Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations:
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Oxford, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press
2017
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xxiii, 401 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780198783398 9780198783404 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
Genetic Management
of Fragmented Animal
and Plant Populations
Richard Frankham
Macquarie University and Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jonathan D Ballou amp; Katherine Ralls
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
Mark D B Eldridge
Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Michele R Dudash amp; Charles B Fenster
South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
Robert C Lacy
Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA
Paul Sunnucks
Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
Linet drawings by Karina Mclnnes, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
List of Symbols xix
1 Introduction 1
Why should we conserve genetic diversity? 2
What genetic problems occur in fragmented populations? 5
Can we reverse the adverse effects of population fragmentation? 6
How important is genetic management of fragmented populations? 8
How should we genetically manage fragmented populations? 11
Summary 13
Further Reading 14
Section I Genetic problems in small isolated populations 15
2 Evolutionary genetics of small populations 17
Background 18
What factors control the evolution of small populations? 18
What genetic markers are used in conservation genetics? 26
How do we measure and describe genetic diversity? 27
How much standing genetic diversity do species and populations contain? 28
How do we measure population size? 31
Why is inbreeding important in conservation? 34
Why do we use computer simulations in conservation genetics? 37
Summary 39
Further Reading 39
Software 40
/
'3 Inbreeding reduces reproductive fitness 41
Why is inbreeding an important issue in conservation? 42
Why is inbreeding harmful? 43
What factors affect the magnitude of inbreeding depression? 44
' How large are the impacts of inbreeding on total fitness? 53
Does inbreeding increase extinction risks? 54
How do we detect inbreeding depression? 58
How do we quantify inbreeding depression? 58
v
Contents
What is mutational meltdown?
What are the relationships between harmful mutation, drift,
inbreeding, fixation, and fitness decline?
Can we reverse inbreeding depression and mutational accumulation?
Summary
Further Reading
Software
4 Loss of genetic diversity reduces ability to adapt
Why should we be concerned about conserving the ability
of species to adapt?
How common is evolutionary adaptation?
How rapidly does adaptation occur?
How large are adaptive evolutionary changes?
What determines the ability to undergo adaptive evolution?
How can we measure evolutionary potential?
Can we restore the ability to evolve?
Summary
Further Reading
Software
5 Population fragmentation causes inadequate gene flow and increases
extinction risk
Why is population fragmentation important in conservation?
How frequently are there problems due to inadequate gene flow?
What are the genetic consequences of completely isolated fragments?
What are the consequences of gene flow among fragments?
What are the consequences of different fragmented population
structures?
Complex relationships among variables in real fragmented populations
How do we measure genetic differentiation among populations?
Summary
Further Reading
, Software
•
V Section II Rescue and risk
6 Genetic rescue by augmenting gene flow
What are the problems of genetic erosion in small isolated
population fragments?
Can we reverse inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity?
Does crossing have beneficial or harmful effects on fitness?
Are immigrant alleles at a selective advantage?
vi
Contents
How large and consistent are evolutionary rescue effects?
Summary
Further Reading
7 Outbreeding depression is uncommon and predictable
Why are we concerned about harmful crosses?
What mechanisms generate outbreeding depression?
How many generations does it take to develop outbreeding depression?
Can we predict the risk of outbreeding depression?
At what generation after crossing is outbreeding depression evident?
Can populations recover from outbreeding depression?
Summary
Further Reading
8 Modified rescue and risk expectations for species with diverse mating
systems and modes of inheritance
Why do we need to consider diverse mating systems and modes
of inheritance?
How are genetic rescue and risk expectations modified for different
mating systems?
How can we identify mating systems?
How are genetic rescue and risk expectations modified for different
modes of inheritance?
How do we identify modes of inheritance?
Summary
Further Reading
Software
Section III Developing management decisions
9 Is the taxonomy appropriate? Delineating species for conservation
purposes
What is the role of species delineation in conservation?
What is our objective?
How do we characterize population genetic differentiation in taxonomy?
What problems occur with species delineations?
Which species definitions are appropriate for conservation purposes?
How do we decide whether taxonomic revision is required?
How should a taxonomic re-evaluation be conducted if required?
Conclusions
?
