Environmental ethics: theory in practice
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford ; New York
Oxford University Press
[2018]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xxiii, 468 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780199340729 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF BOXES XII
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND IMAGES XV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVII
PREFACE XIX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXII
PART I: DOING ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 1
1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS? 2
1.1 What Are Environmental Issues? 6
1.2 Why Environmental Ethics? 7
1.3 Three Bases for Environmental Ethics 9
1.4 The Radicalness of Environmental Ethics 11
1.5 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 13
2 METHODS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 16
2.1 Description, Explanation, Prediction, and Prescription 16
2.2 Environmental Ethics and Environmental Science 18
2.3 Justification in Ethics: The Philosophical Method
and Evaluating Arguments 26
2.4 Skepticism about Ethics 30
2.5 God and Ethics 34
2.6 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 35
PART II: NATURE AND NATURALNESS 39
3 THE NORMATIVITY OF NATURE 40
3.1 What Is Nature? 40
3.2 Is Nature Normative? 45
3.2.1 Is It Wrong to Interfere with Nature? 45
3.2.2 Should We Follow Nature? 49
3.2.3 Is a Behavior Wrong if It Is Unnatural? 53
3.3 Evolution and Prescription 60
3.4 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 63
4 NATURAL VALUE 66
4.1 Instrumental Value 67
4.2 Final Value (or Intrinsic Value) 69
4.3 Economic Valuation and Environmental Values 74
4.4 Is Naturalness Valuable? 77
4.5 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 85
PART III: MORAL CONSIDERABILITY: WHICH INDIVIDUALS MATTER? 89
5 ANTHROPOCENTRISM. RATIOCENTRISM, AND INDIRECT DUTIES 90
5.1 Moral Status Terminology 95
5.2 Arguments for Anthropocentrism 96
5.3 Ratiocentrism 100
5.4 Actual Preference Anthropocentrism 106
5.5 Technological Optimism 107
5.6 Indirect Duties Views 109
5.7 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 112
6 ENLIGHTENED ANTHROPOCENTRISM: EFFICIENCY. SUSTAINABILITY,
AND FUTURE GENERATIONS 116
6.1 The Elements of Unwise Resource Use 117
6.1.1 Inefficient Use 118
6.1.2 Underutilization 118
6.1.3 Short-Term Use 119
6.1.4 Exclusive Use 122
6.1.5 Narrow Use 123
6.2 Ideal Preference Anthropocentrism 124
6.3 The Problem of Future Generations 127
6.4 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 134
7 NONANTHROPOCENTRIC INDIVIDUALISM: THE MORAL
CONSIDERABILITY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS 138
7-1 Arguments for Sentientism 140
7.2 Responses to the Arguments for Sentientism 144
7.3 Do Plants Have Interests? 148
7.4 Should We Care about the Interests of Plants? 155
75 Pluralism 159
7.6 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 163
PART IV: NORMATIVE THEORIES: HOW DO THINGS MATTER? 167
8 CONSEQUENTIALIST ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: ANIMAL WELFARE
AND UTILITARIANISM 168
8.1 Distinguishing Normative Theories 169
8.2 Utilitarianism 174
8.3 Identifying and Weighing Interests 177
8.4 Secondary Principles and Indirect Consequentialism 188
8.5 Concerns about Utilitarian Environmental Ethics 190
8.6 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 194
9 DEONTOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: RESPECT FOR NATURE,
ANIMAL RIGHTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS 198
9.1 The Motivations for Deontology 199
9.2 Respect for Nature 203
9.3 Animal Rights 206
9.4 Human Rights and the Environment 209
9.5 Concerns about Deontological Environmental Ethics 217
9.6 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 219
10 CHARACTER ETHICS: VIRTUE, VICE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT 222
10.1 What Are Environmental Virtues and Vices? 224
10.2 Character and Environmental Ethics 226
10.3 Environmental Virtue Ethics 229
10.4 Concerns Regarding Environmental Virtue Ethics 233
10.5 Evaluating Ethical Theories 234
10.6 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 237
PART V: HOLISTIC ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 241
11 ECOCENTRISM 242
11.1 The Argument for the Land Ethic 243
11.2 Implications of the Land Ethic 252
11.3 Moral Development and Outdoor Recreation 257
11.4 Concerns Regarding Ecocentrism 261
11.4Л Problematic Implications: Ecofascism and Misanthropy 261
11.4.2 Conceptual Clarity: Defining Ecosystems and Ecological Integrity 262
11.4.3 Misapplication of Moral Concepts 265
11.5 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 269
12 DEEP ECOLOGY 272
12.1 Principles of Deep Ecology 272
12.2 Metaphysical Holism and Self-Realization 279
12.3 The “Deep” in Deep Ecology 283
12.4 Concerns Regarding Deep Ecology 286
12.5 Spiritual Experience and Environmental Ethics 289
12.6 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 290
13 SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY 294
13Л What Are Species and Biodiversity? 296
13.2 The Instrumental Value of Species and Biodiversity 299
13.3 The Final Value of Species 304
13.3.1 The Natural Historical Value of Species 306
13.3.2 Do Species Have Inherent Worth? 309
13.4 Is There a Duty to Preserve Species? 314
13.5 Climate Change and the Conservation Dilemma 316
13.6 Novel Species Conservation Strategies 319
13.7 Intervention or Restraint? 322
13.8 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 325
PART VI: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 329
14 ECOFEMINISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRAGMATISM 330
14.1 Ecofeminism: Background and Context 331
14.2 The Logic of Domination and the Ethics of Care 333
14.3 The Importance of Diverse Perspectives 335
14.4 The Motivation for Pragmatism 343
14.5 Themes of Environmental Pragmatism 345
14.6 Practical Efficacy in Environmental Ethics 348
14.7 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 351
15 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 354
15.1 Unequal Exposure and Environmental Injustice 354
15.2 Environmental Justice and Cost-Benefit Analysis 363
15.3 Addressing Environmental Injustice 365
15.4 The Ethical Dimensions of Consumption 374
15.5 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 379
16 GLOBAL JUSTICE: POPULATION, POVERTY,
AND THE ENVIRONMENT 384
16.1 The Extent and Sources of Malnutrition 385
16.2 The Lifeboat Ethic 387
16.3 Feeding People and Saving Nature 390
16.4 An Obligation to Assist? 395
16.5 How Much to Assist? 400
16.6 Summary, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 406
PART VII: FINAL THOUGHTS 409
17 THE ANTHROPOCENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 410
17.1 Are We in the Anthropocene? 413
17.2 Why This Definition and This Name? 413
17.3 Environmental Ethics with or without the “Anthropocene” 416
17.4 Conclusion, Key Terms, Questions, and Further Reading 418
REFERENCES 421
GLOSSARY 439
INDEX 459 |
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