Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Vienna ; Graz
NWV Verlag
2016
|
| Series: | Schriften zur Rechtspolitik
40 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 176 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783708310978 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV044280006 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20170720 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 170421s2016 au |||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 1116437333 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783708310978 |c Broschur : EUR 38.80 (DE), EUR 38.80 (AT) |9 978-3-7083-1097-8 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)962407326 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB1116437333 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a au |c XA-AT | ||
| 049 | |a DE-739 |a DE-12 | ||
| 082 | 0 | |a 340 |2 23 | |
| 084 | |a MK 5110 |0 (DE-625)123070: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a PS 2640 |0 (DE-625)139726: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 340 |2 sdnb | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Pichler, Johannes W. |d 1947- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)109342208 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions |c by Johannes W. Pichler, Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay, Paul Pichler |
| 264 | 1 | |a Vienna ; Graz |b NWV Verlag |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a 176 Seiten |b Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Schriften zur Rechtspolitik |v 40 | |
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Europäische Union |0 (DE-588)5098525-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Partizipatorische Demokratie |0 (DE-588)7612245-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a European Union | ||
| 653 | |a European citizens | ||
| 653 | |a Participatory | ||
| 653 | |a True Constitutionalism | ||
| 653 | |a civil dialogue | ||
| 653 | |a postnational democracy | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Europäische Union |0 (DE-588)5098525-5 |D b |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Partizipatorische Demokratie |0 (DE-588)7612245-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hinghofer-Szalkay, Stephan G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pichler, Paul |d 1980- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1012859479 |4 aut | |
| 710 | 2 | |a NWV Verlag |0 (DE-588)1066114803 |4 pbl | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Schriften zur Rechtspolitik |v 40 |w (DE-604)BV004132209 |9 40 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029684403&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029684403 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1820142605785104384 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Table of Contents
Summary.19
1 our Concept - True Constitutionalism.19
2. Our Chief Concern - A Gap Between the Treaties’ Orders and the
Factual implementation.19
3. Our Empirical Findings on What Exists - Hopeful Voices,
Some Mutual Annoyance. 20
4. Give Participatory Democracy a Real Chance.21
i. Sensitise for the New Mind-setting by the Treaties.21
ii. Accept the Constitutional Obligation and Take the
Responsibility Pro-actively. 22
iii. Experiment, Endeavour in Order to Bring Participatory
Democracy to its Full Legitimising Potential.22
iv. Complete the Fragmentary Composition by Wide Opening
of the Eligibility - Even to Single Citizens - And Let a
Broader Partnership Principle Break Through.22
v. Resolve the Confusion on the Nature of Dialogue -
Consultation, Expertise, and Communication.22
vi. Design a Serious Conflict of Interest Policy.22
vii. Clarify the Nature of a Core Dialogue Regime to be
Developed. 23
viii. Install a Reviewing and Monitoring Scheme.23
ix. Strengthen the Role of the Dialogue - Turn Dialogue
Partners into Supporters and Public Multipliers.23
x. Install an Online “Eleven-Two-Tool” - Save Time and
Money and Gain Broad Compliance. 24
I. Fundamentals and Considerations.25
1. Objectives and Grounds for the Study.25
2. Scope.47
i. Ascertaining the Status Quo. 47
13
Table of Contents
ii. The Limits in Law and Democratic Potential.48
iii. Introductory Explanations on What Exists.49
3. The Pre-Lisbon Roots of the Current Legal Regime.50
4. Constitutional Dimensions of the Current Legal Regime.52
5. The Collateral Environment - the Wider Perspective on Participatory
Democracy .62
II. Essentials for the Study and for the Questionnaire.63
1. Taking into Account the Implementer’s Chemistry and Climate.64
i. The Need for Imagination.64
ii. Where is it Best to Start with an Evaluation and a
Disclosure?.65
2. Horizontal CD and the EESC Project My Europe Tomorrow.66
i. One-way Communication vs. Dialogue. 66
ii. The PD Orphan: Lack of Trust in Citizen’s Benevolence .66
iii. The EESC’s “My Europe . Tomorrow!” Project .67
iv. The mission statement and a statement on the “customer
use” indicating whether and how far the ideas, suggestions,
concerns, and recommendations coming bottom up are
relevant for “Brussels’” policies. 68
3. The Vertical CD - The Constitutional Promise and its
Perceived Reality.69
i. The Coffey-Deloitte VCD Screening Model - A Solitaire
Benchmark Despite Serious Misconceptions.69
ii. Setting Democracy Values at Market Price.70
iii. Identifying the Wrong Rule Maker. 70
iv. Legitimacy - A Business Case?. 71
v. Working towards the Ultimate Goal: Democracy.72
vi. The Dialogue is either Legitimacy Leveraging -
Or Superfluous. 73
III. The Questionnaire and its Design - Methodology for
Tracing the Political and Legal Dimension and the
Parameter of Article 11(2) TEU.75
1. The Overall Design - Primarily Based on Open Questions.75
i. Methodological Alignment. 75
14
Table of Contents
jj Highly Homogenous Desiderations and Considerations.76
¡¡i. Hidden Agenda of Open Questioning and its Worthwhile
Outcomes . . 76
iv. Tracing Multiple Considerations. 77
v. Tracking a Legitimacy Providing Model.77
vi. Disentangling the Mazy Commingle. 79
vii. Constitutional Awareness . 80
2. The Political Design and its Methodology - Closed Questions.81
i. Adopting a Green Paper Stylus. 81
