marshal Józef, 54, 56, 83,95,
106
Pipes, Richard, 10, 18,45
Pius XI, Pope, 303—4
Platonov, Andrey, Fourteen Little Red
Huts(1933), 232,308
Podolia, 5, 8, 166
Podolian, Stepan, 299
Poland
anti-semitism in army, 50
consul in Kyiv, 171
emergence as nation, 13
escapes to during famine (1932—3),
199
knowledge of famine in, 302, 303,
306,318
marches towards border of (1930),
144
Nazi invasion of Warsaw, 348
non-aggression pact with USSR
(1932), 213,318
nostalgia for “lost” Ukrainian
lands, 3
and OGPU conspiracy thinking, 152,
158,212,213,290
OGPU spy network in, 83
partitions of (late 1700s), 5
under Piłsudski, 54-5, 83, 106
Piłsudski coup d’état (1926), 83,95
Poles as not particular 1932—3 targets,
281
Index
[451]
Polish-Soviet war (1919—21), 54—5,
184-5
Polish-Ukrainian war (1918-19), 10
post-WWII Soviet occupation, 330
and pre-1917 Ukraine, 2-3,4-5
rumours of invasion by, 104
and SVU trial (1929), 99
territories in western Ukraine, 10, 75,
92,101
Ukrainian-language schools in, 75
police, political see secret police, Soviet
(CheKa or Cheka then GPU,
OGPU, NKVD, KGB)
Polish language, 2, 5,6
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 2,
4-5,6
political police see secret police, Soviet
(CheKa or Cheka then GPU,
OGPU, NKVD, KGB)
Poltava, city of, 1,45,142,291,332
Poltava province
and 1932—3 famine, 225,228,231,
235,262-3,264,265,269,270,276,
326
assault on religion in, 134,218-19
blacklisted villages in, 194
and collectivization brigades, 129,134
era before collectivization, 113
and Alexander Shlikhter, 34—5
Postyshev, Pavlo, 209,214-15,219,284,
285,292,351
Pototsky, Pavlo, 219—20
Pravday 61,182
“Dizzy with Success” article (2 March
1930), 146-8,156,165
Price, Morgan Philips, 27—8,31
Prokopenko, Havrylo, 321
Proskovchenko, Mykola, 250
Proskuriv (now Khmelnytskyi), 49
Prosvita (cultural society in Galicia), 9,
76,303
“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 49
Provisional Government (1917), 21,23,
29,32
Putin, Vladimir, 354
Pykal, Tymofii, 211
Radchenko, Oleksandra, 251, 276,
320-1,329
Radio Liberty, 335,338
Rakovsky, Christian, 26, 29,33,45,63,
65,69
Rashkova Sloboda, Chernihiv province,
249-50
Reagan, Ronald, 336
Red Army, 15,37, 51, 105, 125, 145,153,
177,297
in 1919 Ukraine, 27,41-5,46, 79
1920 occupation of Ukraine, 70
in 1921 Ukraine, 57
discontent in Ukraine (1928), 109
and famine cover-up, 297
and forced collectivization, 128—9,156
and grain requisition detachments,
24-5, 32,36,39,169
hybrid war in Ukraine, 26—7
and Kronstadt rebellion, 67
occupation of Kyiv (February
1918), 24
occupation of Kyiv (January 1919), 27
Polish-Soviet war (1919—21), 54—5,
185
and Second World War, 132, 324,326,
330,348
slaughter of Don Cossacks, 38—9
and Stalins Tsaritsyn escapade, 32—3
Red Cross, 62,65
Red Terror (1918), 31, 85
Redens, Stanislav, 184,187
Reed, John, 307
Reingold, Josef, 39,146
religion
Catholic minority in Ukraine, 144
cults and magical practice, 143
social function of churches, 136
state assault on, 133-4, 136—7, 139-40,
143-4,218-19,252,276
traditional peasant cycle disrupted,
134,252
see also Orthodox Church
Richytskyi, Andrii, 237—40
Rigoulot, Pierre, 334
Romania, 329
[452]
Index
Roosevelt, President E D., 303,310—11,
319
Rostov, 25
Rudenko, Mykola, “The Cross” (1976),
278
Rukh (independent political party), 344
Russia in Soviet era
1921—3 famine, 63-5, 67
“All-Russian Famine Committee,”
61,63
“blacklists” confined to grain
producers, 195
border with Ukraine closed (1933),
202-3
chauvinism towards Ukraine, 69—70,
292-3,333
city-country barter in, 30
communal farming tradition, 34, 35,
140
composition of collectivization
brigades, 117, 118—19
and composition of Red Army, 55, 57
composition of search teams, 229,230
composition of secret police, 79—80
death statistics for 1932—3 famine,
280-1
Kondrashin on famine in, 352—3
“poor peasants’ committees”
(kpmnezamy), 36—7
resettlement programme, 288,289—90,
290-1
“Russia” as not sovereign state, 351—2
