Handbook of solid state diffusion: Volume 2 Diffusion analysis in material applications
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[2017]
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Beschreibung: | xxi, 454 Seiten Illustrationen |
ISBN: | 9780128045480 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | CONTENTS
P
Biographies xi
Preface xix
Acknowledgment xxi
1. Diffusion Measurements in Nanostructures 1
1.1. Analytical Solutions 2
1.2. Simulations 5
1.3. Atom Probe Tomography 17
1.4. Atomic Transport Kinetic Measurements 22
Conclusion 29
References 31
2. Diffusion-Controlled Phase Transformations in Open Systems 37
2.1. General Review of Flux-Driven Transformations 37
2.1.1. Flux-Driven Ripening of CuftSm, Scallops During Reaction Cu/Liquid Solder 39
2.1.2. Anti-Ripening : Stirring-Driven Dissolution-Recrystallization With Formation of
Nanobelts 41
2.1.3. Flux-Driven Anti-Phase Domains Coarsening During Reaction 42
2.1.4. Flux-Driven Cellular Precipitation of Porous Lamellar Structures in Cu-Sn Reactions 42
2.1.5. Flux-Driven Crystallization of Amorphous NiP During Reaction With Tin-Based
Solders 43
2.1.6. Nucleation in Sharp Concentration Gradients 44
2.1.7. Flux-Driven Nucleation at Interfaces (FDN) 48
2.1.8. Flux-Driven Self-Regulated Repeating Nucleation in Silicon Nanowires During
Point-Contact Reaction With Metallic Nanowires or Nanoparticles 49
2.1.9. Flux-Driven Ordering 49
2.1.10. Self-Organization of Two-Phase Structures Under Electromigration and
Thermomigration 50
2.1.11. Hollow Nanostructures Formation and Collapse Driven by Kirkendall Effect 51
2.1.12. Diffusion Induced Bifurcations and Instabilities of Kirkendall Planes 53
2.1.13. Flux-Driven Grain Growth During Deposition 55
2.1.14. Severe Deformation Induced Formation of Low-Viscosity Phase in KOBO Process 56
2.1.15. Electromigration Induced Grain Rotation Under Electron Wind in Anisotropic
Conducting Beta-Tin 57
2.2. Standard Model of the Simultaneous, Diffusion-Controlled Phase Layers Growth in the
Diffusion Couple 58
2.2.1. The Standard Model for an Arbitrary Number of Intermediate Phases 58
2.2.2. The Standard Model for Single Intermediate Phase (N = 1) 63
2.2.3. The Standard Model for the Case of Two Intermediate Phases (N = 2) 65
2.3. Flux-Driven Ripening of Cu6Sns Scallops During Reaction of Cu Substrate With Liquid
Tin-Based Solder 66
v
vi Handbook of Solid State Diffusion
2.3.1. Simplified Model of Monosized Hemispheres 68
2.3.2. Theoretical Prediction of Liquid Channel Width 70
2.3.3. Account of Size Distribution - Basic Equations 72
2.4. Flux-Driven Lamellar Precipitation of Cu^Sns into Porous Cu3Sn Structure 75
2.4.1. General Remarks 75
2.4.2. Experimental Observations 76
2.4.3. Thermodynamic Analysis of Possible Transformations 77
2.4.4. Kinetic Model of the Eutectoid-Like Porous Zone Formation in Open System 79
2.5. Flux-Driven Nucléation During Reactive Diffusion 86
2.5.1. General Remarks 86
2.5.2. External Flux Divergence in Open System - Idea of Flux-Driven Nucléation (FDN) 88
2.5.3. Nucléation and Growth of Single Intermediate Phase at ct/fl· Meta-Equilibrium
Interface 89
2.5.4. Nucléation of Single IMC at an Interface in Competition With Diffusion in
Neighboring Solid Solutions 92
2.5.5. Flux-Driven Nucléation of the Second IMC at the Interface to Pure B 95
2.6. Summary 97
References 98
3. Thermodynamic-Kinetic Method on Microstructural Evolutions in Electronics 101
3.1. Introduction 101
3.2. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Phase Equilibria 101
3.2.1. Different Types of Equilibria 103
3.2.2. Different Thermodynamic Diagram Types 107
3.3. Kinetic Considerations 117
3.4. Thermodynamic-Kinetic Method 121
3.5. Utilization of the T-K Method in Microsystems Technology 123
3.5.1. Binary Au-Sn System 124
