Post-Soviet racisms:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Palgrave Macmillan
[2017]
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xi, 250 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781137476913 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV044276319 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20170515 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 170419s2017 xx |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781137476913 |c hbk. |9 978-1-137-47691-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)988604110 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV044276319 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Zacharov, Nikolaj Valerʹevič |d 1978- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1070382094 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Post-Soviet racisms |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Palgrave Macmillan |c [2017] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2017 | |
| 300 | |a xi, 250 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Rassismus |0 (DE-588)4076527-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nachfolgestaaten |0 (DE-588)4328855-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Sowjetunion |0 (DE-588)4077548-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Racism / Former Soviet republics | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Former Soviet republics / Race relations | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Sowjetunion |0 (DE-588)4077548-3 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Nachfolgestaaten |0 (DE-588)4328855-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Rassismus |0 (DE-588)4076527-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-137-47692-0 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 090511 |g 479 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 090512 |g 947.08 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 090512 |g 479 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 090511 |g 947.08 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09049 |g 947.08 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09049 |g 479 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029680794 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1818323125183447040 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
1 The Logics and Legacy of Soviet Racialization 1
Nikolay Zakharov and Ian Law
2 Racisms in the Baltic States: Exclusive Nations 17
Nikolay Zakharov, Ian Law and Minna Harjo
3 Racism in Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine 53
Nikolay Zakharov, Ian Law and Aliaksei Lastouski
4 Racisms in the Southern Caucasus:
Multiple Configurations 91
Nikolay Zakharov and Ian Law
5 Central Asian Racisms 129
Nikolay Zakharov, Ian Law and Maya Shmidt
ix
X Contents
6 Post-Soviet Trajectories of Race and Racism, an Endnote
Nikolay Zakharov and Ian Law
References
Index
References
Abashin, Sergey. 2011. Natsii i postkolonializm vTsentral’noy Azii dvadtsať let
spustya: pereosmyslivaya kategorii analiza/praktiki. Ab Imperio 3: 193—210.
Abashin, Sergei. 2012. Nation-construction in post-Soviet Cental Asia. In Soviet
and post-Soviet identities? ed. M. Bass in and C. Kelly. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Abashin, Sergey, and Ivan Savin. 2012. Osh, 2010: konfliktuyushchaya etnich-
nost. In Etnichnosť i religiya v sovremennykh konfliktakh, ed. V. Tishkov and
V. Shnirelman. Moscow: Nauka.
Abdushelishvili, Malkhaz. 1968. Anthropology of the ancient and modern pop-
ulations of the Caucasus. In Contributions to the physical anthropology of
Central Asia and the Caucasus. Cambridge: Russian Translation Series, Mass:
The Peabody Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
Abdushelishvili, Malkhaz. 1979. Central problems in ethnic anthropology in
Southwest Asia in the light of the latest research. In Physiological and morphologi-
cal adaptation and evolution, ed. William Stini. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Adams, Laura. 2010. The spectacular state: Culture and national identity in
Uzbekistan. Durham: Duke University Press.
Agayez, Rasim. 2012. Turkey-Armenia protocols have caused split in Armenia. 12
October. http: //www. today.az/view, php?id=56460.
Akayev, Askar. 2002. Pamyatnoe desyatiletie: trudnaya doroga k demokratiu
Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.
© The Author(s) 2017
N. Zakharov, I. Law, Post-Soviet Racisms, Mapping Global Racisms,
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-47692-0
189
190
References
Akbarzadeh, Shahram. 1996. Why did nationalism fail in Tajikistan? Europe-
Asia Studies 7: 1105—1128.
Akbarzadeh, Shahram. 1999. National identity and political legitimacy in
Turkmenistan. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
27(2): 271-290.
Al’perovich, Vera. 2014. Ideologicheskie batalii russkikh natsionalistov na
ukrainskikh frontakh. In Rossiya՜ ne Ukraina: sovremennye akcenty natsional-
izma, ed. A. Verhovskiy, 292—305. Moscow: Tsentr “Sova”.
Alampiev, Oleg. 2013. Integratsiya immigrantov iz islamskikh stran v beloruss-
koe obshchestvo. Sotsiologiya 2: 132—141.
Aleksandrov, Mikhail. 2013. Russkie v Uzbekistane: khuzhe nekuda [Online, 1
April 2013]. Available at http://www.rosbalt.ru/exussr/2013/04/01 /1112454.
html. Accessed 9 Aug 2015.
Alekseev, Valeriy. 1971. Predki Tyurkskikh narodov’. Nauka I zhizn 5: 33—37.
Alekseeva, T.I., and V.D. Dyachenko. 2000. Antropologicheskiy oblik. In
Ukraintsy, ed. N.S. Polishchuk andA.P. Ponomarev, 55—62. Moscow: Nauka.
Alimova, Dilorom, Zoya Arifkhanova, and Adkham Ashirov. 2006. Eshche raz o
problemakh etnologii v Uzbekistane’. Etnografieheskoye obozreniye 3: 107—126.
Annus, Epp. 2011. The problem of Soviet colonialism. Journal of Baltic Studies
43(1): 21-45.
Anthias, Floya, Nira Yuval-Davis, and Harriet Cain. 1992. Racialized boundar-
ies: Race, nation, gender, colour and class and the anti-racist struggle. London:
Routledge.
Anti-Defamation League. 2014. Global 100. http://globall00.adl.org/about.
Arifkhanova, Zoya. 2011a. Etnicheskiy sostav naseleniya. In Uzbeki, ed. Zoya
Arifkhanova, Sergey Abashin, and Dilorom Alimova, 50—53. Moscow: Nauka.
Arifkhanova, Zoya. 2011b. Vvedeniye. In Uzbeki, ed. Zoya Arifkhanova, Sergey
Abashin, and Dilorom Alimova, 7—13. Moscow: Nauka.
Arifkhanova, Zoya, and Ravshan Nazarov. 2011. Etnodemograficheskaya situ-
atsiya na rubezhe XX i XXI vekov. In Uzbeki, ed. Zoya Arifkhanova, Sergey
Abashin, and Dilorom Alimova, 64—78. Moscow: Nauka.
Askarov, Shukur. 2004. Amir Temur and Philippe Brunelleschi. [Online, 1 July
2004]. Available at http://sanat.orexca.com/2004/2004-3/history_art5/.
Accessed 3 Sept 2015.
Astler, P. 2015. Jews in the Baltics fear the creep of anti-semitism. Fox News.
March 12. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/03/12/jews-in-baltics-fear-
creep-anti-semitism/
Astourian, Stephan H. 1999. Modern Turkish identity and the Armenian geno-
cide, from prejudice to racist nationalism. In Remembrance and denial, the
References
191
case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne
State University Press.
Aydıngün, Ayşegül. 2013. The ethnification and nationalisation of religion in
the post-Soviet Georgian nation-state building process: A source of discrimi-
nation and minority rights violations? International Journal of Human Rights
17(7—8): 810-828.
Bakalian, Anny P. 1994. Armenian-Americans: From being to feeling Armenian.
New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Bakhturina, Aleksandra. 2004. Okrainy Rossiyskoy imperii: Gosudarstvennoe uprav-
lenie i politika vgody Pervoy mirovoy voyny (1914—1917.). Moscow: ROSSPEN.
Balkelis, Tomas. 2009. The making of modern Lithuania. London: Routledge.
Baum, Bruce. 2006. The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: A political history of
racial identity. New York: New York University Press.
Bayramov, Oleg. 2009.0 natsionalizme i ksenofobii v Uzbekistane: Pyatiminutki
nenavisti stall “desyatiminutkami. [Online, 28 January 2009]. Available at
http://www.fergananews.com/articles/6041. Accessed 7 Aug 2015.
Beissinger, Mark. 1995. The persisting ambiguity of empire. Post Soviet Affairs
11(2): 149-184.
Bekia, Chedia. 2011. Georgian nationalism today,\ facing the challenges of a new
millennium. Sweden: CA and CC Press.
Belova, Olga. 2005. EtnokuVturnye stereotipy v slavyanskoy narodnoy traditsii.
Moscow: Indrik.
Belvpo. 2013. Narodu Kyrgyzstana grozit epoha natsionalizma. [Online, 14
October 2013]. Available at http://www.belvpo.com/ru/30663.html. Accessed
24 Aug 2015.
Bernporad, Elissa. 2013. Becoming Soviet jews. The Bolshevik experiment in
Minsk. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
Berdykulov, Azizzhon. 2015. Ethnic minorities political mobilization: Cases of
Uzbeks and Pamiris from the Tajik Ciil War to the 2012/2014 Khorog events.
Policy Brief No.24. OSCE Academy.
Beresneviciuté, Vida. 2010. Rhetoric of violence against voiceless minorities:
Analysis of press reports on the Roma in Lithuania. Ethnicity Studies, Vilnius:
Institute of Ethnic Studies.
Beresneviciúté, Vida, and Monica Fréjutè-Rakauskiené. 2006. Ethnic topics and
intolerance in Lithuanian media: Analysis of daily newspaper. Ethnicity
Studies 1: 19-44.
Bespamyatnykh, Nikolay, et al. 2014. Politika upravleniya etnokulturnym raz~
noobraziem v Belarus։, Moldove i Ukraine: mezhdu sovetskim naslediem i
evropeyskimi standartami. EGU: Vilnius.
192
References
Binus, Joshua. 2005. Tatus O. Cartozian with his daughters. Oregon: Oregon
Historical Society, http://www.ohs.org/ education/o rego nh isto ry/historical_
records/dspDocument.cim?docJD==c5f74925--d75d-54fl-e44lea279f7a9402.
Bitadze, Liana. 2015. Istoriko-antropologicheskie svedeniya. In Gruziny, ed.
L. Beriashvili, L. Melikashvili, and L. Solov’eva. Moscow: Nauka.
Blakkisrud, Helge, and Shahnoza Nozimova. 2010. History writing and nation
building in post-independence Tajikistan. Nationalities Papers 38(2): 173—189.
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich. 1795. On the natural variety of mankind. English
translation by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865, The anthropological treatises of Johann
Friedrich Blumenbach. London: Longman.
Bobokhonov, Rakhimbek. 2011. Grazhdanskaya voina v Tadzhikistane (1992—
1997 gody). Prichiny, posledstviya i uroki. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremen-
nosť 4: 74—83.
Bogolov, Petr. 2012. ‘Tamerlan vmesto Lenina’ [Online, 20 January2012]. Available
at http://strana.lenta.ru/uzbekistan/timur.htm. Accessed 30 Sept 2015.
Bogolov, Petr. 1993. ‘Istinnye ariytsy [Online, 1993]. Available at http://strana.
lenta.ru/tajikistan/samanid.htm. Accessed 25 Sept 2015.
Bohn, Tomas. 2008. Minsk — Musterstadt des Sozialismus. Stadtplanung und
Urbanisierung in der Sowjetunion nach 1945. Köln: Böhlau Verlag.
Bonnett, Alastair. 2002. Communists like us: Ethnicised modernity and the
‘idea of the West’. Ethnicities 2(4): 435—467.
Borisov, N.A. 2013. Proektirovanie natsionalnykh ideologiy i problémy stabil-
nosti politicheskykh rezhimov (sluchay Uzbekistana i Kyrgyzstana). Politika i
Obshchestvo 4: 418—427.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2009. Ethnicity, race and nationalism. Annual Review of
Sociology 35: 21—44.
Brubaker, Roger. 2011. Nationalizing states revisited: Projects and processes of nation-
alization in post-Soviet states. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(11): 1785—1814.
Brzozovska, Anna. 2004. Discourses of empowerment: Understanding Belarus’ inter-
national orientation. In Contemporary change in Belarus, ed. Egle Rindzeviciute,
73—108. Huddinge: Södertörns högskola.
Buniatyan, Gayanne. 2006. How does Armenia educate its public administrators in
ethnic diversity? Yerevan: Yerevan State University, Armenia, Working Paper.
Bykov, Aleksandr. 2000. O rusofobii v postsovetskom prostranstve. Sotsio
logicheskiye issledovaniya 4: 128—130.
Chedia, Beka. 2014. Georgian nationalism today, facing the challenges of the new
millennium. Stockholm: CA CC Press.
Chernyavskaya, Yuliya. 2010. Belorusy. Ot “tuteyshykh”k natsii. Minsk: FUAinform.
Chkhartishvili, Mariam, and Ivane Javakhishvili. 2013. Georgian nationalism
and the idea of the Georgian nation. Codrul Cosminulu XIX(2): 189—206.
References
193
Chokobaeva, Aminat. 2015. Born for misery and woe: national memory and
the 1916 great revolt in Kyrgyzstan. In Nationalism and identity construction
in Central Asia, ed. Mariya Omelicheva, 37-53. London: Routledge.
Clement, Victoria. 2014. Articulating national identity in Turkmenistan:
Inventing tradition through myth, cult and language. Nations and Nationalism
20; 546-562.
Crowe, David M. 2007. A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dabija, N. 1996. Rusoaicele. Literatura si arta. 24 octombrie.
Dabija, N. 1997. Moldovencele. Literatura si arta. 28 August.
Dan, Mark. 2004. ‘Sionistskiy zagovor po-kirgizskf [Online, March 2004].
Available at http://www.jewukr.org/observer/eo2003/page_show„ru.php?kk=538.
Accessed 21 Sept 2015.
Darieva, Tsypylma. 2011. Rethinking homecoming: Diasporic cosmopolitan-
ism in post-Soviet Armenia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(3): 490—508.
Dave, Bhavna. 2007. Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, language and power\ London:
Routledge.
Dean, Martin. 1999. Collaboration in the Holocaust. Crimes of local police in
Belorussia and Ukraine 1941—44. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Degtiar, Mikhail. 2001. The Jews of Uzbekistan—The end of the epoch.
Available at http://www.ca-c.org/journal/2001 /journaL_eng/cac-04/22.degen.
shtml. Accessed 25 Aug 2015.
Delfi. 2015a. Mõttekoht EKREle? Euroopa Sallimatusevastane Komisjon
Soovitab Eestil Ära Lappida Seaduseauk, Mis Lubab Riigil Rassismiedendajaid
Rahastada. [Online]. Delfi.ee 16 October 2015. Available from: http://www.
delfi.ee/news/paevauudised/eesti/euroopa-noukogu-raport-pani-ritta-
sallimatud-eesti-poliitikud-ligi-helme-lukas-vooglaid-ja-nool?id=72716187.
Delfi. 2015b. Eesti Pagulasorganisatsioonid Pöördusid Rahastamisküsimustes
Peaministri Poole. [Online]. Delfi.ee 2 June 2015. Available from: http://
www.delfi.ee/news/paevauudised/eesti/eesti-pagulasorganisatsioonid-
poordusid-rahastamiskusimuses-peaministri-poole?id=71612805.
Demidov, Sergey. 2002. Postsovetskiy Turkmenistan. Moscow: Natalis.
Denison, Michael. 2009. The art of the impossible: Political symbolism, and the
creation of national identity and collective memory in post-Soviet
Turkmenistan. Europe-'Asia Studies 61 (7): 1167-1187.
Derkachova, Olga. 2015. ‘Lish ne kazhit, shco ya rasistka / [Online 3 August,
2015]. Available at http://styknews.info/blog/olga-derkachova/2015/08/03/
lysh-ne-kazhit-shcho-ia-rasystka.
Dobbins, Michael, and Mariam Parsadanishvili. 2013. Statehood religion and
strategic Europeanization in the Southern Caucasus. Euxeinos, Governance
and Culture in the Black Sea Region 9: 3—4.
194
References
Dovnar-Zapolskiy, Mitrofan. 1909. Belorusy. Etnograficheskiy ocherk. In
Issledovaniya i staťi, ed. M. Dovnar-Zapolskiy, 257—316. Kiev.
Dovnar-Zapolskiy Mitrofan. 2011. Istoriya Belorusiu Minsk: Belarus.
Dubnov, Arkadiy. 2013. Chego stoit zastupnichestvo Kremlya v Turkmenii?
[Online, 4 April, 2013]. Available at http://www.bbc.com/russian/russia/
2013/04/130404_russia_turkmenistan_compatriots.
Dumitru, Diana. 2008. The use and abuse of the Holocaust: Historiography
and politics in Moldova. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 22(1): 49—73.
Dumitru, D. 2016. The state, antisemitismy and collaboration in the Holocaust:
The borderlands of Romania and the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Durdyyev, Marat. 1991. Turkmeny (Roiski predkov turkmenskogo naroda i ego
istoricheskoy p varo diny). Ashkhabad: Kharp.
Dyachenko, Vasiliy. 1952. Antropologicheskoye issledovanie gagauzov MoIdavskoy
SSRy voL 15. KSIE.
Dzenovska, Dace. 2010. Public reason and the limits of liberal anti-racism in
Latvia. Ethnos 75(4): 496—525.
Dzenovska, Dace. 2013. Historical agency and the coloniality of power in post-
socialist Europe. Anthropological Theory 13(4): 394—416.
Dzermant, Aiyaksey, and Syargey San ko. 2005. Etnagenez belarusau: navuka I
idealogiya. ARCHE 5: 233-253.
ECMI (European Centre for Minority Issues). 2011. Minority issues mainstream-
ing in the Southern Caucasus. Tbilisi: ECMI.
ECRE (European Council on Refugees and Exiles). 2009. “Here to stay?”
Refugee Voices in Belarus, Moldova, The Russian Federation and Ukraine
[Online]. Available at http://unhcr.org.ua/img/uploads/docs/ECRE%20
Ref%2 Ovo ices. pdf.
ECRI (European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance). 2008. Third
report on Ukraine. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
ECRI (European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance). 2013. ECRI
report on the republic of Moldova (fourth monitoring cycle). [Online, 15
October 2013]. Available at https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/
Country-by-country/Moldova/MDA-CbC-IV-2013-038-ENG.pdf.
ECRI (European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance). 2015. Report
on Estonia (Fifth Monitoring Cycle). [Online]. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/librarydoc/ecri-report-
on-estonia-fifth-monitoring-cycle. Accessed 23 Sept 2015.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2010a. Report on
Georgia. Brussels: ECRI.
References
195
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2010b. Report on
Estonia. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2011a. Report on
Armenia. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2011b. Report on
Lithuania. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2011c. Report on
Azerbaijan. Brussels: ECRI.
ECRI (European Commission on Racism and Intolerance). 2012. Report on
Latvia. Brussels: ECRI.
Edgar, Adrienne Lynn. 2006. Tribal nation: The making of Soviet Turkmenistan.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond. 2015. Petitsioon [Online]. Available from:
http://www.ekre.ee/petitsioon/.