Russian agenda in Ukraine, 24, 25-6,
29,35,37, 63-5,332
and Russification policy, xxviii, 214,
218-21,288-93,332,357
Ukrainian influx due to famine
(1932), 197-8
and Ukrainian national art and
literature, 91—2
Ukrainian speakers in, 74—5, 92, 194
see also North Caucasus; Volga
provinces, Russian
Russia, post-Soviet
annexation of Crimea (2014), xxx,
354-5,358
campaign of intimidation by, 352,354,
359
elites, 158
famine counter-narrative of, 352—3
fear of stable Ukraine, 359
FSB propaganda, 358
invasion of eastern Ukraine (2014),
xxx, 355,356,357,358
return to full denial, 355
sharp hostility to Ukraine, 9
support of Yanukovych, xxx, 354
and Yushchenko’s campaign, 351—2,
353
Russian Empire, 2,3, 6, 7—8, 69—70
1905 revolution, 10
collapse of (1917), 10
emancipation of the serfs (1861), 7
February 1917 revolution, 10,
27-8,78
First World War army, 13
and Kyivan Rus’, 2, 4
Mazepa rebellion against, 4, 5
modernization in pre-WWI
period, 10
okhrana (imperial secret police), 49
Polish-Russian conflict (1600s), 4—5
widespread anti-semitism, 6,48—9
WWI food shortages, 27-8,29
Russian language, 2,3, 5, 6, 8, 69, 292
and Directory’s rule, 18
as path to higher social status, 8, 77,
217-18,292-3
present-day linguistic battles, 357
and Ukrainian industry, 9
Ryazan province, near Moscow, 136
Ryutin, Martemyan, 219—20
Salisbury, Harrison, 336
Sambros, Heorhii, 267—8
Saratov region, 63, 281
Saratov, Volga port, 60, 63
Scheffer, Paul, 82,315
schools, 13,20, 21,46, 75—7
“low” Ukrainization in, 76—7
purge of Skrypnyk’s system, 214,
216-17
Index
[453]
purging of teachers (1932—3), 216—17
and Ukrainian language, 6, 7,33,
75-6, 77,98
Schwartzbard, Sholom, 53
searches, extraordinary (1932—3), xxvi,
xxix, 190,222-3, 327, 332,346, 347,
358
and acts of humanity, 233
attacks on brigade members, 236
being alive as suspicious, 228—9
bonuses for finding grain, 235
demands for money, 226
hunger as motivator, 235
informers and spies for, 225—6, 238
instruments/equipment used, 223
Kondrashin on, 352
nature and composition of brigades,
xxvi, 229-30,237-40
removal of livestock, 224, 293
tactics/strategies used by, 224—5
use of violence/cruelty, 226—7, 228,
238-40
Second World War
battles for Kursk, Stalingrad, Berlin,
329
battles in Ukraine, 2
cannibalism during, 322
filtration camps for returning
deportees, 329
as focus for Soviet history and
memory, 329
Hitler’s invasion of Soviet Union,
321-2
Nazi famine propaganda during,
324-6
Nazi “Hunger Plan,” 323—4
Nazi invasion of Warsaw, 348
Nazi occupation of Ukraine, 292,
321-9, 333,339
Stalins “scorched earth” policy,324
secret police, Soviet (CheKa or Cheka
then GPU, OGPU, NKVD,
KGB), 89,94-102, 103-7,108-11,
170, 171, 180, 254, 290
and 1927—8 food crisis, 82, 83, 84,
85-6, 97
archival documentation of 1930
rebellions, 152, 156—8, 347
campaign in Ukraine (1919), 32—3,37,
78- 80
campaign in Ukraine (1921), 56
and cannibalism stories, 258, 259, 260,
261
and city-country conspiracy, 105—7,
157-8,166
“cleansing” of Tsaritsyn (1918), 32—3
closes of Ukrainian border (1933),
202-3
“conspiracies” linked to past rebellions,
157,211-12
“de-cossackization” in Don province,
38-9
and “de-kulakization,” 125—6, 132,
140
Derybas and Austin report (1928),
105-7
first trials of Ukrainian socialists,
79- 80
and forced collectivization, 103, 105,
107-8,118,119, 121-2, 130, 140,
143, 145,149-57,161,189
and the Gulag, 132
international “conspiracies,” 152, 158,
212-13
and Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukraine,
312
Lenin creates, 31
monitoring of “Ukrainian
intellectuals,” 94, 96—7,214—16
Moscow’s paranoia about Ukraine,
158
name changes, 79
and peasants escaping famine, 197—9
repression and purges by (1932—3),
xxvii, 207,208—21
Secret Political Department (SPV) in
Ukraine, 102
Shakhty show trial (1928), 97—8, 166
show trial of Podolian agronomists
(1931), 166
spy network in Europe, 83
spy network in Far East, 83—4
[454]
Index
