Biopsychology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Harlow, England
Pearson
[2018]
|
| Ausgabe: | Tenth edition, global edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 619 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9781292158471 1292158476 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biopsychology |c John P.J. Pinel & Steven J. Barnes, University of British Columbia |
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| 300 | |a 619 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme (farbig) | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Brief Contents
PART ONE What Is Biopsychology?
1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience 25
What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?
PART TWO Foundations of Biopsychology
2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44
Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 76
Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your
Nervous System
4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic
Transmission 101
How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
5 The Research Methods of
Biopsychology 126
Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
PART THREE Sensory and Motor Systems
6 The Visual System 156
How We See
7 Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing,
Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention 189
How You Know the World
8 The Sensorimotor System 218
How You Move
PART FOUR Brain Plasticity
9 Development of the Nervous System 245
From Fertilized Egg to You
10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 266
Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
11 Learning, Memory, and
Amnesia 295
How Your Brain Stores Information
PART FIVE Biopsychology of
Motivation
12 Hunger, Eating, and Health 326
Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?
13 Hormones and Sex 355
What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian
Rhythms 383
How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
15 Drug Use, Drug Addiction,
and the Brain s Reward Circuits 413
Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure
PART SIX Disorders of Cognition
and Emotion
16 Lateralization, Language, and
the Split Brain 440
The Left Brain and the Right Brain
17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress,
and Health 473
Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric
Disorders 497
The Brain Unhinged
3
Contents
Preface
To the Student
About the Authors
PART ONE What Is Biopsychology?
1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience
What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?
The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time
Four Major Themes of This Text
THINKING CREATIVELY ABOUT BIOPSYCHOLOGY 27 •
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 27 • THE EVOLUTIONARY
PERSPECTIVE 28 • NEUROPLASTICITY 28
What Is Biopsychology?
Defining Biopsychology
What Are the Origins of Biopsychology?
How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other
Disciplines of Neuroscience?
What Types of Research Characterize the
Biopsychological Approach?
Human and Nonhuman Subjects
Experiments and Nonexperiments
EXPERIMENTS 30 • QUASIEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 32 •
CASE STUDIES 32
Pure and Applied Research
What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?
Physiological Psychology
Psychopharmacology
Neuropsychology
The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-Damaged Student Who
Switched to Architecture
Psychophysiology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Comparative Psychology
How Do Biopsychologists Conduct Their Work?
Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists
Work Together?
Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists
Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?
Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims
Case 1: José and the Bull
Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and the Prefrontal
Lobotomy
Themes Revisited 42 • Key Terms 43
PART TWO Foundations of
Biopsychology
2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44
Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From
Dichotomies to Interactions 45
The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking 45
IS IT PHYSIOLOGICAL, OR IS IT PSYCHOLOGICAL? 45 •
IS IT INHERITED, OR IS IT LEARNED? 46
Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies 46
PHYSIOLOGICAL-OR-PSYCHOLOGICAL THINKING RUNS
INTO DIFFICULTY 46
The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed 47
Case of the Chimps with Mirrors 47
NATURE-OR-NURTURE THINKING RUNS INTO DIFFICULTY 48
The Case of the Thinking Student 48
A MODEL OF THE BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR 49
Human Evolution 49
Darwin s Theory of Evolution 49
Evolution and Behavior 50
SOCIAL DOMINANCE 50 • COURTSHIP DISPLAY 51
Course of Human Evolution 51
EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES 52 • EVOLUTION OF
AMPHIBIANS 52 • EVOLUTION OF REPTILES 52 • EVOLUTION
OF MAMMALS 52 • EMERGENCE OF HUMANKIND 53
Thinking about Human Evolution 54
Evolution of the Human Brain 56
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate
Bonding 57
POLYGYNY AND POLYANDRY 58 • MONOGAMY 58 •
THINKING ABOUT EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 59
Fundamental Genetics 60
Mendelian Genetics 60
Chromosomes 60
REPRODUCTION AND RECOMBINATION 60 • STRUCTURE
AND REPLICATION 61 ♦ SEX CHROMOSOMES
AND SEX-LINKED TRAITS 63
Genetic Code and Gene Expression 63
Human Genome Project 64
Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics 65
Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction
of Genetic Factors and Experience 68
Selective Breeding of Maze-Bright and
Maze-Dull Rats 68
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5
6 Contents
Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder 69
Development of Birdsong 70
Genetics of Human Psychological Differences 71
Development of Individuals Versus Development of
Differences among Individuals 72
Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of
Twins Reared Apart 72
A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies 73
TWIN STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS 73 • TWIN STUDIES
