Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry:
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
[2017]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xlii, 957 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (teilweise farbig) 24.4 cm x 17 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783527409211 3527409211 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Andreo, Pedro |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry |c Pedro Andreo, David T. Burns, Alan E. Nahum, Jan Seuntjens, and Frank H. Attix |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c [2017] | |
| 300 | |a xlii, 957 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme (teilweise farbig) |c 24.4 cm x 17 cm | ||
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| 653 | |a Informatics | ||
| 653 | |a Informatik in der Radiologie | ||
| 653 | |a Ionisierende Strahlung | ||
| 653 | |a Kern- u. Hochenergiephysik | ||
| 653 | |a Medical & Health Physics | ||
| 653 | |a Medical Science | ||
| 653 | |a Medizin | ||
| 653 | |a Medizinische Physik | ||
| 653 | |a Nuclear & High Energy Physics | ||
| 653 | |a Physics | ||
| 653 | |a Physik | ||
| 653 | |a Physik in Medizin u. Gesundheitswesen | ||
| 653 | |a Radiologie | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Burns, David T. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nahum, Alan E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Seuntjens, Jan |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Attix, Frank H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804177712467673088 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE XIX
QUANTITIES AND SYMBOLS XXIII
ACRONYMS XXXIX
1 BACKGROUND AND ESSENTIALS 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 TYPES AND SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION 1
1.3 CONSEQUENCES OF THE RANDOM NATURE OF RADIATION 4
1.4 INTERACTION CROSS SECTIONS 6
1.5 KINEMATIC RELATIVISTIC EXPRESSIONS 9
1.6 ATOMIC RELAXATIONS 11
1.6.1 RADIATIVE AND NON-RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS 13
1.6.2 TRANSITION PROBABILITIES AND FLUORESCENCE AND AUGER YIELDS
1.6.3 EMISSION CROSS SECTIONS 22
1.7 EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTIES 22
1.7.1 ACCURACY AND PRECISION - ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY 22
1.7.2 TYPE A STANDARD UNCERTAINTY 24
1.7.3 TYPE B STANDARD UNCERTAINTY 25
1.7.4 COMBINED AND EXPANDED UNCERTAINTY 26
1.7.5 LAW OF PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTY 26
EXERCISES 28
2 CHARGED-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER 29
2.1 INTRODUCTION 29
2.2 TYPES OF CHARGED-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS 31
2.2.1 ELASTIC INTERACTIONS 32
2.2.2 INELASTIC SOFT* COLLISIONS 33
2.2.3 INELASTIC HARD* COLLISIONS 34
2.2.4 INELASTIC RADIATIVE INTERACTIONS 35
2.3 ELASTIC SCATTERING 36
2.3.1 SINGLE ELASTIC SCATTERING (RUTHERFORD) 36
2.3.2 SCREENING ANGLE 38
2.3.3 OVERVIEW OF OTHER SINGLE ELASTIC SCATTERING THEORIES 41
2.3.4 MULTIPLE ELASTIC SCATTERING 43
2.3.4.1 THE GAUSSIAN APPROACH: MULTIPLE SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING
THEORY 44
2.3.4.2 MOLIERE S THEORY 47
2.3.4.3 GOUDSMIT - SAUNDERSON THEORY 51
2.3.5 SCATTERING POWER 54
2.4 INELASTIC SCATTERING AND ENERGY LOSS 55
2.4.1 SINGLE INELASTIC SCATTERING 56
2.4.1.1 THE GOS, THE OOS, AND DIELECTRIC RESPONSE
FUNCTIONS 58
2.4.2 MULTIPLE INELASTIC SCATTERING: ELECTRONIC STOPPING POWER 61
2.4.3 STOPPING NUMBER 66
2.4.4 THE /-VALUE (MEAN EXCITATION ENERGY) 68
2.4.5 SHELL CORRECTIONS 71
2.4.6 DENSITY EFFECT CORRECTION (POLARIZATION) 73
2.4.7 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE STOPPING POWER FORMULA 77
2.4.7.1 DEPENDENCE ON THE STOPPING MEDIUM 79
2A7.2 DEPENDENCE ON PARTICLE ENERGY 81
2.4.7.3 DEPENDENCE ON PARTICLE CHARGE 81
2.4.7.4 DEPENDENCE ON PARTICLE MASS 82
2.4.7.5 RELATIVISTIC SCALING CONSIDERATIONS
82
2.4.7.6 OTHER ASPECTS 82
2.4.8 ELECTRONIC STOPPING POWER FOR ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS 84
2.4.9 ACCURACY OF STOPPING-POWER CALCULATIONS 86
