The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle: balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Leiden ; Boston
Brill Nijhoff
[2017]
|
| Series: | Publications on ocean development
Volume 83 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | XX, 362 Seiten Diagramme, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9789004332270 |
| DOI: | 10.1163/9789004332287 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle |b balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection |c by Aline L. Jaeckel |
| 264 | 1 | |a Leiden ; Boston |b Brill Nijhoff |c [2017] | |
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Contents
Acknowledgements xi
List of Figures xi i
List of Abbreviations xi 11
List of Cases xvi
List of Treaties and Declarations x vi 11
PART 1
Context—Deep Seabed Mining, the Marine Environment, and
Precaution
1 Deep Seabed Mining and the Marine Environment 3
1.1 Setting the Scene: The Onset of Deep Seabed Mining 3
1.2 Exploring the Problem 7
1.2.1 The Marine Environment of the Deep Seabed and its Mineral
Resources 7
1.2.2 The Environmental Risks and Uncertainties of Deep Seabed
Mineral Mining 11
1.2.3 The Need for a Precautionary Approach to Seabed Mining 14
1.3 Objectives of the Study 18
1.4 Terminology 20
1.5 Methodology and Limits of the Study 22
1.6 Structure of the Study 24
2 The Precautionary Principle in International Law 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 The Precautionary Principle in International Law 29
2.2.1 From Reactive to Proactive Thinking: The Rationale of
Precaution 29
2.2.2 History of the Precautionary Principle 30
2.2.3 Status of the Precautionary Principle in International Law 33
2.2.4 Overlapping Principles: Precaution and Prevention 35
2.3 Defining the Precautionary Principle: Three Elements 37
2.3.1 Threat of Environmental Harm 37
2.3.2 Uncertainty 38
VI
CONTENTS
2.3.3 Remedial Action 39
2.3.3.1 Effectiveness 39
2.3.3.Z Proportionality 41
2.3.4 The Role of Thresholds 43
2.4 Implementing the Precautionary Principle 43
2.4.1 The Three Dimensions of Implementing Precaution 43
2.4.1.1 Institutional Dimension 44
2.4.1.2 Procedural Dimension 44
2.4.1.3 Protective Measures 47
2.4.1.4 A Three-dimensional Assessment of the
Implementation of Precaution 48
2.4.2 The Role of Values 48
2.4.2.1 Making Uncertainties Explicit 49
2.4.2.2 Participation 50
2.4.2.3 Transparency 51
2.4.2.4 A Normative Framework 52
2.4.3 The Burden of Proof 54
2.4.3.1 Considerations for a General Allocation of the
Burden of Proof 55
2.4.3.2 Reversing the Burden of Proof as an Implementation
Measure 56
2.4.4 The Nature of Uncertainties 57
2.4.5 Dealing with Uncertainty in Complex Systems: Adaptive
Management 58
2.4.6 Examining Counter-Effects: the Aim of Net Environmental
Protection 61
2.4.7 Socio-Economic Considerations 63
2.5 Framework for Analysing the Implementation of Precaution:
Assessment Criteria 66
PART 2
The International Seabed Authority
3 The International Seabed Authority and the Seabed Mining Regime 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Historical Development of the Deep Seabed Mining Regime 74
3.2.1 The Legal Status of the International Seabed and its
Resources 74
3.2.2 The LOSC and Continuing Uncertainty as to the Legal Status of
the Seabed and its Resources 81
CONTENTS
VII
3.2.3 The 1994 Implementing Agreement and the Revision of the
Common Heritage Concept 84
3.3 Mandate of the isa 88
3.4 Institutional Organisation of the isa 90
3.4.1 The Assembly 92
3.4.2 The Council 93
3.4.3 The Secretariat 95
3.4.4 The Legal and Technical Commission 96
3.4.5 The Economic Planning Commission 98
3.4.6 The Finance Committee 98
3.4.7 The Enterprise 99
3.5 Decision-making Processes of the isa 100
3.5.1 Adopting Mining Regulations 101
3.5.2 Assessing Applicationsfor Plans of Work 103
3.6 Enforcement Powers 106
3.6.1 Monitoring Compliance 106
3.6.2 Responsibilities and Liability 108
3.7 Financing the isa 110
3.8 Dispute Settlement in the isa Regime: The Seabed Disputes
Chamber 111
3.9 Conclusion 113
4 The Environmental Mandate of the ISA 116
4.1 Introduction 116
4.2 Environmental Considerations During the Negotiations of Part xi
and the Implementing Agreement 117
4.3 The General Obligation Under the Convention and the Implementing
Agreement to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment 121
4.3.1 The Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine
Environment 121