ENAR (European Network Against Racism). 2006. Responding to racism in
Lithuania. Brussels: ENAR.
ENAR (European Network Against Racism). 2013. Racism and related discrimi-
natory practices in employment in Lithuania. Brussels: ENAR.
ERR. 2013a. Conservative politician:If you are black go back. 29 May. http://
news.err.ee/v/politics/33f684b9-fbf6-4286-a841-710184f79940.
ERR. 2013b. Estonia's non-existent colour barrier. 16 August, http://news.err.
ee/v/opinion/2b7ffi)df*0319-4db4-904f-602ba93e2337.
Esenbaev, Azis. 2015. Osobennosti rodoplemennykh otnosheniy v Kyrgyzstane
I ikh vliyaniye na razvitiye instituta vyborov: popytka osmysleniya. Vestnik
KRSU2(15): 81—85.
Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2015. Eesti Suursaadik ÜROs Kutsus
Liikmesriike Ühiselt Seisma Antisemitismi Rassismi, Ksenofoobia ja Usulise
Sallimatuse Vastu. [Online]. Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs
25 January 2015. Available from http://valisministeerium.ee/et/uudised/
eesti-suursaadik-uros-kutsus-liikmesriike-uhiselt-seisma-antisemitismi-ras-
sismi-ksenofoobia.
EUMC (European Union Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia).
2006. Aastaaruanne Rassismija Ksenofoobia Kohta Euroopa Liidu Liikmesriikides.
[Online]. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities. Available from: http://bookshop.europa.eu/et/aastaaruanne-
rassismi-ja-ksenofoobia-olukorra-kohta-euroopa-liidu-liikmesriikides-pbT-
KAD07001/. Accessed 19 Sept 2015.
196
References
EurasiaNet. 2011a. Tajikistan’s ethnic Uzbeks: Poor like everyone, but sidelined
more. [Online, 24 February, 2011]. Available at www.eurasianet.org/node/
62952. Accessed 29 Sept 2015.
EurasiaNet. 2011b. Kyrgyzstan: Rising nationalism risks renewed violence —
Report [Online, 10 March 2011]. Available at http://www.eurasianet.org/
node/63046. Accessed 3 Sept 2015.
Farooq, Umar. 2015. Grief not justice for Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan. [Online, 26
May 2015]. Available at http://www.irinnews.org/report/101541/grief-not'
justice-for-uzbeks-in-kyrgyzstan. Accessed 1 Sept 2015.
Felder, Björn M. 2009. Eugenics and racial identity in Latvia: Scientific transfer
and European Zeitgeist. Paper presented at the conference on Eugenics, race
and psychiatry in the Baltic states: A trans-national perspective 1900—1945,
Goethe Institute Riga, Latvia, http://www.pulse-project.org/node/169.
Felder, Björn M. 2013a. In pursuit of biological purity: Eugenics and racial
paradigms in Nazi-Occupied Latvia, 1941—1945. In Racial science in Hitlers
new Europe, ed. R. Yeomans and A. Weiss-Wendt, 1938—1945. Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press.
Felder, Björn M. 2013b. Introduction, eugenics, sterilisation and the racial state:
The Naltic States and Russia and the global eugenics movement. In Baltic
eugenics: Bio-politics, race and nation in Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
1918—1940, ed. M.F. Björn and P.J. Weindling. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Felder, Björn M., and Paul J. Weindling (eds.). 2013. Baltic eugenics: Bio-politics,
race and nation in Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918—1940.
Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Fergana. 2009. Human Rights Watch: Prava cheloveka narushayutsya vo vsekh
stranakh Tsentral’noy Azii. [Online, 16 January 2009]. Available at http://
www.fergananews.com/articles/6022. Accessed 30 Sept 2015.
Fergana. 2015. Konflikt na granitse Kyrgyzstana I Tadzhikistana: Zhiteli dvuh
stran metali kamni drug v druga. [Online, 3 August 2015]. Available at
http://www.fergananews.com/news/237l6. Accessed 4 Aug 2015.
FIDH (The International Federation for Human Rights). 2004. The Roma of
Russia:The subject ofmultiple forms of discrimination. Paris: FIDH/Northwest
Centre for the Legal and Social Protection of Roma, St Petersburg Memorial.
http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Romrussie407eng.pdf.
Finko, A. 2013. Multikulturalizm I ego opponenty: pravye sily v politicheskoy
sisteme Ukrainy. In Krizis multikulturalizma Iproblemy natsionalnoy politiki,
ed. M.B. Pogrebinskiy and A.K. Tolpygo, 282—381. Ves’ mir: Moscow.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1999. Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary life in extraordinary times.
New York: Oxford University Press.
References
197
Flitner, Michael. 2003. Genetic geographies, a historical comparison of agrarian
modernisation and eugenic thought Germany, the Soviet Union and the
United States. Geoforum 34(2): 173—185.
Florin, Morits. 2011. Elity, russkiy yazyk i sovetskaya identichnost5 v postsovets-
koy Kirgizii. Neprikosnovennyi zapas 80(4): 225—233.
Foltz, Richard. 1996. The Tajiks of Uzbekistan. Central Asian Survey 15(2):
213-216.
Foroughi, Payam. 2002. Tajikistan: Nationalism, ethnicity, conflict, and socio-
economic disparities: Sources and solutions. Journal of Muslim Minority
Affairs 22(1): 39-61.
Foster, Doug. 2015. Cleansing violence in the Tajik Civil War: Framing from
the dark side of democracy. National Identities 4(17): 353-370.
FRA (Fundamental Rights Agency). 2014. Discrimination andhate crime against Jews
in EU member states, experiences andperceptions of antisemitism. Vienna: FRA.
Fréjuté-Rakauskiené, Monika. 2009. Ethnic intolerance in the Lithuanian press.
Ethnicity Studies 1: 139—156.
Gazeta.ru. 2015. V Belorussii ne opasayutsya eksporta neonetsistskoy ideologii iz
Ukrainy [Online, 21 June 2015]. Available at https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/
news/2015/06/21 /n_7307193.shtml.
Geddie, John. 1885. The Russian empire, its rise and progress. Edinburgh:
T. Nelson and Sons.
Gelzis, Gederts. 2015. Migrant protests in Latvia. http://www.reuters.com/arti-
cle/ us-europe-migrants-latvia-idUSKCN0Q920I20150804.
Goble, Paul. (2013). ‘Window on Eurasia: Ethnic Russians in Uzbekistan under
pressure to leave’ [Online, 3 April, 2013]. Available at http://windowoneur-
asia2.blogspot.ru/2013/04/window-on-eurasia-ethnic-russians-in.html.
Accessed 20 Aug 2015.
Goldberg, David. 1993. Racist culture: Philosophy and the politics of meaning.
Oxford: Blackwell.
Goldenberg, Susan. 1994. Pride of small nations, the Caucasus and post-Soviet
disorder. London: Zed.
Goldenberg, David. 2003. The curse of ham: Race and slavery in early Judaism,
Christianity.; and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Goldberg, D.T. 2009. The threat of race, reflections on racial neoliberalism. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Gorak, Slavomir. 2009. V poiskhah istorii Tadzhikistana: o chem tadjikskie isto-
rila sporyat s uzbekskimi?. Neprikosnovennyi zapas, 4(66).
Guboglo, M. 2010. Yazykovaya zhizn Moldovan v postsovetskii period5. In
Moldovane, ed. M. Guboglo and V. Dergachev, 95—106. Moscow: Nauka.
198
References
Guboglo, M., and V. Dergachev (eds.), 2010. Moldovane. Moscow: Nauka.
Gurcov, Nichita. 2012. A racist Moldova?' [Online, 21 February 2012]. Available
at https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2012/02/a-racist-moldova/.
Haji-Petros, Vahan H. 2001. Defeating genocide: Analysis of ethnic conflicts in
Nagorno Karabakh and Kosovo. http://www.cilicia.com/DGindex.htm.
Hallik, K. 2011. Russkie v Estonii. In Russkie: etnosotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya,
ed. Aratyunyan Yurii, 99—119. Moscow: Nauka.
Hanks, Reuel. 2014. Identity theft? In Nationalism and identity construction in
Central Asia: Dimensions, dynamics, and directions, ed. Mariya Omelicheva,
111—127. London: Lexington Books.
Hardey, Charles, G. Bike Yazicioglu, and Adam T. Smith (eds.). 2012. The
archaeology of power andpolitics in Eurasia, regimes and revolutions. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Helbig, Adriana. 2014. Hip hop Ukraine: Music, race, and African migration.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Helbling, Marc (ed.). 2012. Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and explaining
individual attitudes. London: Routledge.
Helemäe, Jeleňa. 2013. Sotsiaľno-ekonomicheskie transfornatsii v Estonii. In
Etnicheskaya Politika v Stranah Baltii, eds. Vadim Poleshchuk and Valery
Stepanov, 219—235. Moscow: Nauka.
Hirsch, Francine. 2002. Race without the practice of racial politics. Slavic
Review 61(1): 30—43.
Hirsch, Francine. 2005. Empire of nations, ethnographic knowledge and the mak-
ing of the Soviet Union. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hitler, Adolf. 2007. Mein Kampf Mumbai: Jaico Publishing (2007 edition).
Horák, Slavomir, and Jan Šír. 2009. Dismantling totalitarianism? Turkmenistan
under Berdimuhamedow. Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development
Policy.
Hovannisian, Richard G. 1999. Introduction: The Armenian genocide. In
Remembrance and denial, the case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard G.
Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Hroch, Miroslav. 1985. Social preconditions of national revival in Europe: A com-
parative analysis of the social composition of patriotic groups among the smaller
European nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Human Rights Watch. 2005. 'Uzbekistan: Journalist assaulted after reporting
on Massacre5 [Online, 10 November 2005]. Available at https://www.hrw.
org/news/2005/11/10/uzbekistan-journalist-assaulted-after-reporting-mas-
sacre. Accessed 29 Sept 2015.
References
199
Human Rights Watch. 2006. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan must protect Uzbek refugees.
[Online, 16 July 2006]. Available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/07/16/eu-
kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-must-protect-uzbek-refugees. Accessed 14 Sept 2015.
Human Rights Watch. 2012. Central Asia: Overview of key human rights con-
cerns and recommendations. [Online, 15 November 2012]. Available at
https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/15/central-asia-overview-key-human-
rights-concerns-and-recommendations. Accessed 30 Sept 2015.
Ilkhamov, Alisher, ed. 2002. Etnicheskiy atlas Uzbekistanu. Uzbekistan: Institut
“Otkrytoye Obshchestvo”.
International Crisis Group. 2012. Kyrgyzstan: Widening ethnic divisions in the
South - International crisis group Asia Report №222 [Online, 29 March
2012]. Available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/
kyrgyzstan/222-kyrgyzstan-widening-ethnic-divisions-in-the-south.aspx.
Accessed 2 Sept 2015.
Ioffe, Grigory. 2014. Reassessing Lukashenka: Belarus in cultural and geopolitical
context. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Iskandaryan, Alexander. 2011. The South Caucasus: Becoming a region or try-
ing to be one. In Identities, ideologies and institutions, a decade of insight into
the Caucasus, ed. A. Iskandaryan. Yerevan: Caucasus Institute.
Ivanov, Georgiy. 2009. Negostepriimnyy Uzbekistan. [Online, 15 October
2009]. Available at http://beta-press.ru/article/12. Accessed 16 Sept 2015.
Janiashvili, George, Nino Gvedashvili, David Chikashua, and Irma Mamasakhlisi.
2003. People without ńghts, Roma rights in Georgia. Tbilisi: HRIDC.
Jones, Stephen, and Robert Parsons. 1996. Georgia and the Georgians. In The nation-
alińes question in the post-Soviet states, ed. Graham Smith. London: Longman.
Kaiser, Hilmar. 1998. Imperialism, racism and development theories, the construction
of a dominant paradigm on Ottoman Armenians. Ann Arbour: Gomidas Institute.
Kaiser, Hilmar. 1999. The Baghdad railway and the Armenian genocide, 1915—
1916. In Remembrance and denial, the case of the Armenian genocide, ed.
Richard G. Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Kąkolewski, Igor. 2012. The commonwealth of many nations, religions and cul-
tures. In Under a common sky. The commonwealth of many nations, religions
and cultures, ed. I. Kąkolewski et al. Warsaw: Muzeum Historii Polski.
Kaiishevsky, Mikhail. 2010. Ot ploshchadi Lenina k ploshchadi Shakhidon: k
20-letiyu fevralskoy tragedii v Dushanbe. [Online, 15 February, 2010].
Available at http://www.fergananews.com/articles/6470. Accessed 25
Sept 2015.
Kaiishevsky, Mikhail. 2013. Ot “ariyskogo pervorodstva” k “spravedlivomu
shakhu” [Online, 2 December, 2013]. Available at http://www.fergananews.
com/articles/7965. Accessed 25 Sept 2015.
200
References
Kallas, K., and K. Kaldur. 2011. Eestis Rahvusvahelise kaitse saanud isikute
hetkeolukord ning integreeritus Eesti Ühiskonda: Uuringuraport. [Online].
Tartu: Institute of Baltic Studies. Available from: http://www.ibs.ee/et/pub-
likatsioonid/item/106-rahvusvahelise-kaitse-saanud-isikute-integreeritus.
Accessed 23 Sept 2015.
Kallas, K., K. Kaldur, M. Raudsepp, K. Aavik, and T. Roosalu. 2013a. Equal
treatment in Estonia: Awareness and promotion: Research report. [Online].
Tartu: Institute of Baltic Studies/TLÜ RASI. Available from: http://www.ibs.
ee/et/publikatsioonid/item/121-v%C3%B5rdse-kohtlemise-edendamine.
Accessed 3 Oct 2015-
Kallas, K., I. Mihkelsoo, and K. Plaan. 2013b. Integrating Estonia 2000—2011
an analysis of integration monitoring surveys. [Online]. Tartu: Institute of
Baltic Studie. Available from: http://www.ibs.ee/en/publications/item/124-
integratsiooni-monitooringute-analuus. Accessed 24 Sept 2015.
Kallas, K., R. Vetik, J. Kruusvall, E. Saar, J. Helemäe, L. Kirss, C. Leppik, K.
Seppel, K. Kivistik, and P. Ubakivi-Hadachi. 2015. Eesti Ühiskonna Integratsiooni
Monitooring, 2015. [Online]. Tartu: Institute of Baltic Studies/University of
Tartu/SA Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis. Available from: http://www.ibs.ee/
en/publications/item/124-integratsiooni-monitooringute-analuus. Accessed 3
Oct 2015.
Kalling, Ken, and Leiu Heapost. 2013. Racial identity and physical anthropol-
ogy in Estonia, 1800—1945. In Baltic eugenics: Bio-politics, race and nation in
Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918—1940, ed. M.F. Björn and P.J.
Welndling. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Kara-Murza, Vladimir. 2016. Nasledstvennyye “demokratil”. Tadzhikistan
poluchayet pozhiznennoye prezidentstvo. Kto sleduyushchiy? [Hereditary
“democracy.” Tajikistan gets a lifetime presidency. Who’s next?]. RFE/RL
[Online 23 May, 2016]. Available at http://www.svoboda.org/content/tran-
script/27752812.html. Accessed 23 May 2016.
Karapkulov, A., ed. 1984—1990. Istoriya Kirgizskoy SSSR vpyati tomah. Frunze:
Kyrgyzstan.
Karutz, Richard. 1911. Sredi kirgizov i turkmenov na Mangyshlake. St.Petersburg:
Izdaniye A.E Devriyena.
Kasekamp, Andres. 2003. Extreme-right parties in contemporary Estonia.
Patterns of Prejudice 37(4): 401^414.
Kavolis, Tadas. 2009. Lithunanian nationalist skinhead subculture, the features
of an identity. In Subcultures and new religious movements in Russia and East-
Central Europe, ed. George Mckay, Christopher Williams, Michael Goddard,
Neil Foxlee, and Egidija Ramanauskaite. Oxford: Peter Lang.
References
201
-------. 2014. Peculiarities of the formation of groups with nationalist world-
views in Lithunaia, the case of skinheads. ELABA. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/
LT-eLABa-0001:E.02^20l4-D_20140902_085835-6098.
Kazakevich, A. 2010. Kantseptsyi (idei) belaruskay natsyi u peryyad nezalezh-
nastsi 1990-2009. Palitychnaya sfera 14: 1-20.
Khaindrava, Ivlian. 2001. Moving in several directions at once: Religion in
Georgia in the 21st century. In Identitiesy ideologies and institutions, a decade
of insight into the Caucasus ed. A. Iskandaryan. Yerevan: Caucasus Institute.
Khalid, Adib. 2006. Islam after communism: Religion and politics in Central Asia.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Khalid, Adeeb 2007. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central
Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Khalid, Adib. 2011. Uzbekistan: rozhdeniye natsii. Neprikosnovennyi zapas
4(78): 34-46.
Khodzhayov, Tal’man, and Galshira Khodzhayova. 2011. Istoricheskaya antro-
pologiya. In Uzbekiy ed. Zoya Arifkhanova, Sergey Abashin, and Dilorom
Alimova, 14—24. Moscow: Nauka.
Khoperskaya, Larisa. 2013. NetituVnaya sud'ba: Rossiyskie sootechestvenniki v
TsentraVnoy Azii. Moscow: Academia.
Khudaverdyan, Anahit Yu. 2012. Armenia in the Eurasian ethnic context of late
classical antiquity: Craniometrie evidence. Archaeology, Ethnology and
Anthropology of Eurasia 40(3): 138-148.
Khutsishvili, Taka and Ana Sheshaberidze. 2010. “I Am Afraid of Chinese
People!” “Negros Have Attacked Us?!” — Racism problem in Georgia http://
www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=mainÔCpid=8139 lang=:eng. 19 March.
Kiepenheuer-Drechsler, Barbara. 2006. Trapped in permanent neutrality:
Looking behind the symbolic production of the Turkmen nation. Central
Asian Survey 23(1— 2): 129—141.
Kim, Victor. 2008. O rasovoy, i ne tol’ko, diskriminatsii v Tadzhikistane.
[Online, 28 November 2008]. Available at http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.
php?st= 1227940020. Accessed 27 Sept 2015.
Kimmage, Daniel. 2004. Analysis: Kazakh breakthrough on Uzbek terror case.
[Online, 15 November, 2004]. Available at http://www.rferl.org/content/
article/1055882.html. Accessed 30 Sept 2015.
Kirchanov, Maxim. 2010. Turkmen nationalism today: Political and intellectual
mythologemes. Central Asia and the Caucasus 11(1): 52—63.