2.4.10 IMPACT IONIZATION 88
2.4.11 THE BRAGG PEAK
90
2.4.12 RESTRICTED ELECTRONIC STOPPING POWER 91
2.4.13 ENERGY LOSS STRAGGLING 94
2.5 RADIATIVE ENERGY LOSS: BREMSSTRAHLUNG 95
2.5.1 RADIATIVE STOPPING POWER 98
2.5.2 RADIATION YIELD 101
2.5.3 RADIATION LENGTH 102
2.6 TOTAL STOPPING POWER 103
2.6.1 THE BRAGG ADDITIVE RULE FOR COMPOUNDS 103
2.7 RANGE OF CHARGED PARTICLES 104
2.7.1 CONTINUOUS-SLOWING-DOWN RANGE AND RANGE STRAGGLING 105
2.7.2 DETOUR FACTOR 106
2.8 NUMBER AND ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF SECONDARY PARTICLES 106
2.8.1 NUMBER AND ENERGY OF KNOCK-ON ELECTRONS 108
2.8.2 NUMBER AND ENERGY OF BREMSSTRAHLUNG PHOTONS 109
2.9 NUCLEAR STOPPING POWER AND INTERACTIONS BY HEAVY CHARGED
PARTICLES 112
2.10 THE W - VALUE (MEAN ENERGY TO CREATE AN ION PAIR) 114
2.10.1 CALCULATION OF W FROM THE ENERGY BALANCE 115
2.10.2 DIRECT CALCULATION FROM CROSS SECTIONS 116
2.10.3 CALCULATION FROM THE SLOWING-DOWN SPECTRUM 117
2.10.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 118
2.11 ADDENDUM - DERIVATION OF EXPRESSIONS FOR THE ELASTIC AND INELASTIC
SCATTERING OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES 119
2.11.1 QUANTUM MECHANICS FORMALISM FOR ELASTIC SCATTERING 120
2.11.1.1 PARTIAL-WAVE ANALYSIS (PWA) 123
2.11.2 QUANTUM MECHANICS FORMALISM FOR INELASTIC SCATTERING (BETHE
THEORY) 126
2.11.2.1 STOPPING POWER 131
2.11.3 CLASSICAL TREATMENT OF ELASTIC AND INELASTIC SCATTERING 134
2.11.3.1 ELASTIC SCATTERING 135
2.11.3.2 INELASTIC SCATTERING 135
2.11.3.3 STOPPING POWER 136
EXERCISES 139
3 UNCHARGED-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER 143
3.1 INTRODUCTION 143
3.2 PHOTON INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER 143
3.3 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 145
3.3.1 KINEMATICS 146
3.3.2 CROSS SECTION 147
3.4 THOMSON SCATTERING 154
3.5 RAYLEIGH SCATTERING (COHERENT SCATTERING) 157
3.6 COMPTON SCATTERING (INCOHERENT SCATTERING) 161
3.6.1 KINEMATICS 162
3.6.2 CROSS SECTION 166
3.6.3 BINDING EFFECTS AND DOPPLER BROADENING 172
3.7 PAIR PRODUCTION AND TRIPLET PRODUCTION 178
3.7.1 KINEMATICS 179
3.7.2 CROSS SECTION 181
3.7.2.1 PAIR PRODUCTION 181
3.7.2.2 TRIPLET PRODUCTION 187
3.7.2.3 TOTAL PAIR-PRODUCTION CROSS SECTION 188
3.8 POSITRON ANNIHILATION 188
3.8.1 KINEMATICS 189
3.8.2 CROSS SECTION 191
3.9 PHOTONUCLEAR INTERACTIONS 191
3.9.1 CROSS SECTION 192
3.10 PHOTON INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS 193
3.10.1 PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT 194
3.10.2 PHOTON ENERGY-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT 195
3.10.2.1 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 196
3.10.2.2 COMPTON SCATTERING 198
3.10.2.3 PAIR AND TRIPLET PRODUCTION 200
3.10.3 PHOTON ENERGY-ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 202
3.10.4 UNCERTAINTIES IN PHOTON INTERACTION DATA 203
3.11 NEUTRON INTERACTIONS 204
3.11.1 GENERAL ASPECTS 205
3.11.2 ELASTIC SCATTERING 206
3.11.3 INELASTIC SCATTERING 209
3.11.4 NEUTRON CAPTURE 210
3.11.5 NUCLEAR SPALLATION 211
3.11.6 NEUTRON-INDUCED FISSION 211
EXERCISES 211
4 FIELD AND DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES, RADIATION
EQUILIBRIUM - DEFINITIONS AND INTER-RELATIONS 215
4.1 INTRODUCTION 215
4.2 STOCHASTIC AND NON-STOCHASTIC QUANTITIES 215
4.3 RADIATION FIELD QUANTITIES AND UNITS 216
4.3.1 PARTICLE NUMBER AND RADIANT ENERGY 216
4.3.2 FLUX AND ENERGY FLUX 217
4.3.3 FLUENCE AND ENERGY FLUENCE 217
4.3.4 FLUENCE RATE AND ENERGY-FLUENCE RATE 218
4.3.5 PLANAR FLUENCE 218
4.4 DISTRIBUTIONS OF FIELD QUANTITIES 219
4.4.1 ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS 219
4.4.2 ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS - PARTICLE RADIANCE AND ENERGY RADIANCE 220
4.4.3 DISTRIBUTIONS IN ENERGY AND ANGLE 220
4.5 QUANTITIES DESCRIBING RADIATION INTERACTIONS 220
4.5.1 CROSS SECTION 221
4.5.2 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS FOR UNCHARGED PARTICLES 222
4.5.3 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS FOR CHARGED PARTICLES 224
4.5.4 RELATED QUANTITIES - G(X), 3?, AND W 227