3.5.2. Au-Cu-Sn Ternary System 130
3.5.3. Au-Ni-Sn System 138
Conclusions 144
References 145
4. Microstructural Evolution by Reaction-Diffusion: Bulk, Thin Film, and
Nanomaterials 149
4.1. Mathematical Formulations for Estimation of the Diffusion Coefficients Utilizing
Physicochemical Model 149
4.2. Estimation of the Diffusion Parameters Following Physicochemical Approach 156
4.2.1. Growth of a Single Product Phase in an Interdiffusion Zone Between Two Other
Compounds 158
4.2.2. Growth of a Single Product Phase in an Interdiffusion Zone Between Two
End-Members of a Diffusion Couple With Phase Mixture 159
4.2.3. Simultaneous Growth of the Product Phases in an Interdiffusion Zone and the Use
of Physicochemical Approach 161
Contents vii
4.3, Evolution of Microstructure Depending on the Location of Kirkendall Marker Plane 166
4.4. A Few Examples of Morphological Evolutions and Indications of Diffusion Rates of
Components 168
References 171
5. Electromigration in Metallic Materials and Its Role in Whiskering 173
5.1. Introduction to Electromigration 173
5.1.1. Fundamental Governing Equations for Electromigration 175
5.1.2. Performing Electromigration Experiments in Lab 177
5.1.3. Stress Generation due to Electromigration 180
5.1.4. Electromigration in Liquid Metals 182
5.1.5. Electromigration in Alloys or Multielement Material Systems 183
5.1.6. Effect of Electromigration on Reaction Kinetics 184
5.1.7. Coupling Between Electromigration and Thermomigration 185
5.2. Introduction to Whiskering in Tin Coatings 189
5.2.1. Fundamentals of Whiskering Phenomenon 190
5.2.1.1. Regeneration of Compressive Stress 190
5.2.1.2. Mass Transport From Bulk to Whisker Root 191
5.2.1.3. Identification of Location of Whisker Grain 191
5.2.1.4. Effect of Service Conditions on Whisker Growth 192
5.2.1.5. Role of Stress and Stress Gradient 193
5.2.2. Suppression of Whiskering Phenomenon 193
5.3. Role of Electromigration in Whiskering 197
5.3.1. Critical Length for Electromigration-Induced Whisker Growth 198
5.3.2. Minimizing Electromigration-lnduced Whiskering Through Grain Boundary
Engineering 198
5.4. Summary 200
Acknowledgements 202
References 202
6. Diffusion Couple Technique: A Research Tool in Materials Science 207
6.1. Introduction 207
6.2. Basic Experimental Procedures Used in Diffusion Couple Method 208
6.2.1. Preparation of Diffusion Couples 208
6.2.2. Analytical Techniques and Specimen Preparation 210
6.3. Derivation of Kinetic Data From Diffusion Couple Experiments 213
6.3.1. General Considerations: Acquisition of Diffusion Data for Binary Solid Solution
Systems 213
6.3.2. Relations Between Thermodynamic Stabilities and Growth Kinetics of a Binary
Stoichiometric Compound 224
6.3.3. Deficiencies of the Proposed Method 233
6.4. The Diffusion Couple Technique in Phase Diagram Determination - Revisited 240
6.4.1. General Principles 240
6.4.2. Variations of the Diffusion Couple Method 242
viii Handbook of Solid State Diffusion
6.4.3. Error Sources Encountered in the Diffusion Couple Experiments 251
6.5. A Diffusion Couple Approach in Studying Composition-Structure-Property Relationships
in Solid Solution Alloy Systems 262
6.5.1. Interdiffusion Coefficients and Hardness Profiles in the Ni-Co-Pt System at 1200°C 262
6.5.2. Screening of Composition Dependent Shape Memory Effect in the TiNi-TiPd
System 268
6.5.3. Concluding Remarks 271
References 272
7. Diffusion-Controlled Internal Precipitation Reactions 277
7.1. introduction 277
7.2. Basic Experimental Procedures Used in Research on Solid-State Internal Reactions 279
7.2.1. Thermodynamic Activity of an Oxidant Species Imposed by Ambient Environment
on the Metal Surface During High-Temperature Interaction 280
7.2.2. Investigation of Reaction Kinetics 284
