The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU: the scope for the development of positive obligations
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
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Cambridge ; Antwerp ; Portland
Intersentia
[2017]
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| Series: | School of Human Rights Research series
Volume 79 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | xxvi, 340 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781780684550 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU |b the scope for the development of positive obligations |c Malu Beijer |
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CONTENTS
About the Author.v
Acknowledgements.vii
Abbreviations.xvii
Table of Cases . xix
Chapter 1. Introduction. .1
1.1. Background to this Study.1
1.1.1. Two Supranational Courts in Europe Deciding
on Fundamental Rights Cases.1
1.1.2. The Concept of Positive Obligations.4
1.1.3. The Debate about Positive Obligations within the
Context of EU Law.5
1.1.4. The Main Research Question of this Study.8
1.2. Aims and Objectives.8
1.3. Methods and Approach. 9
1.3.1. Defining the Concept of Positive Obligations and
its Implications. 10
1.3.2. Identifying the Scope and Limits for the Development
of Positive Obligations under EU Law.10
1.3.3. Studying Specific Case-law Examples.11
1.4. Working Definition of Positive Obligations within
the Context of EU Law.12
1.5. Outline of this Study. 15
1.5.1. Part I: The Concept of Positive Obligations within the
Context of the European Convention on Human Rights.15
1.5.2. Part II: The Scope for a Development of Positive Obligations
within the Context of EU Law - An Analysis of the Specific
Parameters of the EU Legal Order and the EU System
of Fundamental Rights Protection.16
1.5.3. Part III: Synthesis.16
Intersentia ix
Contents
PART I: THE CONCEPT OF POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT
OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Chapter 2. The System of Fundamental Rights Protection Under the European
Convention on Human Rights.*. 19
2.1. Introduction.19
2.2. Background and Purpose of the European Convention
on Human Rights.20
2.3. Enforcement Mechanisms. 21
2.4. Subsidiary System of Protection of Fundamental Rights.22
2.5. The Role of the ECtHR.24
2.6. Tools of Interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights.26
2.6.1. The Principle of Effectiveness.27
2.6.2. The Principle of Dynamic or Evolutive Interpretation.29
2.6.3. The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine.30
2.7. The Effects of the European Convention on Human Rights
in the National Legal Order.31
2.8. Horizontal Effect of Convention Provisions.34
2.9. Conclusions.35
Chapter 3. The Development of Positive Obligations Under the European
Convention on Human Rights.37
3.1. Introduction. 37
3.2. The Development of Positive Obligations by the ECtHR.38
3.2.1. The Belgian Linguistic Case: Introducing
Positive Obligations.38
3.2.2. Defining the Concept of Positive Obligations.41
3.2.3. The Distinction between Negative and Positive Obligations .42
3.2.3.1. Traditional versus Implied Obligations.42
3.2.3.2. State Action versus State Omission.44
3.2.3.3. Conjunctive versus Alternative Structure.46
3.2.4. Rationales for Recognising Positive Obligations.46
3.2.5. Explicit Legal Bases.50
3.2.6. Methodology for Determining the Existence
of Positive Obligations.52
3.3. Typologies of Positive Obligations.54
3.3.1. Typology Developed by the ECtHR.55
3.3.2. Typologies Developed in Academic Literature.57
3.4. Implications of Positive Obligations for the Protection
of Convention Rights. 60
3.4.1. The Position of States Parties. 60
3.4.2. The Position of Individuals .62
x
Intersentia
Contents
3.5. Limitations on the Scope of Positive Obligations.63
3.5.1. Knowledge of Fundamental Rights Violations .65
3.5.2. Direct and Immediate Link/Minimum Level of Severity.67
3.5.3. No Impossible or Disproportionate Burdens.68
3.6. Conclusions. 69
Chapter 4. A Critical Appraisal of the Development of Positive Obligations
Under the European Convention on Human Rights.71
4.1. Introduction.71
4.2. Are Positive Obligations Inherent in Fundamental
Rights Protection?. 72
4.2.1. Criticism Based on Originalism.72
4.2.2. Contemporary Debates on the Nature of
Fundamental Rights.73
4.2.3. The Concern over Human Rights Inflation.76
4.3. Horizontal Positive Obligations.77
4.3.1, The Limited Personal Scope of Fundamental Rights.77
4.3.2. The Determination of State Responsibility for
Private Acts.79
4.4. The Political Character of Positive Obligations.80
4.4.1. Lack of Democratic Legitimacy.81
4.4.2. Empowerment of Individuals.83
4.5. The Supranational Position of the ECtHR. 84
4.6. Legal Uncertainty Regarding the Scope of Positive Obligations.86
4.7. Ambiguous Methods of the ECtHR for Determining the
Existence of Positive Obligations.88
4.7.1. Critical Evaluation of the Fair Balance Test.88
4.7.1.1. Lack of Clarity, Structure and Fairness.88
4.7.1.2. The Incorrect Use of the Margin of
Appreciation Doctrine. 90
4.7.1.3. Confused Approaches to Positive and
Negative Obligations.91
4.7.2. Proposals to Improve the Structure of the Courts Approach.94
4.8. Conclusions.96
Chapter 5. Part I - Conclusions.99
5.1. The Main Features Relating to the Development of Positive
Obligations by the ECtHR.99
5.2. The Definition of Positive Obligations and the Distinction
between Positive and Negative Obligations. 99
Intersentia xi
Contents
5.3. Typologies of Positive Obligations.101
5.4. Rationale and Effects of Recognising Positive Obligations.102
5.5. Critical Evaluation of the Development of Positive Obligations.104
5.6. Concluding Remarks Looking Forward
to the Analysis in Part II.106
PART II: THE SCOPE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS
WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF EU LAW - AN ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIFIC
PARAMETERS OF THE EU LEGAL ORDER AND THE EU SYSTEM OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION
Chapter 6. Main Principles of the EU System of Fundamental Rights Protection . 109