Kirkilas, Gediminas. 2015. Lithuanids approach to refugees: History; compassion
andsolidarity. http://www.euractiv.com/sections/j ustice-home-affairs/lithuanias-
approach-refugees-history-compassion-and-solidarity-317971.
202
References
Kiryukhin, D. 2013. Multikulturalizm, natsionalizm i identichnosť: ukrainskiy
konteksť. In Krizis multikulturalizma I problémy natsionalnoy politiķi, ed.
M.B. Pogrebinskiy and A.K. Tolpygo, 195—218. Moscow: Ves5 mir.
Kivine, M. 1999. Eesti ja Ksenofoobia. Eesti Päevaleht 21st January. Available
from: http.7/epl.delfi.ee/news/arvamus/eesti~ja-k$enofoobia?id=50767450.
21 Jan 1999.
Kizima, Sergey, ed. 2012. Belorusskaya modeV razvitiya v kontekste globalizatsii:
Sborník nauchnykh trudov. Minsk: Pravo i ekonomika.
Kokaisl’, Petr. 2013. Kyrgyzy v Kyrgyzstane i za rubezhom — odna kuVtura odnogo
naroda? POZNAN.
Koltchanov, B. 2011. Racism in Latvia. Brussels: ENAR
Koppel, K. 2015. Katrina Koppel Võõravihast: Sõim Tänaval Eslaleerub.
Sõnadest Saavad Teod Kiiremini, Kui Karta Oskame. [Online]. Eesti
Päevaleht 27 November 2015. Available from: http://epl.delfi.ee/news/arva-
mus/katrina-koppel-vooravihast-soim-tanaval-eskaleerub-sonadest-saavad-
teod-kiiremini-kui-karta-oskame?id=73053353.
Korostelina, Karina. 2007. The system of social identities in Tajikistan: Early
warning and conflict prevention. Communist and Post-Communist Studies
40(2): 223-238.
Kosmarskaya, Natalya. 2006. “Deti imperii " v postsovetskoy TsentraPnoy Azii:
adaptivnyepraktiki i mentaVnye sdvigi: russkie v Kirgizii, 1992—2002. Natalis:
Moscow.
Kott, Mat iss. 2013/2015. The fate of the Romani minorities in Estoniay Latvia,
and Lithuania during World War II: Problems and perspectives for Romani stud-
ies and comparative genocide research, Conference Paper, Moscow (forthcom-
ing in ed. Inesis Feldmans, Uldis Neiburgs and Valters Šcerbinskis. 2015.
Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisijas rakstu zinātniskā redkolēģija. Riga).
Kott, Matthew. 2014. It is in their DNA: Swedish police, structural antizigan-
ism and the registration of Romanis. In When stereotype meets prejudice, ed.
Timofey Agarin. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag.
Kunysz, Nicholas. 2012. From sultanism to neopatrimonialism? Regionalism
wi thin Turkmenistan. Central Asian Survey 31(1): 1—16.
Kuropatkin, Aleksei. 1879. Turkmeniya i turkmeny. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya
VA Pole tiki.
Kuru, Ahmet. 2002. Between the state and cultural zone: Nation building in
Turkmenistan. Central Asian Survey 21(1): 71 —90.
Kvyatkouski, S. 2015 Gorodskaya kultura Minska: uzhe ne rezervatsiya, esche
ne meynstrim. Belarusskiy zhurnal [Online 11 septembre 2015]. Available at
References
203
http://journalby.com/news/go rodskaya-kul tura-mi nska-uzhe-ne-
rezervaciya-eshchyo-ne-meynstrim-455.
Kyivs Euromaidan is a liberat io nist and not extremist mass action of civic dis-
obedience (petition of February 4th, 2014). 2014. Available at https://www.
change, org/p/to-j ournalists-commen tato rs-and-analysts-writing-
on-the-ukrainian-protest-movement-euromaidan-kyiv-s-euromaidan-is-a-
liberationist-and-not-extremist-mass-action-of-civic-disobedience.
Laineste, L., T. Raus, M. Timmi, R. Vetik, and T. Vihalemm. 2007. 'Rassi- ja
Voõravimm Eestis\ [Online]. Tallinn: Estonian Ministry of Justice, http://
www.kriminaalpoliitika.ee/sites/www.kriminaalpoliitika.ee/fìles/elfìnder/
dokumendid/rassi-_ja_vooravimm_eestis._justiitsministeerium._2007
_201 l.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2013.
Laitin, David. 1991. The national uprisings in the Soviet Union. World Politics
44(1): 39-80.
Lakson, R 2015. Vaenu Õhutamine Sotsiaalmeedias Viis Politsei Ridadest
Lahkumiseni. [Online]. Postimees 23 November 2015. Available from:
http://pluss.postimees.ee/3407289/vaenu-ohutamine-sotsiaalmeedias-
viis-politsei-ridadest-lahkumiseni.
Lankauskas, Gediminas. 2010, Others, the nation and its (dis)integration in
‘European’ Lithuania. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 18(2): 193-208.
Lamelle, Marlène. 2005. “Etnicheskiy atlas Uzbekistaną” v kontekste covremen-
nogo institutsional’nogo polozheniya postsovetskoy uzbekskoy etnologii.
Etnograficheskoye obozreniye 1: 56—59.
Lamelle, Marlène. 2012a. The paradigm of nationalism in Kyrgyzstan. Evolving
narrative, the sovereignty issue, and political agenda. Communist and Post-
Communist Studies 45: 39-49.
Lamelle, Marlène. 2012b. What we have (not) learned about twentieth-century
Central Asian history. Demokratizatsiya 3: 216-222.
Lamelle, Marlène. 2013. Kazakhstan: Central Asia’s new migration crossroads. In
Marlène social sciences in Asia, volume 34: Migration and social upheaval as the
face of globalization in Central Asia, ed. M. Lamelle, 87—108. Leiden: BRILL.
Lamelle, Marlène. 2014. The three discursive paradigms of state identity in
Kazakhstan. In Nationalism and identity construction in Central Asia:
DimensionSy dynamics, and directions, ed. Mariya Y. Omelicheva. London:
Lexington books.
Lastouski, Aliaksei. 2008. Ideas and practices of the skinhead youth countercul-
ture in Minsk. Political Sphere 11: 101—113.
204
References
Lastouski, Aliaksei. 2011a. Vobrazy ulady, národu i “chuzhyh” u publichnykh
vystupakh vysheyshykh dzyarzhaunykh asobau Belarusi peryyadu “liberal-
izatsyi” (2008—2010 gady). Palitychnaya sfera 16—17: 50—72.
Lastouski, Aliaksei. 2011b. Russo-Centrism as an ideological project of Belarusian
identity. Belarusian Political Science Review 1: 23—46.
Lastouski, Aliaksei. 2015. Solidarity test: Reaction of Belarusian civil society to
events in Ukraine (2013—2014). In Civil society in Belarus (2000—2015), ed.
Valer Bulhakau and Aliaksei Lastouski, 9—26. Warsaw: East European
Democratic Centre.
Law, Ian. 2010. Racism and ethnicity, global debates, dilemmas, directions. London:
Pearson.
Law, Ian. 2012. Red racisms, racism in communist and post-communist contexts.
Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Law, Ian, Anna Jacobs, Nisreen Kaj, Simona Pagano, and Božena Sojka-Koirala.
2014. Mediterranean racisms, connections and complexities in the Mediterranean
region. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Leas, R. 2015. ‘Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus: Rassismi ja Afrofoobia Ilmingud on
Suvega Märgatavalt Kasvanuď [Online]. Eesti Rahvusringhääling 2 November
2015. Available from: http://uudised.err.ee/v/eesti/09869517-4B4-47e3-
8 9cb-9 83 620 922 77c/euroopa-i nim õiguste-keskus-rassism i-
ja-afrofoobia-ilmingud-on-suvega-margatavalt-kasvanud.
Leshchenko, N. 2008. The national ideology and the basis of the Lukashenka
regime in Belarus. Europe-Asia Studies 60(8): 1419—1433.
Lesiv, Mariya. 2013. The return of ancestral gods: Modern Ukrainian Paganism as
an alternative vision for a nation. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
Lieven, Anatol. 1993. The Baltic revolution, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the
path to independence. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Liimets, A. 2015. Varro Vooglaid: Probleem Pole Vihakõne, vaid Võõra ideoloo-
gia Pealesurumine. [Online]. Eesti Rahvusringhääling 27 October 2015.
Available from: https://www.facebook.com/messages/sven.harjo.
Likhachev, Vyacheslav. 2014. “Pravyi sektor” i drugie: natsional-radikaly I
ukrainskiy politicheskiy krizis kontsa 2013-nachala 2014 goda. In Rossiya- ne
Ukraina: sovremennye akcenty natsionalizma, ed. A. Verhovskiy, 230—275.
Moscow: Tsentr “Sova”.
Likhachev, Vyacheslav. 2016. Dva goda repressiy: prava natsionalnyh menshin-
stv v Krymu, 2014-2015. Ksenofobia, narushenia prav natsionalnykh men-
shinstv, religioznye presledovania i repressii v otnoshenii nezavisimogo
krymskotatarskogo dvizhenia Report. Retrieved from http://eajc.org/data//
file/Qirim_under_the_Occupation.pdf on 1 March 2016.
References
205
Lindemann, Kristina, and Ellu Sarr. 2011. Ethnic inequalities in education: Second
generation Russians in Estonia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 35(11): 1974-1988.
Lithuanian Social Research Centre. 2012. The situation of Roma. Vilnius:
Lithuania SRC.
Macfarlane, S. Neil. 1997. Democratisation, nationalism and regional security
in the Southern Caucasus. Government and Opposition 39(3): 399—420.
Mahler, Claudia, Anja Mihr, and Reeta Toivanen. 2005. Human rights, minori-
ties and human rights education. In Armenia: A human rights perspective for
peace and democracy, ed. A. Mihr, A. Mkrtichyan, C. Mahler, and R. Toivanen.
Potsdam: University of Potsdam.
Manajew, O., and J. Drakochrust. 2012. Właściwości współczesnej tożsamości
białoruskiej. In Tożsamości zbiorowe białorusinów, ed. Ryszard Radzik, 11—54.
Lublin: UMCS.
Marashlian, Levon. 1999. Finishing the genocide, cleansingTurkey of Armenian
survivors, 1920-1923. In Remembrance and denial\ the case of the Armenian
genocide, ed. Richard Hovannisian. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Marat, Erica. 2014. Kyrgyzstan. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/
nations-transit/2014/kyrgyzstan. Accessed 30 Aug 2015.
Marcinkevičius, Andrius. 2013. Russkie v nezavisimoy i sovetskoy Litve: demo-
grafiya, sotsiaTnoe polozhenie, identichnosť. In Etnicheskaya Politika v
Stranah Baltii, ed. Vadim Poleshchuk and Valery Stepanov, 197-218.
Moscow: Nauka.
Mariina, Olga. 2015. Istoriya antropologicheskikh issledovaniy v Belarusi. Minsk:
Belaruskaya navuka.
Margaryan, A. 2007. Interview. http://www.armeniapedia.org/wiki/Tseghakron.
Accessed Nov 2016.
Markedonov, Sergey. 2010. Turbulentnaya Evraziya: mezhetnicheskie grazhdan-
skie konflikty,; ksenofobiya v novyh nezavisimyh gosudarstvah postsovetskogo pros-
transtva. Moscow: Academia.
Marshall, Maureen. 2014. Becoming bioarcheology? Traditions of physical
anthropology and archaeology in Armenia. In Archaeological human remains,
global perspectives, ed. B. O’Donnabhain and M.C. Lozada. New York:
Springers Briefs in Archaeology.
Marshall, Maureen, and Ruzan Mkrtchyan. 2011. Armenia!Hayastan, the
Routledge handbook of archaeological human remains and legislation. London:
Roudedge.
Martin, Terry. 2001. The affirmative action empire. Nations and nationalism in
the Soviet Union, 1923—1939. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
206
References
Marushiakova, Elena and Vesselin Popov. 2014. The Gypsies (Dom — Lom ~ Rom)
in Georgia. Proceedings of annual meeting of the gypsy lore society and conference
on Romani studies. https://docs.googIe.eom/file/d/OBwFvqsBgQJKlUHpZ
WVNXWlFRVksOMXZIZUpMLUthdnZuMXRN/edit.
Masov, Rakhim. 2007. R. Masov; Tadzhiki nikogda ne byli odnim narodom s
uzbekami (otvet G. Khidoyatovu). [Online, 1 October 2007]. Available at
http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=l 191234780. Accessed 18 Sept 2015.
Massot, Sophie. 2013. Economic migrations from Uzbekistan to Moscow,
Seoul, and New York: Sacrifice or rite of passage? In Social sciences in Asia,
volume 34: Migration and social upheaval as the face of globalization in Central
Asia ed. M. Laruelle, 283—299. Leiden: BRILL.
Matousian, Leo. 2006. Armenian arayans forum, http://www.armenianaryans.
com/AC/archive/index.php5?t 5.html).
Matsaberidze, David. 2014. The role of civic nationalism in transformation of the
internal ethnic politics of post-Soviet Georgia. Flensburg: ECMI.
Matusevich, Maxim. 2008. An exotic subversive: Africa, Africans and the Soviet
everyday. Race and Class 49(4): 757-812.
Megoran, Nick. 2012. Averting violence in Kyrgyzstan: Understanding and
responding to nationalism. Russia and Eurasia Programme Paper.
Meiners, Christoph. 1785. Grundriss der Gerschichte der Menschheit. Lemgo
Mettam, C.W., and S.W. Williams. 2001. A colonial perspective on population
migration in Soviet Estonia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27(1):
133-150.
Mikulich, A. 2005. Belarusy u genetychnay prastory. Antrapalogiya etnasu. Minsk:
Tekhnalogiya.
Mills, Courtney Anne. 2007. Turkmenbashi: The propagation of personal rule
in contemporary Turkmenistan. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of St.
Andrews.
Minasyan, Sergey. 2007. From political rallies to conventions, political and legal
aspects of protecting the rights of the Armenian ethnic minority in Georgia as exem-
plified by the Samtskhe-Javakheti region. Yerevan: Caucasus Media Institute.
Morozova, Darya. 2012. Demokratiya na golodnyi zheludok. Available at http://
nvspb.ru/tops/demokratiya-nagolodnyy-jeludok-49662/?version~print.
Accessed 5 Oct 2016.
Mudde, Cas (ed.). 2005. Racial extremism in Central and Eastern Europe.
London: Routledge.
Mukhammadieva, B. 2012. NatsionaPnyi sostav, vladeniyeyazykami i grazhdan-
stvo naseleniya respubliki Tadzhikistan. Agenstvo po statistike pri Prezidente
Respubliki Tadzhikistan.
References
207
Muratov, Ravshan. 2013. 'Kak zhivetsya uzbekam v Turkmenistane’ [Online,
28 February 2013]. Available at http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=
1362066360. Accessed 30 Sept 2013.
NatsionaTnyi statisticheskyi komitet Kyrgyzskoy Respubliki. 2015. NatsionaT
nyi sostav naseleniya. Available at http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/naselenie/.
Accessed 25 Aug 2015.
Naumenko, Lyudmila. 2012. Belorusskaya identichnost. Minsk: Belaruskaya
navuka.
Naydzyuk, Yazep and Ivan Kasyak. 1943. Belarus uchora i syannya. Minsk URL:
http://coollib.com/b/247261 / read.
Njhdeh, G. 1936. Selected Works. Trans. E. Danielyan. Saint Laurent: Nakhijenan
Institue of Canada.
O Beachdin, Donahha, and Rob Kevlihan. 2013. Threading a needle: Kazakhstan
between civic and ethno nationalist state building. Nations and Nationalism
19(2): 337-356.
OECD. 2015. Lithuania migration outlook. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/
social-issues-migration-health/international-migration-outlook-2015/
lithuania_migr_outlook-2015-27-en.
Omelicheva, Mariya. 2015. Eye on the international image: Nation-branding in
Turkmenistan. In Nationalism and identity construction in Central Asia, ed.
Mariya Omelicheva, 91—111. London: Routledge.
Oshanin, Lev. 1953. Antropologicheskiy sostav naseleniya Sredney Azii i etno-
genez ee narodov v svete dannykh antropologii. In Voprosy etnogeneza narodov
Sredney Azii V svete dannykh antropologii ed. Lev Oshanin and Valentina
Zyazenkova. Tashkent: Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk UzSSR.
Osipov, Aleksandr. 2004. Ferganskiye sobytiya: konstruirovaniye etnicheskogo
konflikta. In Ferganskaya dolina: etnichnosi, etnicheskiye protsessy etnicheskiye
konflikty, ed. Sergey Abashin and Valentin Bushkov, 164—223. Moscow: Nauka.
Ostapenko, L. 2011. Osobennosti otraslevoy i sotsiaTno-professionaTnoy struk-
tury. In Gagauzy, ed. M. Guboglo and E. Kvilinkova, 413-436. Moscow:
Nauka.
Ostapenko, L. and I. Subbotina. 2011. ‘Russkie v Moldove: demograficheskie I
sotsiaTnye transformatsii in Aratyunyan Yurif. In Russkie: etnosotsiologiches-
kiye issledovaniya, 120—157. Moscow: Nauka.
Peinhopf, Andrea. 2014. Ethnic minority women in Georgia, facing a double bur-
deni Flensburg: ECMI.
Peyrouse, Sebastien. 2015. Turkmenistan: Strategies of power, dilemmas of develop-
ment. London: Routledge.
208
References
Plakans, Andrej. 2011. A concise history of the Baltic states, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Pogrebinskiy, M.B., A. Popov, and A.K. Tolpygo. 2013. Formirovanie
politkuľturnoy Ukrainy: istoricheskiy ocherk i sovremennoe sostoyanie. In
Krizis multikulturalizma Iproblémy natsionalnoypolitiki, ed. M.B. Pogrebinskiy
and A.K. Tolpygo, 237—281. Ves’ mir: Moscow.
Polese, Abel, and Slavomir Horák. 2015. A tale of two presidents: Personality
cult and symbolic nation-building in Turkmenistan. Nationalities Papers: The
Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 43(3): 457—478.
Porat, Dina (ed.). 2014. Antisemitism worldwide. Available at http://www.euro-
jewcong.org/docs/Doch2014_(130415).docx.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2015.
Postimees. 2015. Raport Avaldab Muret Rassismi Pärast Eesti Meedias. [Online].