4.6 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES 229
4.6.1 QUANTITIES RELATED TO THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY 229
4.6.2 QUANTITIES RELATED TO THE DEPOSITION OF ENERGY 232
4.6.3 SUMMARY OF THE DEFINITIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL DOSIMETRIC
QUANTITIES 233
4.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FIELD AND DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES 233
4.7.1 PHOTONS 234
4.7.2 NEUTRONS 236
4.7.3 CHARGED PARTICLES 237
4.8 RADIATION EQUILIBRIUM (RE) 239
4.9 CHARGED-PARTICLE EQUILIBRIUM (CPE) 242
4.9.1 CPE FOR DISTRIBUTED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES 243
4.9.2 CPE FOR EXTERNAL SOURCES OF UNCHARGED PARTICLES 244
4.9.3 RESTRICTED CPE FOR EXTERNAL SOURCES OF CHARGED PARTICLES
(RCPE) 247
4.10 PARTIAL CHARGED-PARTICLE EQUILIBRIUM (PCPE) 248
4.10.1 PCPE AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DOSE, KERMA, AND ELECTRONIC
KERMA 248
4.11 SUMMARY OF THE INTER-RELATIONS BETWEEN FLUENCE, KERMA, CEMA, AND
DOSE 252
4.12 ADDENDUM - EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS OF (NET) ENERGY TRANSFERRED AND
IMPARTED 252
4.12.1 ENERGY TRANSFERRED 252
4.12.2 ENERGY IMPARTED 255
EXERCISES 256
5 ELEMENTARY ASPECTS OF THE ATTENUATION OF UNCHARGED
PARTICLES 259
5.1 INTRODUCTION 259
5.2 EXPONENTIAL ATTENUATION 259
5.2.1 SIMPLE EXPONENTIAL ATTENUATION 259
5.2.2 EXPONENTIAL ATTENUATION FOR PLURAL MODES OF ABSORPTION 261
5.3 NARROW-BEAM ATTENUATION 261
5.4 BROAD-BEAM ATTENUATION 263
5.4.1 BROAD-BEAM GEOMETRIES 266
5.5 SPECTRAL EFFECTS 270
5.6 THE BUILD-UP FACTOR 271
5.7 DIVERGENT BEAMS - THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW 273
5.8 THE SCALING THEOREM 276
EXERCISES 277
6 MACROSCOPIC ASPECTS OF THE TRANSPORT OF RADIATION THROUGH
MATTER 279
6.1 INTRODUCTION 279
6.2 THE RADIATION TRANSPORT EQUATION FORMALISM 280
6.2.1 QUANTITIES ENTERING INTO THE FORMALISM 281
6.2.2 THE TRANSPORT EQUATION 282
6.3 INTRODUCTION TO MONTE CARLO DERIVED DISTRIBUTIONS 286
6.4 ELECTRON BEAM DISTRIBUTIONS 287
6.4.1 FLUENCE DISTRIBUTIONS 287
6.4.2 DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS 291
6.4.3 DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS AT INTERFACES 295
6.5 PROTONS AND HEAVIER CHARGED PARTICLE BEAM
DISTRIBUTIONS 296
6.5.1 FLUENCE DISTRIBUTIONS 296
6.5.2 DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS 298
6.6 PHOTON BEAM DISTRIBUTIONS 301
6.6.1 FLUENCE DISTRIBUTIONS 301
6.6.2 DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS 304
6.6.3 DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS AT INTERFACES 307
6.7 NEUTRON BEAM DISTRIBUTIONS 309
6.7.1 FLUENCE DISTRIBUTIONS 309
6.7.2 DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS 311
EXERCISES 313
1 CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIATION QUALITY 315
7.1 INTRODUCTION 315
7.2 GENERAL ASPECTS OF RADIATION SPECTRA. MEAN ENERGY 316
7.3 BEAM QUALITY SPECIFICATION FOR KILOVOLTAGE X-RAY BEAMS 318
7.3.1 X-RAY FILTRATION 319
7.3.2 X-RAY BEAM QUALITY SPECIFICATION 321
7.4 MEGAVOLTAGE PHOTON BEAM QUALITY SPECIFICATION 326
7.5 HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM QUALITY SPECIFICATION 331
7.6 BEAM QUALITY SPECIFICATION OF PROTONS AND HEAVIER CHARGED
PARTICLES 335
7.7 ENERGY SPECTRA DETERMINATION 339
7.7.1 APPROACHES FOR THE CALCULATION OF ENERGY SPECTRA 339
IT!2 ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR INVERSE DETERMINATION OF SPECTRA 342
7.7.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 345
EXERCISES 346
8 THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF THE TRANSPORT OF RADIATION
THROUGH MATTER 349
8.1 INTRODUCTION 349
8.2 BASICS OF THE MONTE CARLO METHOD (MCM) 350
8.2.1 RANDOM NUMBERS 350
8.2.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND INVERSE SAMPLING 351
8.2.3 SAMPLING BY REJECTION 352
8.2.4 SAMPLING FROM COMMON DISTRIBUTIONS 353
8.2.5 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION USING MCM 356
8.2.6 UNCERTAINTY, TIMING, AND EFFICIENCY 357
8.2.7 COMBINING RESULTS FROM SEVERAL MONTE CARLO RUNS 359