6.1. Introduction.109
6.2. Origins and Historical Development of EU Fundamental
Rights Protection.110
6.3. Rationales of Fundamental Rights Protection within the
EU Legal Order.113
6.4. Institutional Developments within the Field of Fundamental
Rights Protection.115
6.5. The Charter. 117
6.6. The General Principles of EU Law.119
6.7. The Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights.120
6.7.1. The Vertical Scope of Application of EU
Fundamental Rights. 120
6.7.2. The Horizontal Scope of Application of the Charter.122
6.8. The Scope for the Protection of National Fundamental Rights
under EU law and the Principle of Mutual Recognition.124
6.9. The Relationship between the EU and the European Convention
on Human Rights.127
6.9.1. The Status of the European Convention on Human
Rights and Judgments of the ECtHR under EU Law.127
6.9.2. Overlapping Jurisdiction between the ECtHR and the ECJ.130
6.10. The Distinction between Rights and Principles
under the Charter. 132
6.11. Conclusions. 135
Chapter 7. Hie Institutional Characteristics and Judicial Culture of the ECJ.137
7.1. Introduction. 137
7.2. Doing too Little or Rather too Much?.138
7.2.1. The Bostock Case. 138
7.2.2. The Chatzi Case.139
xii
Intersentia
Contents
7.3. The Role and Judicial Style of the ECJ in General.141
7.4. The Specific Characteristics of the Procedures before the ECJ.145
7.4.1. The Preliminary Reference Procedure.146
7.4.1.1. The Specific Function of the Preliminary
Reference Procedure.146
7.4.1.2. The Dialogue with the National Courts.147
7.4.2. Direct Actions.149
7.5. The Institutional Position of the ECJ.150
7.5.1. Separation of Powers and the Supranational
Position of the ECJ.150
7.5.2. The Role of the ECJ towards the EU Institutions.151
7.5.3. The Role of the ECJ towards the Member States.156
7.6. The EU and the ECJ’s Role in the Field of Fundamental Rights.160
7.6.1. The EU as a Human Rights Organisation?.161
7.6.2. The ECJ as a Human Rights Court?. 165
7.6.2.1. The Role of the ECJ Pre-Lisbon.165
7.622. The Role of the ECJ Post-Lisbon.168
7.6.2.3. The Development of Fundamental Rights
Doctrines by the ECJ.174
7.7. Conclusions. 176
Chapter 8. EU Competences and Subsidiarity in Fundamental
Rights Protection. 179
8.1. Introduction.179
8.2. The Principle of Attributed Competences and the Division
of Powers between the EU and its Member States.180
8.3. EU Competences to Protect Fundamental Rights. 183
8.3.1. Silence in the EU Treaties and the Case-law of the ECJ.183
8.3.2. A General Power to Protect Fundamental Rights.186
8.3.3. Specific Power to Protect Fundamental Rights.187
8.3.4. Indirect Power to Protect Fundamental Rights.188
8.3.4.1. An Indirect, Accessory or Functional
Rule-making Power. 188
8.3.4.2. Article 4(3) TEU; The Principle
of Loyal Cooperation.192
8.3.4.3. Article 19(1) TEU: Provision of Remedies
at National Level.193
5.3.4.4. Charter Rights Calling for Positive Measures.194
8.3.5. Remaining Tensions: Competence Creep
or Protection Gaps?.197
8.4. Reasons for Actively Protecting Fundamental Rights at EU Level.200
Intersentia Xlu
Contents
8.4.1. Different Approaches for Incorporating a Theory !
of Positive Obligations within EU Law.200
8.4.2. An Approach Based on the Division of Powers
between the EU and the Member States .204
8.4.3. Subsidiarity and Proportionality.205
8.4.4. Connections between EU Acts and Fundamental
Rights Infringements.209
8.4.5. Preventing a Race to the Bottom.214
8.4.6. Ensuring the Primacy, Unity and Effectiveness of EU Law.216
8.5. Providing Room for the Application of National or International
Fundamental Rights Standards.217
8.6. Conclusions.*.*.219
Chapter 9. The Limited Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights.221
9.1. Introduction.221
9.2. Article 51 of the Charter and its Effects on a Development of Positive
Obligations by the ECJ.*.222
9.2.1. Background to Article 51 of the Charter and its Main
Effects on the Development of Positive Obligations.222
9.2.2. Gaps in Protection or Competence Creep?.224
9.2.3. Responding to Gaps in the Protection of Fundamental
Rights: Flexibility in the Interpretation of the Scope
of Application of EU Fundamental Rights Law.227
9.3. The Interpretation of Article 51 by the ECJ.* 230
9.3.1. The Relation between the Limited Scope of Application of : 1