Postimees 13 October 2015. Available from: http://www.postimees.ee/
3360577/raport-avaldab-muret-rassismi-parast-eesti-meedias.
Prasad, Conor. 2012. Georgia's Muslim community, a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Flensburg: ECMI.
Putin, Vladimir. 2014. Address by President of the Russian Federation [Online,
18 March 2014]. Available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/
news/20603.
Puuraid, P 2015. Nigeeriast Pärit Välistudengit Pilluti Tartu Kesklinnas Kividega.
[Online]. Eesti Päevaleht 6 November 2015. Available from: http://epl.
delfi.ee/news/eesti/nigeeriast-parit-valistudengit-pilluti-tartu-kesklinnas-
kividega?id=72881887.
Quist-Adade, Charles. 2005. From paternalism to ethnocentrism: images of
Africa in Gorbahcevs Russia. Race and Class 46(4): 79—89.
Racius, Egdunas. 2013. The place of Islamophobia/Muslimphobia among radi-
cal Lithuanian nationalists. In In the tracks of Breivik, far right networks in
Northern and Eastern Europe, ed. Deland Mats, Minkenberg Michael, and
Mays Christin. Stockholm: Lit Verlag.
Radford, David. 2014. Contesting and negotiating religion and ethnic identity
in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. Central Asia Survey 33(1): 15—28.
Ragozin, Leonid. 2015. Latvians find unity in rejecting refugees. http://www.
politico, eu/article/latvia-migration-asylum-crisis-baltics-eu/.
Rakhimi, Ismoil, and Gulbakhor Sheralishoeva. 2009. Drevniy Vandzh kolybeľ
aryiskoy tsivilizatsii. Vestnik TadzJoikskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta prava,
biznesa i politiki 3(39): 125—130.
Raun, A. 2007. Ksenofoobid Ründavad Neds Enim Homosid, Venelasi ja
Kristlasi. [Online]. Postimees 15 October 2007. Available from: http://www.
References
209
postimees.ee/1715447/ksenofoobid-rundavad-netis-enim-homosid-
venelasi-ja-kristlasi.
Reeves, Madeleine. 2005. Locating danger: Konfliktologiia and the search for
fixity in the Ferghana valley borderlands. Central Asian Survey 1 (24): 67—81.
Reeves, Madeleine. 2010a. Etnizatsiya nasiliya c Yuzhnoy Kirgizii [Online, 23
June 2010]. Available at http://www.polit.ru/article/2010/06/23/kirgiz/.
Accessed 12 Sept 2015.
Reeves, Madeleine. 2010b. On the documentary production of the
“Undocumented migrant” in Urban Russia. Eastbordnet Working Papers.
Reeves, Madeleine. 2013. Kak stanovyatsya ‘chernymf v Moskve: praktiki vlasti
i sushchestvovaniye migrantov v teni zakona. In Grazhdanstvo i immigratsiya:
kontseptuaVnoyey istoricheskoe i institutsionaVnoye izmereniye, ed. Vladimir
Malakhov and Aleksandra Yakovleva, 146-177. Moscow: Kanon+.
Reeves, Madeleine. 2014. Were with the people! Place, nation, and political
community in Kyrgyzstan’s 2010 “April events”. Anthropology of East Europe
Review 2(32): 68-88.
REGNUM. 2015. V Kirgizii otmetyat 100-letiye vosstaniya 1916 goda v
Turkestane. [Online, 27 May 2015]. Available at http://regnum.ru/news/
polit/1928020.html. Accessed 23 Aug 2015.
Rein, Leonid. 2013. The kings and the pawns. Collaboration in Byelorussia during
World War II. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Republic of Estonia Government. 2007. Peaminister: Eesd Moistab Rassismi
Hukka. [Online]. RepublicofEstoniaGovernment26 September2007. Available
from: https://valitsus.ee/et/uudised/peaminister-eesti-moistab-rassismi-hukka.
Rudling, P. 2006. Organized anti-semitism in contemporary Ukraine: Structure,
influence and ideology. Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue Canadienne Des
Slavistes 48(1/2): 81-119.
Rudling, Per Anders. 2014. The rise and fall of Belarusian nationalism., 1906-
1931. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press.
Sabatauskaite, Birute. 2011. Racist violence in Lithuania. Vilnius: LCHR.
Sahakyan, M. 2001. Framework convention in the realization of the state authori-
ties of Armenia. The role of the state in protection of the rights of national minori-
ties. Conference Materials. Sevany 29—31 August.
Sarafian, Ara. 1999. The archival trail, authentication of the treatment of
Armenians in the Ottoman empire, 1915—16. In Remembrance and denial,
the case of the Armenian genocide, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Detroit:
Wayne State University Press.
Sari, Yasar. 2013. Identity-conflict relations: A case-study of the Ferghana valley
conflicts. Central Asia and the Caucasus 4(14): 7—16.
210
References
Sarkorova, Ano ra. 2012. Tadzikistan: desyatki pogibshikh v boyah u
goroda Khorog. [Online, 24 July 2012]. Available at http://www.bbc.com/
russian/international/2012/07/120723_tajic_khorog_assault.shtml. Accessed
16 Sept 2015.
Saroyan, Mark. 1996. Beyond the nation-state: Culture and ethnic politics in
Soviet Transcaucasia. In Transcaucasia, nationalism, and social change: Essays
in the history of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, ed. Ronald G. Suny. Ann
Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Savin. Ivan. 2011. Russkiye v Kazakhstane: «Kto my seychas» [Russians in
Kazakhstan: “Who we are now”], 158—190. In Russkiye: Etnosotsiologicheskiye
issledovaniya ƒRussians: Ethnosocio logeai research], ed. Yu. V. Arutyunyan.
Institute of Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: Nauka,
Schatz, Edward. 2000. The politics of multiple identities: Lineage and ethnicity
an Kazakhstan. Europe-Asia Studies LII(3): 489-506.
Schatz, Edward. 2004. Modern clan politics: The power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan
and beyond. Washington: University of Washington Press.
Schramm, Katharina, David Skinner, and Richard Rottenburg (eds.). 2012.
Identity politics and the new genetics: Re!creating categories of difference and
belonging. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Selimyan, G. 2014. Ethnic Minorities in public administration in Armenia.
Yerevan: American University of Armenia.
Senn, Alfred E. 1990. Lithuania awakening. Berkeley: University of California
Press.
Seshadri-Crooks, Kalpana. 2000. Desiring whiteness: A lacanian analysis of race.
London: Routledge.
Shalygin, Maksim. 2015. Askar Akayev: Kirgiziya pogruzhaetsya v natsionalizm
i feodalizm s narkotrafikom. [Online, 28 June 2015]. Available at http://
regnum.ru/news/1937656.html. Accessed 26 Aug 2015.
Shapovalova, Natalia and Olga Burlyuk. 2016. The situation of national minori-
ties in Crimea following its annexation by Russia. Report. Retreived from
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/578003/
EXPO_STU(2016)578003_EN.pdf.
Shaw, Laura. 2015a. Latvia database, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connec
tions/530b9e3076f0db569b0000l4.
Shaw, Laura. 2015b. Estonia database, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/database/docu
ments/530b983676f0db569b00000a.
Shcherbak, S. 2013. Natsionalizm I problema sotsiafnoy integratsii v Ukraine.
In Krizis multikulturalizma I problemy natsionalnoy poli tiki, ed. M.B.
Pogrebinskiy and A.K. Tolpygo, 219—236. Moscow: Yes’ mir.
References
211
Shcherbakova, Ekaterina. 201 L Dolya predstaviteley titul’noy’ natsional’nosd v
naselenii Belorussii, Kazakhstana i Kirgizii ustoychivo vozrastayet. [Online, 21
March 2011]. Available at http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2011/Q459/barom03.
php. Accessed 1 Sept 2015.
Shekhovtsev, Anton. 2014. Vseukrainskoe ob’edineniye “Svoboda”: Ot uspekha
na vyborakh k provalu v revolutsii. In Rossiya- ne Ukraina: sovremennye
akcenty natsionalizma, ed. A. Verhovskiy, 276-291. Moscow: Tsentr “Sova”.
Shevel, Oxana. 2011. Migration, refugee policy\ and state building in postcommu-
nist Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shnirelman, V. 2001. The Value of the Pasty myths, identity and politics in
Transcaucasia. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
Shnirelman, Victor. 2009. Aryans or Proto-Turks? Contested ancestors in con-
temporary Central Asia. Nationalities Papers 37(5): 557—587.
Shnirelman, Victor. 2010. A symbolic past. Russian Politics and Law 48(5):
48-64.
Shnirelman, Victor. 2011. Porog tolerantnosti. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe
obozrenie.
Shnirelman, V. 2012a. Russkoe rodnoverie. Neoyazychestvo i natsionalizm v sovre-
mennoy Rossit. Moscow: BBI.
Shnirelman, Victor. 2012b. Archaeology and the national idea in Eurasia. In The
archeaology of power and politics in Eurasia, ed. Charles Hartley. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Shnirelman, Victor. 2015. Ariyskiy mifv sovremennom mire. Moscow: NLO.
Shornikov, P.M. 2010. Postsovetskie etnopoliticheskie protsessy. In Moldovane,
ed. M. Guboglo and V. Dergachev, 137-177. Moscow: Nauka.
Shternshis, Anna. 2006. Soviet and Kosher, Jewish popular culture in the Soviet
Union 1923—1939. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Shupac, Marina. 2015. ‘Battling seclusion racism in Moldova’ [Online, 23
February 2015]. Available at http://whitecodecentre.Org/news/2015/2/23/
battling-seclusion-racism-in-rnoldova.
Sir, Jan. 2008. Cult of personality in monumental art and architecture: The case
of PostSoviet Turkmenistan. Acta Slavica Iaponica 25: 203—220.
Sitnyansky, Georgiy. 2011. Rossiya i TsentraTnaya Aziya: vmeste Hi vroz?
Mezhetnicheskie otnosheniya v Sredney Azii i Kazakhstane, i Rossiya. Moscow:
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, RAN.
Slovetskiy, Vitaliy. 2013. Kto spaset uzbekskikh russkikh? [Online, 2 April 2013].
Available at http://svpressa.ru/society/article/66300/. Accessed 15 Sept 2015.
Smolich, Arkad. 1922. Geagrafiya Belarusi. Vilnya.
Snyder, T. 2010. Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic
Books.
212
References
Snyder, Jack, and Karen Ballentine. 1996. Nationalism and the marketplace of
ideas. Internafionul Security, XXI, 2, Fall: 17.
Sonyel, Salahi Ramadan. 1987. The Ottoman Armenians: Victims of great power
diplomacy. London: K. Rustem and Brother.
Sordia, G. 2009. A way out? Initial steps towards addressing Romani issues in
Georgia. Flensburg: ECMI.
Sorokin, S. 2015. Me Peame Rääkima Rassismist Eestis: Pagulasteema
Sonavägivald. [Online]. Müürileht 6 October 2015. Available from: https://
www.muurileht.ee/me-peame~raakima-rassismist-eestis-pagulasteema-
sonavagivald/.
Soros Foundation-Moldova. 2011. Perceptions of the population of the republic of
Moldova on discrimination: Sociological study. Kishinev: Cartier.
Spectorovsky, Alberto. 2004. The eugenic temptation in socialism: Sweden,
Germany and the Soviet Union. Comparative Studies in Society and History
46(1): 84-106.
Staliunas, Darius. 2015. Enemiesfora day: Antisemitism and anti fe wish violence
in Lithuania under the Tsars. Budapest: CEU Press.
Stankevich, Yanka. 2003. Kurs gistoryi Kryvii-Belarusi, in Yanka Stankevich
Gistarychnyya tvory, 48—49. Minsk: Entsiklapedyks.
Stati, Vasile. 2012. Istoriya Moldovy. Chisinau: Tipografia Centrala.
Stepanov, V.V. 2003. Krym I krymskie tata ty: istoricheskaya demografiya i
sovremennaya etnopoliticheskaya situatsiya. In Tyurkskie narody Kryma:
Karaimy. Krymskie tatary. Krymchaki, ed. C.Y. Kozlov and L.V. Chizhova,
330—357. Moscow: Nauka.
Stonawski, Rebecca L. 2012. (Not) leaving Turkmenistan? A survey of students
from Turkmenistan at the American University of Central Asia. Power and
Education 4(2): 196-206.
Suny, Ronald G. 1993. Looking towards Ararat, Armenia in modern history.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Suvariani, Nona. 2008. Week of antiracism in Georgia. http://www.humanrights.
ge/index.php?a=main pid=70606dang=eng.
Świętochowski, Tadeusz. 2011. Islam and national identity in the Borderland:
The case of Azerbaijan. In Identities, ideologies and institutions, 2001—2011 a
decade on insight into the Caucasus, ed. Alexander Iskandaryan. Yerevan:
Caucasus Institute.
Śybieka, Zachar. 2012. Jews in Belarusian national projects from the beginning
of the 19th century till 1905 (Problem setting). Belarusian Political Science
Review2: 102-115.
Szakonyi, D. 2008. No way out: An assessment of the Romani community in
Georgia. Flensburg: ECMI.
References
213
Taagepera, Rein. 1993. Estonia, return to independence. Boulder: Westview Press.
Teder, M. 2013. Martin Helme Soovitus Immigratsioonipoliitikakas: Kui on
Must, Näitä Ust. [Online]. Postimees 29 May 2013. Available from:
http://www.postimees.ee/ 1252028/martin-helme-soovitus-irnmigratsiooni-
poliitikaks-kui-on-must-naita-ust.
Tereshkovich, Petr. 2004. Etnicheskaya istoriya Belarusi XIX—nachala XXV.
Minsk: BGU.
Timuka, I. 2010. March 29, House of history: The Riga Ghetto museum. http://
www.bestriga.com/en/page/expanded/ article/477/House-of-History-the-Riga-
Ghetto-Museum.
Tishkov, Valery. 1997. Ethnicity, nationalism and conflict in and after the Soviet
Union, the mind aflame. London: Sage.
Tlostanova, Madina. 2010. A short genealogy of Russian Islamophobia. In
Thinking through Islamophobia, global perspectives, ed. S. Sayyid and A. Vakil.
New York: Columbia University Press.
Tokluoglu, Ceylan. 2006. Definitions of national identity, nationalism and eth-
nicity in post-Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1990s. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28(4):
722-758.
Toynbee, Arnold J. 1915. Armenian atrocities: The murder of a nation, with a speech
delivered by Lord Bryce in the house of lords. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Toynbee, Arnold J, ed. 1916a. Key to names and persons and places withheld
from publication in the original edition of ‘ The treatment of Armenians in the
Ottoman empire, 1915—1916'. Miscellaneous no. 3L London.
Toynbee, Arnold J, ed. 1916b. The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman empire,
1915—1916. London: Sir Joseph Causton and Sons.
Traverso, Enzo. 1994. The Marxists and the Jewish question — The history of a
debate, 1843—1943. New Jersey: Humanity Books, translated by Bernard
Gibbons.
Trilling, David. 2013. Uzbekistan's president attacks “Lazy” labor migrants.
[Online, 21 June 2013]. Available at http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67157.
Accessed 29 Sept 2015.
Tsilevich, Boris. 2013. Vliyanie organov Soveta Evropy na etnopolitiku v Latvii,
Litve i Estonii. In Etnicheskaya Politika v Stranah Baltit, ed. Vadim Poleshchuk
and Valery Stepanov, 323-342. Moscow: Nauka.
Tumanovich, O. 1926. Turkmenistan i Turkmeny. Askhabad: Turkmenskoye
gosudarstvennoye izdatelstvo.
Timber-Kilavuz, Idil. 2014. Power, networks and violent conflict in Central Asia:
A comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, vol. 5. New York: Routledge.
214
References
Turda, M. 2007. The nation as object: Race, blood, and biopolitics in interwar
Romania. Slavic Review 66(3): 413—441.
TV3. 2015. Peaminister Mõistis Hukka Pagulashirmu. [Online]. TV3 News
5th November 2015. Available from: http://uudised.tv3.ee/pagulased/uudis/
2015/11/05/peaminister-moistis-hukka-pagulashirmu.
Ualiyeva, Saule, and Adrienne Edgar. 2014. In the laboratory of peoples’ friend-
ship: Mixed people in Kazakhstan from the Soviet era to the present. In
Global mixed race, ed. R.C. King-O’Riain et al. New York: NYU Press.
Ukranews. 2016. Ministr kul’tury Nishchuk zayaviv pro problemi z genetikoyu
u zhiteliv Donbasu ta Zaporizhzhya [Online, 23 November 2016]. Available
at http://ukranews.com/ua/news/461639-ministr-kultury-nyshhuk-zayavyv-
pro-problemy-z-genetykoyu-u-zhyteliv-donbasu-ta-zaporizhzhya. Accessed
23 Nov 2016.
Ulasiuk, Ireyna. 2013. National minorities and migration in Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. Florence: CARIM-East,
European University Institute.
UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 2004. Committee
on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considers report of Tajikistan.
[Online, 12 August 2004]. Available at http://reliefweb.int/report/tajikistan/
committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-considers-report-tajikistan.
Accessed 15 Sept 2015.
Undasynov, I.N. 2002. Istoriya kazakhov i ikh predkov. Chast’ 1. Nashi predki.
[The history of the Kazakhs and their ancestors. Part 1: Our ancestors]
Moscow: Lenom.
UNDP-WB-European Commission regional Roma Survey. 2011. on Moldova.
United Nations. 2008a. Mission to Lithuania, report of the special rapporteur on
contemporary forms of racism. New York: UN.
United Nations. 2008b. Mission to Estonia, report of the special rapporteur on
contemporary forms of racism. New York: UN.
United Nations. 2008c. Mission to Latvia, report of the special rapporteur on con-
temporary forms of racism. New York: UN.
Vetik, R. 2015. Monitoring of Integration in Estonian society. Tallin: Institute of
Baltic Studies.
Vlasti.net. 2010. Na Zapadnoy Ukraine russkikh “lyubyat”, pochti kak tsygan i
evreev [Online, 21 October 2010]. Available at http://vlasti.net/news/107021.
Vambery, Armin. 2003. Puteshestviye po Sredney Azii. Moscow: Vostochnaya
literature.
Vasil’eva, Galina. 1990. Turkmeny (voprosy etnogeneza i etnokuVturnye traditsii).
Moscow: Institut etnografu AN SSSR.
References
215
Velichko, Vasili L. 2007. Caucasus: Russian affairs and intertribalproblems. Baku:
Baa Publishing.
Verdery, Katherine. 1993. Whither ‘Nation and ‘Nationalism’. Daedalus 122(3):
37-46.