Summary
Further Reading
Software
Contents
10 Determining the number and location of genetically differentiated
population fragments 203
What are our objectives? 204
How do we identify the number of genetically differentiated
populations? 205
How do we locate genetically differentiated populations in the
landscape? 209
Are current units within species suitable for genetic management
purposes? 211
What is the current recommendation when genetically differentiated
populations are identified? 214
How should we proceed when there are genetically diverged
populations? 216
How can we measure gene flow among population fragments? 217
Summary 221
Further Reading 222
Software 222
11 Are there populations suffering genetic erosion that would benefit
from augmented gene flow? 223
What are our objectives? 224
Are there guidelines for genetic rescues? 226
What questions do we need to answer? 229
Are any populations suffering genetic erosion? 229
Is there another population to which it can be crossed? 233
Will crossing result in outbreeding depression? 233
Will crossing result in worthwhile genetic rescue? 239
How do we cope with simultaneous harmful and beneficial effects
of crossing? 243
Summary 243
Further Reading 243
Software 244
12 Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments
I Limited information 245
Why do we need to manage gene flow? 246
How can we augment gene flow? 248
What is the objective of genetic management for isolated
population fragments? 249
Genetic management with different amounts of information 250
What can be done with little or no genetic information? 251
Genetic swamping 263
Summary 264
Further Reading 265
Software 265
viii
Contents
13 Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments
II Management based on kinship 266
How does detailed genetic information aid management of gene flow? 267
What population genetic parameter should we manage? 270
How do we manage using mean kinship? 272
Population mean kinship, 277
Kinships at the individual level 281
Managing gene flow at the individual level 283
When to cease? 287
What genetic monitoring is needed? 287
Integrating genetic rescue with other management considerations 288
Summary 288
Further Reading 289
Software 289
14 Global climate change increases the need for genetic management 291
What is the problem? 292
Why does global climate change increase the need for genetic
management? 294
How have species responded to global climate change? 296
What genetic management options do we have for populations that
cannot move or adapt sufficiently? 298
How do we implement genetic management to assist adaptation? 300
How do we decide what populations and species need translocation
to avoid extinction? 303
How should we genetically manage translocations to cope with
climate change? 304
Summary 310
Further Reading 311
Software 311
15 Take home messages 312
Final messages for managers of wild animal and plant populations 313
Glossary 315
Refereisses 327
Index 391
APPENDICES (available online at www oup co uk/companion/frankham) A1
1 Genetic markers for conservation purposes A1
2 VORTEX simulation software for population viability analysis A7
3 How should a taxonomic re-evaluation be conducted if required? A12
ix
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
List of Symbols xix
1 Introduction 1
Why should we conserve genetic diversity? 2
What genetic problems occur in fragmented populations? 5
Can we reverse the adverse effects of population fragmentation? 6
How important is genetic management of fragmented populations? 8
How should we genetically manage fragmented populations? 11
Summary 13
Further Reading 14
Section I Genetic problems in small isolated populations 15
2 Evolutionary genetics of small populations 17
Background 18
What factors control the evolution of small populations? 18
What genetic markers are used in conservation genetics? 26
How do we measure and describe genetic diversity? 27
How much standing genetic diversity do species and populations contain? 28
How do we measure population size? 31
Why is inbreeding important in conservation? 34
Why do we use computer simulations in conservation genetics? 37
Summary 39
Further Reading 39
Software 40
3 Inbreeding reduces reproductive fitness 41
Why is inbreeding an important issue in conservation? 42
Why is inbreeding harmful? 43
What factors affect the magnitude of inbreeding depression? 44
How large are the impacts of inbreeding on total fitness? 53
Does inbreeding increase extinction risks? 54
How do we detect inbreeding depression? 58
How do we quantify inbreeding depression? 58
V
Contents
What is mutational meltdown? 62
What are the relationships between harmful mutation, drift,
inbreeding, fixation, and fitness decline? 62
Can we reverse inbreeding depression and mutational accumulation? 63
Summary 64
Further Reading 64
Software 64
4 Loss of genetic diversity reduces ability to adapt 65
Why should we be concerned about conserving the ability
of species to adapt? 66
How common is evolutionary adaptation? 67
How rapidly does adaptation occur? 67
How large are adaptive evolutionary changes? 69
What determines the ability to undergo adaptive evolution? 71
How can we measure evolutionary potential? 84
Can we restore the ability to evolve? 85
Summary 85
Further Reading 86
Software 86
5 Population fragmentation causes inadequate gene flow and increases
extinction risk 87
Why is population fragmentation important in conservation? 88
How frequently are there problems due to inadequate gene flow? 91
What are the genetic consequences of completely isolated fragments? 91
What are the consequences of gene flow among fragments? 97
What are the consequences of different fragmented population
structures? 100
Complex relationships among variables in real fragmented populations 104
How do we measure genetic differentiation among populations? 106
Summary 111
Further Reading 112
Software 112
Section li Rescue and risk 113
6 Genetic rescue by augmenting gene flow 115
What are the problems of genetic erosion in small isolated
population fragments? 116
Can we reverse inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity? 117