secret police, Soviet (CheKa or Cheka
then GPU, OGPU, NKVD,
KGB) (continued)
“SVU” show trial (1929), 98-102, 158,
216-17, 220
Ukrainian report to Stalin (August
1932), 183-5
UNT, UVO and OUN “conspiracies,”
101
see also Balytsky, Vsevolod
Sevastopol, 2
Shakhty show trial (1928), 97—8, 166
Shaw, George Bernard, 307—8
Shcherbytskyi, Volodymyr, 340, 343
Shelest, Petro, 269,335
Shepetivka district, 151
Shevchenko, Taras, 6—7, 12, 76, 77, 98,
237,335
“Calamity Again” (1859), 320
“Zapovit” (“Testament,” 1845), 1, 7
Shevchuk, Larysa, 223
Shevelov, George, 220
Shlikhter, Alexander, 34—6, 37—8,39,
45, 58, 120
Sholokhov, Mikhail, 293—5
Virgin Soil Upturned, 87, 117-18, 141
Shopin, Kyrylo, 154
Shostakovich, Dmitry, 134
Shuihyn, Oleksandr, 15
Shumskyi, Oleksandr, 71, 74, 93—4,
95-6,213,216
Siberia, xxv, 107, 157, 164, 168
kulak deportations to, 131, 132, 133
Simbirsk, Russian province, 63
Simenon, Georges, 232
Simia, Hryhorii, 243—4,275
Skoropadsky, Pavlo, 16—17,41, 43
Skrypnyk, Mykola, xxvii, 25—6, 64—5,
66, 71, 74, 75, 96, 178, 220,343
Commissariat of Education purged,
214-15,216-18
resignation and suicide, 215, 216
Skypyan-Basylevych, Maria, 210
Slipchenko, Volodymyr, 243
Siyniuk, Dmytro, 234
Snizhne, eastern Ukraine, 355
Snyder, Timothy, xxix, 269
Sobolivka village, 169
Sokyrko, Mariia, 250
Solovetsky Island prison camp, 132,
260-1,331
Solovieva, Antonina, 118, 119
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 116,334,342
Sorokin, Pitirim, 244
Sosnovyi, S., 326-7,330,331,332
Sova, G., 332
Soviet economy
1927—8 food crisis, 82—3, 84—8,
89-91,96
“everyday resistance” of workers,
160-1
exporting of grain during famines,
xxvi, 63,161-4,174,177,193,306
first “Five-Year Plan” (1928), 88-9,
130, 132, 163
grain “speculators,” 31, 81,84, 85—6
heavy regulation in 1920s, 81—3
legacy of civil war, 22
“New Economic Policy,” 68—9, 70,
81-2,83, 86,98
occupied central Europe, 329
post-WWII chaos, 329-30
purge of Ukrainian intellectuals,
96-102
“red boards” and “black boards,”
193-4
sources of hard currency, 63, 162—3,
274-6
“War Communism,” 29,30-3, 58,
81,89
see also Ukrainian grain
Soviet industry
ethic of workplace competition,
88-9
and exploitation of peasants, 90—1
first “Five-Year Plan” (1928), 88-9,
130, 132, 163
food coupons/ration cards in cities,
266-7
“Great Turnaround” or “Great
Upheaval,” 89
Gulag system’s vast projects, 182
Index
[455]
industrial machinery, 63
kulaks in workforce, 130—2, 200
metallurgical and machine-building
industries, 163
need for natural resources, 89
and New Economic Policy, 81—2
post-WWII Russification in Ukraine,
292-3
timber trade, 162
Soviet Union
American relief mission (1921—2), 28,
62-3, 64-6, 67
collapse of, xxviii
cult of science and the machine, 88
“dissident” histories of Stalinism, 334
first assault on Ukraine (January
1918), 16
foreign policy, 83—4
Gorbachev’sglasnost policy, 341,
342-3
and Hrushevsky s return (1924), 72—3
“indigenization” policy (ftprenizatsita)
(est. 1923), 68,70-6,91-4,96,353
and international crises of early 1930s,
306-7
invasion of Afghanistan (1979), 336
mass population transfers, 288—9
Nazi “Hunger Plan,” 323-4
Nineteenth Party Congress (1988),
343
post-WWII occupation of central
Europe, 330
Sovietization policy, xxvii—xxviii, 71,
95,206, 330, 349,350
Stalin-Trotsky power struggle, 32,
33,83
as strict police state by mid-1920s, 77
Stalin, Joseph
and 1927—8 grain crisis, 83, 84—6,
87-8, 89-90,96
advocates exploitation of peasants,
90-1
background of, 19—20, 23
and census statistics, 300—2
“cleansing” of Tsaritsyn (1918),
32-3,35
coercion over 1931—2 grain collection,
167-8
collectivization as personal policy
of, 88,89-91,113,114,120,146-8,
165, 172-3
conspiracy theories to explain famine,
207-13,294
death of (1953), 334
decisions affecting Ukraine (autumn
1932), xxvi, xxix, 190—3, 194—7,
202-4,205-21,222-40
declares war on traitors in party
(November 1932), 208
“Dizzy with Success” article (2 March
1930), 146-8, 152, 156