Verdery, Katherine. 2002. Whither postsocialism? In Postsocialism: Ideals, ideolo-
gies and practices in Eurasia, ed. Chris Hann. London: Routledge.
Volgin, Kirill. 2014. Rusofobiya: Made in Kyrgyzstan. [Online, 5 September
2014]. Available at http://rabkor.ru/opinion/20l4/09/05/russophobia-made-
in-kyrgyzstan. Accessed 19 Aug 2015.
Volosevich, Aleksey. 2008. Gimn natsionalizmu. Za posledniye semnadtsat let v
Tashkente pereimenovana polovina ulits. [Online, 31 January 2008]. http://
www.fergananews.com/articles/5574. Accessed 20 Sept 2015.
von Rauch, Gerard. 1970. The Baltic states, the years of independence, Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania 1917-1940. London: Hurst.
Wachtel, Andrew Baruch. 2013. Kyrgyzstan between democratization and eth-
nic intolerance. Nationalities Papers 6(41): 971—986.
Wade, Peter. 2010. Race and ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.
Weiss-Wendt, Anton. 1998. The Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940-41 and
the Jews. Holocaust and Genocide Studies 9(12): 308—325.
Weiss-Wendt, Anton. 2003. Extermination of the gypsies in Estonia during
World War II: Popular images and official policies. Holocaust and Genocide
Studies 17(1): 31-61.
Weiss-Wendt, Anton. 2008. Why the Holocaust does not matter to Estonians?
Journal of Baltic Studies 39(4): 475-497.
Weiss-Wendt, Anton. 2009. Murder without hatred, Estonians and the Holocaust.
Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Weiss-Wendt, Anton, and Rory Yeomans (eds.). 2013. Racial science in Hitlers
new Europe, 1938—1945. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
Weitz, Eric. 2002. Racial politics without the concept of race: Reevaluating
Soviet ethnic and national purges. Slavic Review 61(1): 1-29.
Wettam, Collin W., and Stephen Wyn Williams. 2001. A colonial perspective
on population migration in Soviet Estonia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration
Studies 27(1): 133-150.
Wilkinson, Cai. 2015. Imagining Kyrgyzstan’s nationhood and statehood:
Reactions to the 2010 Osh violence. Nationalities Papers 3(43): 417-436.
World Jewish Congress. 2005. President denies that anti-Semitism is rising in Ukraine
[Online, 19September2005]. Available at: https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/
en/news/president-denies֊that-anti-semitism-is-rising-inukraine?printable=true.
Yarkova, Elena. 1999. Russkiye v Kirgizii: sotsiokulturnaya dinamika mezhet-
nicheskikh otnosheniy. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost 5: 105-114.
216
References
Yaroshevich, Aleksandr. 2014. Belarus b’et rekordy po kolichestvu trudovyh
migrantov. TUT.by. [Online 29.01.2014]. Available at http://naviny.by/
rubrics/society/2014/01/29/ic„articles_l 16_184409/.
Yeck, Connor. 2014. Armenian nationalism, emergent political organizations
and revolutionary activity surrounding the First World War. Michigan State
Journal of History 6: 1—26.
Yuval-Davis, Nira. 1997. Gender and nation, London: Sage.
Zakharov, Nikolay. 2013. The social movement against immigration as the vehi-
cle and the agent of racialization in Russia. In Beyond NGO-ization: The
development of social movements in Central and Eastern Europe, ed. Kerstin
Jacobsson and Steven Saxonberg, 169—191. London: Ashgate.
Zakharov, Nikolay. 2015. Race and racism in Russia. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Zepa, Brigita. 2013. Diskurs formirovaniya politiki immigratsii v Latvii. In
Etnicheskaya Politika v Stranah Băltii, ed. Vadim Poleshchuk and Valery
Stepanov, 343—358. Moscow: Nauka.
Zhou, Jiayi. 2012. Chinese in Georgia. Flensburg: ECMI.
Zhurzhenko, Tatyana. 2004. Staraya ideologiya novoy serni: demograficheskiy
natsionalizm Rossii I Ukrainy. In Semeynye uzy: Modeli dlya sborki: Sbornik
statey, ed. Sergey Ushakin, 268—296. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.
Zhurzhenko, Tatiana. 2015. Russia’s never-ending war against “fascism” mem-
ory politics in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict [Online 2015-05-08]. Available
at http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2015-05-08-zhurzhenko-en.html.
Zhussipbek, Galym. 2014. Exclusivist identities in Central Asia: Implications
for regional stability and cooperation. In Nationalism and identity construc-
tion in Central Asia: Dimensions, dynamics, and directions, ed. Mariya Y.
Omelicheva. London: Lexington Books.
Ziemer, Ulrike. 2011. Minority youth, everyday racism and public spaces in
contemporary Russia. European Journal of Cultural Studies 14(2): 229—242.
Zagelyté, Lina. 2013. The neo-nazis hate the feminists too. Lithuanian Tribune.
May 21.
Index
Abdramane, Keita, 78
Abdushelishvili, Malkhaz [1926-98],
98
Abkhazia, 119
abortion, 24
Latvia, 24
Abrahamyan, Hovik, 101
Academy of Sciences (Armenia), 99,
126
administrative-territorial divisions,
177
Uzbekistan, 177
adult/youth environment, 46
affecting racism in Latvia, 46
Africa
portrayal by Soviet media and
bureaucracy, 6
social hierarchies, 65
Soviet attitude to, 6
Soviet press coverage, 7
Africans
Moldova, 65, 69, 74
potential migrant group in Latvia,
46
Agayev, Rasim, 111
ageing population, 39, 47
Latvia, 47
aggressiveness, 31
hyper-valuing, 31
Ahal-Tekke tribal hegemony
(Turkmenistan), 171
Ahiska/Meskhetian Turks, 118
Akayev, Askar, 140, 142-4,
149
Akunov, Tursunbek, 150
Aliev, Geidar [1923-2003], 95
All for Latvia! party, 19, 47
Alliance of European National
Movement, 82
Americanisation, 3
racial, 3
© The Author(s) 2017
N. Zakharov, I. Law, Post-Soviet Racisms, Mapping Global Racisms,
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-47692-0
217
218
Index
Ancestors
acquisition of, 137
myth of heroic as basis for
nation-building, 141—2
Andijan (Uzbekistan)
pogroms in, 179
riots in, 179
Ansip, Andrus, 40, 41
Anti-Armenian racism, 100
anti-black hostility, 102
anti-gay violence, 102
Armenia, 102
Anti-Muslimism
Georgia, 123
Lithuania, 31
Romania, 119
anti-racism, 7, 8, 54
Belarus, 54
Anti-Romanian sentiments, 72
Moldova, 72
anti-Russian revolt (1916), 75, 84,
136
Kyrgyzstan, 148
anti-Semitism
anti-Armenianism compared,
110, 111
Armenia, 110
Belarus, 55, 56, 59
Catholic Church involvement in
Baltic States, 22
Central Asia, 150, 179
Estonia, 35
Georgia, 119
Kyrgyzstan, 150
Lithuania, 56
Moldova, 75
pogroms in Andijan, 179
Ukraine, 56, 80, 83
Uzbekistan, 179
anti-Semitism compared, 20, 119
Antonescu, Ion Victor [1882-1946],
75, 76, 89
occupation policy of, 76
Apartheid, 6
South Africa, 6
Arajas Commando, 24
archaeological excavations, 62
Armenia, 97
architecture, 161, 175
supposed Uzbek roots of Italian,
175
Armenia, 15, 91, 94-108, 110-12,
114-16, 119, 126
Academy of Sciences, 99, 126
anti-black hostility, 102
anti-gay violence, 102
anti-Semitism, 110
archaeological excavations, 62
arrival of Iranian Muslims in
Yerevan, 105
aspirations to whiteness, 103
Dasnaktsutiun party, 105
death marches of 1915, 117
democratization, 95
ethnic cleansing, 111
ethnic groups, 95, 97
Eurasian ethnic context in
antiquity, 98
geography, 58
hate speech, 104, 106, 111
historical background, 97
Holocaust education, 107
hostility towards Gypsies, 115
human rights, 107, 115
human rights education, 10
identity, 94, 106
Islamophobia, 101, 102, 105
Karabakh request transfer from
Azerbaijan to, 95, 113, 114
migration, 84, 107
Index
219
minorities, 107, 119
mixed marriage, 42, 69, 134
nationalism, 92, 112
nation formation/building, 99,
110
population diversity, 101, 106
presidency of Council of Europe,
103,104
racial science, 15, 93, 96-9, 126
racism, 100, 102, 106
regional identity, 160
relations with Azerbaijan and
Turkey, 102
religious education, 94, 100, 116,
124
Republican Party, 106
spheres of domination, 96
Armenian Aryan Party, 105
Armenian-Azerbaijani mixed
marriage, 115
Armenian genocide, 99, 100, 107
Armenian refugees, 163
Tajikistan, 163
Armenian Revolutionary Federation,
95,105
Armenians
attempts to link to ancient
Indo-European ancestors,
98
expulsion of Ottoman, 99, 100
immigration to United States, 151
massacres by Czarist secret police,
113
racial characteristics, 93
racial origins, 100
racial self-identity, 106, 126
Southern Caucasus/Transcaucasia,
93, 108, 116
Ukraine, 113
Armenoid racial type
definition of, 99
structure of crania, 98
Aryan idea, 81, 157, 167
Ukraine, 81
Aryanism
origins of, 157
Tajikistan, 15, 154-5
Aryan myth, 156—9
Tajikistan, 156, 158, 159
Aryan origins, 58, 157
Aryan race, 57, 100
Aspirational whiteness/ 30
Lithuania, 30
assimilation, 4-6, 17, 89, 119, 156,
182
minorities in Baltic States, 17
Association of World War II Veterans
(Moldova), 76
Assyrians, 103
asylum seekers
Estonia, 38, 39
hostility towards in Baltic States,
19
Ukraine, 85
Atambaev, Almazbek, 149
Auschwitz-Birkenau, 25
authoritarianism
growing in Belarus, 65, 70, 88
Turkmenistan, 130
Autochthonism principle
Kazakhstan, 133—9
Tajikistan, 156
Avetisyan, Armen, 102, 105
Azerbaijan
Baku oil rush (1870s), 109
ECRI report on, 114
emergence of nationalist
movements, 95
220
Index
Azerbaijan (cont)
ethnic groups, 95, 110
ethno-racial character of, 108
hate speech in media, 111
historical background, 97, 109
Institute of Strategic Studies
(Baku), 112
Islamic revival, 108, 160
Islamization, 109
Karabakh request transfer to
Armenia from, 95, 113, 114
mixed marriage, 115
modernization, 109
national identity, 109, 113
nationalism, 91, 94, 95, 108, 109,
112,114
pan-Turkic language debate, 108
racial hierarchy, 113
rejection of Iranian ancestry,
108-9
relations with Armenia, 15,91,
94-7, 102, 108, 110, 111,
113-15, 118, 119, 127, 163
Soviet rule, 95
Turkification, 109
Turks redefined as Azerbaijani,
110
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic,
109
ideology of, 109
Azerbaijani, 107-11, 113-15, 126,
127
Turks redefined as, 109-10
Azerbaijani Journalists Union, 111
Azerbaijani Popular Front (APF),
109
Azeri racial type, 114
Armenoid racial type
distinguished, 98, 99
Azeris, 46, 95, 103, 106, 108, 113,
114, 116, 119, 124, 126,
127
potential migrant group in Latvia,
46
backwardness, 3, 6, 7, 22, 173
Baghdad railway, 100
Bakiyev, Kurmanbek Saliyevich, 153
Baku demonstrations, 96
Baku oil rush (1870s), 109
Balta paganism, 63
Baltic dictatorships, 23
compared with Italian and
German fascism, 23
Baltic States
anti-migrant hostility, 19
attitude to Holocaust, 18, 26, 49
debates on eugenics, 18
eugenics, 18, 21, 23, 24, 49
exclusionary nationalism, 14, 22
extermination of gypsies, 17
extermination of Jews, 61
extermination of Roma, 24, 25,
31
formation of national movements,
20
future prospects, 39
growth of extreme right parties in,
19
history, 18
hostility towards Muslims, 43
independence, 17, 18, 21—3, 28,
30, 49, 50, 75
institutional racism, 27, 28, 50
membership of League of
Nations, 21
Index
221
memorialization of Holocaust and
Porajmos, 24
minorities post-World War I, 21
multiculturalism, 17, 42, 47
national identity, 14, 17, 21, 27,
35,37,43,49
Nazi occupation, 23, 26, 49
perceptions of racism as
significant issue in, 19
post-independence strength of
ethnonational boundaries,
27, 50
racialization, 14, 17, 18, 20, 27,
34,42-6, 48, 50, 65
Sovietization, 17
view of Dalia Grybauskaite on
immigration, 48
visits of Special Rapporteur on
Racism (OHCHR), 43
Batken region (Tajikistan), 162
Batyrov, Kadyrjan, 148
Belarus
anti-racism, 54
anti-Semitism, 55, 56, 59
Aryan origins, 58
attitude towards immigration, 68
Balta paganism, 63
Bobruisk, 66
calculation of ‘Jewish blood' in
population, 65
contemporary political regime, 53
culture and faith, 63
demographics, 67, 68
demography, 54-6, 59, 61, 62, 68
distinctive features of Belarusians,
56
early racial studies, 56, 57, 73
economic difficulties of early
1990s, 67
effects of World War II, 61
establishment of Belarusian
Peoples Republic (BPR), 60
establishment of Soviet power in,
60
ethnogenesis of Belarusians, 57,
62
ethnographic influences, 58
Finns, 57-9
growing authoritarianism, 65
hate speech against Roma, 69
historical background, 53-4
Independent Institute of Socio-
Economic and Political
Studies, 68
indigenous people, 60, 62, 63
Institute of Economics and Peace,
55
Jews, 54-6, 59-61, 64, 66, 67, 69
Kriviya proposed as alternative
name for, 57, 63
literacy, 59
migration, 61-3, 67, 68
minorities, 54, 55, 60, 69
mixed marriage, 69
Mongolians, 59
multiculturalism, 53
Muslim immigration, 68
national demographic security
program, 68
nationalism, 60, 69
National Socialism, 63
nation building, 53, 56—61
Pale of Settlement, 66, 87
phenomenon of ‘social distance,’
68
pogroms, 59, 60
population, 54-6, 59, 61, 62, 68
propaganda, 59, 60
222
Index
Belarus (cont)
racializing discourses, 59
racial knowledge, 59, 64, 67
racial prejudices widespread in, 64
relationship of Roma with law
enforcement agencies in, 69
Rodnovery, 63
Roma in, 29, 67, 69, 71
skinhead culture, 30, 63, 64
Slavic migrations, 62
social development, 54
social hierarchies, 65
social integration of Roma, 69
social racism, 65
Soviet rule, 133
support for imperial revival, 64
support for racial purity, 58, 59,
62-4
support for Slavic brotherhood,
64
Tatars, 54, 56, 67, 69
Ugro-Finnic ethnic groups, 62
Ukrainian refugees, 68
undesirable’ immigrants, 68
Belarusian Peoples Republic (BPR),
60
establishment of, 60
Belarusians
Balta origins of, 62
myth of purity’ of, 69
belief conflicts, 8
belief formation, 10
Berdymukhamedov, Gurbanguly,
171
Bessarabia, 70, 71, 74—7, 113
‘Be Tolerant’ campaign (Latvia), 44
Biblical Exodus, 67
Biologization, 11
ethnicity, 11
biotechnology, 12
Birobidzhan, 6
resettlement of Jews in, 6
Blackness
discourse on in Ukraine, 85-7
post-Soviet context of, 15
Black/white marriage. See Mixed
marriage
‘blood as a carrier of culture,’ 13
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich
[1752-1840], 92
Bobruisk (Belkarus), 66
Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich
[1834-96],56
Bolsheviks, 4, 5, 60, 106, 109, 133
Bolshevization, 17
Baltic States, 17
borderlands, 3
Soviet Union, 3
Borodenya, Valery, 55
Bronze Soldier clash, 37
Bulak-Bulahovich, Stanislaw
[1883-1940],60
Bunak, Viktor [1891—1979], 98
Buniyatov, Ziya M. [1923—79], 111
Caribbean, 65
social hierarchies, 65
Catholic Poles, 68
perception of in Belarus, 68
Caucasians
attitudes towards in Russia and
US, 94
identity, 91
Caucasus, The: Russian affairs and
intertribal issues, 112
Central Asia
Index
223
anti-Semitism, 150, 179
conscription of males into Soviet
army, 148
cultural colonization, 182
dissident persecution, 130
economic development, 138
ethnic conflicts, 144, 148, 158,
178-81
historical background, 132
importance of national hero, 137,
182
Indo-Iranian people, 137
Islamic fundamentalism, 150
Korean exiles, 130
nation formation/building, 130,
133,141-2
nomadic cultures, 130
Orientalization, 132
racialization, 15, 130, 133
racism, 15, 129-83
residence registration, 131
Sarts, 172-4
settled cultures, 130
socio-political development, 130
sovereignty, 129, 137, 152, 153
Soviet modernization, 129
Central Committee of the
Communist Party, 5, 163
Central League of Veterans of the
Independence Wars, 23
Chachcavadze, Ilia [1837-1907],
117
Chagatay culture, 175
Chagatay language, 175
Chauvinism, 3, 64, 95, 118, 119
Soviet Union, 3, 118
Chechens, 46, 124
potential migrant group in Latvia,
46
Chernobyl nuclear accident, 66
Chinese
hostility towards in Georgia, 122
potential migrant group in Latvia,
46
Chisinau, 71, 72, 78
anti-Semitic demonstration in, 75
Christianisation
Georgia, 118
Western Europe, 17
Christianity
differences between Georgian and
Russian, 117
Georgia, 116-18
Cibric, Anatol, 75
Citizenship
Estonia, 27, 37
Latvia, 27
restrictive legislation on in Estonia
and Latvia, 27
Roma wishing to obtain
Moldovan, 72, 73
civilization, 3, 47, 59, 70, 81,
98, 100, 109, 132,156-8,
167, 169
ranking of, 2
civil rights, 8
civil service, 23, 103, 118
discrimination in Kazakhstan,
103
civil war, 60, 119, 155, 159, 161,
163
Tajikistan, 155, 159-60
clan structure, 129
Uzbekistan, 176—8
Class. See Social class
Codreanu, Corneliu, 76
collaboration, 43, 61, 75
local of extermination, 61
224
Index
colonialism, 7, 18, 26, 31, 42, 44,
49-51, 116, 186, 187
colonization
Germany, 17
Soviet, 28, 50
Committee for the Rural
Resettlement of Jews
(KOMZET), 6
communism, 3, 44, 58
compassionate images of in 1960s
media, 6
Communist Party, 5, 75, 78, 163
Communist Party of Azerbaijan
(CPA), 109
concentration camps, 25, 100
Conference on Combating Racism,
Xenophobia and Intolerance
in Europe (2013), 104
Conservative Peoples Party of
Estonia (Eesti Konservatiivne
Rahvaerakond (EKRE)), 19
cosmetic surgery, 12
cosmopolitanism, 31
European, 31
Cossack traditions, 84
revival of, 84
Council of Europe
Armenian presidency of, 104
definition of hate speech, 104
Education for Democratic
Citizenship and Human
Rights, 103
courage, 31
hyper-valuing, 31
Courlander colonization, 19
Crania Armenicay 98
craniology, 97, 126
origins of racial science, 97, 126
craniometry, 98
Soviet tradition of examining
ethnogenesis through, 98
Crimea, 6, 84
Jewish agricultural colonies in,
5-6
Crimean Tatars, 84
criminal environment, 46
affecting racism in Latvia, 46
Cubans, 11
cultural colonization, 182
Central Asia, 182
cultural fundamentalism/ 13
cultural identity, 153
Kyrgyzstan, 153
cultural inheritance, 9
cultural revivalism, 20
cultural rights, 8, 145
culture
Belarus, 61
Kazakhstan, 130
Czar is t secret police, 113
massacre of Jews and Armenians
by, 113
Darwinism, 23
Dasht-i-Kipchak steppes
(Uzbekistan), 172, 173
Dasnaktsutiun party (Armenia),
105
data collection, 28, 36
lack of in Lithuania, 28
death marches 1915, 112
Armenia, 112
Decree of the President of Azerbaijan
on the Genocide of the
Azerbaijanis, 113
degeneration, 23, 70
Index
225
De-Islamisation, 5
Delfi, 41
Democratic Party of Tajikistan, 160
Democratization
Armenia, 95
Southern Caucasus/Transcaucasia,
96
Ukraine, 80, 88
Demographics
Belarus, 67, 68
Estonia, 22
Georgia, 95, 96
Kazakhstan, 130
Kyrgyzstan, 130, 139-41
Lithuania, 22, 31
Moldova, 78
Southern Caucasus/Transcaucasia,
96
Tajikistan, 130, 160
Uzbekistan, 130
Deportation
Jews, 100
Ottoman Armenians, 100
Deracialization, 8, 44, 107
Lithuania, 28
De-Russification, 168
Turkmenistan, 168
Diene, Doudou, 40
Disability, 28
Lithuania, 28
discrimination, 8, 15, 18, 20, 28, 32,
33, 35, 36, 38, 40-4, 46,
61,68, 69, 73,74, 76-8,
84, 88, 101-4, 115, 120,
121,124,125,130,135,
139,155, 161
dissidents, 130
persecution of in Central Asia,
130
Dombrabad, 179
desecration of Jewish tombs in,
179
domestic violence, 123, 124, 162
Georgia, 123, 124
Dovnar-Zapolskiy, Mitrofan
[1867-1934], 58
Dreapta, Noua, 75
dress codes, 5
religious, 5
Duke, David, 82
Durdyyev, Marat, 167, 168
Dushanbe (Tajikistan), 160, 162,
163
conflict in, 163
Dzintars, Raivis, 47
early marriage, 123, 124
Georgia, 123, 124
Eastern Europe, 7, 8, 91
nation-making,’ 13
Eastern Slaves, 61, 67, 70
folk classifications, 67
Economic development
Central Asia, 138
Kazakhstan, 138
economic difficulties, 67
Belarus early 1990s, 67
economic environment, 45
affecting racism in Latvia, 45
economic migration, 94
Southern Caucasus/Transcaucasia,
94
economic mobility, 185
education
Georgian Roma, 120, 121
Lithuania, 22
226
Index
education (coni.)
