Principles of competition law in South Africa: commercial law
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cape Town, South Africa
Oxford University Press
2016
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xviii, 377 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780199076536 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kelly, Luke |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of competition law in South Africa |b commercial law |c Luke Kelly, David Unterhalter, Isabel Goodman, Patrick Smith, Paula Youens |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cape Town, South Africa |b Oxford University Press |c 2016 | |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Building blocks -- Jurisdiction -- Competition law framework -- Restrictive horizontal practices -- Restrictive vertical practices -- Abuse of dominance -- Mergers -- Enforcement -- Competition law and the Constitution | |
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| 653 | 2 | |a South Africa / Competition Act, 1998 | |
| 653 | |a Competition Act, 1998 (South Africa) | ||
| 653 | 0 | |a Competition / South Africa | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Antitrust law / South Africa | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Restraint of trade / South Africa | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Antitrust law | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Competition | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Restraint of trade | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Goodman, Isabel |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Youens, Paula |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804177696174899200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE XIII
FOREWORD XV
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XVII
SPECIALIST CONTRIBUTOR XIX
ABOUT THE BOOK XXI
CHAPTER 1 BUILDING BLOCKS 1
1.1 WHAT IS COMPETITION LAW? 2
1.2 WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF COMPETITION LAW? 2
1.2.1 ECONOMIC AIMS 2
1.2.2 OBJECTS OF THE COMPETITION ACT 3
1.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITION LAW 5
1.3.1 HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 5
1.3.2 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITION LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA 8
1.3.2.1 EARLY COMPETITION LEGISLATION 8
1.3.2.2 THE FORMULATION OF THE COMPETITION ACT 9
1.3.2.3 IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS 11
1.3.2.3.1 CORPORATE LENIENCY POLICY (CLP) 11
1.3.2.3.2 CRIMINALISATION OF CARTEL CONDUCT 12
1.3.2.3.3 MARKET INQUIRIES 12
1.3.2.3.4 PRIVATE DAMAGES CLAIMS 12
1.4 PRACTICES CONTROLLED BY THE COMPETITION ACT 13
1.4.1 RESTRICTIVE HORIZONTAL PRACTICES 13
1.4.2 RESTRICTIVE VERTICAL PRACTICES 15
1.4.3 ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION 16
1.4.4 MERGERS 17
1.5 COMPETITION THEORY 18
1.5.1 SUPPLY AND DEMAND 18
1.5.2 PRICE ELASTICITY 20
1.5.3 ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE 21
1.5.4 PERFECT COMPETITION 22
1.5.4.1 ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY 23
1.5.4.2 PRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY 23
1.5.4.3 DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY 24
1.5.5 MONOPOLY AND OLIGOPOLY 24