8.3 SIMULATION OF RADIATION TRANSPORT 359
8.3.1 GENERATION OF PARTICLE TRACKS 361
8.3.2 ANALOGUE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION 362
8.3.3 CONDENSED-HISTORY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION 365
8.3.4 GEOMETRY 369
8.3.5 VARIANCE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES 371
8.4 MONTE CARLO CODES AND SYSTEMS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN 379
8.5 MONTE CARLO APPLICATIONS IN RADIATION DOSIMETRY 386
8.5.1 RADIATION SOURCES AND GENERATORS 387
8.5.2 DETECTOR SIMULATION 389
8.5.3 CALCULATION OF DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES 391
8.6 OTHER MONTE CARLO DEVELOPMENTS 393
EXERCISES 394
9 CAVITY THEORY 397
9.1 INTRODUCTION 397
9.2 CAVITIES THAT ARE SMALL COMPARED TO SECONDARY ELECTRON
RANGES 399
9.2.1 THE STOPPING-POWER RATIO CONCEPT 400
9.2.2 EVALUATION OF THE BRAGG - GRAY STOPPING-POWER RATIO 401
9.2.3 SPENCER - ATTIX CAVITY THEORY 404
9.2.4 WHEN DOES A CAVITY BEHAVE IN A BRAGG - GRAY MANNER? 409
9.2.5 KILOVOLTAGE X-RAY QUALITIES 411
9.2.6 ELECTRON BEAMS 412
9.3 STOPPING-POWER RATIOS 413
9.3.1 VARIATION OF STOPPING-POWER RATIOS WITH ELECTRON ENERGY 413
9.3.2 WATER/AIR STOPPING-POWER RATIOS IN MEGAVOLTAGE BEAMS 415
9.3.2.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN S^IR AND S^ R; DEPTH DEPENDENCE 415
9.3.2.2 ELECTRONS - DEPENDENCE ON BEAM ENERGY AND DEPTH 420
9.3.2.3 PHOTONS - DEPENDENCE ON BEAM QUALITY AND DEPTH 420
9.3.3 STOPPING-POWER RATIOS FOR NON-GASEOUS DETECTORS IN
CHARGED-PARTICLE BEAMS 422
9.4 CAVITIES THAT ARE LARGE COMPARED TO ELECTRON RANGES 423
9.5 GENERAL OR BURLIN CAVITY THEORY 425
9.6 THE FANO THEOREM 429
9.7 PRACTICAL DETECTORS: DEVIATIONS FROM IDEAL CAVITY THEORY
CONDITIONS 431
9.7.1 GENERAL PHILOSOPHY FOR BRAGG - GRAY DETECTORS 432
9.7.2 CORRECTIONS FOR NON-BRAGG - GRAY DETECTORS 434
9.8 SUMMARY AND VALIDATION OF CAVITY THEORY 435
9.8.1 KEY EXPRESSIONS FOR/MEDDETQ 435
9.8.2 PHOTONS OF 1 MEV IN WATER - CONSISTENCY OF DIFFERENT CAVITY
INTEGRALS 435
9.8.3 TRANSITION IN DETECTOR BEHAVIOR FROM BRAGG - GRAY TOWARD TARGE
CAVITY 438
EXERCISES 440
10 OVERVIEW OF RADIATION DETECTORS AND MEASUREMENTS 443
10.1 INTRODUCTION 443
10.2 DETECTOR RESPONSE AND CALIBRATION COEFFICIENT 444
10.3 ABSOLUTE, REFERENCE, AND RELATIVE DOSIMETRY 445
10.4 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF DETECTORS 447
10.4.1 REPRODUCIBILITY 449
10.4.2 DOSE RANGE 450
10.4.2.1 DOSE SENSITIVITY 450
10.4.2.2 BACKGROUND READINGS AND LOWER RANGE LIMIT 450
10.4.2.3 UPPER LIMIT OF THE DOSE RANGE 451
10.4.3 DOSE-RATE RANGE 452
10.4.3.1 INTEGRATING DOSIMETERS 452
10.4.3.2 DOSE-RATE METERS 453
10.4.4 STABILITY 453
10.4.4.1 BEFORE IRRADIATION 453
10.4.4.2 AFTER IRRADIATION 454
10.4.5 ENERGY DEPENDENCE 454
10.4.5.1 SPECIFICATION 454
10.4.5.2 AIR-I ERMA ENERGY DEPENDENCE 455
10.4.5.3 ABSORBED-DOSE ENERGY DEPENDENCE 457
10.4.5.4 INTRINSIC ENERGY DEPENDENCE 458
10.4.5.5 MODIFICATION OF THE ENERGY DEPENDENCE 459
10.5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF DETECTORS 460
10.6
ADDENDUM - THE ROLE OF THE DENSITY EFFECT AND /-VALUES IN THE
MEDIUM-TO-WATER STOPPING-POWER RATIO 467
EXERCISES 471
11
11.1
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.2.1
11.2.2.2
11.2.2.3
11.2.2.4
11.2.3
11.2.3.1
11.2.3.2
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.5
11.6
PRIMARY RADIATION STANDARDS 473
INTRODUCTION 473
FREE-AIR IONIZATION CHAMBERS 474
PARALLEL-PLATE DESIGN AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE 474
CORRECTION FACTORS FOR FREE-AIR CHAMBERS 477
ION RECOMBINATION, POLARITY, AND FIELD DISTORTION 477
PHOTON SCATTER AND FLUORESCENCE 477
ELECTRON LOSS 477
DIAPHRAGM CORRECTIONS 478
ALTERNATIVE FREE-AIR CHAMBER DESIGNS 478
CYLINDRICAL CHAMBER 478
WIDE-ANGLE FREE-AIR CHAMBER 480
PRIMARY CAVITY IONIZATION CHAMBERS 481
OPERATING PRINCIPLE 481
CORRECTION FACTORS FOR CAVITY CHAMBERS 483
A CAVITY STANDARD FOR ABSORBED DOSE 483
ABSORBED-DOSE CALORIMETERS 484
OVERVIEW 484
GRAPHITE CALORIMETERS 485
WATER CALORIMETERS 487
FRICKE CHEMICAL DOSIMETER 488
INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR TRACEABILITY IN RADIATION