EU Fundamental Rights and the Limited Powers of the EU.230
9.3.2. The Specific Situations within the Meaning of
Implementing Union Law’.232
9.3.2.1. The Agency Situation.232
9.3.2.2. The Situation of Derogation from the
Free Movement Rules.235
9.3.2.3. The Situation of Optioning Rules. * 239
9.3.3. The Sovereign Powers of the Member States.241
9.3.4. The Discretion for the Member States to Apply
their own Fundamental Rights Standards.243
9.4. Conclusions.244
Chapter 10. Part II - Conclusions.247
10.1. The Specific Parameters of EU Law Defining the Scope and
the Limits for the Development of Positive Obligations.247
10.2. The Development of Positive Obligations under the Preliminary
Reference Procedure.248
xiv Inters entia
Contents
10.3. The Relevant Legal Framework for the Development of
Positive Obligations under EU Law.249
10.4. The Limited Competences of the EU in Combination with the
Limited Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights.251
10.5. Why and When Could the ECJ Accept Positive Obligations?.255
10.5.1. Reasons for Active Protection of Fundamental Rights
- at the EU level.255
10.5.2. The Role of the ECJ in the Field of Fundamental Rights.257
10.5.3. The Judicial Style of the ECJ .258
PART III: SYNTHESIS \
Chapter 11. The Development of Positive Obligations within the Context
of EU Law: Overview and Evaluation of the Case-Law of the ECJ.263
11.1. Introduction.263
11.2. The Distinction between Positive and Negative Obligations
1 within the Context of EU Law.263
11.3. Examples of Positive Obligations in
o ; the Case-law of the ECJ.267
11.3.1. Positive Obligations for the EU Institutions.267
J 11.3.2. Positive Obligations for the Member States in
the Agency Situation.269
t 11.3.2.1. Positive Obligations for the ‘ -
v -• Member States Judiciaries.270
11.3.2.2. Positive Obligations for the Member
* States’ Administrative Authorities.271
11.3.2.3. Positive Obligations for the Member States’
Legislatures.272
11.3.3. Positive Obligations for the Member States when
Derogating from the Free Movement Rules.272
11.3.4. Positive Obligations for the Member States when
Applying Optioning Rules.274
11.4. The Types of Positive Obligation within the Context of EU Law.274
v 11.5. Respecting the Limits of EU Law?.275
11.5.1. TheGrantCase.275
11.5.2. The Chatzi Case.278
11.5.3. TheN.S. and others Case.282
11.5.4. The Abdida Case.286
11.5.5. The T. Port Case.289
11.6. Conclusions.292
Intersentia \ . XV
Contents
Chapter 12. Conclusions and Recommendations.295
12.1. Incorporating Positive Obligations to Protect Fundamental
Rights in EU Law?. 295
12.2. A Limited Scope for the Development of Positive Obligations
under EU law.297
12.2.1. The Relevance of Secondary EU Law as a Framework for the
Protection of Fundamental Rights.297
12.2.2. The Development of Positive Obligations on the Basis
of an Indirect Power to Protect Fundamental Rights.299
12.2.3. The Division of Competences between the EU
and the Member States.300
12.2.4. Limited Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights.302
12.3. Contrasts with the Development of Positive Obligations
by the ECtHR . 303
12.3.1. A Wide Variety of Types of Positive Obligations.303
12.3.2. Procedural Limitations.306
12.3.3. The Political Character of the Development of
Positive Obligations.307
12.3.4. The Specific Role and the Judicial Style of the ECJ.310
12.4. Recommendations for the Development of a Doctrine
of Positive Obligations by the ECJ.311
12.5. Expansion of Competences or Gaps in the Protection
of Fundamental Rights?.314
Bibliography. 319
Index. 339
xvi
Intersentia
The concept of positive obligations is familiar to various legal systems which
seek to protect fundamental rights. This concept means that states are roc^uhx^ci
to take active measures to protect fundamental rights, such as, for example,
adopting a general legal framework to regulate same-sex relationships in order
to ensure protection of the right to private life. In Europe, positive obligations
have, in particular, been developed in the case-law of the European Court of
Human Rights (ECtHR) from the 1970s onwards. The ECtHR has explained
that positive obligations are necessary to ensure that fundamental rights are of
practical value and effective for everyone.
