Nature's machines: an introduction to organismal biomechanics
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego, CA
Academic Press
2017
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 189 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780128044049 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nature's machines |b an introduction to organismal biomechanics |c by David E. Alexander |
| 264 | 1 | |a San Diego, CA |b Academic Press |c 2017 | |
| 300 | |a xi, 189 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction and Physics Review
1 1 What Is Biomechanics? 1
12A Brief History of Organismal Biomechanics 3
1 3 Review of Newtonian Physics 5
131 Vectors and Scalars 5
132 Newtonian Mechanics and the Work—Energy Relationship 5
133 Newton s Second Law: Force and Movements 7
134 Unsteady Motion 9
135 Derived Quantities Involving Force 9
136 Mass and Weight 10
137 Other Physical Quantities 13
138 Units and the SI System 13
Further Reading 13
General References 13
Locomotion 13
Material Properties 14
Sports Biomechanics 14
2 Solid Materials
2 1 Introduction to Solids 15
2 2 Loading, Deformation, Stress, and Strain 16
221 Loads and Deformations 16
222 Stress and Strain 17
223 Information From Stress—Strain Curves 19
224 Nonlinearity 23
225 Strength Versus Toughness 26
226 Biological Examples 28
2 3 Failure and How to Prevent It 30
231 Fracture Mechanics: All About Cracks 32
232 How to Stop Crack Growth 35
2 4 Structures 38
241 The Engineering Categories 38
242 Elongate Structures: Beams 39
243 Elongate Structures: Columns 42
244 Shells 44
v
vi Contents
245 Examples of Biological Structures 45
Further Reading 49
General References, Classic 49
General References, Recent 50
Collagen and Tendons 50
Plant Mechanics 50
Protein Rubbers 50
Shell and Bone 50
Silk 50
3 Fluid Biomechanics
3 1 Fluid Basics 51
311 Fluids Defined and How to View Them 51
312 Viscosity 53
313 Drag 54
314 The Reynolds Number 57
315 Drag Reduction in Swimmers and Flyers 60
316 Drag as an Asset 62
3 2 Fundamental Equations 63
321 Bernoulli s Equation 63
322 The Navier—Stokes Equations 64
3 3 Velocity Gradients and Boundary Layers 65
331 What Is a Boundary Layer? 65
332 Boundary Layer Thickness 65
333 Living in Boundary Layers 66
3 4 Wings and Lift 69
341 The Lift Mechanism and the Bound Vortex 69
342 Modifying Lift 72
343 Induced Drag Causes and Consequences 74
344 Gliding and Flapping 77
345 Hydrofoils 81
346 Wings and Size 82
3 5 Swimming 84
351 Swimming Modes 85
352 Lift-Based Swimming 85
353 Drag-Based Swimming 85
354 Undulatory Swimming 87
355 Swimming by Jetting 89
356 Swimming at Low Reynolds Numbers 89
3 6 Internal Flows 90
3 7 When Flows Are Not Steady 93
371 Continuous Acceleration: The Acceleration Reaction 93
372 Unsteady Effects in Air 95
Further Reading 96
Genera] 96
Flight 97
Internal Flows 97
Swimming 97
Unsteady Processes 97
Contents vii
4 Biological Materials Blur Boundaries
4 1 Viscoelastic Solids 99
411 Transient Tests 99
412 Springs and Dashpots 101
413 Dynamic Testing 102
414 Biological Examples of Viscoelastic Materials 105
4 2 Non-Newtonian Liquids 111
421 Non-Newtonian Behavior of Everyday Liquids 112
422 Blood 112
423 Synovial Fluid 113
424 Biological Liquids in General 114
4 3 Mucus 114
431 Snail Pedal Mucus 115
432 How Slugs Glide 116
4 4 Swimming in Sand: Locomotion in Granular Media 117
Further Reading 119
General 119
Locomotion in Granular Media 119
Non-Newtonian Fluids 119
Mucus 120
Viscoelastic Materials 120
5 Systems and Scaling
5 1 Putting It All Together: Biomechanics in Action 121
5 2 Legs: Muscles, Joints, and Locomotion 121
521 Muscle Biomechanics and Scaling 121
522 Articulations: Adding Flexibility to Rigid Skeletons 124
523 Locomotion on Two (or More) Legs 126
5 3 Soft (Hydrostatic) Skeletons 132
531 Muscles and Stresses in the Wall 133
532 Fiber-Reinforced Hydrostats 133
533 Biological Examples 136
534 Muscular Hydrostats 137
5 4 The Consequences of Size 138
541 Surface to Volume Ratio 139
542 Maximum Jump Heights 141
543 Growing Into Different Mechanical Realms? 143
5 5 The Promise of Biomimicry: Have We Arrived? 146
551 Ornithopters 147
552 Adhesives 147
553 Legged Robots 148
Further Reading 149
Biomimicry 149
Hydrostatic Skeletons 150
Maximum Jump Heights 150
Muscles and Locomotion 150
Size and Scaling 150
Terrestrial (Legged) Locomotion 150
viii Contents
6 Organismal Versus Technological Design
6 1 Borrowing From Engineers 151
6 2 Different Materials Used in Different Ways 152
621 Materials 152
622 Shape 152
623 Loading and Movement 153
624 The Construction Process 154
6 3 Research and Methods 155
Further Reading 156
Bibliography 157
|
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| spelling | Alexander, David E. 1955- (DE-588)140846506 aut Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics by David E. Alexander San Diego, CA Academic Press 2017 xi, 189 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029832125&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Alexander, David E. 1955- Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006880-8 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics |
| title_auth | Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics |
| title_exact_search | Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics |
| title_full | Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics by David E. Alexander |
| title_fullStr | Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics by David E. Alexander |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nature's machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics by David E. Alexander |
| title_short | Nature's machines |
| title_sort | nature s machines an introduction to organismal biomechanics |
| title_sub | an introduction to organismal biomechanics |
| topic | Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biomechanik Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029832125&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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