DOSIMETRY 490
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.7
THE BIPM AND TRACEABILITY TO THE SI 490
THE CIPM MRA AND THE KCDB 490
ADDENDUM - EXPERIMENTAL DERIVATION OF FUNDAMENTAL DOSIMETRIC
QUANTITIES 491
11.7.1
11.7.2
DERIVATION OF WAIR/E 492
DERIVATION OF G(FE3+) 492
EXERCISES 493
12
12.1
12.2
12.2.1
12.2.1.1
12.2.1.2
12.2.2
12.2.3
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.1.1
12.3.1.2
IONIZATION CHAMBERS 497
INTRODUCTION 497
TYPES OF IONIZATION CHAMBER 498
CAVITY CHAMBERS 498
WALL THICKNESS 499
WALL MATERIALS AND INSULATORS 500
PARALLEL-PLATE CHAMBERS 501
TRANSMISSION MONITOR CHAMBERS 503
MEASUREMENT OF IONIZATION CURRENT 504
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 504
ELECTROMETERS 505
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS 505
12.3.2 CHARGE MEASUREMENT 506
12.3.2.1 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE 506
12.3.2.2 CAPACITORS 507
12.3.3 CURRENT MEASUREMENT AND ELECTROMETER CALIBRATION 508
12.3.4 CORRECTION FOR INFLUENCE QUANTITIES 508
12.3.4.1 AIR TEMPERATURE 509
12.3.4.2 AIR PRESSURE 510
12.3.4.3 AIR HUMIDITY 510
12.3.4.4 POLARITY EFFECT 512
12.4 ION RECOMBINATION 513
12.4.1 THE SATURATION CURVE 514
12.4.2 INITIAL RECOMBINATION AND DIFFUSION 515
12.4.2.1 TWO-VOLTAGE METHOD 516
12.4.3 GENERAL (OR VOLUME) RECOMBINATION 517
12.4.3.1 PULSED RADIATION 518
12.4.3.2 CONTINUOUS RADIATION 520
12.4.4 NIATEL METHOD TO SEPARATE INITIAL AND GENERAL RECOMBINATION 522
12.4.5 FREE-ELECTRON COLLECTION 523
12.5 ADDENDUM - AIR HUMIDITY IN DOSIMETRY 524
12.5.1 DENSITY OF HUMID AIR 524
12.5.2 INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES 527
EXERCISES 531
13 CHEMICAL DOSIMETERS 533
13.1 INTRODUCTION 533
13.2 RADIATION CHEMISTRY IN WATER 533
13.2.1 EARLY EVENTS 533
13.2.2 CHEMICAL STAGE 535
13.2.3 G(X)-VALUES AND PRIMARY PRODUCT CONCENTRATIONS 535
13.3 CHEMICAL HEAT DEFECT 538
13.4 FERROUS SULFATE DOSIMETERS 539
13.4.1 DETERMINATION OF THE FE3+ (FERRIC ION) CONCENTRATION 541
13.4.2 TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT ASPECTS OF FRICKE DOSIMETRY 543
13.4.3 COMPOSITION OF THE SOLUTION 543
13.4.4 IRRADIATION VIALS 544
13.4.5 ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF THE FRICKE DOSIMETER 544
13.4.5.1 ABSORBED DOSE TO WATER FROM ABSORBED DOSE TO FRICKE 545
13.4.5.2 ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF G(FE3+) 546
13.5 ALANINE DOSIMETRY 547
13.5.1 SIGNAL READOUT AND DOSE TO ALANINE 552
13.5.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS, HUMIDITY EFFECT, AND LINEARITY 554
13.5.3 ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF THE ALANINE DOSIMETER 555
13.6 FILM DOSIMETRY 556
13.6.1 RADIOGRAPHIC FILM 556
13.6.1.1 CHEMICAL PROCESSING 557
13.6.1.2 OPTICAL DENSITY OF FILM 558
13.6.1.3 PROCESSING CONDITIONS 560
13.6.1.4 ENERGY DEPENDENCE 560
13.6.1.5 DOSE-RATE DEPENDENCE 567
13.6.1.6 FILM PACKAGING AND AIR TRAPS 561
13.6.1.7 NUCLEAR TRACK EMULSIONS 562
13.6.2 RADIOCHROMIC FILM 562
13.6.2.1 FILM STRUCTURE 563
13.6.2.2 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE 563
13.6.2.3 RADIOCHROMIC FILM CALIBRATION 564
13.6.2.4 ENERGY DEPENDENCE 566
13.7 GEL DOSIMETRY 568
13.7.1 FRICKE GELS 568
13.7.2 POLYMER GELS 569
13.7.3 RADIATION CHEMICAL YIELD OF GELS 570
13.7.4 GEL READOUT TECHNIQUES 571
13.7.4.1 MAGNETIC RESONANCE RELAXOMETRY 571
13.7.4.2 X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING 573
13.7.4.3 OPTICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING 573
13.7.5 ENERGY DEPENDENCE 574
EXERCISES 574
14 SOLID-STATE DETECTOR DOSIMETRY 577
14.1 INTRODUCTION 577
14.2 THERMOLUMINESCENCE DOSIMETRY 577
14.2.1 THE THERMOLUMINESCENCE PROCESS 577
14.2.1.1 MATERIALS 577
14.2.1.2 RANDALL - WILKINS THEORY 579
14.2.1.3 TRAP STABILITY 580
14.2.1.4 INTRINSIC EFFICIENCY OF TLD PHOSPHORS 582
14.2.2 TLD READERS 582
14.2.3 TLD PHOSPHORS 583
14.2.4 TLD FORMS 586
14.2.5 CALIBRATION OF THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS 587
14.2.5.1 FORM 587
14.2.5.2 TLD LINEARITY AND DOSE-RATE DEPENDENCE 587
14.2.5.3 TLD ENERGY DEPENDENCE 587