edict on theft of public property
(7 August 1932), 181-3,192,229,
247-8
“extraordinary measures” (1927—8), 85,
88-9,90-1, 108
fear of unrest in Ukraine, xxviii, 103,
174-5, 183-4,358-9
on foreign “conspiracies” (1927), 84
and grain exports, 163, 164, 174, 177,
193
“Great Turnaround” or “Great
Upheaval,” 89, 163
interviews with foreign press, 310,
311
“Marxism and the National Question”
(1913), 21
medical paranoia of, 100
national question as peasant question,
21-2, 102
OGPU report to (August 1932),
183-5
operation against Ukrainian
intellectuals (1927), 95—102
order on 1931 sowing, 163-^4
Peoples Commissar for Nationalities,
23-4,25
and Polish western Ukraine, 75,92
posthumous conviction for genocide
(2010), 351
and resettlement of the peasantry,
289
f456]
Index
Stalin, Joseph (continued)
responses to food shortages (1932),
174, 176-7, 178,179, 189-93
as responsible for famine, xxv—xxvi,
189-93, 204,294-5,328-31,343,
347,351,352-3
rivalry with Trotsky, 32, 83
and “Ryutin’s Platform,” 188-9
“scorched earth” policy, 324
and Sholokhov, 293—5
suspicion of Ukrainian Communist
Party, 25,147,175,176-7,178,
183-4,189-90,208-9,291-2,299
suspicion of Ukrainian intellectuals,
13, 94, 96-102
trip to Siberia (1928), 87, 89,109,113,
120
and Ukraine in revolutionary period,
22-3,24,25,26
view of nationalism, 21—2,23—4, 102,
284-5
and War Communism, 30, 58, 89
wife Nadya’s suicide (1932), 186,189
Stalingrad (Tsaritsyn), 32-3,45, 63,329
Stari Babany village, Cherkasy, 228
starvation, human, process of, 241—2,
243-5,250-2
Stavropol province, Northern
Caucasus, 60
Strang, William, 311
Sukhenko, Hanna, 225
Sumy, 131, 145, 229,257
Sumy, town of, 129, 198
Svatove, town of, 208
Sysyn, Frank, 337
Tarasivka village, 170
Tatarstan, 157
Tavriia province, 24
Tendriakov, Vladimir, 334
Terekhov, Roman, 178, 299
theatre, 9,33, 73, 93, 217
The Times Literary Supplement, 337
Toporyshche village, 235
“Torgsin” hard currency shops, 162,
274-5,276-7,313
Tottle, Douglas, Fraud, Famine and
Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide
Myth from Hitler to Harvard (1987),
338-9, 343,355
Trotsky, Leon, 6, 11, 54—5, 57
and the peasantry, 32, 35,40, 41,42
rivalry with Stalin, 32, 83
Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad), 32, 45,63,329
Tsivka, Hanna, 249
Tsymbaliuk, Olha, 223
Tulchyn district, 153,156
Turkalo, Kost, 101
Turkey, 2, 15, 83,162,348
Tymoshchuk, Halyna, 270
Tymoshivka village, Cherkasy, 228
Ukraine
anti-Soviet “left” in 1920s, 55
closure of border (1933), xxvi, 190,
202-3,230,266,353
coat of arms, banknotes and
stamps, 13
“de-kulakization” quotas, 124—6
death statistics for 1932—3 famine,
279-80,281-3,287-8,352-3
declares independence (1991), xxviii,
344,359
deportations to Nazi Germany, 323,
330
dysfunctional economy in 2921
period, 57
early signs of famine (1932), xxv,
159-60,169-72
end of Ukrainization (1932), 190, 205,
206-7,213-20
established scholars on Stalinist
period, xxix
first Bolshevik occupation (1918), 16,
24-5, 26,41
first Soviet assault on (January
1918), 16
interna] passport system (from 1932),
202-3,204
Maidan revolution (2014), xxx, 354,
357
mass exodus from (1931—2), 197—202
Index
[457]
meaning of word, 2
Molotov’s visit (1928), 87, 110
Moscow’s lasting paranoia about, 158
national anthem, 346, 359
national identity, 2,4, 5, 7, 10, 76, 77,
214,283,333,335,356
Nazi “Hunger Plan,” 323
Nazi occupation, 292,321—9, 333, 334
nineteenth-century
industrialization, 9
Orange Revolution (2004), 350—1
Polish-Ukrainian war (1918—19), 10
post-famine resettlement programme,
288-90
post-WWII Russian migration to, 292
post-WWII status, 333-5
purging of teachers (1932—3), 215—18
Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine
(2014), xxx, 355,356,357,358
Russification of, xxviii, 8—9,214—15,
218-21,288-93,332,356-7
second Bolshevik occupation of
(1919), 27,33-9
as sovereign state, xxx, 344—5,350—6,
357, 358-9
Soviet Ukrainization policy (est.