OF THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE ON HERITABILITY 74
Themes Revisited 74 • Key Terms 75
3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 76
Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up
Your Nervous System
General Layout of the Nervous System 77
Divisions of the Nervous System 77
Meninges 78
Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid 79
Blood-Brain Barrier 80
Cells of the Nervous System 81
Anatomy of Neurons 81
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF NEURONS 81 • INTERNAL ANATOMY
OF NEURONS 81 • NEURON CELL MEMBRANE 81 •
CLASSES OF NEURONS 82 • NEURONS AND
NEUROANATOMICAL STRUCTURE 84
Glia: The Forgotten Cells 84
Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 86
Neuroanatomical Techniques 86
GOLGI STAIN 86 • NISSL STAIN 87 • ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY 87 • NEUROANATOMICAL TRACING TECHNIQUES 88
Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System 88
Anatomy of the Central Nervous System 90
Spinal Cord 90
Five Major Divisions of the Brain 90
Myelencephalon 91
Metencephalon 91
Mesencephalon 92
Diencephalon 93
Telencephalon 94
CEREBRAL CORTEX 94
Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia 96
Themes Revisited 100 • Key Terms 100
4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic
Transmission 101
How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson’s Disease 102
Resting Membrane Potential 103
Recording the Membrane Potential 103
Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential 103
Generation, Conduction, and Integration of
Postsynaptic Potentials 104
Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic
Potentials 104
Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials
and Generation of Action Potentials 105
Conduction of Action Potentials 108
Ionic Basis of Action Potentials 108
Refractory Periods 108
Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials 109
CONDUCTION IN MYELINATED AXONS 110 * THE VELOCITY
OF AXONAL CONDUCTION 111 • CONDUCTION IN NEURONS
WITHOUT AXONS 111
The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective 111
Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission
of Signals among Neurons 111
Structure of Synapses 112
Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of
Neurotransmitter Molecules 112
Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules 114
Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter
Molecules 114
Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling 116
Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission 116
Neurotransmitters 118
Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes 118
The Roles and Functions of Neurotransmitters 119
AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS 119 • MONOAMINE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS 119 • ACETYLCHOLINE 120 •
UNCONVENTIONAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS 120 •
NEUROPEPTIDES 120
Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission
and Behavior 121
How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission 121
Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines
of Research 121
WRINKLES AND DARTS: DISCOVERY OF RECEPTOR
SUBTYPES 121 • PLEASURE AND PAIN: DISCOVERY OF
ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS 123 • TREMORS AND MENTAL
ILLNESS: DISCOVERY OF ANTISCHIZOPHRENIC DRUGS 124
Themes Revisited 125 • Key Terms 125
5 The Research Methods of
Biopsychology 126
Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
The Ironic Case of Professor P. 128
PART ONE Methods of Studying the Nervous System 128
Methods of Visualizing or Stimulating
the Living Human Brain 128
X-Ray-Based Techniques 128
CONTRAST X-RAYS 129 • COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 129
Radioactivity-Based Techniques 130
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 130
Magnetic-Field-Based Techniques 130
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 130 • FUNCTIONAL
MRI 131 • DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING 132
Transcranial Stimulation 132
Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity 133
Psychophysiological Measures of Brain Activity 133
SCALP ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY 133 •
MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY 135
Contents 7
Psychophysiological Measures of Somatic
Nervous System Activity 135
MUSCLE TENSION 135 • EYE MOVEMENT 135
Psychophysiological Measures of Autonomic
Nervous System Activity 136
SKIN CONDUCTANCE 136 • CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY 136
Invasive Physiological Research Methods 136
Stereotaxic Surgery 136
Lesion Methods 137
ASPIRATION LESIONS 137 • RADIO-FREQUENCY
LESIONS 137 • KNIFE CUTS 137 • REVERSIBLE
LESIONS 137 • INTERPRETING LESION EFFECTS 138 •
BILATERAL AND UNILATERAL LESIONS 138
Electrical Stimulation 138
Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods 138
INTRACELLULAR UNIT RECORDING 138 • EXTRACELLULAR
UNIT RECORDING 138 • MULTIPLE-UNIT RECORDING 139 •
INVASIVE EEG RECORDING 139
Pharmacological Research Methods 139
Routes of Drug Administration 140
Selective Chemical Lesions 140
Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain 140
2-DEOXYGLUCOSE TECHNIQUE 140 • CEREBRAL
DIALYSIS 140
Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain 140
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY 140 • IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION 141
Genetic Engineering 142
Gene Knockout and Gene Replacement Techniques 142
GENE KNOCKOUT TECHNIQUES 142 • GENE REPLACEMENT
TECHNIQUES 142
Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow 142
Optogenetics: A Neural Light Switch 144
PART TWO Behavioral Research Methods
of Biopsychology 144
Neuropsychological Testing 145
Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing 145
THE SINGLE-TEST APPROACH 145 • THE STANDARDIZED-TEST-
BATTERY APPROACH 145 • THE CUSTOMIZED-TEST-
BATTERY APPROACH 145
Tests of the Common Neuropsychological
Test Battery 146
INTELLIGENCE 146 • MEMORY 146 • LANGUAGE 147
• LANGUAGE LATERALIZATION 147
Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function 147
MEMORY 147 • LANGUAGE 148
Frontal-Lobe Function 148
Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 148
Paired-Image Subtraction Technique 149
Default Mode Network 149
Mean Difference Images 149
Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior 150
Paradigms for Assessment of Species-Common
Behaviors 150
OPEN-FIELD TEST 150 • TESTS OF AGGRESSIVE AND
DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR 151 • TESTS OF SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR 151
Traditional Conditioning Paradigms 151
Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms 151
CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION 152 • RADIAL ARM
MAZE 152 • MORRIS WATER MAZE 152 • CONDITIONED
DEFENSIVE BURYING 153
Themes Revisited 154 • Key Terms 154
PART THREE Sensory and Motor
Systems
6 The Visual System 156
How We See
The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification
Illusions and the Astronomer 158
Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina 159
Pupil and Lens 159
Eye Position and Binocular Disparity 160
The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals 162
Structure of the Retina 162
Cone and Rod Vision 163
Spectral Sensitivity 165
Eye Movement 166
Visual Transduction: The Conversion of
Light to Neural Signals 167
From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex 168
Retina-Geniculate-Striate System 168
Retinotopic Organization 169
The M and P Channels 169
Seeing Edges 170
Lateral Inhibí tion and Contrast Enhancement 170
Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons 172
Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-
Striate System. 172
Receptive Fields 174
SIMPLE CORTICAL CELLS 174 • COMPLEX
CORTICAL CELLS 174
Organization of Primary Visual Cortex 175
The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited 175
Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields:
Contextual Influences in Visual Processing 176
Seeing Color 176
Component and Opponent Processing 176
Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory 178
Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious
Awareness 180
Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex 180
Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and
Completion 181
The Case of the Physiological Psychologist
Who Made Faces Disappear 181
The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own
Blindsight 182
Functional Areas of Secondary and Association
Visual Cortex ]$2
Dorsal and Ventral Streams jgj
8 Contents
The Case of D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp
Objects She Did Not Consciously See 184
The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not
Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw 185
Prosopagnosia 185
IS PROSOPAGNOSIA SPECIFIC TO FACES? 186
R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosie 186
WHAT BRAIN PATHOLOGY IS ASSOCIATED WITH
PROSOPAGNOSIA? 186 • CAN PROSOPAGNOSICS PERCEIVE
FACES IN THE ABSENCE OF CONSCIOUS AWARENESS? 186
Akinetopsia 187
Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia 187
CONCLUSION 187
Themes Revisited 188 • Key Terms 188
7 Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing,
Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention 189
How You Know the World
The Case of the Man Who Could See Only
One Thing at a Time 191
Principles of Sensory System Organization 191
Types of Sensory Areas of Cortex 191
Features of Sensory System Organization 191
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION 191
Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat 192
FUNCTIONAL SEGREGATION 192 • PARALLEL
PROCESSING 192 • SUMMARY MODEL OF SENSORY
SYSTEM ORGANIZATION 192
Auditory System 193
Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound 193
The Ear 194
From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex 196
Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization 196
Auditory Cortex 197
ORGANIZATION OF PRIMATE AUDITORY CORTEX 197 •
WHAT SOUNDS SHOULD BE USED TO STUDY AUDITORY
CORTEX? 197 • TWO STREAMS OF AUDITORY
CORTEX 197 • AUDITORY-VISUAL INTERACTIONS 198 •
WHERE DOES THE PERCEPTION OF PITCH OCCUR? 198
Effects of Damage to the Auditory System 198
AUDITORY CORTEX DAMAGE 198 • DEAFNESS
IN HUMANS 199
Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain 200
Cutaneous Receptors 200
DERMATOMES 201
Two Major Somatosensory Pathways 201
Cortical Areas of Somatosensation 202
EFFECTS OF DAMAGE TO THE PRIMARY
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX 204
Somatosensory System and Association Cortex 205
The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma
with His Hand 205
Somatosensory Agnosias 205
The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half
of Her Body 205
Rubber-Hand Illusion 205
Perception of Pain 206
ADAPTIVENESS OF PAIN 206
The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain 206
LACK OF CLEAR CORTICAL REPRESENTATION
OF PAIN 207 • DESCENDING PAIN CONTROL 207
Neuropathic Pain 208
Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 208
Adaptive Roles of the Chemical Senses 209
Olfactory System 209
Gustatory System 211
Broad Tuning Versus Narrow Tuning 212
Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses 213
Selective Attention 213
Characteristics of Selective Attention 213
Change Blindness 214
Neural Mechanisms of Attention 214
Sim ultanagnosia 216
Themes Revisited 216 • Key Terms 216
8 The Sensorimotor System 218
How You Move
The Case of Rhonelle, the Dexterous Cashier 220
Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function 220
The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized 220
Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input 221
The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback 221
Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of
Sensorimotor Control 221
General Model of Sensorimotor System Function 221
Sensorimotor Association Cortex 222
Posterior Parietal Association Cortex 222
The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles 223
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex 224
Secondary Motor Cortex 225
Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex 225
Mirror Neurons 226
Primary Motor Cortex 227
Con ventional View of Primary Motor Cortex Function 227
Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function 228
Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot
with Her Mind 229
EFFECTS OF PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX LESIONS 229
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia 229