Roma, 74
Turkmenistan, 169
educational environment, 45
affecting racism in Latvia, 45
Education for Democratic
Citizenship and Human
Rights (Council of Europe),
103
Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond։
(ERRE), 19
Einsatzgruppen phase, 25
Elchibey, Abulfaz [1938-2000], 111
elites, 3, 17, 18,23, 24, 49, 64,71,
72, 95,96, 107, 110,
132-4, 139, 142, 155, 159,
161, 162, 164, 171, 177,
186
marginalization in Soviet
republics, 3, 132
employment, 27, 44, 68, 69, 139,
146
Roma, 69
environmental factors, 45-6
affecting racism in Latvia, 45—6
Equal Opportunities Ombudsmans
Office, 32
equal rights, 8
Essentialism, 13, 146
Estonia
accession to EU, 34
accession to European
Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms,
35
anti-immigration comments by
Martin Helme, 19, 40
anti-Semitism, 19, 40
asylum seekers, 38, 39
Bronze Soldier clash, 37
Central League of Veterans of the
Independence Wars, 23
citizenship, 27, 36, 37
contemporary politics, 19
contemporary views on racism, 2
demographic make-up, 37
emergence as racial state, 14, 17,
24
eugenics, 18, 23, 24
formation of national movement,
20
formation of‘radical
communities,' 42
gay partnership law, 41
Holocaust denial, 18, 35
integration of migrants, 39
interethnic conflict, 37
Jewish community, 40
language, 27, 35, 39
member of Schengen area, 38
migration, 34, 39, 40
national awakening/ 21
national identity, 17, 21, 35
neo-nazi/nationalist marches in,
19
racist comment on social media,
41
refugees, 38, 39, 41
restrictive citizenship legislation,
27
revolts in 1905, 21
Russians in post World War I, 21
Russian-speaking population, 36,
37
slave labour camps, 25
society after fall of Soviet Union,
14, 36, 39
state identity/ 36
stateless people, 38
Index
227
sterilization, 23, 24, 49
xenophobia, 34—6, 40
Estonian Constitution, 35
anti-discrimination provisions in,
35
Estonia’s accession to, 34
ethnic cleansing
Armenia, 111
intellectual foundations for, 3
Kazakhstan, 134
Turkmenistan, 170
ethnic composition
Kyrgyzstan, 140
Tajikistan, 154, 155
ethnic conflicts
Central Asia, 178, 181
Uzbekistan, 178—81
ethnic Cubans,’ 11
ethnic groups
aggregation of in Georgia, 120
Armenia, 97
Azerbaijan, 110
Ukraine, 80, 81
ethnicised modernity,’ 3
ethnicity
bioíogizatíon of, 11
challenging understanding of, 12
race compared, 8, 11
Soviet Union, 6
ethnic management, 136
Kazakhstan, 136
ethnic minorities
Georgia, 118, 119
Kazakhstan, 134
Lithuania, 31, 32
Moldova, 73
Tajikistan, 154, 161
Turkmenistan, 169
ethnic mobilization, 88
ethnic origins, 3, 12, 155, 166, 171
ethnic primordialism, 7, 92
essentialist accounts of, 7
ethnic Russians, 37, 43, 47, 72, 78,
135-7, 169, 180
Latvia, 47
ethnocentrism principle, 140
ethnocratism principle, 140
Ethnogenesis
Belarusians, 57, 62
development of narrative of in
Georgia, 117
Soviet tradition of examining
through craniometry, 98
Tajikistan, 157
Uzbekistan, 172
ethnographic influences, 58
Belarus, 58
ethnography, 99
Southern Caucasus/Transcaucasia,
99
ethnonational boundaries, 27, 50
post-independence strength of in
Baltic States, 50
ethnophilia, 3
ethno-racial character, 108, 117
Azerbaijan, 108
ethno-regional groups, 159, 160
Tajikistan, 159, 160
ethno-religious nationalism, 116,
127
Georgia, 116
Eugenics
Baltic States, 18
debates in Baltic States, 18
early twentieth century thinking
on, 2
Estonia, 23
Eurasia Foundation, 104
Eurasianism, 81
Ukrainian interpretation of, 81
228
index
Europe
cosmopolitanism, 31
extreme right, 30
European Centre for Minority Issues
(ECMI), 119, 120, 122
European Commission against
Racism and Intolerance
(ECRI) (Council of
Europe), 20, 31-3, 38, 41,
43, 44, 73, 74, 85, 86, 101,
114-16, 120, 122, 125
Report on Azerbaijan, 114
European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms,
35
European Council on Refugees and
Exiles, 76
Europeanization, 14, 44, 48, 91
European Union (EU)
accession of Estonia, 34
Lithuanian attitude towards, 14
European Union Monitoring Centre
for Racism and Xenophobia
(EUMC), 36
Eurovision Song Contest, 85
controversy over Ukrainian
representative, 85
Evkom, 5
Evsektsii, 5
exclusion, 8, 10, 12, 17, 21, 27, 30,
33, 36, 45, 49, 50, 65, 118,
121, 125, 138, 139, 146,
161-4, 182
exclusionary nationalism, 14, 22
Baltic States, 14
exclusionary nations, 20-7, 50
extermination
gypsies, 17, 24, 25
local collaboration, 61
Nazi, 24, 61
extreme right
Europe, 30
growth of in Baltic States, 19
Lithuania, 28, 30, 32
Ukraine, 75
%x
Facebook, 29, 41, 42, 47
Lithuanians on, 29
faith, 54, 63,117,143,178
Belarus, 54, 63
family environment, 46
affecting racism in Latvia, 46
far right. See extreme right
Fatherland Guards (Latvia), 47
Father of the Nation (Turkmenbashi)
cult (Turkmenistan), 171
FATIMA, 78, 79
Feminist activism, 31
emergence in Lithuania, 22
Fergana/Ferghana Valley
(Kyrgyzstan), 143, 144
Feudalism, 4
Finns, 57-9
Belarus, 57“9
folk classifications, 67
Eastern Slaves, 67
football hooligans, 63
association with skinheads, 63
forced abortion, 24
forced collectivisation, 4
forced sterilization, 24
‘forced togetherness/ 44
forcible imposition, 182
racial identity, 182
foreign students, 67
Index
229
Ukraine, 67
'Forest Brothers/ 47
For Fatherland and Freedom/LNKK
(Latvia), 19, 47
France, 86, 110, 175
National Front, 82
fraternal organizations, 93
racially-restrictive in United
States, 93
Gagauz, 72, 74-9
hatred of in Moldova, 77
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad [1939-93],
117, 118
Cannibal, Abram Petrovich
[1696-1781], 19
Garda de Fier, 76
Gar mis, 159, 160
gay partnership law, 41
Estonia, 41
gender, 12, 28, 35, 41, 46,
123, 124
Lithuania, 28
gender discrimination, 41, 124
Georgia, 124
genealogical research, 12
popularity of, 12
genetic engineering, 12
genetics, 9, 12, 23, 49, 62, 63, 66,
142, 176, 187
population, 9
Genocide, 24, 28, 40, 66, 76,
99-101, 104, 107, 111,
113, 114, 126, 149, 151
attempted in Nagorno Karbakh,
113
Georgia
aggregation of ethnic groups, 120
Ahiska/Meskhetian Turks, 118
anti-Muslimism, 119, 123, 127
anti-Semitism, 119
attitude towards Chinese, 116,
122
attitude towards women, 123,
124
Christianisation, 118
Christianity, 116—18
demographics, 116
development of narrative of
ethnogenesis in, 117
domestic violence, 123, 124
early marriage, 123, 124
ethnic minorities, 108, 116, 118,
119
ethno-religious nationalism, 116
exclusion of Roma from health
provision, 120
geography, 98
Gypsies, 120
Hamsheni Armenians, 118
historical background, 98
human rights abuses, 121
independence, 95, 96, 118
Islamophobia, 125
Kist women, 124
lack of education among Roma,
33
marginalizaiton of Roma, 118,
120, 125
Meskhetian Turks, 116, 125
minorities, 118, 124
nationalism, 94, 116—25
nation formation/building, 110
Ossetian women, 124
230
Index
Georgia (cont.)
police harassment, 122
racial discrimination, 121
religion, 118, 120, 124, 126
Roma, 107, 116, 120, 123, 127
social conditions, 80
struggle for political autonomy,
117
systematic gender-based
discrimination, 124
variation in levels of racialization,
119
Georgian Association for Regional
Press, 119
Georgian racial type, 99, 106
Armenoid racial type
distinguished, 98, 99
Georgians, 93, 95, 97-9, 101, 103,
106, 107, 116-27
construction of ethnoracial
characteristics of, 117
Germanization, 17
Baltic States, 17
Germans, 2, 17, 18, 21-5, 47, 58,
59, 70, 83, 93, 97, 100,
101, 105, 133, 140, 155,
165
Latvia post-World War I, 21
Germany
colonization, 17
racial hygiene, 24
Globalization, 12, 14, 48, 153
Global Peace Index, 55
Gorno-Badakhshan, 155
governance, 3, 18, 20, 22, 26, 31,
33, 34,44,51,89,91, 100,
110, 116, 125, 138, 157,
185
Soviet Union, 3
Great Terror, 5
Grigor ofTatev [1346—1409], 97
group formation, 10
Grybauskaite, Dalia, 48
views on immigration, 48
Guluzade, Vafa, 111, 113
Gypsies
to be treated as Jews, 26
classification of, 26
extermination of, 17
Georgia, 120
hostility towards in Armenia,
106
Soviet attitude to, 3, 4
Stalins attitude towards, 4
Hamann Commando, 24
Hamsheni Armenians, 118
Harmony Centre party (Latvia), 47
Hate speech
Armenia, 104, 111
Azerbaijani media, 111
Council of Europe definition, 104
against Roma in Belarus, 69
health provision, 120
Roma excluded from in Georgia,
120
hegemonic masculinity, 30
Helme, Martin, 19, 40
anti-immigration comments in
Estonia, 19, 40
Hispànics, 11
historical consciousness, 137, 169
Kazakhstan, 137
historical revisionism, 108, 114
Turkmenistan, 169
History Museum of Armenia, 96
Index
231
Hitler, Adolph [1889-1945], 114
Holocaust, 4, 18, 24, 26, 35,
40,49,61,75,87, 89,
102, 105, 107
attitude of Baltic States to, 18, 26,
49
Holocaust denial, 18, 35
Estonia, 35
Holocaust education, 107
Armenia, 107
housing, 33, 68, 120, 135,
163, 180
Roma, 33, 120
human beings, 87, 92
categorization by skin colour, 92
Human rights
abuses in Georgia, 121
Armenia, 103
education in Armenia, 103
Kyrgyzstan, 150
Tajikistan, 155
Human Rights Movement of
Kirgyzia, 150
Human Rights Watch, 161, 179
Hunchuk party, 95
Hungary, 36, 82
Jobbik, 82
identification documents, 120,
121
lack of among Georgian Roma,
120, 121
identity
Armenia, 94, 106
Caucasians, 91
Jewish, 6
Identity, Civil Society and
Integration Policy (Latvia),
45
ideologically driven groups, 46
affecting racism in Latvia, 46
Ihnatouski, Usevalad, 58, 59
İllegal immigration, 48
Latvia, 48
immigration
attitude towards in Balrus, 85
Lithuanian policy, 30
opposition to in Estonia, 42
imperialism, 3, 60
Soviet-style, 3
imperial revival, 64
support for in Belarus, 64
independence
Baltic States, 17
Georgia, 96, 118
Uzbekistan, 174
Independent Institute of Socio-
Economic and Political
Studies (Belarus), 68
indigenous people, 60, 62, 63, 138,
167
Belarus, 62
indigenous rights, 8
Indo-Europeans, 98, 157
attempts to link Armenians to
ancient, 98
Indo-Iranian people, 137
Central Asia, 137
industrial ethos, 4
obstacles to modern, 4
Institute for Caucasus Studies, 102,
104
Institute of Economics and Peace
(Belarus), 55
232
Index
Institute of Sociology, National
Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, 83
Institute of Strategic Studies (Baku),
112
Institutional racism
Baltic States, 28, 50, 247
Lithuania, 27, 28
integration, 31, 33, 36-9, 43-5,
69, 101, 119, 127,
142, 164
migrants in Estonia, 39
interethnic conflict
Estonia, 37
Tajikistan, 159, 162
International Crisis Group (ICG),
146
international environment, 45
affecting racism in Latvia, 45
Islam
hostility to, 4
revival and rediscover under
Gorbachev era, 5
revival of in Azerbaijan, 94
Islamic fundamentalism, 150
Central Asia, 150
Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan,
160
Islamization, 109
Azerbaijan, 109
Islamophobia
Armenia, 101, 102, 105
connections with construction of
Soviet rule, 4
Georgia, 125
Lithuania, 20, 31
isolation, 45, 73, 120, 123,
164, 170
Turkmenistan, 164
Israel, 66, 151
Israel/Palestine conflict, 151
Italian architecture, 175
supposed Uzbek roots of, 175
Jadids, 4, 5
Janiashvili, George, 120, 122
Japanese, 93
exclusion from whiteness,’ 93
Javakhishvili, Ivane, 117
Jewish assimilation, 6
"Jewish blood," 65
calculation of in Belarus
population, 65
Jewish Commissariat, 5
Jewish ghettos, 25
Lithuania, 25
Jewish identity, 6
Jewish regions, 5
establishment of, 5
Jewish section of Communist Party,
5
Jews
Belarus, 54-6, 59-61, 64, 66, 67,
69
compared to Tatars, 29, 69
decrease of population in
Moldova, 76
deportation, 100
Estonia, 25
extermination in Baltic States, 17,
31
Gypsies to be treated as, 26
Kyrgyzstan, 148-51
Lithuania post-World War I, 22
Index
233
massacres by Czarist secret police,
113
Moldova, 72, 74, 76, 78
murder of in Lithuania, 25
Pale of Settlement, 66, 87
pogroms in Andijan, 179
restitution of communal property
in Latvia, 45
Soviet attitude to, 87
‘Sovietization of, 3, 6
Jobbik (Hungary), 82
Judaism, 197
Marxism and, 6
Kaiser, Hilmar, 93, 100
Karabakh, 95, 113, 114
request for transfer from
Azerbaijan to Armenia, 95,
113, 114
Karakhanids (Uzbekistan), 172, 176
Karimov, Islam, 157, 159, 174, 175,
178, 179, 181
Karotkikh, Siarhei, 56
Karutz, Richard [1867—1945], 165
Kaunas, 25, 30
post-World War II pogroms in, 30
Kazakhs, 132-9, 155, 167, 180
acquisition of ancestors, 137
Kazakhstan
autochthonism principle, 133—9
culture, 130
demography, 130
discrimination in civil service, 103
economic development, 138
ethnic management, 136
ethnic minorities, 134
ethnic Russians in, 135—7
historical consciousness, 137
language, 135, 138, 139
linguistic and cultural origins, 134
migration, 139
mixed marriage, 134
national identity, 125
'National Unity’ doctrine, 136
nation formation/building, 130,
134
nomadic culture, 130
'One Nation concept, 137
post-Soviet racialization policies,
133
racialization, 133, 134, 136,
152-4
Stalinist cleansing, 133
Khorezm, 177
Khorog (Tajikistan), 162
unrest in, 163
Khudaverdyan, Anahit, 98, 99
Kirkilas, Gediminas, 29
Kist women, 124
Georgia, 124
Klooga slave labour camp, 25
Kolga, Margus, 40
‘Kolkhozniks,’ 65
KOMZET. See Committee for the
Rural Resettlement of Jews
(KOMZET)
Korean exiles, 130
Central Asia, 130
Kovno ghetto, 25
converted to concentration camp,
25
Kriviya, 57, 63
proposed alternative name for
Belarus, 57
Kucinskis, Maris, 48
views on refugees, 48
234
Index
Kulturtraeger, 4
Kulyabis, 159, 160
Kurds, 46, 101, 103, 108, 110
potential migrant group in Latvia,
46
Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevich
[1848-1925], 165
Kuzmin, Anton, 135
Kvemo Kartli (Georgia), 119
Kyrgyz Constitution, 141, 147, 150
provisions on Kyrgyz people, 140,
141, 144, 147, 149, 150,
154, 162
Kyrgyz people, 140, 141, 144, 147,
149, 150, 154, 162
Constitional provisions for,
Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University,
140-1
Kyrgyzstan, 15, 130, 139-41,
143-54, 162
anti-Russian revolt (1916), 148
anti-Semitism, 150
cultural identity, 153
demography, 140, 146, 147
ethnic composition, 140
fear of separatism, 148
historical background, 139
human rights, 150
inter-regional conflicts, 142
Jews, 148-51
labour migration, 131
marginalisation of Uzbeks in, 145
migrants experiences in Russia,
151-2
migration, 150-2
nationalism, 161
nomadic culture, 130
non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), 154
patriarchal conservatism, 147
racialization, 152-4
racism, 139-41
Russification, 143
socio-economic conditions, 145
Soviet rule, 144
labour market, 32, 36
racial discrimination in
Lithuanian, 32
labour migration, 67, 131, 152, 182
Kyrgyzstan, 131
language
Estonia, 27, 35, 39
Kazakhstan, 135, 138, 139, 142
Moldova, 71
language policy, 27, 89, 90
Soviet, 90
language tests, 27
Lascu, Sergiu, 75
Lastouski, Vaclau [1883-1938], 57
Latvia
abortion, 24
ageing population, 47
Arajas Commando, 24
'Be Tolerant’ campaign, 44
citizenship, 27
condemnation of Nazi
glorification in, 45
construction of racism, 14
emergence as racial state, 17
ethnic Russians, 47
formation of national movement,
20
Germans in post-World War I, 22
identification of environmental
factors for racism in, 45
Index
235
Identity, Civil Society and
Integration Policy, 45
illegal immigration, 48
inclusion of Roma in school, 45
migration, 42, 47, 48
multiculturalism, 42
National Alliance, 19
national awakening,’ 21
national identity, 17, 43
nationalism, 22, 43
non-European migrants, 43
political parties, 42
potential migrant group in
migrant groups, 46
racism, 42, 44
refugees, 47
restitution of Jewish communal
property, 45
restrictive citizenship legislation,
27
Roma, 25, 43
Soviet occupation, 43
Special Tasks Ministry for the
Integration of Society, 43
sterilization, 24
Thundercross organization, 23
World War II, 43
Latvian National Programme for the
Promotion of Tolerance, 43
Law enforcement agencies, 69
relationship of Roma with in
Belarus, 69
League of Nations, 21
Baltic States membership of, 21
Legionnaire Movement of Moldova,
75
Leninabadis (Hozhentis), 159, 160
linguistics, 44, 90, 91, 118, 134, 149
Kazakhstan, 134
literacy, 59
Belarus, 59
literary traditions, 175, 176
Uzbekistan, 175, 176
Lithuania
achievement of statehood, 17
anti-Muslimism, 31
anti-Semitism, 22, 28, 32, 56
aspirational whiteness,’ 30
attitude to racism, 33
attitude towards refugees, 29
confirmation of swastika as
traditional symbol, 31
contemporary views on racism, 18
demographics, 67
deracialization, 28
disability, 28
education, 22
emergence as racial state, 22
emerging feminist activism, 31
Equal Opportunities
Ombudsman’s Office, 32
ethnic minorities, 31
extreme right, 28, 30, 32
formation of national movement,
20
gender, 28
Hamann Commando, 24
immigration policy, 30
institutional racism, 27
Islamophobia, 31
Jewish ghettos, 25
Jews in post-World War I, 22
labour market racial
discrimination, 32
lack of data collection in, 28
murder of Jews in, 25
Museum of Genocide, 28
myth of shared descent, 20, 48
236
Index
Lithuania (cont.)