1.6 MARKET DEFINITION AND MARKET POWER 27
1.6.1 INTRODUCTION 27
1.6.2 MARKET DEFINITION 27
1.6.2.1 WHAT IS MARKET DEFINITION? 27
1.6.2.2 HOW DOES ONE DEFINE MARKETS? 29
1.6.2.2.1 DEMAND-SIDE SUBSTITUTION AND THE SSNIP TEST 29
1.6.2.2.2 THE CELLOPHANE FALLACY 31
1.6.2.2.3 SUPPLY-SIDE SUBSTITUTION 33
1.6.2.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS 33
VIII
1.6.3 MARKET POWER 34
1.6.3.1 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKET POWER 34
1.6.3.2 MEASURING MARKET POWER 35
CHAPTER 2 JURISDICTION 37
2.1 INTRODUCTION 37
2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF JURISDICTION 38
2.3 FOREIGN APPROACHES TO THE EXTRA-TERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF
COMPETITION LAWS 41
2.3.1 THE UNITED STATES 41
2.3.2 EUROPE AND THE UNITED KINGDOM 42
2.4 EXTRA-TENITORIALITY AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN COMPETITION ACT 43
2.4.1 THE ELEMENTS OF SECTION 3 OF THE COMPETITION ACT 43
2.4.1.1 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 44
2.4.1.2 ECONOMIC EFFECTS 45
2.4.1.2.1 THE ANSAC CASES 45
2.5 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: THE STATE AND THE PROFESSION EXEMPTIONS 48
2.5.1 THE APPLICATION OF THE COMPETITION ACT TO ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE
48
2.5.2 THE PROFESSION EXEMPTIONS 50
2.6 ACTIVITIES EXCLUDED FROM THE APPLICATION OF THE COMPETITION ACT 52
2.6.1 INTRODUCTION 52
2.6.2 THE LABOUR LAW EXCLUSIONS 52
2.6.3 NON-COMMERCIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC EXCLUSIONS 54
2.7 CONCURRENT JURISDICTION 55
2.8 THE HIGH COURTS 57
CHAPTER 3 COMPETITION LAW FRAMEWORK 59
3.1 INTRODUCTION 60
3.1.1 THE COMPETITION COMMISSION 60
3.1.2 THE COMPETITION TRIBUNAL _ 60
3.1.3 THE COMPETITION APPEAL COURT 60
3.2 THE COMPETITION COMMISSION 61
3.2.1 THE COMMISSION: AN INDEPENDENT SPECIALIST ADMINISTRATIVE BODY 61
3.2.2 COMPLAINT INITIATIONS 62
3.2.3 COMPLAINT REFERRALS 64
3.2.3.1 COMMISSION COMPLAINT REFERRALS 64
3.2.3.2 PRIVATE COMPLAINT REFERRALS 66
3.2.4 PRESCRIPTION AND DOUBLE JEOPARDY 68
3.2.4.1 PRESCRIPTION 68
3.2.4.2 DOUBLE JEOPARDY 70
3.2.5 MARKET INQUIRIES 70
3.3 THE COMPETITION TRIBUNAL 71
3.3.1 THE COMPETITION TRIBUNAL: A SPECIALIST ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL 71
3.3.2 THE BOUNDARIES OF THE TRIBUNAL S ADJUDICATIVE POWERS 72
3.3.3 THE TRIBUNAL S JURISDICTION TO DETERMINE OTHER MATTERS 73
3.3.3.1 INTERIM RELIEF 74
3.3.3.2 MERGERS ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
75
3.3.3.3 INTERVENTION APPLICATIONS 75
3.3.3.4 EXEMPTIONS 75
3.3.3.5 SUI GENERIS APPLICATIONS 75
3.4 THE COMPETITION APPEAL COURT 76
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 76
3.4.2 APPEALS AND REVIEWS TO THE COMPETITION APPEAL COURT 77
3.4.2.1 APPEALS 77
3.4.2.2 REVIEWS 78
3.4.3 APPEALS FROM THE COMPETITION APPEAL COURT 78
3.5 THE CIVIL COURTS 79
CHAPTER 4 RESTRICTIVE HORIZONTAL PRACTICES 81
4.1 INTRODUCTION 81
4.2 PER SE /OUTRIGHT PROHIBITIONS: CARTEL CONDUCT 85
4.2.1 PRICE FIXING 89
4.2.2 MARKET DIVISION 90
4.2.3 COLLUSIVE TENDERING 92
4.2.4 THE CORPORATE LENIENCY POLICY (CLP) 95
4.2.5 THE CRIMINALISATION OF CARTEL CONDUCT 95
4.3 RULE OF REASON PROHIBITIONS * 95
4.4 TRADE/INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL BODIES 98
4.5 PENALTIES FOR A CONTRAVENTION 99