14.2.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TLDS 589
14.2.6.1 ADVANTAGES 589
14.2.6.2 DISADVANTAGES 590
14.3 OPTICALLY-STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETERS 591
14.3.1 OSLD MECHANISM 591
14.3.2 OSLD READOUT 593
14.3.3 OSLD MATERIALS 594
14.3.4 OSLD ENERGY DEPENDENCE 595
14.4 SCINTILLATION DOSIMETRY 596
14.4.1 INTRODUCTION 596
14.4.2 LIGHT OUTPUT EFFICIENCY 597
14.4.3 SCINTILLATOR TYPES 598
14.4.4
14.4.4.1
14.4.4.2
14.4.4.3
14.4.4.4
14.4.5
14.4.6
14.4.7
14.4.8
14.5
14.5.1
14.5.2
14.5.3
14.5.3.1
14.5.3.2
14.5.4
14.5.5
14.5.6
14.5.7
14.5.8
14.5.8.1
14.5.8.2
14.5.9
14.5.9.1
14.5.9.2
15
15.1
15.2
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.3
15.3.1
15.3.1.1
15.3.1.2
15.3.2
15.3.2.1
15.3.2.2
LIGHT COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT 600
SCINTILLATOR ENCLOSURE 600
LIGHT PIPE OR FIBER 601
PM TUBE OR PHOTODETECTOR 604
CERENKOV RADIATION 60S
COMPARISON WITH IONIZATION CHAMBERS AND OTHER
DETECTORS 606
PULSE-SHAPE DISCRIMINATION 606
SS-RAY DOSIMETRY 607
ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF PLASTIC FIBER SCINTILLATION
DOSIMETERS 608
SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS FOR DOSIMETRY 609
INTRODUCTION 609
BASIC OPERATION OF REVERSE-BIASED SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTION
DETECTORS 610
DIODE DOSIMETERS 611
DIODE CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTIONING 611
DIODE ENERGY DEPENDENCE 613
LITHIUM-DRIFTED AND HP(GE) DETECTORS FOR SPECTROSCOPY 615
USE OF SI(LI) AS AN ION-CHAMBER SUBSTITUTE 617
USE OF SI(LI) JUNCTIONS WITH REVERSE BIAS AS COUNTING DOSE-RATE
METERS 617
FAST-NEUTRON DOSIMETRY 618
MOSFET DOSIMETERS 618
MOSFET CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTIONING 618
MOSFET ENERGY DEPENDENCE 622
DIAMOND DETECTORS 623
DIAMOND DETECTOR CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTIONING 624
DIAMOND DETECTOR ENERGY DEPENDENCE 627
EXERCISES 628
REFERENCE DOSIMETRY FOR EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION
THERAPY 631
INTRODUCTION 631
A GENERALIZED FORMALISM 632
DETECTOR CALIBRATION COEFFICIENT AND BEAM CALIBRATION 632
CROSS-CALIBRATION OF IONIZATION CHAMBERS AND DETECTORS 635
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF FORMALISMS 636
DOSIMETRY PROTOCOLS FOR KILOVOLTAGE X-RAY BEAMS BASED ON
AIR-KERMA STANDARDS 638
LOW-ENERGY KV X-RAY BEAMS 640
MEDIUM-ENERGY KV X-RAY BEAMS 642
DOSIMETRY PROTOCOLS FOR MEGAVOLTAGE BEAMS BASED ON AIR-KERMA
STANDARDS 642
THE ND AIR CHAMBER COEFFICIENT 643
DOSE DETERMINATION IN ELECTRON AND PHOTON BEAMS 645
15.3.2.3 DOSE DETERMINATION IN PROTONS AND HEAVIER CHARGED-PARTICLE
BEAMS 645
15.3.3 DOSIMETRY CODES OF PRACTICE BASED ON STANDARDS OF ABSORBED DOSE
TO WATER 646
15.3.3.1 THE BEAM QUALITY CORRECTION FACTOR, KQ Q
Q
647
15.3.3.2 THE QINT APPROACH FOR REFERENCE QUALITIES DIFFERENT
FROM 60 CO 648
15.3.4 RELATION BETWEEN
NK - JVAAIR AND
ND W DOSIMETRY PROTOCOLS 651
15.4 QUANTITIES ENTERING INTO THE VARIOUS FORMALISMS 651
15.4.1 QUANTITIES FOR KILOVOLTAGE X-RAY BEAMS 652
15.4.2 QUANTITIES FOR HIGH-ENERGY BEAMS 656
15.4.2.1 STOPPING-POWER RATIOS 656
15.4.2.2 IMPACT OF THE /-VALUE FOR WATER ON REFERENCE DOSIMETRY 663
15.4.2.3 PERTURBATION CORRECTION FACTORS 664
15.5 ACCURACY OF RADIATION THERAPY REFERENCE DOSIMETRY 669
15.6 ADDENDUM - PERTURBATION CORRECTION FACTORS 671
15.6.1 DEPARTURE OF PRACTICAL IONIZATION CHAMBERS FROM BRAGG - GRAY
CONDITIONS 673
15.6.2 THE CORRECTION FOR THE CHAMBER WALL, /?WALL 674
15.6.3 CORRECTING FOR THE FINITE SIZE OF THE GAS CAVITY,
PDIS AND
PUE 678
15.6.3.1 AVERAGING OVER THE CAVITY VOLUME,
PDIS 678
15.6.3.2 FLUENCE PERTURBATION,
PN 683
15.6.4 THE CORRECTION FOR THE CENTRAL ELECTRODE,
PCEL 686
15.6.5 PERTURBATION FACTORS FOR KV X-RAY BEAMS 687
EXERCISES 689
16 DOSIMETRY OF SMALL AND COMPOSITE RADIOTHERAPY PHOTON
BEAMS 693
16.1 INTRODUCTION 693
16.2 OVERVIEW 694
16.3 THE PHYSICS OF SMALL MEGAVOLTAGE PHOTON BEAMS 696
16.3.1 CHARGED-PARTICLE DISEQUILIBRIUM IN SMALL BEAMS 696
16.3.2 SOURCE SIZE AND SMALL BEAMS 698
16.3.3 SPECTRAL CHANGES IN SMALL BEAMS 699