The ECtHR is not the only supranational court in Europe that protects
fundamental rights. The Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) also
protects fundamental rights within the scope of EU law. So far, no concept of
positive obligations has been developed by this Court, and the question has
been asked whether such a development can indeed occur under EU law.
After all, the EU is a rather special international organisation which has specific,
mainly economic, interests to protect. It is also unclear whether the EU has
competence to undertake regulatory action to actively protect fundamental
rights.
Based on the insights obtained from the development of positive obligations by
the ECtHR, this volume analyses whether and how positive obligations could be
incorporated into EU law. The relevant provisions laid down in the EU Treaties
and the EU Charter, the case-law of the ECJ and the specificities of
the EU system are studied to find out where there is scope for recognition of
the concept of positive obligations under EU law, and what limitations would
apply to this. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)1151645885 |
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| id | DE-604.BV044044645 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T13:07:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781780684550 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029451629 |
| oclc_num | 975334848 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M382 DE-739 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M382 DE-739 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xxvi, 340 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Intersentia |
| record_format | marc |
| series | School of Human Rights Research series |
| series2 | School of Human Rights Research series |
| spelling | Beijer, Malu Verfasser (DE-588)1151645885 aut The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations Malu Beijer Cambridge ; Antwerp ; Portland Intersentia [2017] xxvi, 340 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier School of Human Rights Research series Volume 79 Dissertation Utrecht University 2012 Teilweise zugleich Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd rswk-swf Grundrecht (DE-588)4022344-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Grundrecht (DE-588)4022344-9 s Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 s DE-604 School of Human Rights Research series Volume 79 (DE-604)BV012740005 79 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029451629&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029451629&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Beijer, Malu The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations School of Human Rights Research series Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd Grundrecht (DE-588)4022344-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4048835-4 (DE-588)4022344-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations |
| title_auth | The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations |
| title_exact_search | The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations |
| title_full | The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations Malu Beijer |
| title_fullStr | The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations Malu Beijer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU the scope for the development of positive obligations Malu Beijer |
| title_short | The limits of fundamental rights protection by the EU |
| title_sort | the limits of fundamental rights protection by the eu the scope for the development of positive obligations |
| title_sub | the scope for the development of positive obligations |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd Grundrecht (DE-588)4022344-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Rechtsschutz Grundrecht Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029451629&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029451629&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012740005 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT beijermalu thelimitsoffundamentalrightsprotectionbytheeuthescopeforthedevelopmentofpositiveobligations |