7.2.3. Examination of Reaction Products and Precipitation Zone Microstructure 285
7.3. Diversity of Forms and Variations of Microstructures Generated by Internal Precipitation
Reactions - Selected Experimental Results 287
7.4. Thermodynamic-Diffusion Kinetics Approach in Evaluating Internal Solid-State Reactions 294
7.5. Kinetic Analysis of the Internal Precipitation Reactions in Binary Alloys 301
7.5.1. Simplified Treatment of the Precipitation Kinetics 301
7.5.2. Wagner s Treatment of Internal Oxidation 304
7.5.3. Analysis of the Effect of Supersaturation Requirements on Internal Precipitation
Kinetics 308
7.5.4. Variation in Number Density and Size of Precipitates Through the Zone of Internal
Reaction 310
7.5.5. Internal Reactions Involving Low Stability Precipitating Compounds 312
7.5.6. Transition From Internal to External Oxidation 318
7.6. Internal Precipitation Reactions as a Research Tool for Evaluating Interstitial Transport in
Metals 320
7.7. Deformation Phenomena Accompanying Internal Precipitation Reactions in Metals 328
7.8. Concluding Remarks 334
References 335
8. Diffusion in Nuclear Materials 339
8.1. Diffusion in Nuclear Fuels 340
8.1.1. Difficulties in Diffusion Experiments 340
8.1.2. Diffusion in Metallic Fuels 341
8.1.3. Diffusion in Ceramic Fuels 344
8.1.3.1. Diffusion in Oxide Based Fuels 345
8.1.3.2. Diffusion in Carbide Based Fuels 347
8.1.3.3. Diffusion in Nitride Based Fuels 349
8.1.4. Diffusion of Fission Gases 350
8.2. Diffusion in Clad Materials 352
8.2.1. Diffusion in Aluminium 353
Contents ix
8.2.2. Diffusion in Zirconium and Its Alloys 356
8.2.2.1. Self- and Impurity Diffusion in Zirconium 356
8.2.2.2. Diffusion in Zirconium Based Alloys 360
83. Diffusion in Structural Materials 364
83.1. Self-Diffusion in Iron 364
83.2. Impurity Diffusion in Iron 365
83.2.1. Diffusion of Chromium in Iron 365
83.2.2. Diffusion of Nickel in Iron 366
83.2.3. Diffusion of Molybdenum and Manganese in Iron 366
833. Diffusion in Iron-Nickel System 366
8.3.4. Diffusion in Ferritic Stainless Steels 367
83.5. Diffusion in Austenitic Stainless Steels 367
83.6. Diffusion in Nickel 368
83.6.1. Self-Diffusion in Nickel 368
83.6.2. Impurity Diffusion in Nickel 369
83.6.3. Diffusion in Nickel Based Alloys 369
References 372
9. The Growth of Silicides and Germanides 379
9.1. Introduction 379
9.2. Experimental Procedure 381
93. Growth of Silicides: Bulk Diffusion Couple Versus Thin Film 383
93.1. Growth of Silicide in Diffusion Couple 383
93.2. Link Between Silicide Growth in Diffusion Couple and in Thin Films 384
9.4. Mechanisms of Formation of Ni Silicides and Germanides 392
9.4.1. Lateral Growth 393
9.4.2. Normal Growth 398
9.43. Sequential Versus Simultaneous Growth 404
9.4.4. Stress During the Formation of Silicide 413
9.4.5. Transient Phase 418
9.4.6. Texture in Silicides and Germanides 421
9.5. Alloy Elements 421
9.5.1. Role of Pt on the Nucléation of NiSi2 423
9.5.2. Role of Pt on the Kinetics of Formation 424
9.53. Role of Pt on the Formation Sequence 427
9.5.4. Role of the Intermixed Layer on the First Phase 429
9.6. Dopant and Silicide 432
9.6.1. Diffusion of As in 5-Ni2Si 433
9.6.2. Precipitation of As in 0-Ni2Si 434
9.7. Formation of Silicide in Transistors 437
9.8. Conclusion 439
Acknowledgements 439
References 439
index
447
Handbook of Solid State Diffusion
Diffusion Analysis in Material Applications
Volume 2
Handbook of Solid State Diffusion, Volume 2: Diffusion Analysis in Material Applications covers the basic
fundamentals, techniques, applications, and latest developments in the area of solid-state diffusion,
offering a pedagogical understanding for students, academicians, and development engineers. Both
experimental techniques and computational methods find equal importance in the second of this two-
volume set.