16.4 DOSIMETRY OF SMALL BEAMS 701
16.4.1 FORMALISM 702
16.4.2 BEAM QUALITY SPECIFICATION 707
16.4.3 STOPPING-POWER RATIOS FOR SMALL BEAMS 709
16.4.4 IONIZATION CHAMBER PERTURBATION EFFECTS IN SMALL BEAMS 711
16.5 DETECTORS FOR SMALL-BEAM DOSIMETRY 714
16.6 DOSIMETRY OF COMPOSITE FIELDS 717
16.6.1 FORMALISM 718
16.6.2 ABSENCE OF CPE IN COMPOSITE FIELD DOSIMETRY 721
16.6.3 CORRECTION FACTORS IN COMPOSITE FIELD DOSIMETRY 721
16.7 ADDENDUM*MEASUREMENT IN PLASTIC PHANTOMS 723
EXERCISES 726
17.1
17.2
17.2.1
17.3
17.3.1
17.4
17.4.1
17.4.2
17.4.3
18
18.1
18.2
18.2.1
18.2.2
18.2.3
18.2.4
18.2.5
18.3
18.3.1
18.3.2
18.3.2.1
18.3.2.2
18.3.2.3
18.3.2.4
18.3.3
18.3.4
18.4
18.4.1
18.4.1.1
18.4.1.2
18.4.2
18.4.3
18.4.4
18.4.5
18.5
18.5.1
18.5.2
REFERENCE DOSIMETRY FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOLOGY 729
INTRODUCTION 729
SPECIFIC QUANTITIES AND UNITS 730
AIR KERMA VERSUS WATER KERMA 733
FORMALISM FOR REFERENCE DOSIMETRY 736
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DIAGNOSTIC AND RADIOTHERAPY
FORMALISMS 739
QUANTITIES ENTERING INTO THE FORMALISM 740
QUANTITIES FOR MONOENERGETIC PHOTONS 743
QUANTITIES FOR CLINICAL X-RAY SPECTRA 745
INFLUENCE OF PHANTOM THICKNESS AND MATERIAL 747
EXERCISES 751
ABSORBED DOSE DETERMINATION FOR RADIONUCLIDES 753
INTRODUCTION 753
RADIOACTIVITY QUANTITIES AND UNITS 755
DECAY CONSTANT 755
ACTIVITY 755
PARTIAL DECAY CONSTANTS AND ACTIVITY 756
HALF-LIFE AND MEAN LIFE 756
AIR-KERMA RATE CONSTANT 757
DOSIMETRY OF UNSEALED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES 763
THE ABSORBED-DOSE FRACTION; ISOTROPIC DOSE KERNELS 764
DOSIMETRY OF RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION PROCESSES 773
ALPHA DECAY 774
BETA DECAY 776
ELECTRON CAPTURE DECAY 780
INTERNAL CONVERSION VERSUS Y-RAY EMISSION 782
MEAN ENERGY EMITTED PER NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATION 784
THE MIRD APPROACH FOR CLINICAL RADIONUCLIDE DOSE
ESTIMATION 786
DOSIMETRY OF SEALED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES 788
DOSIMETRY OF POINT AND LINEAR SOURCES 789
POINT ISOTROPIC SOURCE 792
LINEAR SOURCE 792
SPECIFICATION OF BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES 795
AIR-KERMA RATE MEASUREMENT OF BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES 796
DOSIMETRY OF BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES. THE AAPM TG-43
APPROACH
798
ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION FOR THE DOSE-RATE CONSTANT 802
ADDENDUM - THE RECIPROCITY THEOREM FOR UNSEALED RADIONUCLIDE
DOSIMETRY 804
BACKGROUND 804
THE RECIPROCITY THEOREM 805
EXERCISES 809
19 NEUTRON DOSIMETRY 813
19.1 INTRODUCTION 813
19.2 NEUTRON INTERACTIONS IN TISSUE AND TISSUE-EQUIVALENT MATERIALS 814
19.3 NEUTRON SOURCES 818
19.4 PRINCIPLES OF MIXED-FIELD DOSIMETRY 821
19.5 NEUTRON DETECTORS 825
19.5.1 ABSOLUTE INSTRUMENTS 825
19.5.2 DOSIMETERS WITH COMPARABLE NEUTRON AND Y-RAY SENSITIVITIES 826
19.5.3 NEUTRON DOSIMETERS INSENSITIVE TO Y RAYS 827
19.6 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY OF NEUTRON RADIOTHERAPY BEAMS 833
EXERCISES 838
A DATA TABLES 841
A.L FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 841
A.2 DATA OF ELEMENTS 843
A.3 DATA FOR COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES 846
A.4 ATOMIC BINDING ENERGIES FOR ELEMENTS 846
A.5 ATOMIC FLUORESCENT X-RAY MEAN ENERGIES AND YIELDS FOR
ELEMENTS 857
A.6 INTERACTION DATA FOR ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS (ELECTRONIC FORM) 863
A.6.1 ELECTRON INTERACTION CROSS SECTIONS 864
A.6.2 ELECTRON STOPPING POWERS AND RELATED DATA 865
A.6.3 RESTRICTED (A * 10 KEV) AND UNRESTRICTED MASS ELECTRONIC STOPPING
POWERS 866
A.6.4 ELECTRON MASS SCATTERING POWERS 867
A.7 INTERACTION DATA FOR PROTONS AND HEAVIER CHARGED PARTICLES
(ELECTRONIC FORM) 868
A.7.1 PROPERTIES OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES 868
A.7.2 PROTON STOPPING POWERS 869
A.7.3 PROTON MASS SCATTERING POWERS 871
A.7.4 HE - AR ION STOPPING POWERS 872
A.8 INTERACTION DATA FOR PHOTONS (ELECTRONIC FORM) 874
A.8.1 COMPTON KLEIN - NISHINA CROSS SECTIONS FOR FREE ELECTRONS 875