1923), 68-9, 70-7,91-3,95,353
Sovietization of, xxvii—xxviii, 71,95,
330-1,349,350
Stalin’s decisions affecting (autumn
1932), xxvi, xxix, 190—3, 194—7,
202-4,205-21, 222-40
Stalins fear of unrest in, xxviii, 103,
174—5,183^4,358-9
steppe region of south-east, 108
third Bolshevik occupation (1920), 70
Ukrainian revolutionary council, 26
Ukraine, geography of, 1—2
Ukraine, pre-1917 history, 2—3, 4—9
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 16, 73,
74,94, 96,98, 102, 214,217,219,
301,343
Ukrainian Club, 13
Ukrainian Communist Party
and 1921—3 famine, 61, 63, 64—7
and 1928—9 famine, 107—8
and 1930 rebellion, 157—8
and 1931 sow ing/har vest, 163—5,
166-7,168-9
and 1932-3 famine, 172, 174-9, 183-5,
189-90, 193-4, 270-2,297,298-9,
344
and 1932 grain procurement, 168,169,
172- 4, 206-7
and 1933 grain procurement, 284
and activist search teams, 229—41
approaches to Stalin over famine,
173- 4, 175-7
and blacklists, 193-4,195-7, 208,226
blames Stalin for famine (1991), 344
Bolshevik distrust of, 22—3
and Chernobyl disaster (1986), 342
death sentences over grain targets,
210
and definition of “kulak,” 123—4
Great Terror purge of, 291—2
and Hrushevsky’s return (1924),
72-3
Khrushchev leads, 221, 292,334
mass purge of (1932—3), xxvi—xxvii,
207,209-13,235,291,356,359-60
Moscow’s role in, 57,93—4
OGPU report to Stalin (August 1932),
183-5
OGPU scapegoating of, 109—10
opposition to 1932—3 grain
requisition within, 172, 183—5, 208,
209-10
pleas to Stalin, xxvi
in post-WWII era, 292-3
purges of (1928), 110
and scapegoats for collectivization
failure, 165,207
Stalin’s suspicion of, 25,147, 174—5,
176, 179,183-5,189-90,208-9,
291,299
and Ukrainian language, 33, 69, 77—8
and Ukrainian religious hierarchy,
66-7
and Ukrainization, 71—7,93-4
Ukrainian Communist Party
(“national communist”), 237—8
[458]
Index
Ukrainian culture
Bolshevik suppression of, 33, 291, 343,
346-7
as distinct by late Middle Ages, 2, 4
and Hrushevsky s return (1924), 72—3
importance of rural life/peasantry, 6-7
intellectual rejection of Stalinism, 335
Kaganovich’s suspicion of, 93, 94, 215
Kharkiv modernism, 73
Prosvita in Galicia, 9, 76, 303
purge of art historians and curators,
xxvii, 220
purge of national communists,
213-16
purging of institutions connected to
(1932-3), xxvii, 213-18, 219-21,
343, 346-7, 356
revival in national communist era,
73-7, 91-2, 93-4, 213-14
romantic nostalgia and legend, 2, 3,
6-7, 76, 134-6
Russification of, xxviii, 8—9, 288—93,
356-7
socialist reconstruction of Kyiv,
219-20
Ukrainian Academy of Fine Arts,
12-13
see also art; literature; music
Ukrainian grain
1927^8 crisis, 82-3, 84-91, 96
Baltic trade in late Middle Ages, 4
as Bolshevik priority, 23, 24—5, 27, 29,
33-9, 52, 63-4
disincentives to production of, 59,
86-7, 88, 160-1
grain quota blacklists, 194—7, 208, 226,
347, 353
and Lenin, 24-5, 27, 29, 34-5, 52, 59,
63-4, 66, 68
Lenin’s “extraordinary measures”
(1918), 31-3
market under NEP, 68, 70, 81—2
Russia’s reliance on, 19, 24, 27, 33—9
“speculators,” 30, 81, 85—6
“stolen back” by peasants, 142, 145,
148, J49, 161
storage of surpluses, 31, 36, 39, 44,
60, 107
traditional sales methods, 31, 34,
55, 70
two harvests every year, 4
see also grain procurement
Ukrainian language
and anti-establishment culture, 6
Bolshevik suppression of, 24, 26, 33,
69, 343, 357
borrowings from Polish and
Russian, 74
as “counter-revolutionary
language,” 69
Cyrillic alphabet, 5
dictionaries and orthographies, 15, 74,
95-6, 220
and Directory’s rule, 18
imperial Russian suppression of, 8,
9, 13
and “low” Ukrainization, 75—6, 93
moved “closer” to Russian, 220—1
in national communist era, 71, 73—6,
91,92-3,214-15
Nicholas II allows use of, 10
nineteenth-century Russian
scholars, 3
orthographic commission (est. 1925),
74—5, 95-6, 215
and post-famine “Russification,”
xxviii, 292
present-day linguistic battles, 357
regional variations, 5
revival in revolutionary period,
14-15
rural-urban divide, 2—3, 6
“Ruthenian,” 3
schools, 75, 76, 91, 98
and Skoropadsky s rule, 16
Slavic roots, 2
Soviet suppression of (1932—3), xxvii,
xxviii, 214, 218, 220—1
and Soviet Ukrainian bureaucrats,
77-8
speakers in Russia, 75, 92—3, 194
Ukrainian media, 9, 33, 75, 92
Index
[459]
“Ukrainian Military Organization”
(fictitious), 237
Ukrainian National Democratic Party,
9,12
Ukrainian National Library, 16, 217
Ukrainian national movement
All-Ukrainian National Congress
(19 April 1917), 13
in Austrian ruled regions, 9
blamed for all “errors” in rural policy,
284-6
Bolshevik disdain for, 19—20, 21,
69-70
Bolshevik suppression of, 24, 33—4
in disarray (end of 1919), 18—19