Volume 2 covers practical issues on diffusion phenomena in bulk, thin film, and in nanomaterials. Diffusion
related problems and analysis of methods in industrial applications, such as electronic industry, high
temperature materials, nuclear materials, and superconductor materials are discussed.
Key Features
• Presents mathematical background and detailed examples of concrete applications of the sophisticated
methods of analysis
• Enables readers to learn the basic concepts of experimental approaches and the computational
methods involved in solid-state diffusion
• Covers bulk, thin film, and nanomaterials
• Introduces the problems and analysis for important materials systems in various applications
• Collates contributions from academic and industrial problems from leading scientists involved in
developing key concepts across the globe
Professor Aloke Paul heads a research group working on various aspects of diffusion in solids in the
Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Major research areas
include developing new phenomenological models, materials in electronic packaging, bond coat in jet
engine applications, and the growth of A15 intermetallic superconductors. He has supervised several PhD
and ME students and coauthored around 100 articles in various international journals. He is a coauthor
of Thermodynamics, Diffusion and the Kirkendall effect in Solids.
Professor Dr. Sergiy Divinski leads the radiotracer laboratory at the Institute of Materials Physics, University
of Münster, Germany. His research activities are concentrated on kinetic and thermodynamic properties
of interfaces in solids, including intergranular and interphase boundaries. Other major interests include
diffusion phenomena in intermetallic compounds, effects of ordering on diffusion kinetic and diffusion
mechanisms, interfaces in severely deformed materials. He teaches graduate and postgraduate courses
on Diffusion in Solids, Numerical methods in Material Science and different aspects of Materials Science.
He has coauthored more than 150 articles in various international journals, several book chapters in the
field of Diffusion in Solids, and a textbook titled Thermodynamics, Diffusion and the Kirkendall effect in
Solids.
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spelling | Handbook of solid state diffusion Volume 2 Diffusion analysis in material applications edited by Aloke Paul, Sergiy Divinski Amsterdam Elsevier [2017] xxi, 454 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Paul, Aloke (DE-588)106366960X edt Divinski, Sergiy V. (DE-588)1073332241 edt (DE-604)BV044318169 2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-12-804578-7 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029721720&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029721720&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
spellingShingle | Handbook of solid state diffusion |
title | Handbook of solid state diffusion |
title_auth | Handbook of solid state diffusion |
title_exact_search | Handbook of solid state diffusion |
title_full | Handbook of solid state diffusion Volume 2 Diffusion analysis in material applications edited by Aloke Paul, Sergiy Divinski |
title_fullStr | Handbook of solid state diffusion Volume 2 Diffusion analysis in material applications edited by Aloke Paul, Sergiy Divinski |
title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of solid state diffusion Volume 2 Diffusion analysis in material applications edited by Aloke Paul, Sergiy Divinski |
title_short | Handbook of solid state diffusion |
title_sort | handbook of solid state diffusion diffusion analysis in material applications |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029721720&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029721720&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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