An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton ; London ; New York
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 286 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781498751797 9780367573904 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes |c John Edward Proctor, Daniel Alfonso Melendrez Armada, and Aravind Vijayaraghavan |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton ; London ; New York |b CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |c 2020 | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2017 | |
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Contents
/1
Prolace xi
Useful Equations xv
1 Introduction 1
I. I Graphite 1
1.1.1 Crystal structure of graphite and graphene 1
1.1.2 Electronic properties of graphite and graphene layers 3
1.2 Carbon fibres 5
1.3 Burkminsterfullerene (C60) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 6
1.4 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 9
1.5 Graphene 12
References 13
2 Interatomic Bonding in Graphene and Diamond 15
2.1 An introduction to molecular orbital theory 16
2.2 Orbital hybridization in carbon and the C-C interatomic bond 20
2.2.1 sp hybridization 21
2.2.2 sp2 hybridization 23
2.2.3 sp։ hybridization 26
2.3 Lengths and bond energies of sp, sp2 and sp’bonds 28
2.3.1 Addition of symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions 28
2.4 What if the bonding geometry does not allow pure sp, sp2 or sp' hybridization? 31
References 32
3 Electronic Dispersion Relation of Graphene 33
3.1 Some introductory remarks on the application of tight-binding
theory to graphene 33
3.2 Application of molecular orbital theory to the jc-electrons in graphene 34
3.3 Simple tight-binding calculation for re-electrons in graphene 35
3.4 Valence and conduction bands in graphene 39
3.5 Massless Dirac fermions in graphene 40
3.6 How important is the group velocity at the Fermi level? 42
3.7 Vanishing density of states close to the K point in graphene 43
3.7.1 Density of states in two-dimensional (2D) systems 43
3.7.2 Density of states in graphene at the K point 45
3.8 Cyclotron motion of electrons in graphene 47
3.8.1 Semi-classical model of cyclotron motion 47
3.8.2 Quantization of cyclotron orbits in graphene 50
3.8.3 Cyclotron orbits in graphene: Comparison of theory to experiment 51
References 53
v
vi CONTENTS
4 Advanced Considerations on the Electronic Dispersion Relation of Graphene 55
4.1 The Hall effect 55
4.1.1 A classical treatment of the Hall effect 55
4.1.2 Quantum Hall effect 57
4.1.3 What can we learn from the quantum Hall effect? 61
4.2 Quantum Hall effect in graphene 62
4.2.1 Quantization of the Hall effect in graphene 62
4.2.2 Density of states at the K point in graphene 67
4.2.3 Observation of the quantum Hall effect at ambient temperature
in graphene 68
References 68
5 Electronic Dispersion Relation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) 69
5.1 Some introductory notes 69
5.2 Primitive unit cell and first Brillouin zone of SWCNTs 70
5.2.1 Primitive unit cell 70
5.2.2 First Brillouin zone and quantization of the electron wavevector 70
5.3 Prediction of the semiconducting or metallic nature of
individual SWCNTs 73
5.4 Energy dispersion relation of armchair SWCNTs 75
5.5 Energy dispersion relation of zigzag SWCNTs 77
5.6 Electronic density of states in SWCNTs 79
5.6.1 Density of states in one-dimensional ( 1D) systems 80
5.6.2 Density of states in SWCNTs 81
5.7 Excitons in SWCNTs 83
5.8 Experimental verification of SWCNT dispersion relation 84
5.8.1 Photoluminescence (PL) in SWCNTs 84
5.9 Curvature effects in SWCNTs 87
References 87
6 Phonons in Graphene and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) 89
6.1 Why study the phonons? 89
6.2 Theory 89
6.2.1 Low-energy acoustic phonons near the T point 91
6.3 Experiment 92
6.4 Phonons in SWCNTs 93
6.4.1 General comments 93
6.4.2 Low-energy phonon: Radial breathing mode 94
References 96
7 Raman Spectra of Graphene and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) 99
7.1 Overview 99
7.2 Principal peaks in the Raman spectrum of pristine mono-layer graphene 100
7.2.1 Energy-dispersive nature of the 2D peak 102
7.2.2 Other Raman peaks in pristine graphene 103
7.3 Raman spectra of pristine bi-layer and few-layer graphene, and pristine
Bernal stacked graphite 104
7.4 Raman spectra of pristine graphite with different stacking arrangements 107
7.5 Characterization of pristine graphene samples using Raman spectroscopy 107
CONTENTS VÜ
7.6 Raman spectrum of diamond 108
7.7 Raman spectra of defective graphene and graphite 109
7.7.1 Small defect concentrations 109
7.7.2 Large defect concentrations 110
7.8 Raman spectra of SWCNTs 113
7.8.1 Resonant nature of Raman scattering from SWCNTs 114
7.8.2 Radial breathing mode (RBM) 118
7.8.3 C peak 120
7.8.4 D and 2D peaks 122
7.8.5 (n,m) Assignment in SWCNTs from Raman spectroscopy 122
References 125