National Liberation Movement
(SajTdis), 31
neo-Nazis, 31
population decline, 29
post-World War II pogroms in
Kaunas, 30
race governance, 31
racial discrimination, 28, 36
research on discrimination against
Roma, 33
Roma Integration Strategy, 33
skinhead culture, 30
Lithuanian Centre for Human
Rights, 28
Lithuanian National Democratic
Party, 31
Lithuanian Nationalist Youth Union,
30
Lithuanian National Union (Lituviy
Tautos Sajunga (LITAS)),
19
Lithuanian Social Research Centre,
33
Lituviy Tautos Sajuga (LITAS), 19
local environment, 46
affecting racism in Latvia, 46
Lukashenko, Alexander
Grigoryevich, 55» 67, 68
Madrassas, 5
sustained campaigns of closure, 5
Maidan massacre 1914 (Ukraine), 82
Mamedova, Farida, 111
Manas epic poem, 142
Mapping Global Racisms series, 1
Marganets clashes (Ukraine), 84
Margaryan, Andranik, 106
Margvelashvili, Giorgi, 117
market economies, 65
trauma of transition to, 65
marriage, 6, 42, 69, 72, 115, 123,
124, 134, 144, 157, 165,
177
early in Georgia, 123, 124
Marr, Niko, 117
Marxism, 6
Judaism and, 197
Maverannakhr (Transoxania), 177
Meiners, Christoph [1747-1810],
92
Mein Kampf, 114
Melvin, Neil, 146
memorialization, 35
Holocaust and Porajmos in Baltic
States, 49
Memorial Museum for Victims of
Repressions (Uzbekistan),
179
Merkel, Angela, 47
Meskhetian Turks, 116, 118, 125,
127, 178, 179
methodological deficit, 8
migrant(s)
hostility towards in Baltic States,
19,31
reception in Ukraine, 85
migration
Armenia, 84, 107
Belarus, 61—3, 67, 69
Estonia, 34, 39, 40
Kazakhstan, 139
Kyrgyzstan, 150—2
Latvia, 42, 47, 48
Ukraine, 67, 85—7
Mikhailovna, Valentina, 135
Index
237
minorities
Armenia, 101, 102, 107
assimilation in Baltic States, 17
Baltic States post-World War I, 21
Belarus, 60
Georgia, 118
Moldovan national laws on, 78
Russian-speakers in Uzbekistan,
38, 50
violation of rights, 4
minority rights, 8, 22, 106, 118, 154
Minsk Dynamo Football Club, 63
mixed culture, 182
Turkmenistan, 130
mixed marriage
Armenia, 106
Azerbaijan, 115
Belarus, 69
Kazakhstan, 134
Tajikistan, 157
Turkmenistan, 165
mobile killing units, 25
modernization, 67, 109, 129, 136,
183
Azerbaijan, 109
Moldova
Africans in, 69
anti-Romanian sentiments, 72
anti-Semitism, 75
Association of World War II
Veterans, 76
black people in, 76
citizenship for Roma, 72
conditions following collapse of
Soviet Union, 14, 71
decrease of Jewish population, 74
demographics, 70, 73, 74
effects of World War II, 89
ethnic minorities, 73
hatred of Gagauz, 77
historical background, 53
Jews, 76
language, 73
national identity^ 71, 72
national laws on minorities, 78
preservation of statehood, 71, 89
relations with Romanians, 70—3
Roma, 73—4
Turkic-speaking people, 77
Moldovans, 70-3, 75-9, 89, 152
promotion of separation from
Romanians, 75
Mongolians, 59
Belarus, 59
‘Mongoloid’ features, 56, 166
Belarusians, 62
Moscow Society of Naturalists, 56
Mosques, 5, 125, 143, 161
sustained campaigns of closure, 5
multiculturalism
Baltic States, 42
Belarus, 53
Latvia, 42
reality of, 126
Mumm, Alfred, 93
Musavut party, 95
Museum of Genocide (Lithuania),
28
muslims
experiences in Soviet Central Asia,
4
hostility towards in Baltic States,
19
immigration into Belarus, 88
persecution of, 5
potential migrant group in Latvia,
46
Soviet attitude to, 4, 46
systematic violation of rights of, 4
muslim tatars, 32
238
Index
Myrzakmatov, Melis, 146
myth-making, 152, 175
Nacionālā apvienība ‘Visu LatvijaiV
*Tēzemei un Brīvībai/
LNNK\ 19
Nagorno Karbakh, 113
attempted genocide in, 113
NakhicheanI, 95
Nalbandian, Edward, 110
National Alliance (Latvia), 19
National Alliance AJ1 For Latvia!’
"For Fatherland and, 19, 47
Freedom/LNNK5 (Nacionālā
apvienība ‘Visu Latvijai!’
‘Tēzemei un Brīvībai/
LNNK)y 19
national awakenings,5 21
Latvia and Estonia, 21
national-biological-racial chains, 21,
49
construction of, 21, 49
national demographic security
program, 68
Belarus, 68
national environment, 45
affecting racism in Latvia, 45
national front (France), 82
national hero, 137, 174, 175, 179,
182
importance of, 182
national identity
Azerbaijan, 109, 113
Baltic States, 14, 17,21,27, 35,
37, 43, 49
Estonia, 17, 21, 35
exclusion of others from, 17
Kazakhstan, 125
Latvia, 17, 43
Moldova, 71, 72
Southern Caucasus/Transcaucasia,
106
Uzbekistan, 173, 174
nationalism
Armenia, 92, 112
Azerbaijan, 114
Belarus, 60, 69
Georgia, 117
Kyrgyzstan, 161
Latvia, 22, 43
Tajikistan, 161
Ukraine, 80
nationalist movements
emergence in Azerbaijan, 95
emergence in Southern Caucasus/
Transcaucasia, 95
nationality, 12, 29, 35, 38, 41,
73, 80, 95, 133, 136,
140, 155
challenging understanding of, 12
National Liberation Movement
(SajTdis), 31
Lithuania, 31
National Movement (UK), 20, 21,
49, 82, 113
national socialism, 31, 63
Belarus, 63
national-state construction, 110
Stalinist, 110
‘National Unity5 doctrine, 136
Kazakhstan, 136
Nation, connections between race
and, 21, 49
nation formation/building
Belarus, 56—61
Central Asia, 130, 133, 141-2
Index
239
Eastern Europe, 13
Georgia and Armenia, 99
Kazakhstan, 130, 134
myth of heroic ancestors as basis
for, 141-2
relationship with racism, 70-3
Turkmenistan, 168
Uzbekistan, 182
natural resources, 164
Turkmenistan, 164
Navoi, Alisher [1441-1501], 175,
176
Nazarbayev, Nursultan Abishuly,
134, 136
Nazarov, Abdullah, 163, 180
Nazi glorification, 45
condemnation in Latvia, 45
Nazi occupation
Baltic States, 23, 26, 49
replacement with Soviet
occupation, 49
Nazis
extermination, 24
Romanian collaboration with, 75
Nazi symbols, 31, 82
Neo-nazi/nationalist marches, 19
Estonia, 19
Neo-Nazism, 19, 28, 31,44, 79, 82,
83, 105
Lithuania, 31
Nilus, Sergei Aleksandrovich
[1862-1929], 113
Ninth Fort, 25
Niyazov, Saparmurat [1940-2006],
168-71
Njdeh, Garegin [1886-1955], 105,
106
‘No Hate Speech Movement’ youth
campaign, 104
nomadic cultures, 130
Central Asia, 130
Non-European migrants, 43
Latvia, 43
Non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), 8,41,42, 78, 80,
103, 104, 107, 115, 149,
151,154
Kyrgyzstan, 154
O
Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human
Rights (OHCHR) Special,
2
Rapporteur on Racism, 2
Oghuz tribes (Turkmenistan), 167,
168
Oguz Khan narratives, 166
‘One Nation concept, 137
Kazakhstan, 137
Onoje, John, 78
Ordnungspolizeiy 25
orientalization, 132
Central Asia, 132
Orthodox Ukrainians, 68
perception of in Belarus, 68
Osh, 143, 145-8, 153
violence in, 145—8
Ossetian women, 124
Georgia, 124
Ossets, 95
revolt against Georgian rule, 95
Ottoman Armenians, 99, 100
deportation, 100
Ottoman Empire, 70, 100
racism, 100
Otunbaeva, Roza, 142
240
Index
pale of settlement, 66, 87
Belarus, 66
Palestinians, 46
potential migrant group in Latvia,
46
Pamiris, 159, 160, 163
Pan-Azerbaijainism, 109
Paneriai, 25
Pan-Islam, 109
Pan-Slavism, 64
Pan-Turkic language debate, 108
Azerbaijan, 108
Pan-Turkism, 15, 100, 109, 130
Tajikistan, 15
Party of Free Labour (Tajikistan),
160
Party of National Unity (Tajikistan),
160
Party of Political and Economic
Revival (Tajikistan), 160
Patriarchal conservatism, 147
Kyrgyzstan, 147
Pats, Konstantin [1874-1956], 22,
23
‘Peoples/ 21, 49
hierarchies of, 21
People s Democratic Party of
Tajikistan, 160
Peoples Opposition Bloc (Ukraine),
84
physical anthropology, 3, 23, 92, 95,
97-9, 126, 172-6
physical environment, 45
affecting racism in Latvia, 45
physical strength, 31
hyper-valuing, 31
Plugar, Anatol, 74
Pogroms, 30, 59, 60, 95, 113, 145,
179
Belarus, 59, 60
police harassment, 122
Georgia, 122
Polish-Soviet War (1991—21), 60
‘Polish spirit/ 56
political autonomy, 117
Georgias struggle for, 117
political parties, 41, 42, 48, 81, 82,
85, 150, 151, 159
Latvia, 42
political posts, 178
recruitment to in Uzbekistan, 178
polonization, 17
Baltic States, 17
polyracism, 1,9, 15, 125, 187
South Caucasus, 125
polytypism, 177
Uzbekistan, 177
Popular Front (Tajikistan), 109,
160
Popular Movement (Tajikistan), 160
population
Belarus, 54, 61, 62
diversity in Armenia, 104
Uzbekistan, 145, 148, 176
population decline, 29
Lithuania, 29
population genetics, 9
Porajmos, 24, 26, 49
Poroshenko, Petr Oleksiyovych, 56
Post-Soviet republics, 1,2, 13, 76,
118, 185, 187
racism in fourteen independent, 1
poverty, 6, 7, 34, 94, 97, 120
Roma, 120
Pravieniškes camp, 25
‘Prestigious ancestors/ 12
search for, 12
primitivism, 2
progression from, 2
Index
241
primordialism, 3, 7, 92, 97
Propaganda, 6, 8, 59, 60, 76, 102,
111, 155, 164, 167
Belarus, 59, 60
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 113,
114
Purges, 3, 5
Soviet ethnic and national, 3
‘Purity and contamination,’ 13
Putin, Vladimir, 79, 82
Qazi courts, 5
closure of, 5
race
connections between nation and,
31
difficulties in defining, 3
ethnicity compared, 187
Marxist-Leninist definition of, 3
ontological status of, 10
post-Soviet trajectories, 185—7
race-anthropological studies, 56, 165
early Turkmen, 165
race governance, 31,51
Lithuania, 31
race theory, 1
reconfiguration of, 1
racial americanization, 3
racial anthropology, 165
Turken, 165
racial characteristics, 93, 112, 117
Armenians, 93
racial components, 63, 177
Uzbeks, 177
‘Racial crime,’ 6
racial discrimination
Georgia, 121
labour market in Lithuania, 32
Lithuania, 28
Ukraine, 76
racial exceptionalism, 19
racial hierarchy, 21, 49, 113, 135
Azerbaijan, 113
racial hygiene, 24
German ideals of, 24
racial identity, 11, 12, 23, 132, 182
forcible imposition of, 182
racialization
Baltic States, 14, 17, 18, 20, 27,
34, 42-6, 48, 50, 65
Central Asia, 15, 130, 133
Kazakhastan, 133, 134, 136,
152-4
Kyrgyzstan, 143
legacy of Soviet, 1—15
scope of, 1
stages of in Kyrgyzstan, 152—4
Tajikistan, 15, 159
Ukraine, 65
Uzbekistan, 15, 132, 162,
172-81
variation of levels in Georgia, 119
Racialized ‘Hispanics,’ 11
racializing discourse, 59
Belarus, 59
racial knowledge
Belarus, 59
dissemination of, 12
racial markers, 30, 67
racial nationalism, 30, 31, 91, 105,
106, 114
racial origins, 21, 49, 100
Armenians, 100
242
Index
‘Racial pollution/ 13
racial prejudices, 64, 171
widespread in Belarus, 64
racial privilege, 186
assertion of, 186
racial purity
myth of Belarusian, 70
support for in Belarus, 59, 62֊A
racial science
Armenia, 97
craniology as origin of, 97
development of, 97
fusion of European and Soviet, 97
racial self-identity, 106, 126
Armenians, 106, 126
racial studies, 56, 57, 73
racial truth, 2
racial type, 56, 81, 98, 99, 106, 137,
165
South Siberia, 137
racial violence
Tajikistan, 161
Ukraine, 74
racism
Anti-Armenian, 100
Armenia, 100, 102, 106
Central Asia, 129-83
contemporary views of in Baltic
States, 18
global theory of, 9
identification of environmental
factors for in Latvia, 45
Kyrgyzstan, 139—41
Latvia, 42—8
limitation on formulating general
theory of, 9
Lithuanian attitude to, 33
official non-existence of in Soviet
Union, 27
Ottoman Empire, 70
perceptions of as significant issue
in Baltic States, 26
post-Soviet, 185-7
relationship with nation-making,
7
research into, 2
shifting dynamic of, 9
studies mapping, 1
Tajikistan, 130, 154—5
theoretical advancement of the
sociology of race and, 8
Turkmenistan, 67, 164-71
United States, 151
racism victim surveys, 36
racist violence, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36,
43-6, 51, 53, 74, 80, 88,
161-4, 182
Ukraine, 80
radical communities, 42
formation in Estonia, 42
Rahmon, Emomali, 158
Rakhmonov, Emomali, 157
refugees
attitude towards in Uzbekistan,
180
Estonia, 38, 39, 41
hostility towards in Baltic States,
19, 39
Latvia, 42, 44
Lithuanian attitude towards, 29
Ukrainian, 68, 76, 85—7
regional identity, 102, 160
Armenia, 102
regionalism
Tajikistan, 15, 159, 160, 176, 180
Uzbekistan, 176—8, 180
religion, 6, 35, 38, 40, 63, 104, 107,
112, 118, 120, 123, 124,
126, 143, 161
Georgia, 118
Index
243
religious activity, 5
restrictions on, 5
religious education, 94, 100, 116,
124
Armenia, 94, 100, 116, 124
religious freedom, 161
Tajikistan, 161
Republican Party (Armenia), 101,
106
Republic of Mountainous Armenia,
106
research
Lithuanian on discrimination
against Roma, 33
Ukraine, 82
residence registration, 131
Central Asia, 131
Ripley, William Zebina
[1867֊1941],93
Rodnovery, 63
Roma
Belarus, 29, 67, 69, 71
education, 74
employment, 69
excluded from health provision in
Georgia, 33
experiences in Soviet Union, 4
extermination of in Baltic States,
24, 23,31
forced collectivisation, 4
Georgia, 107, 116, 120, 123, 127
hate speech against in Belarus, 69
housing, 33
inclusion in school in Latvia, 45
lack of education among
Georgian, 33
lack of identification documents
of among Georgian, 121
Latvia, 25, 43
marginalization in Georgia, 43
Moldova, 73—4
Moldovan citizenship, 73
poverty, 34
relationship of with law
enforcement agencies in
Belarus, 69
research on discrimination against
in Lithuania, 33
Soviet racism against, 73
Roma Integration Strategy, 33
Roman Catholic Church, 27
involvement in Anti-Semitism in
Baltic States, 27
Romania, 70-2, 75—7, 88, 89
anti-Muslim hostility, 32
Romanian Orthodox Church, 75
Romanians
collaboration with Nazi Germany,
75
promotion of separation from
Moldovans, 75
relations with Moldova, 70-3
Rumguvur party, 95
Russia
attitude towards Caucasians, 94
Kyrgyz migrants’ experiences in,
151-2
relations with Ukraine, 53
Russian Federation, 2, 13, 36, 85,
93, 94, 108, 110, 116, 133,
134
Russian National Unity movement,
56
Russian refugees, 180
Uzbekistan, 180
Russians
Estonia post-World War I, 21
ethnic in Kazakhstan, 135-7
244
Index
Russians (cont.)