emerging “civil society,” 7
eradicated by 1932—3 famine, xxvii,
xxviii, 191,304-5
and famine mortality rates (1932—3),
283
imperial Russian suppression of, 7—9,
69- 70
march and rally in Kyiv (1 April
1917), 11-12, 72
nineteenth century awakening,
6-8
persecution of in 1960s/70s, 334—5
Petliura’s leadership, 17—18, 27, 41,
43,45, 50, 56,98, 105, 154
as post-1921 threat to Soviet project,
54-5, 689
purge of intellectuals (1932—3), xxvi—
xxvii, 214—18, 220, 356, 359
purging of institutions connected to
(1932—3), xxvi—xxvii, 207, 213—18,
219-21,343, 347, 356
reawakening in “Khrushchev thaw,”
334
revival in national communist era,
70- 7, 93-4, 213
revival of (1991), xxviii, xix—xxx, 344,
358-9
role of historians and intellectuals,
12-13, 72-7, 93, 94
Russification, xxviii, 8—9, 357
and similar movements in West, 7
Soviet purge of “counter-revolution,”
95-102
Sovietization, xxvii—xxviii, 71, 95, 330,
349,350
Stalins operation against (1927),
95-102
Stalin s view of, 21—2,23—4,25
strong “peasant” flavour, 6—7, 8, 22
supposed links to fascism, 338, 339,
355
survival and renewal of, 359—60
“SVU” show trial of intellectuals
(1929), 98-101, 158, 216, 218
and Ukrainization of Russian areas,
91-3, 194,213-14
Ukrainian peasantry
1920s village life, 112—13
Borotbysty (left wing party), 13, 38, 39,
71, 73, 95
culture in national communist era,
73-4, 75
escapes from collective farms,
197-203
in First World War armies, 13—14
forced to study in Russian, 8
and Hryhoriev’s leadership, 43—4
kulaks, 36-7, 44, 47-8, 58-9, 104-5,
120-1, 130-1,235
language and speech, 2—3, 6, 14—15, 75
less harsh regime (from May 1933),
283-4, 286
Makhno’s leadership, 40—3, 46—7, 50,
56, 66, 154,283
moves to cities (1932—3), 199—201, 204
and national movement, 6—7, 8
and Nazi famine propaganda, 324—6
OGPU reports/claims about (1928),
104-7, 108-9
Petliura’s peasant army, 17—18, 45, 56,
106, 154
“poor peasants’ committees”
omnezamy), 35—6, 37,46, 48,
58-9, 64, 110, 121,229, 233,234
rebellion, xxix
rebellion (1919), 41, 45-55, 66, 70, 79,
105, 107, 143, 157, 184-5, 283
[460]
Index
Ukrainian peasantry (continued)
rebellion (1930), 140, 145-6, 148-57,
283,328
rejection of communal farming in
1919 period, 33-4, 140
resistance to collectivization, 107—8,
119,124, 126, 140-6,148-57,
161
and romantic nationalism, 6—7
Shlikhter’s class system, 35—7, 38,
58-9, 120
and Skoropadsky’s rule, 16, 43
as socialist not Bolshevik, 54—5
Soviet propaganda denigrating,
232-3, 237, 246, 294-5, 347,
357-8
Stalin s view of, 21, 24, 102—3
“Ukrainian Labour Army,” 57—8
view of urban Ukraine, 6
wave of revolts in early 1900s, 10
welcome for Nazi troops, 321—2
Ukrainian revolution (1917—21), xxviii,
11-13
atrocities and bloodshed in 1919
period, 46—8
Bolshevik destabilization of, 24
Bolshevik view of, 22, 23—4
Central Rada in Kyiv, 12, 13, 14—16,
23-4, 25, 38, 50, 52, 98
Central Radas Third Universal, 14,
23-4
declaration of independence (26
January 1918), 10, 15
diplomatic recognition in Europe
(1918), 15
Directory s rule, 17—18, 26—7,43—4,
50, 52-3, 56
Skoropadskys rule, 16—17,43
Ukrainian Bolsheviks, 19
and “War Communism,” 29, 30, 58
Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionary
Party, 13, 38
Uman, city of, 171
Umanska, Mariia, 204
Umanskii, Konstantin, 310, 313, 316
United Kingdom, 83, 162—3, 306, 315,
318
United Nations (UN), 349—50, 351
United States of America (USA)
and 1921—3 famine relief, 28, 62—3,
64-6, 67
Congress commission on 1932—3
famine, 339—40, 343
knowledge of famine in, 303, 315
Roosevelt recognizes USSR (1933),
319
Roosevelts “Brains Trust,” 310—11
Ukrainian diaspora, 333, 334, 336—7
Ukrainian Studies Fund, New York,
334
View of Ukraine shaped by domestic
politics, 337
Urals, 60, 118, 130, 132, 157, 168, 212,
265
Uralsk, Russian province, 63
Velychko, Spyrydon, 238
Velyka Lepetykha, town of, 272
Velyke Ustia, Chernihiv province, 36,
47-8
Venzhyk, Larysa, 256—7
Vernydub, Leonid, 223
Versailles peace conference (1919), 10
Village Voice, 338
Vinnytsia, city of, 166, 171, 272
Vinnytsia province, 157, 170, 172, 202,
224, 227, 234, 249, 250, 265
assault on religion in, 219
cannibalism incidents in, 257,
259-60
documents and records destroyed,
299
famine mortality rates (1932—3),
281-2
orphanages in, 272
and Richytskyi, 237—8, 239—40
SVU members “discovered” in,
158
Viola, Lynne, 147—8
Vi run, Stepan, 335
Index
[461]
Volga provinces, Russian, 153,164, 168,
169,281
and 1921-2 famine, 60—1,62,64
and 1932—3 famine, xxv, 169, 180, 202,
205,276,280,281,300,312,352,
353
Central Volga province, 125, 180
German minority in, 276, 280, 281,
288