Cerebellum 230
Basal Ganglia 230
Descending Motor Pathways 231
Dorsolateral Corticospinal Tract and Dorsolateral
Corticorubrospinal Tract 231
Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial
Cortico-brainstem-spinal Tract 231
Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways
and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways 232
Contents 9
Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits 234
Muscles 234
Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles 235
Stretch Reflex 236
Withdrawal Reflex 237
Reciprocal Innervation 237
Recurrent Collateral Inhibition 238
Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex 238
Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning 240
A Hierarchy of Central Sensorimotor Programs 240
Characteristics of Central Sensorimotor Programs 240
CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS ARE CAPABLE OF
MOTOR EQUIVALENCE 240 • SENSORY INFORMATION THAT
CONTROLS CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS IS NOT
NECESSARILY CONSCIOUS 240 • CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR
PROGRAMS CAN DEVELOP WITHOUT PRACTICE 241
• PRACTICE CAN CREATE CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR
PROGRAMS 241
Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning 242
The Case of Rhonelle, Revisited 243
Themes Revisited 243 • Key Terms 243
PART FOUR Brain Plasticity
9 Development of the Nervous
System 245
From Fertilized Egg to You
The Case of Genie 246
Five Phases of Neurodevelopment 247
Induction of the Neural Plate 247
Neural Proliferation 248
Migration and Aggregation 248
MIGRATION 248 • AGGREGATION 250
Axon Growth and Synapse Formation 250
AXON GROWTH 250 • SYNAPSE FORMATION 252
Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement 253
NEURON DEATH 253 • SYNAPSE REARRANGEMENT 254
Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants 254
Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain 255
Development of the Prefrontal Cortex 255
Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development
of Neural Circuits 256
Critical Periods Versus Sensitive Periods 256
Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment:
Deprivation and Enrichment 256
Competitive Nature of Experience and
Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns 256
Effects of Experience on Topographic
Sensory Cortex Maps 257
Experience Fine-Tunes Neurodevelopment 258
Neuroplasticity in Adults 258
Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals 258
Effects of Experience on the Reorganization
of the Adult Cortex 260
Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism
Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome 261
Autism Spectrum Disorder 261
The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock? 261
GENETIC BASIS OF ASD 262 • NEURAL MECHANISMS
OFASD 262
Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities 262
ASD IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISORDER 262
• ASD SAVANTS 262
Williams Syndrome 263
The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities 263
EPILOGUE 264
Themes Revisited 264 • Key Terms 265
10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 266
Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
The Ironic Case of Professor P. 267
Causes of Brain Damage 268
Brain Tumors 268
Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes 269
CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE 270 • CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA 270
Closed-Head Injuries 271
The Case of Junior Seau 272
Infections of the Brain 272
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 272 • VIRAL INFECTIONS 272
Neurotoxins 273
Genetic Factors 273
Programmed Cell Death 274
Neurological Diseases 274
Epilepsy 274
FOCAL SEIZURES 275
The Subtlety of Complex Partial Seizures:
Two Cases 275
GENERALIZED SEIZURES 275
Parkinson s Disease 276
Huntington s Disease 277
Multiple Sclerosis 278
Alzheimer s Disease 278
Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases 281
Kindling Model of Epilepsy 281
Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer s Disease 282
MPTP Model of Parkinson s Disease 282
The Cases of the Frozen Addicts 282
Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration,
Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery 283
Neural Degeneration 283
Neural Regeneration 283
Neural Reorganization 285
CORTICAL REORGANIZATION FOLLOWING DAMAGE IN
LABORATORY ANIMALS 286 • CORTICAL REORGANIZATION
FOLLOWING DAMAGE IN HUMANS 287 • MECHANISMS OF
NEURAL REORGANIZATION 287
Recovery of Function after CNS Damage 287
10 Contents
Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage
Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for
CNS Damage: Early Research
The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard
Gets an Autotransplant
Modern Research on Neurotransplantation
Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by
Rehabilitative Training
TREATING STROKES 290 • TREATING SPINAL
INJURY 291 • BENEFITS OF COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL
EXERCISE 291 • TREATING PHANTOM LIMBS 291
Cases of Carlos and Philip: Phantom Limbs and
Ramachandran
The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery
Themes Revisited 293 • Key Terms 293
11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia
How Your Brain Stores Information
Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy
The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study
of Memory
Formal Assessment of H.M. s Anterograde Amnesia:
Discovery of Unconscious Memories
DIGIT SPAN + 1 TEST 298 • BLOCK-TAPPING MEMORY-SPAN
TEST 298 • MIRROR-DRAWING TEST 298 • INCOMPLETE-
PICTURES TEST 298 • PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING 299
Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M. s Case
Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
Semantic and Episodic Memories
The Case of K.C., the Man Who Can’t Time Travel
The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting
Episodic Memory Deficits
Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the
Hippocampus and Memory
The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation
Amnesias of Korsakoff s Syndrome and
Alzheimer s Disease
Amnesia of Korsakoff s Syndrome
The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A.