8 Diffraction and Microscopy Experiments on Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes 127
8.1 Laue treatment of diffraction 127
8.1.1 Atomic form factor 128
8.1.2 Diffraction from a crystal 130
8.1.3 The reciprocal lattice 132
8.1.4 The structure factor 133
8.1.5 Probing reciprocal space through diffraction 134
8.2 Reciprocal lattice and structure factor of graphene 136
8.2.1 Structure factor of mono-layer graphene 136
8.2.2 Structure factor of bi-layer graphene 138
8.2.3 Identification of graphene sample thickness via
electron diffraction 139
8.3 Electron diffraction on graphene: Evidence for microscopic rippling of the
graphene sheet 142
8.4 Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning
probe microscopy of graphene 144
8.5 Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning
probe microscopy of carbon nanotubes 145
8.6 X-ray diffraction studies of graphene and SWCNTs 146
References 147
9 Preparation and Processing of Graphene and SWCNTs 151
9.1 Motivation 151
9.2 Graphitization of carbon materials via heat treatment 151
9.3 Preparation of graphene 152
9.3.1 Mechanical exfoliation 152
9.3.2 Liquid-phase exfoliation 154
9.3.3 Epitaxial growth 156
9.3.4 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) 157
9.3.5 Transfer of graphene to different substrates 160
9.4 Growth and processing of SWCNTs 161
9.4.1 Carbonare 162
9.4.2 Laser ablation 163
9.4.3 Catalytic CVD 163
9.4.4 Plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) 165
9.4.5 Diameter and chirality distribution of SWCNT grown using arc
discharge, laser ablation, CCVD and PECVD methods 165
9.4.6 Purification of SWCNT samples and debundling of SWCNT 167
VIII CONTENTS
9.4.7 Selection of SWCNTs according to diameter and chirality 168
9.4.8 Chirality-specific synthesis of SWCNTs 168
References 170
10 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Graphene and SWCNTs 173
10.1 Thermal expansion coefficient of graphene 173
10.1.1 Theory 173
10.1.2 Direct measurement of thermal expansion coefficient in graphene 176
10.1.3 Graphene thermal expansion coefficient: Comparison to graphite 180
10.1.4 Effects of negative thermal expansion in graphene 180
10.1.5 Thermal expansion and phonon frequencies under strain 181
10.2 Thermodynamic stability of graphene 182
10.2.1 Comparison to SWCNTs 185
10.3 Mechanical properties of graphene 185
10.3.1 Mechanical properties of graphite 185
10.3.2 Graphene under strain 188
10.3.3 Indentation testing on graphene 191
10.4 Mechanical properties of SWCNTs 192
10.4.1 Mechanical probing of bundles of SWCNTs 192
10.4.2 Mechanical probing of individual SWCNTs 197
10.4.3 Stability of large SWCNTs 198
10.5 High-pressure behaviour of graphene, SWCNTs and fullerenes in the
context of the carbon phase diagram 199
References 201
11 Chemical Modification of Graphene 205
11.1 Overview 205
11.2 Hydrogenation of graphene 205
11.2.1 Theoretical aspects 205
11.2.2 Preparation of hydrogenated graphene and measurement
of hydrogen content 208
11.2.3 Lattice constants of hydrogenated graphene 211
11.2.4 Disorder, frustration and steric strain in hydrogenated graphene 212
11.2.5 Electronic properties of hydrogenated graphene 213
11.2.6 Thermal stability of hydrogenated graphene 215
11.3 Halogénation of graphene 216
11.3.1 General remarks: Ionic and polar covalent bonding 216
11.3.2 Fluorination of graphene 217
11.3.3 Other halogénation reactions 218
11.3.4 Electronic dispersion relation of halogenated graphenes 219
11.4 Graphene oxide 219
References 220
12 Current Topics in Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Research 223
12.1 Overview of the potential applications of carbon nanotubes and graphene 223
12.2 Electronics applications of carbon nanotubes and graphene 223
12.2.1 Carbon nanotube based electronic devices 223
12.2.2 Graphene-based electronic devices 226
12.2.3 Graphene-based heterostructure electronic devices 228
CONTENTS IX
12.3 Carbon nanotube and graphene composites 229
12.3.1 Composites with graphene materials 229
12.3.2 Composites with carbon nanotubes 232
12.4 Biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes and graphene 233
12.4.1 Biocompatibility and biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes 233
12.4.2 Biocompatibility of graphene materials 234
12.4.3 Biodistribution of graphene materials 236
12.4.4 Graphene materials as scaffolds for tissue engineering 237
12.4.5 Graphene materials for drug delivery and gene transfection 239
12.4.6 Graphene materials for cancer therapy 239
1 2.5 Carbon nanotubes and graphene for energy storage 242
12.5.1 Graphene-based supercapacitors 242
12.5.2 Carbon nanotube-based lithium-ion batteries 243
12.6 Conclusion 244
References 245
Appendix A: Raman Scattering in Non-Molecular Solids 247
Appendix B: Additional Notes on the Application of Tight-Binding Theory
to Graphene 255
Appendix C: Fourier Transform Treatment of Diffraction, Scherrer Broadening 263
Bibliography 267
Index 275