Does crossing have beneficial or harmful effects on fitness? 118
Are immigrant alleles at a selective advantage? 131
VI
Contents
How large and consistent are evolutionary rescue effects? 132
Summary 134
Further Reading 134
7 Outbreeding depression is uncommon and predictable 135
Why are we concerned about harmful crosses? 136
What mechanisms generate outbreeding depression? 140
How many generations does it take to develop outbreeding depression? 149
Can we predict the risk of outbreeding depression? 150
At what generation after crossing is outbreeding depression evident? 153
Can populations recover from outbreeding depression? 154
Summary 154
Further Reading 155
8 Modified rescue and risk expectations for species with diverse mating
systems and modes of inheritance 156
Why do we need to consider diverse mating systems and modes
of inheritance? 157
How are genetic rescue and risk expectations modified for different
mating systems? 158
How can we identify mating systems? 166
How are genetic rescue and risk expectations modified for different
modes of inheritance? 169
How do we identify modes of inheritance? 175
Summary 176
Further Reading 177
Software 178
Section III Developing management decisions 179
9 Is the taxonomy appropriate? Delineating species for conservation
purposes 181
What is the role of species delineation in conservation? 182
What is our objective? 182
How do we characterize population genetic differentiation in taxonomy? 182
What problems occur with species delineations? 184
Which species definitions are appropriate for conservation purposes? 196
How do we decide whether taxonomic revision is required? 200
How should a taxonomic re-evaluation be conducted if required? 201
Conclusions 201
Summary 201
Further Reading 202
Software 202
VII
Contents
10 Determining the number and location of genetically differentiated
population fragments 203
What are our objectives? 204
How do we identify the number of genetically differentiated
populations? 205
How do we locate genetically differentiated populations in the
landscape? 209
Are current units within species suitable for genetic management
purposes? 211
What is the current recommendation when genetically differentiated
populations are identified? 214
How should we proceed when there are genetically diverged
populations? 216
How can we measure gene flow among population fragments? 217
Summary 221
Further Reading 222
Software 222
11 Are there populations suffering genetic erosion that would benefit
from augmented gene flow? 223
What are our objectives? 224
Are there guidelines for genetic rescues? 226
What questions do we need to answer? 229
Are any populations suffering genetic erosion? 229
Is there another population to which it can be crossed? 233
Will crossing result in outbreeding depression? 233
Will crossing result in worthwhile genetic rescue? 239
How do we cope with simultaneous harmful and beneficial effects
of crossing? 243
Summary 243
Further Reading 243
Software 244
12 Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments.
L Limited information 245
Why do we need to manage gene flow? 246
How can we augment gene flow? 248
What is the objective of genetic management for isolated
population fragments? 249
Genetic management with different amounts of information 250
What can be done with little or no genetic information? 251
Genetic swamping 263
Summary 264
Further Reading 265
Software 265
VIII
Contents
13 Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments.
II. Management based on kinship 266
How does detailed genetic information aid management of gene flow? 267
What population genetic parameter should we manage? 270
How do we manage using mean kinship? 272
Population mean kinship 277
Kinships at the individual level 281
Managing gene flow at the individual level 283
When to cease? 287
What genetic monitoring is needed? 287
Integrating genetic rescue with other management considerations 288
Summary 288
Further Reading 289
Software 289
14 Global climate change increases the need for genetic management 291
What is the problem? 292
Why does global climate change increase the need for genetic
management? 294
How have species responded to global climate change? 296
What genetic management options do we have for populations that
cannot move or adapt sufficiently? 298
How do we implement genetic management to assist adaptation? 300
How do we decide what populations and species need translocation
to avoid extinction? 303
How should we genetically manage translocations to cope with
climate change? 304
Summary 310
Further Reading 311
Software 311
15 Take home messages 312
Final messages for managers of wild animal and plant populations 313
Glossary 315
References 327
Index 391
appendices (available online at www.oup.co.uk/companion/frankham) A1
1 Genetic markers for conservation purposes A1
2 VORTEX simulation software for population viability analysis A7
3 How should a taxonomic re-evaluation be conducted if required? A12
ix
One of the greatest unmet challenges in conservation biology is the genetic management of
fragmented populations of threatened animal and plant species. More than a million small,
isolated, population fragments of threatened species are likely suffering inbreeding depression
and loss of evolutionary potential, resulting in elevated extinction risks. Although these effects
can often be reversed by re-establishing gene flow between population fragments, managers
very rarely do this. On the contrary, genetic methods are used mainly to document genetic
differentiation among populations, with most studies concluding that genetically differentiated
populations should be managed separately, thereby isolating them yet further and dooming many
to eventual extinction! Many small population fragments are going extinct principally for genetic
reasons. Although the rapidly advancing field of molecular genetics is continually providing new
tools to measure the extent of population fragmentation and its genetic consequences, adequate
guidance on how to use these data for effective conservation is still lacking.