outflow from Turkmenistan, 170
Russian-speaking population, 36, 37,
150, 182
Estonia, 36, 37
Russification
Baltic States, 17
intellectual foundations for, 3
Kyrgyzstan, 149
Russophobia, 79, 83
Sacae, 99
Samanid Empire, 157
Samarkand, 156, 165, 174-8
Sarmatians, 99, 166
Sarts, 172-4
Satsevich, Vladimir, 63
Scandinavia, 23, 24
social engineering, 24
Scandinavia-Baltic international
networks, 23
Schengen area, 38
Estonian membership, 38
Scythians, 81, 99, 166
second international, 6
self-determination, 3,153
self-racialization, 186
separatism, 72, 136, 145, 148
fear of in Kyrgyzstan, 148
settled cultures, 130
Central Asia, 130
shared descent, 20, 48
myth of, 20, 48
Shaybanids (Uzbekistan), 174
Shekhovtsov, Anton, 82
Shnirelman, Victor, 7, 12, 63, 88,
97, 108, 137, 157, 159,
167, 171, 172
Shornikov, Pyotr, 73, 76
Šiauliai ghetto, 25
converted to concentration camp,
25
Sichersheitsdienst, 25
Siljuk dynasty, 168
Šils, Janis, 47
skin colour, 8, 35, 46, 92
categorization of human beings
by, 92
skinhead culture
Belarus, 64
Lithuania, 30
Skinheads, 28, 30, 31, 44, 63,
64, 105
association with football
hooligans, 63
skull shape, 99
differentiation, 99
slave labour camps, 25
Slavery, 19, 31, 51, 65
European, 31,51
slavic brotherhood, 64
support for in Belarus, 64
Slavic migrations, 62
Belarus, 62
‘Smell of the other/ 67
Smetana, Antanas [1874—1944], 22
social class,
social cohesion, 12, 187
social conditions, 80
Georgia, 80
social distance,’ 34, 68
Belarus, 68
social engineering, 24, 171
Scandinavia, 24
social hierarchies
Africa and Caribbean, 65
Belarus, 65
social integration, 69
Index
245
Roma in Belarus, 69
socialism, 3, 7, 8, 15, 63
legacy of state, 8, 15
social media, 9
racist comment in Estonia, 41
social mobility, 61, 170
social policy, 86
Ukraine, 86
social problem, 26, 183
Gypsies categorised as, 26
social racism, 65, 143—4, 181
Belarus, 65
societies, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12—14, 20, 23,
49, 50,71,88, 130, 181-3,
186, 187
separation of modern and
‘backward/ 3
Society ‘Lali Badakhshon
(Tajikistan), 160
socio-political development, 130
Central Asia, 130
Sodiqov, Alexandr, 162
Sonyel, Salahi Ramadan
[1932-20151,99
South Africa, 6, 9, 30
apartheid, 6
Southern Caucasus/Transcaucasia
Armenians, 93
composition, 108
democratization, 95
demography, 95, 98
economic migration, 94
emergence of nationalist
movements, 95
ethnography, 92
national identity, 106
polyracism, 125
South Ossetia, 119
South Siberia, 137
racial type, 137
sovereignty, 3, 129, 137, 152, 153
Central Asia, 152
Soviet Central Asia
Bolsheviks, 4
experiences of Muslims in, 4
Jadids, 4
Soviet Far East, 6
resettlement of Jews in, 6
Sovietization
Baltic States, 17
intellectual foundations for, 3
Soviet occupation, 26, 35, 43, 49
Latvia, 43
Soviet rule
stages of racialization in, 152—4
state-making ethnicity, 154
tribalism, 167
Tulip Revolution, 143, 153
Uzbek diaspora, 148
Uzbek-Kyrgyz conflict, 145-8
violence against women, 147
violence in Osh, 145-8
Soviet Union
anti-Roma racism, 4
Azerbaijan, 96
Central Asia, 4, 130, 132, 150,
152
chauvinism, 3, 64, 119
colonization, 7, 28, 50
connections between construction
of and Islamophobia, 4
ethnicity, 3
experiences of Roma in, 4
formation of homogenous ethnic
bloc, 110
governance, 110
imperialism, 3
inassimilable borderlands, 3
Jewish assimilation, 6
Kyrgyzstan, 150, 152, 153
246
Index
Soviet Union (coni)
language policy, 27, 89, 90
legacy of racialization, 1—15
official non-existence of racism in,
27
policy of moldovanizatsia, 71
purges, 3
separation of modern and
'backward ‘ societies, 3
state-sponsored evolutionism, 2
tradition of examining
ethnogenesis through
craniometry, 98
Uzbekistan, 130
Special Rapporteur on Racism
(OHCHR), 2, 43
visits to Baltic States, 43
Special Tasks Ministry for the
Integration of Society
(Latvia), 43
Stalinism, 75
national-state construction under,
110
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich
[1878-1953]
attitude towards Gypsies, 4
attitude towards Roma, 4
transfer of power to, 5
Stankevich, Janka [1891-1976], 57
Statehood, 14, 17, 60, 71, 73, 81, 89,
112, 129, 141, 149, 153,
156,158,168, 169, 176
preservation of Moldovan, 73
State identity, 36
Estonia, 36
stateless people, 38
Estonia, 38
state-making ethnicity, 154
Kyrgyzstan, 154
state socialism, 8, 15
legacy of, 8, 15
state-sponsored evolutionism, 2
steppe culture, 81
stereotyping, 54, 55, 60, 66, 69, 87,
110,111,122,127,150,
173
sterilization
Estonia, 24
Latvia, 24
Stockholm declaration, 40
Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute, 146
students, 22, 67, 85, 86, 96, 102,
142, 170, 177
foreign in Ukraine, 67
Švenčionys ghetto, 25
destruction of, 25
Svoboda party (Ukraine), 82
Swastika, 30, 31, 105
confirmation as traditional
Lithuanian symbol, 31
symbols, 9, 31, 147, 174, 175
Tajikistan
Armenian refugees, 163
Aryanism, 15, 154—5
Aryan myth, 156-9
autochthonism principle, 93
Batken region, 162
civil war, 155, 159-60
demography, 130, 160
ethnic composition, 154, 155
ethnic minorities, 154, 161
ethnogenesis, 157
ethno-regional groups, 159-60
Gorno-Badakhshan, 155
Index
247
historical background, 155
human rights, 155
interethnic conflict, 37
mixed marriage, 157
nationalism, 161
political parties, 159
Popular Movement, 160
racialization, 15, 159
racial violence, 161
racism, 130, 154-5
regionalism, 15, 159, 160,
176, 180
religious freedom, 161
settled culture, 130
Uzbeks in, 161
Year of the Aryan civilization
2006, 158
Tajiks
Iranian roots of, 158
Uzbeks contrasted, 173
Tamerlane [1320-1405], 174, 175
Tashkent, 175-7, 179, 180
Tatars
Belarus, 54, 56
compared to Jews, 67, 69
Crimean, 84
Tbilisi demonstrations, 96
Terminological deficit, 8
Ter-Petrosian, Levon, 95
Thundercross organization, 23
Timurid Empire, 174
Toumamain, Hovhannes
[1869-1923], 97
Trancaucasia. See Southern
Caucasus/Transcaucasia
Transnistria, 71, 72
armed conflict in, 72
Transnistrian Moldavian republic, 71
Treaty of Bucharest (1812), 70
Tribalism, 143, 167
Kyrgyzstan, 143
Trypillians, 81
Tseghakron Armenian youth
movement, 106
Tulip Revolution, 143, 153
Kyrgyzstan, 143, 153
Turcik Muslim nation, 5
attempts to establish, 5
Turkey, 67, 92, 96, 100, 102, 103,
106-12, 116, 139
relations with Armenia, 100
Turkic-speaking people, 77
Moldova, 77
Turkification, 109
Azerbaijan, 109
Turkism, 100, 109
Turkization, 156, 172
population of Uzbekistan, 172
Turkmen
clan and tribal structure of, 165
considered Mongol-Turkic-Aryan
mixing, 165
early race-anthropological studies
of, 165
racial anthropology, 165
Turkmenistan
Ahal-Tekke tribal hegemony, 171
authoritarianism, 130
de-Russification, 168
education, 169
ethnic cleansing, 170
ethnic minorities, 154
Father of the Nation
(Turkmenbashi) cult, 171
historical background, 169
historical revisionism, 167, 169
isolation of, 170
mixed culture, 130
248
Index
Turkmenistan {cont)
mixed marriage, 165
nation formation/building, 110
natural resources, 164
Oghuz tribes, 167, 168
outflow of Russian population,
170
post-Soviet issues, 166
racism, 67, 164—71
Turks, 58, 67, 95, 103, 105, 109,
116, 118, 125, 127, 157,
158, 167, 168, 172, 173,
175, 178, 179
redefined as Azerbaijani, 110
Tyahnybok, Oleh, 82, 84
O
Ugro-Finnic ethnic groups, 62
Belarus, 62
Ukraine
anti-Semitism, 56
Armenians, 84
Aryan idea, 81
asylum seekers, 85
controversy over representative for
Eurovision Song Contest,
85
democratization, 80, 88
discourse on blackness, 85—7
ethnic groups, 80, 81
extreme right, 75
foreign students, 67
interpretation of Eurasianism, 81
Jewish agricultural colonies in, 6
Maidan massacre, 79
Marganets clashes, 84
migration from former Soviet
Republics, 85
nationalism, 80
Peoples Opposition Bloc, 84
racial discrimination, 88
racialization, 65
racial violence, 74
reception of migrants, 85
relations with post-Soviet Russia,
53
research, 82
social policy, 86
Svoboda, 81, 82, 84, 85
Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 83
Ulama, 5
closure of, 5
Ulmanis, Kàrlis [1877-1942], 22, 23
Ulugbek [1394-1449], 174
UN Committee on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination, 135
‘Undesirable’ immigrants, 68
Belarus, 68
Uniform Lithuanian National
Workers Movement, 31
Union of Progressive Forces of
Tajikistan, 160
United Kingdom (UK), 82, 100
National Movement, 82
United States
Armenian immigrants, 93
attitude towards Caucasians, 94
racially-restrictive fraternal
organizations, 93
racism, 151
Uraratians, 98, 100
Uulu, Tursunbai Bakir, 151
Uzbek diaspora, 148
Uzbekistan
administrative-territorial divisions,
177
Index
249
anti-Semitism, 179
attitude to Russian-speaking
minority, 179
attitude towards refugees, 180
Chagatay language, 175
clan structure, 176—8
Dasht-i-Kipchak steppes, 172,
173
demographics, 145, 148, 176
erasure of Soviet heritage, 179
ethnic conflict, 178—81
ethnogenesis, 172-4
historical background, 146, 149
independence, 173
Karakhanids, 172, 175, 176
litarary traditions, 175, 176
Memorial Museum for Victims of
Repressions, 179
nation formation/building, 182
pogroms in Andijan, 179
polytypism, 177
population, 145, 148, 176
racialization, 15, 132, 162,
172-81
recruitment to political posts, 178
regionalism, 176-8
riots in Andijan, 179
Russian refugees, 180
settled culture, 130
Shaybanids, 174
Soviet rule, 158
supposed Uzbek roots of Italian
architecture, 175
Timurid Empire, 174
Turkization of population, 172
Uzbek-Kyrgyz conflict, 145-8
Uzbeks
ethnic basis of, 172, 174
marginalisation of in Kyrgyzstan,
145
racial components, 177
Tajikistan, 161
Tajiks contrasted, 154, 156
Uzbekstan
desecration of Jewish tombs in
Dombradab, 179
national identity, 174
¥
Vàmbéry, Armin [1832-1913],
165
Van Lushcan, Felix Ritter
[1854-1924], 98
Velichko, Vaili Lvovich
[1860-1903], 111-13
Vilna ghetto, 25
destruction of, 25
virtual environment, 45
affecting racism in Latvia, 45
Vitrenko, Natalia, 84
Voronin, Vladimir Nicolaevici, 78
Waqfi 5
confiscation of, 5
Western Europe, 2, 17, 55, 68, 83
Christianisation, 118
whiteness
aspirations to in Armenia, 103
attaining, 186
exclusion from, 10
White Pride World-Wide movement,
30
women
250
index
women (cont.)
Georgia, 123
violence against in Kyrgyzstan, 147
womens rights, 8
womens seclusion, 5
challenging, 5
word violence, 42
world values survey, 32
World War II
effects on Belarus, 61
effects on Moldova, 89
Estonia, 24, 37
Latvia, 43
Xenophobia, 80
Yanukovich, Viktor, 79
Yarkho, Alexey, 166
Year of the Aryan civilization 2006
(Tajikistan), 158
Yeni Nesil. See Azerbaijani Journalists
Union
Yerevan, 94, 96, 99,101, 102, 104,
105, 111, 126
arrival of Iranian Muslims in,
105
Yerevan Press Club, 104, 111
Yezids, 101, 103
Yiddish, 5, 6, 61
official language of Soviet Belarus,
61
Zangezur, 95, 105
Zhakupov, Zhumbay, 134
Zhenotdel, 5 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Zacharov, Nikolaj Valerʹevič 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1070382094 |
| author_facet | Zacharov, Nikolaj Valerʹevič 1978- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Zacharov, Nikolaj Valerʹevič 1978- |
| author_variant | n v z nv nvz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044276319 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)988604110 (DE-599)BVBBV044276319 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV044276319</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20170515</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">170419s2017 xx |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781137476913</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-137-47691-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)988604110</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV044276319</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zacharov, Nikolaj Valerʹevič</subfield><subfield code="d">1978-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1070382094</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Post-Soviet racisms</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">London</subfield><subfield code="b">Palgrave Macmillan</subfield><subfield code="c">[2017]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2017</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xi, 250 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Rassismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076527-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Nachfolgestaaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4328855-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sowjetunion</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077548-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Racism / Former Soviet republics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Former Soviet republics / Race relations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Sowjetunion</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4077548-3</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Nachfolgestaaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4328855-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Rassismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076527-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-1-137-47692-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Literaturverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090511</subfield><subfield code="g">479</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090512</subfield><subfield code="g">947.08</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090512</subfield><subfield code="g">479</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090511</subfield><subfield code="g">947.08</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09049</subfield><subfield code="g">947.08</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09049</subfield><subfield code="g">479</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029680794</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV044276319 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-13T11:07:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781137476913 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029680794 |
| oclc_num | 988604110 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xi, 250 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zacharov, Nikolaj Valerʹevič 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1070382094 aut Post-Soviet racisms London Palgrave Macmillan [2017] © 2017 xi, 250 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 gnd rswk-swf Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Racism / Former Soviet republics Former Soviet republics / Race relations (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 s Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-137-47692-0 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Zacharov, Nikolaj Valerʹevič 1978- Post-Soviet racisms Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076527-1 (DE-588)4328855-8 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Post-Soviet racisms |
| title_auth | Post-Soviet racisms |
| title_exact_search | Post-Soviet racisms |
| title_full | Post-Soviet racisms |
| title_fullStr | Post-Soviet racisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Post-Soviet racisms |
| title_short | Post-Soviet racisms |
| title_sort | post soviet racisms |
| topic | Rassismus (DE-588)4076527-1 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rassismus Nachfolgestaaten Sowjetunion Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029680794&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zacharovnikolajvalerʹevic postsovietracisms |