PHY8IC8
An Introduction to
Graphene and
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes and graphene have been the subject of intense scientific lesearch since their relatively recent
discoveries. This book introduces the reader to the science behind these rapidly developing fields, and covers
both the fundamentals and latest advances. Uniquely, this book covers the topics in a pedagogical manner
suitable for undergraduate students. The book also uses the simple systems of nanotubes and graphene as
models to teach concepts such as molecular orbital theory, tight binding theory and the Laue treatment of
diffraction.
Suitable for undergraduate students with a working knowledge of basic quantum mechanics, and for postgraduate
researchers commencing their studies into the field, this book will equip the reader to critically evaluate the
physical properties and potential for applications of graphene and carbon nanotubes.
Features
• A new textbook devoted to both graphene and carbon nanotubes.
• Suitable for upper-level undergraduate students as well as postgraduate students. Provides a
thorough coverage of the basic concepts in the field allowing students lo understand the latest
advances.
• Provides wide-ranging coverage including the structure of graphene and carbon nanotubes, their
fundamental properties, ways to characterise them and their potential applications.
• A suitable accompanying text for many postgraduate and undergraduate courses in physics,
chemistry, engineering and materials science.
• A manual of homework problems and solutions is available to accompany the text
CRC Press
Taylor Francis Croup
an informa business
www.crcpress.com
6000 BroKen Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, MHton Park
Abingdon, Окоп 0X14 4RN, UK
K27272
ISBI 4։ Ч7А- L-44A7-S17V?
1 І ЧПООО |
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| indexdate | 2024-09-23T12:05:23Z |
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| spelling | Proctor, John Edward Verfasser aut An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes John Edward Proctor, Daniel Alfonso Melendrez Armada, and Aravind Vijayaraghavan Boca Raton ; London ; New York CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group 2020 © 2017 xvi, 286 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Graphene Carbon nanotubes Nanostructured materials Carbon nanotubes fast Graphene fast Nanostructured materials fast Graphen (DE-588)7591667-8 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre (DE-588)4581365-6 gnd rswk-swf Graphen (DE-588)7591667-8 s Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre (DE-588)4581365-6 s DE-604 Melendrez Armada, Daniel Alfonso Verfasser aut Vijayaraghavan, Aravind 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)1129133265 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4987-5181-0 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029435032&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029435032&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Proctor, John Edward Melendrez Armada, Daniel Alfonso Vijayaraghavan, Aravind 1979- An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes Graphene Carbon nanotubes Nanostructured materials Carbon nanotubes fast Graphene fast Nanostructured materials fast Graphen (DE-588)7591667-8 gnd Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre (DE-588)4581365-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7591667-8 (DE-588)4581365-6 |
| title | An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes |
| title_auth | An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes |
| title_full | An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes John Edward Proctor, Daniel Alfonso Melendrez Armada, and Aravind Vijayaraghavan |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes John Edward Proctor, Daniel Alfonso Melendrez Armada, and Aravind Vijayaraghavan |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes John Edward Proctor, Daniel Alfonso Melendrez Armada, and Aravind Vijayaraghavan |
| title_short | An introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes |
| title_sort | an introduction to graphene and carbon nanotubes |
| topic | Graphene Carbon nanotubes Nanostructured materials Carbon nanotubes fast Graphene fast Nanostructured materials fast Graphen (DE-588)7591667-8 gnd Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre (DE-588)4581365-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Graphene Carbon nanotubes Nanostructured materials Graphen Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029435032&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029435032&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT proctorjohnedward anintroductiontographeneandcarbonnanotubes AT melendrezarmadadanielalfonso anintroductiontographeneandcarbonnanotubes AT vijayaraghavanaravind anintroductiontographeneandcarbonnanotubes |