4.6 EXEMPTIONS 101
CHAPTER 5 RESTRICTIVE VERTICAL PRACTICES 103
5.1 INTRODUCTION 103
5.2 PER SE /OUTRIGHT PROHIBITION: MINIMUM RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE
107
5.3 RULE OF REASON PROHIBITIONS 112
5.4 PENALTIES FOR A CONTRAVENTION 114
5.5 EXEMPTIONS 116
CHAPTER 6 ABUSE OF DOMINANCE 117
6.1 INTRODUCTION 118
6.2 DOMINANCE 119
6.2.1 DOMINANCE AS A THEORETICAL CONCEPT .. 119
6.2.1.1 MARKET DEFINITION AND MARKET POWER 119
6.2.2 DOMINANCE AS A LEGAL CONCEPT 121
6.2.2.1 THE LEGAL TEST 121
6.2.2.2 SUPER-DOMINANCE 123
6.2.2.3 JOINT OR COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 124
6.3 THE SECTION 8 ABUSES 125
6.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONDUCT PROHIBITED UNDER SECTION 8 125
6.3.2 EXPLOITATIVE CONDUCT... 126
6.3.2.1 EXCESSIVE PRICING (SECTION 8(A) OF THE COMPETITION ACT) 126
6.3.3 EXCLUSIONARY CONDUCT. * * _ 131
6.3.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF EXCLUSIONARY CONDUCT PROHIBITED
UNDER THE
COMPETITION ACT 131
6.3.3.2 ANTI-COMPETITIVE EFFECTS ...* 132
6.3.3.3 MONOPOLY LEVERAGING * 135
6.3.3.4 BURDEN OF PROOF AND EFFICIENCY JUSTIFICATIONS 137
6.3.3.5 SECTION 8(C): A CATCH-ALL PROVISION 139
6.3.3.6 SPECIFIC EXCLUSIONARY CONDUCT UNDER SECTION 8 140
6.3.3.6.1 REFUSING TO SUPPLY ACCESS TO AN ESSENTIAL FACILITY
(SECTION 8(B) OF THE COMPETITION ACT) 140
6.3.3.6.2 REQUIRING OR INDUCING A CUSTOMER NOT TO DEAL WITH A
COMPETITOR (INDUCEMENTS NOT TO DEAL) (SECTION 8(CF)(I) OF THE
COMPETITION ACT) 143
6.3.3.6.3 REFUSING TO SUPPLY SCARCE GOODS TO A COMPETITOR WHEN IT IS
ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE TO DO SO (SECTION 8(D)(II) OF THE
COMPETITION ACT) 145
6.3.3.6.4 SELLING GOODS OR SERVICES ON CONDITION THAT THE BUYER
PURCHASES UNRELATED GOODS OR SERVICES (TYING) (SECTION 8(C/)(III)
OF THE COMPETITION ACT) 147
6.3.3.6.5 SELLING GOODS OR SERVICES BELOW THEIR MARGINAL OR AVERAGE
COST (PREDATORY PRICING) (SECTION 8(D)(IV) OF THE
COMPETITION ACT) 149
6.3.3.6.6 BUYING-UP A SCARCE SUPPLY OF INTERMEDIATE GOODS OR
RESOURCES REQUIRED BY A COMPETITOR (SECTION 8(D)(V) OF THE
COMPETITION ACT) 153
6.4 PRICE DISCRIMINATION 155
6.4.1 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS 155
6.4.2 THE PROHIBITION 156
6.4.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND ELEMENTS 156
CHAPTER 7 MERGERS 159
7.1 INTRODUCTION 160
7.1.1 WHAT IS A MERGER? 160
7.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MERGERS 161
7.1.2.1 HORIZONTAL MERGERS 161
7.1.2.2 VERTICAL MERGERS 161
7.1.2.3 CONGLOMERATE MERGERS 162
7.1.3 WHY REGULATE MERGERS? 162
7.1.4 MERGER CONTROL UNDER THE COMPETITION ACT 163
7.2 PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF MERGER CONTROL 165
7.2.1 THE CONCEPT OF CONTROL 165
7.2.2 TYPES OF CONTROL UNDER SECTION 12(2) OF THE COMPETITION ACT 168
7.2.2.1 SECTION 12(2)(A): CONTROL THROUGH THE OWNERSHIP OF SHARES 168
7.2.2.2 SECTION 12(2)(FC): CONTROL THROUGH VOTING RIGHTS 171
7.2.2.3 SECTION 12(2)(C): CONTROL THROUGH THE RIGHT TO APPOINT
DIRECTORS, OR VETO
THEIR APPOINTMENT 172
7.2.2.4 SECTION 12(2)(D): CONTROL THROUGH A SUBSIDIARY RELATIONSHIP 173
7.2.2.5 SECTION 12(2)(E): CONTROL OF A TRUST 173
7.2.2.6 SECTION 12(2)(F): CONTROL OF A CLOSE CORPORATION 174
7.2.2.7 SECTION 12(2)(G): CONTROL THROUGH THE ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL
INFLUENCE 174
7.2.3 SOLE CONTROL, JOINT CONTROL AND JOINT VENTURES 177
7.2.4 CONTROL OVER WHOLE OR PART OF A FIRM 179
7.3 THE NOTIFICATION OF MERGERS 181
7.3.1 THRESHOLDS FOR NOTIFICATION 181
7.3.2 TIME PERIODS FOR INVESTIGATION AND APPROVAL 184
7.3.3 INTERVENTIONS 184
7.3.4 OUTCOME OF MERGER INVESTIGATIONS 185
7.4 SUBSTANTIVE MERGER ANALYSIS 186
7.4.1 THE COUNTERFACTUAL 186
7.4.2 THE ROLE OF MARKET DEFINITION IN MERGER ANALYSIS 187
7.4.3 SUBSTANTIVE MERGER ANALYSIS UNDER THE COMPETITION ACT: AN OVERVIEW
189
7.4.3.1 SECTION 12A(1) 189
7.4.3.2 SECTION 12A(2) 191
7.4.3.3 SECTION 12A(3) 193
7.4.4 HORIZONTAL MERGERS 194
7.4.4.1 UNILATERAL EFFECTS 194
7.4.4.1.1 MARKET SHARES AND MARKET CONCENTRATION 195
7.4.4.1.2 ENTRY AND EXPANSION 197
7.4.4.1.3 IMPORT COMPETITION 200
7.4.4.1.4 COUNTERVAILING BUYER POWER 200
7.4.4.1.5 REMOVAL OF AN EFFECTIVE COMPETITOR 202
7.4.4.2 CO-ORDINATED EFFECTS 202
7.4.4.3 FAILING FIRM DOCTRINE 204
7.4.5 VERTICAL MERGERS 205
7.4.5.1 FORECLOSURE EFFECTS 207
I 7.4.5.2 OTHER POTENTIAL ANTI-COMPETITIVE EFFECTS 207
J 7.4.6 CONGLOMERATE MERGERS 208
7.4.7 THE EFFICIENCY DEFENCE 209
J 7.4.8 PUBLIC INTEREST CONSIDERATIONS IN MERGER CONTROL 211
7.4.8.1 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC INTEREST
CONSIDERATIONS 215
I 7.5 REMEDIES 215
CHAPTER 8 ENFORCEMENT .:.... 219
[ 8.1 INTRODUCTION 220
J 8.2 ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES 221
| 8.2.1 OVERVIEW ;..*. 221
| 8.2.2 PROHIBITED PRACTICES 222
S 8.2.3 MERGERS AND CONTEMPT OF TRIBUNAL ORDERS 223
! 8.2.4 CALCULATING ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES 225
J 8.2.4.1 THE STATUTORY FRAMEWORK 225
J 8.2.4.2 THE EVOLVING APPROACH TO ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES 226
* 8.2.5 THE COMMISSION S GUIDELINES 229
I 8.2.5.1 LEGAL STATUS 229
I 8.2.5.2 THE SIX-STEP APPROACH 229
I 8.2.5.3 DISCOUNTS FOR EARLY SETTLEMENT 233
| 8.2.5.4 ABILITY TO PAY THE ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY 233
T 8.2.5.5 IMPUTING LIABILITY TO HOLDING COMPANIES FOR ADMINISTRATIVE
PENALTIES OF
SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES 234
J 8.2.5.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 235
[ 8.3 THE CORPORATE LENIENCY POLICY (CLP) 235
XII
8.4 CRIMINAL SANCTIONS: THE CARTEL OFFENCE 240
8.4.1 INTRODUCTION 240
8.4.2 THE CARTEL OFFENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA 242
8.4.2.1 OVERVIEW: SECTIONS 73A( 1) TO (4) 242
8.4.2.2 CRIMINAL LIABILITY: IMPRISONMENT AND FINES 244
8.4.2.3 OVERVIEW: SECTIONS 73A(5) AND (6) AND POTENTIAL CONSTITUTIONAL
CONCERNS 244
8.4.2.3.1 WHAT IS THE PRACTICAL EFFECT OF SECTION 73A(5)? 245
8.4.2.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 248
8.5 PRIVATE DAMAGES 248
8.5.1 INTRODUCTION 248
8.5.2 DAMAGES CLAIMS UNDER THE COMPETITION ACT 249
8.5.3 CLASS ACTIONS 253
8.6 OTHER ENFORCEMENT REMEDIES 254
8.6.1 INTERDICTS 254
8.6.2 CONTEMPT 255
8.6.3 DIVESTITURE 255
8.6.4 DECLARATIONS 255
8.6.5 MANDATORY ACCESS OR SUPPLY 256
8.7 MARKET INQUIRIES 256
8.7.1 OVERVIEW 256
8.7.2 WHAT HAPPENS AFTER A MARKET INQUIRY? 258
8.8 EXEMPTIONS 258
CHAPTER 9 COMPETITION LAW AND THE CONSTITUTION 261
9.1 INTRODUCTION 261
9.2 RAISING CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 263
9.2.1 REVIEW PROCEEDINGS 263