4.3.2 The Environmental Mandate of the isa 123
4.3.3 General Environmental Obligations of States 127
4-4 Gradual Integration of Precaution into the Lose 131
4-5 The Debate about Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research in
the Context of the ISA’s Mandate 136
4.6 Conclusion 141
5 Developing the ISA's Environmental Mandate Through the Mining
Code 142
5.1 Introduction 142
5.2 Law-making Powers of the isa 143
VIII
CONTENTS
5.3 The Mining Code 148
5.3.1 Exploration Regulations 149
5.3.2 ltc Recommendations 150
5-3-3 Future Exploitation Regulations 152
5.4 The ISA's Environmental Obligations as Developed by the Mining
Code 154
5.4.1 Assess and Monitor Environmental Impacts 157
5.4.1.1 Environmental Baselines 157
5.4.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessments 159
5.4.1.3 Monitoring Effects on the Marine Environment 164
5.4.2 Marine Protected Areas 166
5.4.2.1 Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National
Jurisdiction 167
5.4.2.2 Mandate of the isa to Declare Marine Protected
Areas 169
5.4.3 Best Environmental Practices 173
5.4.4 Emergency Orders 174
5.4.5 Enforcement and Liability 175
5.4.6 Applying a Precautionary Approach 176
5.4.6.1 Precautionary Thresholds in the isa Context 179
5.5 Conclusion 187
PART 3
Implementing Precaution by the International Seabed
Authority
6 Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Protective Measures 193
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 Marine Scientific Research 195
6.2.1 Research Regarding Faunal Diversity Associated with
Polymetallic Nodules 195
6.2.2 Research Regarding Ecosystems Associated with Polymetallic
Sulphides and Ferromanganese Crusts 196
6.2.3 Discussion About the ISA's Engagement in Marine Scientific
Research 199
6.3 Marine Protected Areas 201
6.3.1 The Environmental Management Plan for the Clarion-
Clipperton Zone 202
Environmental Management Plans for Other Areas ? 209
6.3.2
CONTENTS
IX
6.3.3 Multi-Purpose Marine Protected Areas 210
6.3.4 Preservation Reference Zones 211
6.3.5 Safety Margins 214
6.4 Measures Pertaining to Particularly Vulnerable Ecosystems 215
6.5 Listing of Particular Activities 219
6.6 Emergency Orders 220
6.7 Environmental Restoration 221
6.8 Conclusion 224
7 Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Procedural Elements 228
7.1 Introduction 228
7.2 Assessing Risks and Uncertainties . 230
7.2.1 . through Strategic Environmental Assessment 231
7.2.2 _In the Context of Assessing New Applications for Exploration
Contracts 236
7.2.3 . through Environmental Impact Assessments During
Exploration Work 240
7.2.3.1 The Lack of Environmental Baselines 243
7.2.3.2 Procedural Consequences of Environmental Impact
Assessments 247
7.2.4 Bringing Environmental Impact Assessments In Line with the
Precautionary Approach—Some Suggestions 249
7.3 Amending Environmental Standards 251
7.3.1 Amending Regulations 253
7.3.2 Amending Recommendations 254
7-3-3 Reviewing a Programme of Activities 255
7.3.4 Updating Regional Environmental Management
Plans 256
7.3.5 Some Suggestions for Changes to the Procedural
Framework 257
7.4 Ensuring Transparency and Participation 260
7.4.1 Transparency 260
7.4.2 Public Participation 263
7-4-3 Some Suggestions for Ensuring Transparency and Public
Participation 266
7.5 The Burden of Proof 269
7.5.1 The Status Quo In the ISA's Legal Framework 270
7.5.2 The Reversal of the Burden of Proof In Specific Cases 272
7-6 Monitoring of Environmental Effects 272
7-6.1 Monitoring Programme for Contractors 273
X
CONTENTS
7.6.2 Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Protective
Measures 276
7.6.3 Monitoring Environmental Effects on a Regional Scale 277
7.7 Conclusion 277
8 Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Institutional Aspects 281
8.1 Introduction 281
8.2 Institutional Mechanisms for Implementing Precaution 283
8.2.1 Mechanisms for the Assessment ofEnvironmental Risks and
Protective Measures 283
8.2.2 Mechanisms for Ensuring Compliance 286
8.3 Current Institutional Limitations 289
8.3.1 Capacity and Limitations of the Legal and Technical
Commission 289
8.3.2 Capacity and Limitations of the isa Secretariat 292
8.4 Options for Institutional Innovation for the ISA 294
8.4.1 An Environmental Commission 294
8.4.2 A Mining Inspectorate 297
8.5 Conclusion 300
9 Conclusion 303
9.1 The Complexities of Implementing the Precautionary Principle 303