A.8.2 PHOTON INTERACTION CROSS SECTIONS 877
A.8.3 PHOTON PLP PTR/P, AND PENLP COEFFICIENTS, AND G VALUES 878
A.9 NEUTRON KERMA COEFFICIENTS (ELECTRONIC FORM) 879
REFERENCES 881
INDEX 945
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Andreo, Pedro Burns, David T. Nahum, Alan E. Seuntjens, Jan Attix, Frank H. |
| author_facet | Andreo, Pedro Burns, David T. Nahum, Alan E. Seuntjens, Jan Attix, Frank H. |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Andreo, Pedro |
| author_variant | p a pa d t b dt dtb a e n ae aen j s js f h a fh fha |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044418649 |
| classification_rvk | UN 7100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)961841637 (DE-599)DNB1116627876 |
| dewey-full | 530 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
| dewey-raw | 530 |
| dewey-search | 530 |
| dewey-sort | 3530 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4143389-0 Aufgabensammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufgabensammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV044418649 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:52:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16179388-5 |
| isbn | 9783527409211 3527409211 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029820302 |
| oclc_num | 961841637 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-83 |
| physical | xlii, 957 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (teilweise farbig) 24.4 cm x 17 cm |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Andreo, Pedro Verfasser aut Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry Pedro Andreo, David T. Burns, Alan E. Nahum, Jan Seuntjens, and Frank H. Attix Weinheim Wiley-VCH [2017] xlii, 957 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (teilweise farbig) 24.4 cm x 17 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 gnd rswk-swf Dosimetrie (DE-588)4127470-2 gnd rswk-swf Dosimetrie Informatics Informatik in der Radiologie Ionisierende Strahlung Kern- u. Hochenergiephysik Medical & Health Physics Medical Science Medizin Medizinische Physik Nuclear & High Energy Physics Physics Physik Physik in Medizin u. Gesundheitswesen Radiologie 1\p (DE-588)4143389-0 Aufgabensammlung gnd-content Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 s Dosimetrie (DE-588)4127470-2 s 2\p DE-604 Burns, David T. Verfasser aut Nahum, Alan E. Verfasser aut Seuntjens, Jan Verfasser aut Attix, Frank H. Verfasser aut Wiley-VCH (DE-588)16179388-5 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-3-527-80823-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePub 978-3-527-80824-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, Mobi 978-3-527-80822-9 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029820302&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Andreo, Pedro Burns, David T. Nahum, Alan E. Seuntjens, Jan Attix, Frank H. Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 gnd Dosimetrie (DE-588)4127470-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027633-8 (DE-588)4127470-2 (DE-588)4143389-0 |
| title | Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry |
| title_full | Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry Pedro Andreo, David T. Burns, Alan E. Nahum, Jan Seuntjens, and Frank H. Attix |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry Pedro Andreo, David T. Burns, Alan E. Nahum, Jan Seuntjens, and Frank H. Attix |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry Pedro Andreo, David T. Burns, Alan E. Nahum, Jan Seuntjens, and Frank H. Attix |
| title_short | Fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry |
| title_sort | fundamentals of ionizing radiation dosimetry |
| topic | Ionisierende Strahlung (DE-588)4027633-8 gnd Dosimetrie (DE-588)4127470-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ionisierende Strahlung Dosimetrie Aufgabensammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029820302&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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