9.2.2 DECISIONS BY THE TRIBUNAL 266
9.2.3 CHALLENGES TO THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE COMPETITION ACT 267
9.2.4 ASSESSING CONSTITUTIONAL VIOLATIONS 269
9.3 CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN THE COMPETITION LAW SPHERE 270
9.3.1 INITIATION 270
9.3.2 INVESTIGATION 270
9.3.2.1 LEGALITY OF A WARRANT OR SUMMONS 271
9.3.2.2 THE CONDUCT OF THE SEARCH OR THE INTERROGATION 272
9.3.2.3 THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY 273
9.3.2.4 THE RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION 274
9.3.3 REFERRAL PROCEEDINGS 277
9.3.3.1 THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY 277
93.4 RELATED PROCEEDINGS 280
APPENDIX: COMPETITION ACT 89 OF 1998 281
BIBLIOGRAPHY 337
TABLE OF CASES 343
TABLE OF LEGISLATION ZZZZ ZZZ.355
GLOSSARY ZZZZZ ZZIZZZZ.361
INDEX 369
|
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| spelling | Kelly, Luke Verfasser aut Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law Luke Kelly, David Unterhalter, Isabel Goodman, Patrick Smith, Paula Youens Cape Town, South Africa Oxford University Press 2016 xviii, 377 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Building blocks -- Jurisdiction -- Competition law framework -- Restrictive horizontal practices -- Restrictive vertical practices -- Abuse of dominance -- Mergers -- Enforcement -- Competition law and the Constitution Südafrika (Staat) South Africa / Competition Act, 1998 Competition Act, 1998 (South Africa) Competition / South Africa Antitrust law / South Africa Restraint of trade / South Africa Antitrust law Competition Restraint of trade South Africa Unterhalter, David Verfasser aut Goodman, Isabel Verfasser aut Smith, Patrick Verfasser aut Youens, Paula Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029810607&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kelly, Luke Unterhalter, David Goodman, Isabel Smith, Patrick Youens, Paula Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law Building blocks -- Jurisdiction -- Competition law framework -- Restrictive horizontal practices -- Restrictive vertical practices -- Abuse of dominance -- Mergers -- Enforcement -- Competition law and the Constitution |
| title | Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law |
| title_auth | Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law |
| title_exact_search | Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law |
| title_full | Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law Luke Kelly, David Unterhalter, Isabel Goodman, Patrick Smith, Paula Youens |
| title_fullStr | Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law Luke Kelly, David Unterhalter, Isabel Goodman, Patrick Smith, Paula Youens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of competition law in South Africa commercial law Luke Kelly, David Unterhalter, Isabel Goodman, Patrick Smith, Paula Youens |
| title_short | Principles of competition law in South Africa |
| title_sort | principles of competition law in south africa commercial law |
| title_sub | commercial law |
| topic_facet | Südafrika (Staat) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029810607&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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