This accessible, authoritative text is aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students
interested in conservation biology, conservation genetics, and wildlife management. It will
also be of particular relevance to conservation practitioners and natural resource managers,
as well as a broader academic audience of conservation biologists and evolutionary ecologists.
The authors are highly distinguished scientists with a wide range of relevant
knowledge of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. Their expertise includes
computer modeling, conservation genetics theory, molecular and
genomic methods, experimental studies in the laboratory and
in natural habitats, and genetic management of
captive and wild populations. |
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| author | Frankham, Richard 1942- Ballou, Jonathan D. 1954- Ralls, Katherine 1939- Eldridge, Mark D. B. Dudash, Michele R. Fenster, Charles B. Lacy, Robert C. Sunnucks, Paul |
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| author_facet | Frankham, Richard 1942- Ballou, Jonathan D. 1954- Ralls, Katherine 1939- Eldridge, Mark D. B. Dudash, Michele R. Fenster, Charles B. Lacy, Robert C. Sunnucks, Paul McInnes, Karina |
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| edition | First edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV044339660 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-06T17:00:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198783398 9780198783404 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029742724 |
| oclc_num | 1002251198 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | xxiii, 401 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Frankham, Richard 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)140566473 aut Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations Richard Frankham (Macquarie University and Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Jonathan D. Ballou & Katherine Ralls (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA), Mark D.B. Eldridge (Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Michele R. Dudash & Charles B. Fenster (South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA), Robert C. Lacy (Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA), Paul Sunnucks (Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia) ; line drawings by Karina McInnes (Melbourne, Vic, Australia) First edition Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Press 2017 xxiii, 401 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Genetische Variabilität (DE-588)4264352-1 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Inzucht (DE-588)4231499-9 gnd rswk-swf Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd rswk-swf Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd rswk-swf Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 s Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 s Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 s Genetische Variabilität (DE-588)4264352-1 s Inzucht (DE-588)4231499-9 s Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 s DE-604 Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s b DE-604 Ballou, Jonathan D. 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)140789642 aut Ralls, Katherine 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)117069540X aut Eldridge, Mark D. B. Verfasser aut Dudash, Michele R. Verfasser (DE-588)1170695973 aut Fenster, Charles B. Verfasser (DE-588)1170696589 aut Lacy, Robert C. Verfasser (DE-588)1170696945 aut Sunnucks, Paul Verfasser (DE-588)1170697585 aut McInnes, Karina ill HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029742724&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029742724&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029742724&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Frankham, Richard 1942- Ballou, Jonathan D. 1954- Ralls, Katherine 1939- Eldridge, Mark D. B. Dudash, Michele R. Fenster, Charles B. Lacy, Robert C. Sunnucks, Paul Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations Genetische Variabilität (DE-588)4264352-1 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Inzucht (DE-588)4231499-9 gnd Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4264352-1 (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4231499-9 (DE-588)4149059-9 (DE-588)4239536-7 (DE-588)4060087-7 (DE-588)4112598-8 |
| title | Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations |
| title_auth | Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations |
| title_exact_search | Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations |
| title_full | Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations Richard Frankham (Macquarie University and Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Jonathan D. Ballou & Katherine Ralls (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA), Mark D.B. Eldridge (Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Michele R. Dudash & Charles B. Fenster (South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA), Robert C. Lacy (Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA), Paul Sunnucks (Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia) ; line drawings by Karina McInnes (Melbourne, Vic, Australia) |
| title_fullStr | Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations Richard Frankham (Macquarie University and Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Jonathan D. Ballou & Katherine Ralls (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA), Mark D.B. Eldridge (Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Michele R. Dudash & Charles B. Fenster (South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA), Robert C. Lacy (Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA), Paul Sunnucks (Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia) ; line drawings by Karina McInnes (Melbourne, Vic, Australia) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations Richard Frankham (Macquarie University and Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Jonathan D. Ballou & Katherine Ralls (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA), Mark D.B. Eldridge (Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia), Michele R. Dudash & Charles B. Fenster (South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA), Robert C. Lacy (Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA), Paul Sunnucks (Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia) ; line drawings by Karina McInnes (Melbourne, Vic, Australia) |
| title_short | Genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations |
| title_sort | genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations |
| topic | Genetische Variabilität (DE-588)4264352-1 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Inzucht (DE-588)4231499-9 gnd Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Artenschutz (DE-588)4112598-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Genetische Variabilität Pflanzen Inzucht Demökologie Habitat Tiere Artenschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029742724&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029742724&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029742724&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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