¡j. General Aspects.82
iii. Presumed Benefit as Stimulus for the Use of Dialogue.84
iv. Methodological Implications. 84
v. Tracing Perceptions on Assumed Winners and Losers.85
vi. Dialogue Admittance; A One-way Privilege or Source of
Associated Duties?. .86
3. The Legal Design of VCD and Methodological Implications - Closed
Questions.87
i. General Aspects . 87
ii. Dialogue: A Matter of Law or of Culture?. 87
iii. Methodological Implications. 89
4. VCD Parameters Concerning the Addressees: Civil Society and
Representative Associations . 89
i. Civil Society and Representative Associations . 89
ii. Representative Associations AND Civil Society. Pleonasm
or Distinction?. 90
iii. Civil Society: Definitional Intricacy and Underlying
Suppositions?. 92
iv. Are Political Parties Part of Civil Society?.93
v. One Body or Two?. 93
vi. Individual Citizens Eligible?. 94
vii. Representative.96
viii. Representativity as an Admissibility Criterion. 96
5. Open, Transparent and Regular as VCD Criteria.97
6. Factual Challenges to the VCD: Procedural Aspects, Effectiveness,
and Relevance.99
15
Table of Contents
i. Procedural Aspects.99
ii. Dialogue - Intrinsic Value or Merely a Tool?.100
iii. Open to Whom and Why?.100
IV. Key Results of the Survey . .101
I. General Objectives. 101
1. CD in General. 104
2. Art 11 para 1. 109
3. Art 11 para 2.110
II. Objectives Met (C R VII).114
1. CD in General C R Xi.114
2. Art 11 para 1. 116
3. Art 11 para 2. .117
4. Performance in Meeting the Objectives C RXII.118
III. Specific Tasks .121
1. CD in General. 121
2. Art 11 para 1. 124
3. Art 11 para 2. 124
IV. Aims . 125
V. The Criteria of 11 para 2 (C R XV). 129
1. Open C RXII.129
2. Transparent. 130
3. Regular. 131
VI. Considerations (“Wish List” - General).132
VII. Legal Nature.133
1. Hard Law. 133
2. Soft Law Nature. 134
3. Non-legal Obligation / Code of Ethics.134
4. Regulatory Regime (Beyond Art 11 TEU).134
5. Remedy. 135
Vili. Performance of the Regulatory Regime. 136
16
Table of Contents
2 Considerations on the Legal Nature/Regulator Regime
("wish-list”).■.136
IX. Selection (C R IX·).*.«.13?
1. Notification and Criteria for Participation C R XIII.137
2. Responsibility and Criteria for Selecting Members.138
4. Considerations on the Selection.139
XI. (X,) Dialogue Procedure.143
1 Structuring of Participants - General. 143
XII. Venues for CD.144
XIII. Conflict of Interest Policy.146
1. Checking on Possible Conflicts, Consequences.146
2. Impact of Vertical Dialogue.146
XIV. Review.146
1. Review in Place.146
2. Considerations on Possible Review Mechanisms.147
V. Conclusions and Recommendations: The Unfinished
Dialogues.149
1. General Objectives.149
i. Adapting to the New Mind-set by the Treaties:
Constitutional Responsibility.149
ii. Internalise the Commission President’s Mission Statement -
Corroborating Proactively in the Dialogue Culture.151
2. Horizontal CD .152
i. An Orphan in Need of Surrogate Activity?. 152
ii. Support Surrogate Motherhood from Bottom-up or from the
Side “by Appropriate Means”. 153
3. On the Vertical CD. 153
i. Consensus on the Dialogue’s Necessity - Dissensus on the
Status Quo. 153
ii. Possible Role Models. .154
i'i· Complete the Fragmentary Composition - Where are the
Considerations of Average Citizens?.155
iv. Allow a Broader Partnership Principle to Emerge. 156
17
Table of Contents
v. Reflecting on the New Wide Opening of the Dialogue(s).15g
vi. Choosing Quality over Quantity.157
vii. A Two-chamber Model?.157
viii. Co-designing a Reform Model.153
ix. Resolving the Confusion on the Nature of Dialogue -
Consultation, Expertise, Communication.15g
x. Designing a Serious Conflict of Interest Policy - A Case of
Transparency in Action.160
xi. The Eligibility of Religious and Philosophical and Party-
political Organisations.161
xii. Legal Frameworks vs. Arbitrariness vs. Culture.161
xiii. A Particular Finding Process is to be Recommended as is a
Commission-wide Basic Regime Model.162
xiv. Standardise the Admissibility, Eligibility and Selection
Regime . 163
xv. Enhance the Positive Perception of the Performance. 164
xvi. Consider Reviewing and Monitoring.164
xvii. Enrich the Role of the Entire Dialogue - Of the Partners, of
the Contents, of the Potential. 165
xviii. Install an Online “Eleven-Two-Tool” - Save Time and
Money and Gain Broad Compliance.166
4. A Final Remark. 168
VI. Bibliography.169
18 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pichler, Johannes W. 1947- Hinghofer-Szalkay, Stephan G. Pichler, Paul 1980- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)109342208 (DE-588)1012859479 |
| author_facet | Pichler, Johannes W. 1947- Hinghofer-Szalkay, Stephan G. Pichler, Paul 1980- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Pichler, Johannes W. 1947- |
| author_variant | j w p jw jwp s g h s sgh sghs p p pp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044280006 |
| classification_rvk | MK 5110 PS 2640 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)962407326 (DE-599)DNB1116437333 |
| dewey-full | 340 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 340 - Law |
| dewey-raw | 340 |
| dewey-search | 340 |
| dewey-sort | 3340 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Politologie |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV044280006</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20170720</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">170421s2016 au |||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1116437333</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783708310978</subfield><subfield code="c">Broschur : EUR 38.80 (DE), EUR 38.80 (AT)</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-7083-1097-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)962407326</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)DNB1116437333</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">au</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-AT</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">340</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MK 5110</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)123070:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PS 2640</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)139726:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">340</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pichler, Johannes W.