Amnesia of Alzheimer s Disease
Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation
Posttraumatic Amnesia
Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory
Consolidation
HIPPOCAMPUS AND CONSOLIDATION 305 •
RECONSOLIDATION 306
Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus
in Memory
Animal Models of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The
Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
MONKEY VERSION OF THE DELAYED NON-MATCHING-TO-
SAMPLE TEST 307 • RAT VERSION OF THE DELAYED NON-
MATCHING-TO-SAMPLE TEST 308
Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition
Deficits Resulting from Bilateral Medial Temporal
Lobectomy
Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes
and Memory 312
MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST 312 • RADIAL ARM MAZE TEST 312
Hippocampal Place Cells and Entorhinal Grid Cells 313
Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus
and Spatial Memory 313
Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells 31.4
Engram Cells 315
Where Are Memories Stored? 315
Five Brain Areas Implicated in Memory 316
INFEROTEMPORAL CORTEX 316 • AMYGDALA 317 •
PREFRONTAL CORTEX 317
The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t 317
CEREBELLUM AND STRIATUM 317
Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory 318
Long-Term Potentiation 318
Induction of LTP: Learning 320
Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall 321
Variability of LTP 322
Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You 322
Infantile Amnesia 322
Smart Drugs: Do They Work? 323
POSTTRAUMATIC AMNESIA AND EPISODIC MEMORY 323
The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist
Who Remembered H.M. 323
Themes Revisited 324 • Key Terms 324
PART FIVE Biopsychology of Motivation
12 Hunger, Eating, and Health 326
Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?
The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat 328
Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization 328
Digestion and Energy Storage in the Body 328
DIGESTION 328 • ENERGY STORAGE IN THE BODY 328
Three Phases of Energy Metabolism 329
Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points Versus
Positive Incentives 330
Set-Point Assumption 330
GLUCOSTATIC THEORY 332 • LIPOSTATIC THEORY 332 •
PROBLEMS WITH SET-POINT THEORIES OF HUNGER
AND EATING 332
Positive-Incentive Perspective 333
Factors That Determine What, When, and How
Much We Eat 333
Factors That Influence What We Eat 333
LEARNED TASTE PREFERENCES AND AVERSIONS 333 •
LEARNING TO EAT VITAMINS AND MINERALS 334
Factors That Influence When We Eat 334
PREMEAL HUNGER 334 • PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
OF HUNGER 334
Factors That Influence How Much We Eat 335
SATIETY SIGNALS 335 • SHAM EATING 335 • APPETIZER
EFFECT AND SATIETY 335 • SERVING SIZE AND SATIETY 335 •
SOCIAL INFLUENCES AND SATIETY 335 • SENSORY-SPECIFIC
SATIETY 335
288
289
289
290
290
292
292
295
297
297
298
299
300
301
301
301
302
302
303
303
303
304
304
304
305
307
307
310
Contents 11
Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety 337
Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety 337
Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers 337
VMH SATIETY CENTER 337 • LH FEEDING CENTER 338 •
REINTERPRETATION OF THE EFFECTS OF VMH AND
LH LESIONS 338 • MODERN RESEARCH ON THE ROLE
OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI IN HUNGER AND SATIETY 339
Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety 339
Hunger and Satiety Peptides 340
Serotonin and Satiety 341
Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable
Hunger 341
Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A. 341
Body-Weight Regulation: Set Points Versus Settling Points 342
Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating 342
VARIABILITY OF BODY WEIGHT 342 • SET POINTS AND
HEALTH 342 • REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT BY CHANGES
IN THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY UTILIZATION 343
Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control 343
Human Obesity: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments 346
Obesity: Who Needs to Be Concerned? 346
Obesity: Why Is There an Epidemic? 346
Why Do Some People Become Obese While
Others Do Not? 347
DIFFERENCES IN CONSUMPTION 347 • DIFFERENCES IN
ENERGY EXPENDITURE 347 • DIFFERENCES IN GUT
MICROBIOME COMPOSITION 347 • GENETIC AND
EPIGENETIC FACTORS 347
Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective? 348
Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat 348
OBESE MICE AND THE DISCOVERY OF LEPTIN 349 •
LEPTIN, INSULIN, AND THE ARCUATE MELANOCORTIN
SYSTEM 349 • LEPTIN AS A TREATMENT FOR HUMAN
OBESITY 349
The Case of the Child with No Leptin 350
Treatment of Obesity 350
SEROTONERGIC AGONISTS 350 • GASTRIC SURGERY 350
Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa 350
Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa 351
ANOREXIA NERVOSA 351 • BULIMIA NERVOSA 351
Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia 352
Anorexia and Positive Incentives 352
Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis 353
The Case of the Student with Anorexia 353
Themes Revisited 354 • Key Terms 354
13 Hormones and Sex 355
What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
MEN-ARE-MEN-AND-WOMEN-ARE-WOMEN
ASSUMPTION 357 • DEVELOPMENTAL AND ACTIVATIONAL
EFFECTS OF SEX HORMONES 357
Neuroendocrine System 357
Glands 357
GONADS 358
Hormones 358
SEX STEROIDS 358
The Pituitary 359
FEMALE GONADAL HORMONE LEVELS ARE CYCLIC; MALE
GONADAL HORMONE LEVELS ARE STEADY 359
Control of the Pituitary 359
CONTROL OF THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY
BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS 360
Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones 360
Regulation of Hormone Levels 361
REGULATION BY NEURAL SIGNALS 361 • REGULATION BY
HORMONAL SIGNALS 361 • REGULATION BY NONHORMONAL
CHEMICALS 362 • PULSATILE HORMONE RELEASE 362
Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation 362
Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body 362
Sexual Differentiation 363
FETAL HORMONES AND DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS 363 • INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS 363 •
EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 364
Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary
Sex Characteristics 364
Hormones and Sexual Development of Brain
and Behavior 365
Sex Differences in the Brain 365
FIRST DISCOVERY OF A SEX DIFFERENCE IN MAMMALIAN
BRAIN FUNCTION 366 • AROMATIZARON HYPOTHESIS 366 •
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE BRAIN: THE MODERN
PERSPECTIVE 367
Development of Sex Differences in Behavior 368
DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS
IN LABORATORY ANIMALS 368 • DEVELOPMENT OF SEX
DIFFERENCES IN THE BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS 368
Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development 369
Exceptional Cases of Human Sexual Development 370
The Case of Anne S., the Woman Who Wasn’t 370
The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy 370
The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis 371
DO THE EXCEPTIONAL CASES PROVE THE RULE? 372
Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults 372
Male Sexual Behavior and Testosterone 372
The Case of the Man Who Lost and
Regained His Manhood 373
Female Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones 373
Anabolic Steroid Abuse 374
Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior 376
Four Brain Structures Associated with
Sexual Activity 376
CORTEX AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 376 • HYPOTHALAMUS
AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 376 • AMYGDALA AND SEXUAL
ACTIVITY 377 • VENTRAL STRIATUM AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 378
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 378
Sexual Orientation 378
SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENES 378 •
SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND EARLY HORMONES 379
What Triggers the Development of Sexual
Attraction? 379
Is There a Difference in the Brains of Gay Persons
and Heterosexuals? 379
Gender Identity 38Q
12 Contents
Independence of Sexual Orientation and
Gender Identity 380
Themes Revisited 381 • Key Terms 382
14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian
Rhythms 383
How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep 385
Stages of Sleep 386
Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep 386
Three Stages of Sleep EEC 386
Dreaming 387
REM SLEEP AND DREAMING 387 • TESTING COMMON
BELIEFS ABOUT DREAMING 388 • INTERPRETATION
OF DREAMS 388
Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do? 389
Two Kinds of Theories of Sleep 389
Comparative Analysis of Sleep 389
Effects of Sleep Deprivation 390
Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation:
The Stress Problem 390
Predictions of Recuperation Theories about Sleep
Deprivation 391
Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies 391
The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students 391
The Case of Randy Gardner 391
Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans 391
Sleep-Deprivation Studies of Laboratory Animals 393
REM-Sleep Deprivation 393
Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep 394
Circadian Sleep Cycles 396
Circadian Rhythms 396
Free-Running Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycles 396
Jet Lag and Shift Work 397
A Circadian Clock in the Siiprachiasmatic Nuclei 397
Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment 398
Genetics of Circadian Rhythms 399
Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep 399
Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep 399
The Case of Constantin von Economo,
the Insightful Neurologist 400
Reticular Formation and Sleep 400
Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei 401
Drugs That Affect Sleep 403
Hypnotic Drugs 403
Antihypnotic Drugs 403
Melatonin 404
Sleep Disorders 405
Insomnia 405
Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia 405
Hypersomnia 406
REM-Sleep-Related Disorders 407
The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle 407
Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction 408
Differences between Short and Long Sleepers 408
Long-Term. Reduction of Nightly Sleep 408
Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping 409
Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health 409
Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal
Case Study 410
The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep 410
Themes Revisited 411 • Key Terms 411
15 Drug Use, Drug Addiction,
and the Brain s Reward Circuits 413
Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure
Case of the Drugged High School Teachers 414
Basic Principles of Drug Action 415
Drug Administration, Absorption, and Penetration
of the Central Nervous System 415
ORAL INGESTION 415 • INJECTION 415 •
INHALATION 415 * ABSORPTION THROUGH MUCOUS
MEMBRANES 415
Drug Action, Metabolism, and Elimination 415
DRUG PENETRATION OF THE CENTRAL. NERVOUS
SYSTEM 415 • MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION 415 •
DRUG METABOLISM AND ELIMINATION 416
Drug Tolerance, Drug Withdrawal Effects, and
Physical Dependence 416
DRUG TOLERANCE 416 • DRUG WITHDRAWAL
EFFECTS AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE 416
Drug Addiction: What Is It? 417
Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance 418
Contingent Drug Tolerance 418
Conditioned Drug Tolerance 419
THINKING ABOUT DRUG CONDITIONING 420
Five Commonly Used Drugs 420
Tobacco 421
Alcohol 421
Marijuana 423
Cocaine and Other Stimulants 425
The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine 426
Comparing the Health Hazards of Commonly
Used Drugs 428
Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards
of Drugs 428
Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol,
Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin 429
Early Biopsychological Research on Addiction 430
Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive
Perspectives of Addiction 430
Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic
Dopamine System 431
Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine
in Drug Addiction 432
Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction 432
L
Contents 13
Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction 433
Three Stages in the Development of an Addiction 434
INITIAL DRUG TAKING 434 • HABITUAL DRUG TAKING 435 •