Lower Volga province, 159, 202
Middle Volga province, 143, 159
Volhynia province, 5, 328
Voltaire, 5
Volyn district, 8, 157
Voronezh province, 143
Voroshilov, Klement, 32, 187
Voznesensk, southern Ukraine, 230,239
Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, 13
Vyoshenskaya Vstanitsa, North
Caucasus, 293—4
Vyshnia, Ostap, 215
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 307
White Armies of old regime, 15, 20, 38
in 1919 Ukraine, 45, 46, 47, 53-4, 79,
185
anti-semitic atrocities by, 50
and OGPU conspiracy thinking, 212,
213
and Polish-Ukrainian campaign
(1920), 54, 185
White Sea canal, 132
Wienerberger, Alexander, 304
witness, bearing of see memory,
commemoration and bearing of
witness
Woropay, Olexa, The Ninth Circle,
330
Wožniak, Leon, 199
Wrangel, General Peter, 54, 212
Yagoda, Genrikh, 85, 119, 125, 157-8,
203,213
Yakovlev, Yakov, 288
Yanukovych, Viktor, xxx, 354
Yefremov, Serhii, 17, 98, 100—1
Yiddish, 6
Young Pioneers (communist children’s
organization), 118
Yugoslavia, 329
Yushchenko, Viktor, 350—2, 353,354
Zaly vcha, Sofiia, 265
Zaporizhia province, 41, 43, 60
Zatonskyi, Volodymyr, 26, 69—70, 71,
240
Zerr, Antonius, 144
Zhyhadno, Oksana, 264
Zhytomyr province, 226—7,256,299
Zinoviev, Grigorii, 68—9
Zolotovekha, Elada, 320
Zynovivskyi district, 169, 171 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Applebaum, Anne 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)126244189 |
| author_facet | Applebaum, Anne 1964- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Applebaum, Anne 1964- |
| author_variant | a a aa |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044450034 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK508 |
| callnumber-raw | DK508.8374 |
| callnumber-search | DK508.8374 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3508.8374 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5055 NQ 5067 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1004403254 (DE-599)BVBBV044450034 |
| dewey-full | 947.708/42 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.708/42 |
| dewey-search | 947.708/42 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.708 242 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1917-1933 gnd Geschichte gnd Geschichte 1931-1933 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1917-1933 Geschichte Geschichte 1931-1933 |
| format | Book |
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The result was a catastrophic famine, the most lethal in European history. At least five million people died between 1931 and 1933 in the USSR. But instead of sending relief the Soviet state made use of the catastrophe to rid itself of a political problem. In Red Famine, Anne Applebaum argues that more than three million of those dead were Ukrainians who perished not because they were accidental victims of a bad policy but because the state deliberately set out to kill them. Applebaum proves what has long been suspected: after a series of rebellions unsettled the province, Stalin set out to destroy the Ukrainian peasantry. The state sealed the republic's borders and seized all available food. Starvation set in rapidly, and people ate anything: grass, tree bark, dogs, corpses. In some cases, they killed one another for food. Devastating and definitive, Red Famine captures the horror of ordinary people struggling to survive extraordinary evil. Today, Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union, has placed Ukrainian independence in its sights once more. 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| geographic | Ukraine History Famine, 1932-1933 Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine History Famine, 1932-1933 Ukraine |
| id | DE-604.BV044450034 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-02T12:00:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780385538855 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017029952 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029850974 |