9.2 The Strengths and Weaknesses of the ISA's Current Approach to
Precaution 305
9.2.1 Absence of a Conservation Objective 305
9.2.2 Lack of Obligation to Identify Uncertainties 305
9.2.3 Strength Derived from Affording Scientific Information a
Central Role 306
9.2.4 Procedural Challenges Associated with Environmental Impact
Assessments and Adaptive Management 307
9.2.5 Lack of Strategic Vision 308
9.2.6 Successes and Challenges with Respect to Timely Action 308
9.2.7 Successes and Challenges with Respect to the Role of the isa in
Marine Scientific Research 309
9.2.8 Conclusion 309
9.3 Strengthening the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle by
the 1 sa; Suggestions for a Way Forward 310
Bibliography 315
Index 348
With the transition to the commercial-scale exploitation of deep seabed minerals,
the International Seabed Authority’s obligation to protect the marine environment is
being tested. In The International Seabed Authority and the Precautionary Principle,
Aline L. Jaeckel provides the first in-depth analysis of the Authority’s work in regu-
lating and managing deep seabed minerals.
This book examines whether and to what extent the Authority is implementing the
precautionary principle in practice. This includes the development of adequate
environmental protection standards as well as procedural safeguards and decision-
making processes that facilitate risk assessment and risk management. In doing so,
the author offers an insightful example of how the precautionary principle can be
translated into a practical management tool. |
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| indexdate | 2025-04-15T12:25:44Z |
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| spelling | Jaeckel, Aline Verfasser (DE-588)1129133028 aut The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection by Aline L. Jaeckel Leiden ; Boston Brill Nijhoff [2017] XX, 362 Seiten Diagramme, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Publications on ocean development Volume 83 International Seabed Authority Recht Ocean mining Law and legislation Ocean bottom Law and legislation Marine resources conservation Law and legislation Marine pollution Law and legislation Environmental law, International Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, e-book 978-90-04-33228-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Publications on ocean development Volume 83 (DE-604)BV000006984 83 https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004332287 Verlag kostenfrei Volltext Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029590020&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029590020&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Jaeckel, Aline The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection Publications on ocean development International Seabed Authority Recht Ocean mining Law and legislation Ocean bottom Law and legislation Marine resources conservation Law and legislation Marine pollution Law and legislation Environmental law, International |
| title | The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection |
| title_auth | The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection |
| title_exact_search | The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection |
| title_full | The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection by Aline L. Jaeckel |
| title_fullStr | The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection by Aline L. Jaeckel |
| title_full_unstemmed | The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection by Aline L. Jaeckel |
| title_short | The International Seabed Authority and the pre-cautionary principle |
| title_sort | the international seabed authority and the pre cautionary principle balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection |
| title_sub | balancing deep seabed mineral mining and marine environmental protection |
| topic | International Seabed Authority Recht Ocean mining Law and legislation Ocean bottom Law and legislation Marine resources conservation Law and legislation Marine pollution Law and legislation Environmental law, International |
| topic_facet | International Seabed Authority Recht Ocean mining Law and legislation Ocean bottom Law and legislation Marine resources conservation Law and legislation Marine pollution Law and legislation Environmental law, International |
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