DRUG CRAVING AND ADDICTION RELAPSE 436
Current Concerns about the Drug Self-Administration
Paradigm 437
UNNATURAL. HOUSING AND TESTING CONDITIONS 437 •
EXCESSIVE FOCUS ON STIMULANTS 437
A Noteworthy Case of Addiction 437
The Case of Sigmund Freud 437
Themes Revisited 438 • Key Terms 438
PART SIX Disorders of Cognition and
Emotion
16 Lateralization, Language, and
the Split Brain 440
The Left Brain and Right Brain
Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction 443
Discovers of the Specific Contributions of Left-
Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia 443
Tests of Cerebral Lateralization 443
SODIUM AMYTAL TEST 443 • DICHOTIC LISTENING
TEST 444 • FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING 444
Discovery of the Relation between Speech
Laterality and Handedness 444
Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization 444
The Split Brain 445
Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers
and Sperry 445
Commissurotomy in Humans with Epilepsy 447
Evidence I hat the Hemispheres of Split-Brain
Patients Can Function Independently 448
Cross-Cuing 449
Doing Two Things at Once 449
The Z Lens 450
Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain
Patients 451
The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented
by Conflict 451
Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current
Perspective 451
Differences Between Left and Right Hemispheres 452
Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function 452
SUPERIORITY OF THE LEFT HEMISPHERE IN CONTROLLING
IPSILATERAL MOVEMENT 453 • SUPERIORITY OF THE RIGHT
HEMISPHERE IN SPATIAL ABILITY 453 • SPECIALIZATION OF
THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE FOR EMOTION 453 • SUPERIOR
MUSICAL ABILITY OF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE 453 •
HEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCES IN MEMORY 454 • THE LEFT-
HEMISPHERE INTERPRETER 454
What Is Lateralized—Broad Clusters of Abilities or
individual Cognitive Processes? 454
Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain 455
Evolutionary Perspective of Cerebral Lateralization
and Language 456
Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization 456
ANALYTIC-SYNTHETIC THEORY 456 • MOTOR
THEORY 457 • LINGUISTIC THEORY 457
The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced
Aphasia for Sign Language 457
When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve? 457
What Are the Survival Advantages of Cerebral
Lateralization? 457
Evolution of Human Language 458
VOCAL COMMUNICATION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 458 •
MOTOR THEORY OF SPEECH PERCEPTION 458 • GESTURAL
LANGUAGE 459
Cortical Localization of Language: The Wernicke-
Geschwind Model 460
Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind
Model 460
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model 461
Wernicke-Geschwind Model: the Evidence 462
Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation on
Language Abilities 462
EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF
CORTICAL DAMAGE 463 • EVIDENCE FROM
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES 463 •
EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
OF THE CORTEX 464
Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model 466
Cognitive Neuroscience of Language 466
Three Premises That Define the Cognitive
Neuroscience Approach to Language 467
Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization
of Language 467
BAVELIER SfMRI STUDY OF READING 467 • DAMASIO S
PET STUDY OF NAMING 468
Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia 469
Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural
Mechanisms 469
Developmental Dyslexia and Culture 469
Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface
Dyslexia 470
The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read
with Her Right Hemisphere 471
Themes Revisited 471 • Key Terms 471
17 Biopsychology of Emotion,
Stress, and Health 473
Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction 474
Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological
Investigation of Emotion 474
The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage 474
DARWIN S THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF EMOTION 475
• JAMES-LANGE AND CANNON-BARD THEORIES 476 •
SHAM RAGE 476 • LIMBIC SYSTEM AND EMOTION 477 •
KLÜVER-BUCY SYNDROME 477
14 Contents
A Human Case of Kliiver-Bucy Syndrome
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous
System
EMOTIONAL SPECIFICITY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM 478 • POLYGRAPHY 478
Emotions and Facial Expression
UNIVERSALITY OF FACIAL EXPRESSION 479 • PRIMARY
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 479 • FACIAL FEEDBACK
HYPOTHESIS 479 • VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION 480 • FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: CURRENT
PERSPECTIVES 481
Fear, Defense, and Aggression
Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors
Aggression and Testosterone
Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus
Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning
Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion
Amygdala and Human Emotion
The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t
Perceive Fear
Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion
Lateralization of Emotion
Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion:
Current Perspectives
Stress and Health
The Stress Response
Animal Models of Stress
Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers
Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune
System, and the Brain
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 491 • ADAPTIVE IMMUNE
SYSTEM 491 • WHAT EFFECT DOES STRESS HAVE ON
IMMUNE FUNCTION: DISRUPTIVE OR BENEFICIAL? 492 •
HOW DOES STRESS INFLUENCE IMMUNE FUNCTION? 493 •
DOES STRESS AFFECT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIOUS
DISEASE? 493
Early Experience of Stress
Stress and the Hippocampus
CONCLUSION 495
The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas
Tower Sniper
Themes Revisited 496 • Key Terms 496
18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric
Disorders
The Brain Unhinged
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenic: The Case of Lena
What Is Schizophrenia?