| oclc_num | 1004403254 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | xxx, 461 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | New York |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Applebaum, Anne 1964- (DE-588)126244189 aut Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine Anne Applebaum Stalin's war on Ukraine Doubleday New York [2017] xxx, 461 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "From the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Gulag and the National Book Award finalist Iron Curtain, a revelatory history of one of Stalin's greatest crimes...the consequences of which still resonate today In 1929 Stalin launched his policy of agricultural collectivization...in effect a second Russian revolution...which forced millions of peasants off their land and onto collective farms. The result was a catastrophic famine, the most lethal in European history. At least five million people died between 1931 and 1933 in the USSR. But instead of sending relief the Soviet state made use of the catastrophe to rid itself of a political problem. In Red Famine, Anne Applebaum argues that more than three million of those dead were Ukrainians who perished not because they were accidental victims of a bad policy but because the state deliberately set out to kill them. Applebaum proves what has long been suspected: after a series of rebellions unsettled the province, Stalin set out to destroy the Ukrainian peasantry. The state sealed the republic's borders and seized all available food. Starvation set in rapidly, and people ate anything: grass, tree bark, dogs, corpses. In some cases, they killed one another for food. Devastating and definitive, Red Famine captures the horror of ordinary people struggling to survive extraordinary evil. Today, Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union, has placed Ukrainian independence in its sights once more. Applebaum's compulsively readable narrative recalls one of the worst crimes of the twentieth century, and shows how it may foreshadow a new threat to the political order in the twenty-first."...Provided by publisher Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1917-1933 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1931-1933 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Genocide Ukraine History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Ukraine History Famines Ukraine History 20th century Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd rswk-swf Massenmord (DE-588)4120706-3 gnd rswk-swf Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine History Famine, 1932-1933 Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 p Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 s Geschichte 1931-1933 z DE-604 Geschichte 1917-1933 z Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 s Massenmord (DE-588)4120706-3 s 1\p DE-604 2\p DE-604 Geschichte z 3\p DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe,EPUB 978-0-385-53886-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Applebaum, Anne, 1964- author Red famine Doubleday : New York, [2017] 9780385538862 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029850974&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029850974&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Applebaum, Anne 1964- Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Geschichte Genocide Ukraine History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Ukraine History Famines Ukraine History 20th century Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Massenmord (DE-588)4120706-3 gnd Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118642499 (DE-588)4160816-1 (DE-588)4120706-3 (DE-588)1151824690 (DE-588)4061496-7 |
| title | Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine |
| title_alt | Stalin's war on Ukraine |
| title_auth | Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine |
| title_exact_search | Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine |
| title_full | Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine Anne Applebaum |
| title_fullStr | Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine Anne Applebaum |
| title_full_unstemmed | Red famine Stalin's war on Ukraine Anne Applebaum |
| title_short | Red famine |
| title_sort | red famine stalin s war on ukraine |
| title_sub | Stalin's war on Ukraine |
| topic | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Geschichte Genocide Ukraine History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Ukraine History Famines Ukraine History 20th century Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Massenmord (DE-588)4120706-3 gnd Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 Geschichte Genocide Ukraine History 20th century Collectivization of agriculture Ukraine History Famines Ukraine History 20th century Hungersnot Massenmord Holodomor Ukraine History Famine, 1932-1933 Ukraine |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029850974&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029850974&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT applebaumanne redfaminestalinswaronukraine AT applebaumanne stalinswaronukraine |