</subfield><subfield code="d">1947-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)109342208</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions</subfield><subfield code="c">by Johannes W. Pichler, Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay, Paul Pichler</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Vienna ; Graz</subfield><subfield code="b">NWV Verlag</subfield><subfield code="c">2016</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">176 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Schriften zur Rechtspolitik</subfield><subfield code="v">40</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="610" ind1="2" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Europäische Union</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)5098525-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Partizipatorische Demokratie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)7612245-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">European Union</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">European citizens</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Participatory</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">True Constitutionalism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">civil dialogue</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">postnational democracy</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Europäische Union</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)5098525-5</subfield><subfield code="D">b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Partizipatorische Demokratie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)7612245-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hinghofer-Szalkay, Stephan G.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pichler, Paul</subfield><subfield code="d">1980-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1012859479</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="710" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NWV Verlag</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1066114803</subfield><subfield code="4">pbl</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Schriften zur Rechtspolitik</subfield><subfield code="v">40</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV004132209</subfield><subfield code="9">40</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029684403&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029684403</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV044280006 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T13:07:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1066114803 |
| isbn | 9783708310978 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029684403 |
| oclc_num | 962407326 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-12 |
| physical | 176 Seiten Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | NWV Verlag |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Schriften zur Rechtspolitik |
| series2 | Schriften zur Rechtspolitik |
| spelling | Pichler, Johannes W. 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)109342208 aut Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions by Johannes W. Pichler, Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay, Paul Pichler Vienna ; Graz NWV Verlag 2016 176 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Schriften zur Rechtspolitik 40 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Partizipatorische Demokratie (DE-588)7612245-1 gnd rswk-swf European Union European citizens Participatory True Constitutionalism civil dialogue postnational democracy Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Partizipatorische Demokratie (DE-588)7612245-1 s DE-604 Hinghofer-Szalkay, Stephan G. Verfasser aut Pichler, Paul 1980- Verfasser (DE-588)1012859479 aut NWV Verlag (DE-588)1066114803 pbl Schriften zur Rechtspolitik 40 (DE-604)BV004132209 40 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029684403&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pichler, Johannes W. 1947- Hinghofer-Szalkay, Stephan G. Pichler, Paul 1980- Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions Schriften zur Rechtspolitik Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Partizipatorische Demokratie (DE-588)7612245-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)7612245-1 |
| title | Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions |
| title_auth | Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions |
| title_exact_search | Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions |
| title_full | Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions by Johannes W. Pichler, Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay, Paul Pichler |
| title_fullStr | Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions by Johannes W. Pichler, Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay, Paul Pichler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions by Johannes W. Pichler, Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay, Paul Pichler |
| title_short | Civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the European Union institutions |
| title_sort | civil dialogue and participatory democracy in the practice of the european union institutions |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Partizipatorische Demokratie (DE-588)7612245-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Partizipatorische Demokratie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029684403&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004132209 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pichlerjohannesw civildialogueandparticipatorydemocracyinthepracticeoftheeuropeanunioninstitutions AT hinghoferszalkaystephang civildialogueandparticipatorydemocracyinthepracticeoftheeuropeanunioninstitutions AT pichlerpaul civildialogueandparticipatorydemocracyinthepracticeoftheeuropeanunioninstitutions AT nwvverlag civildialogueandparticipatorydemocracyinthepracticeoftheeuropeanunioninstitutions |