Causal Factors in Schizophrenia
Discovery of the First Antipsychotic Drugs
Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia 501
Schizophrenia: Current Research and Treatment 503
ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS 503 • RENEWED INTEREST
IN HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS 504 • MECHANISMS OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA-RELATED GENES 504 • SCHIZOPHRENIA
AND BRAIN STRUCTURE CHANGES 504 • CONCLUSION 505
Depressive Disorders 505
Defining Depressive Disorders 505
The Case of S.B., the Depressed Biopsychology
Student 506
Causal Factors in Major Depressive Disorder 506
Antidepressant Drugs 507
MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS 507 •
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS 507 • SELECTIVE
MONOAMINE-REUPTAKE INHIBITORS 507 • ATYPICAL
ANTIDEPRESSANTS 507 • NMDA-RECEPTOR
ANTAGONISTS 508 • EFFECTIVENESS OF DRUGS
IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 508
Brain Differences in Depression 508
Theories of Depression 509
MONOAMINE THEORY OF DEPRESSION 509 •
NEUROPLASTICITY THEORY OF DEPRESSION 509
Treatment of Depression with Brain Stimulation 510
REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION 510 *
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 510 • CONCLUSION 510
Bipolar Disorders 511
Defining Bipolar Disorders 511
The Case of S.B. Revisited: The Biopsychology
Student with Bipolar Disorder 511
Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders 512
Mood Stabilizers 512
Brain Differences Associated with Bipolar Disorders 513
Theories of Bipolar Disorders 513
Anxiety Disorders 513
The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was
Afraid to Go Out 514
Four Anxiety Disorders 514
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders 514
Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders 515
BENZODIAZEPINES 515 • SEROTONIN AGONISTS 515 •
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS 515
Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders 515
Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders 516
Tourette s Disorder 516
The Case of R.G.—Barking Like a Dog 516
What Is Tourette s Disorder? 517
Neural Bases of Tourette s Disorder 518
Treatment of Tourette s Disorder 518
The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist
with Tourette’s Disorder 518
Clinical Trials: Development of New
Psychotherapeutic Drugs 519
Clinical Trials: The Three Phases 519
PHASE 1: SCREENING FOR SAFETY 519 • PHASE 2: ESTABLISHING
THE TESTING PROTOCOL 520 • PHASE 3: FINAL TESTING 520
478
478
479
481
482
483
484
484
484
485
486
486
487
487
487
488
488
489
489
490
490
491
494
495
495
497
499
499
500
500
501
Contents 15
Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials 520
REQUIREMENT FOR DOUBLE-BLIND DESIGN AND PLACEBO
CONTROLS 520 • THE NEED FOR ACTIVE PLACEBOS 520 •
LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED 520 • FINANCIAL ISSUES 521 •
TARGETS OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 521
Effectiveness of Clinical Trials 521
CONCLUSION 522
Conclusion of the Case of S.B.: The Biopsychology
Student Who Took Control 522
Themes Revisited 523 • Key Terms 523
Epilogue 524
Appendixes 524
Glossary 528
References 549
Credits 592
Name Index 594
Subject Index 607
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pinel, John P. J. 19XX- Barnes, Steven J. 1973- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115759433 (DE-588)1063112699 |
| author_facet | Pinel, John P. J. 19XX- Barnes, Steven J. 1973- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Pinel, John P. J. 19XX- |
| author_variant | j p j p jpj jpjp s j b sj sjb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044317949 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP360 |
| callnumber-raw | QP360 |
| callnumber-search | QP360 |
| callnumber-sort | QP 3360 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | CZ 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)994144239 (DE-599)BVBBV044317949 |
| dewey-full | 612.8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 612 - Human physiology |
| dewey-raw | 612.8 |
| dewey-search | 612.8 |
| dewey-sort | 3612.8 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Psychologie Medizin |
| edition | Tenth edition, global edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV044317949 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-01T12:48:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781292158471 1292158476 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 016037059 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029721478 |
| oclc_num | 994144239 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | 619 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (farbig) |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Pearson |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Pinel, John P. J. 19XX- Barnes, Steven J. 1973- Biopsychology Psychobiology Textbooks Verhaltensphysiologie (DE-588)4187767-6 gnd Psychobiologie (DE-588)4047692-3 gnd Physiologische Psychologie (DE-588)4076126-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4187767-6 (DE-588)4047692-3 (DE-588)4076126-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Biopsychology |
| title_auth | Biopsychology |
| title_exact_search | Biopsychology |
| title_full | Biopsychology John P.J. Pinel & Steven J. Barnes, University of British Columbia |
| title_fullStr | Biopsychology John P.J. Pinel & Steven J. Barnes, University of British Columbia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biopsychology John P.J. Pinel & Steven J. Barnes, University of British Columbia |
| title_short | Biopsychology |
| title_sort | biopsychology |
| topic | Psychobiology Textbooks Verhaltensphysiologie (DE-588)4187767-6 gnd Psychobiologie (DE-588)4047692-3 gnd Physiologische Psychologie (DE-588)4076126-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Psychobiology Textbooks Verhaltensphysiologie Psychobiologie Physiologische Psychologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029721478&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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