Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka: gr. Kjustendil
Късноантичната крепост на хълма Хисарлъка гр. Кюстендил
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Bulgarian |
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Sofija
Bălgarska akademija na naukite
2016
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| Series: | Razkopki i proučvanija
kniga 42 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 115-117. - Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 139 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
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| adam_text | Късноантичната крепост на хълма Хисарлъка — гр. Кюстендил 7
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Предговор....................................................................9
1. Местоположение, топография, състояние....................................11
2. Извори и историография................................................. 12
3. История на археологическите проучвания...................................15
3.1. Резултати от археологическите проучвания най. Иванов (1906-1912 г.).15
3.2. Археологически проучвания през 1961, 1966-1978 г.
Методика. Резултати...................................................18
3.2.1. Източна крепостна стена........................................22
3.2.2. Южна крепостна стена...........................................46
3.2.3. Западна крепостна стена........................................69
3.2.4. Северна крепостна стена........................................75
4. Елементи на крепостната стена, форма, територия..........................81
4.1. Куртина.............................................................81
4.2. Порти и потерни.....................................................84
4.3. Кули................................................................86
4.4. Стълби..............................................................88
4.5. Водопроводи и канали................................................89
5. Технология на изграждане.................................................93
5.1. Строителни материали................................................93
5.2. Строителна техника..................................................95
5.3. Конструкции.........................................................97
6. Датировка. Строителни периоди............................................98
7. Заключение..............................................................107
8. Сравнителни таблици.....................................................109
9. Библиография............................................................115
10. Summary................................................................119
11. List of Illustrations..................................................127
12. Приложение: Акрополът на Пауталия {арх. Ю. Фърков).....................129
Късноантичната крепост на хълма Хисарлъка ֊ гр. Кюстендил
115
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Късноантичната крепост на хълма Хисарлъка - гр. Кюстендил
119
SUMMARY
This publication presents the Late
Antique fortress on Hisarlaka Hill above
the town of Kyustendil in the light of the
new evidence, acquired in the course of the
archaeological investigations, conducted by
the author far back in 1961 and 1966-1978. A
direct continuation of the excavations of Prof.
Jordan Ivanov in 1906, these investigations
resulted in a more precise picture of the
fortress’ plan, of the main elements of the
fortifications, of the construction periods
and the chronology. Almost the entire length
of the curtain wall was uncovered, with so
far unknown gates, posterns and towers, as
well as the main water-main of the fortress.
All these structures have been placed on
the complemented and improved ground-
plan with the cadastre and altitudes, and
with corrected cardinal points. Despite all
improvements, the initial plan of Prof. J.
Ivanov served as a base of the entire work.
In spite of all the author’s efforts and
ambitions, there were no excavations in the
interior of fortified area, occupied entirely by
pine forest. They would have been a major
contribution to elucidating key problems
about the chronology and the stratigraphy
of the site.
The chronological framework of the
study is the period of 4th-6th c. BC, when the
fortress was built, inhabited and repaired.
Numerous objective reasons postponed
the timely publication of the results from
the excavations. The greater part of the
presented evidence is unpublished and is
offered to the wider audience for the first
time.
The Late Antique fortress is located
on Hisarlaka Hill that rises to the south of
Kyustendil, in the foothills of Osogovska
Mountain. The hill is overgrown with a
thicket of bushes and wild fruit-trees, and
in 1901 Jordan Mitrev planted there a pine
forest. The ridge, 679.56 m above sea level,
is encircled with a curtain wall, and has
steep slopes to the north, the east, and the
west. From the south, there is a sort of an
isthmus - the connection with the road to
the mountain and the town, and the head of
the thermal spring is at the foot of the hill
from the north.
Not a single ancient source provides
information about the construction of the
Late Antique fortifications on Hisarlaka.
The construction of fortresses in the second
half of the 4th and the early 5th c. is related
to the great barbarian invasions and the
devastations they brought.
The lack of information in the written
sources about certain events in the region
under consideration forces the author to
cling to some more general conclusions
about the Late Antique period. In the
surroundings of ancient Pautalia, there is no
positive evidence about the major Gothic
invasions in 376-378. The invasions of the
Huns that followed in the early and mid-
5th c. are documented with numerous finds
of coins during excavations of various
sites in the town. The information that in
479 Emperor Zeno offered the territory of
Pautalia to Theodoric’s Goths to settle in it
indicates that by that time the town was not
completely demolished.
In previous historical studies, it was
accepted that the last mention of Pautalia in
the sources dates from 553. At present, these
dates are shifted to the 570s, in relation to
the invasions of Avars and Slavs against
Thessaloniki. According to Procopius, this
120
Разкопки и проучвания, книга XLII
is the period of intensive building activity
and repairs in the time of Emperor Justinian
I - despite the controversial assessments of
the ancient author’s objectivity.
The archaeological investigations in
the fortress were carried out in two major
stages: 1. the excavations of J. Ivanov
in 1906-1912; and 2. the excavations of
Kyustendil Municipal Museum of History
under the direction of L. Slokoska in 1961
and 1966-1978.
The excavations of Prof. J. Ivanov
were among the first regular archaeological
investigations in Bulgaria. In the course
of five years, they systematically revealed
the curtain walls and some of the main
features - round comer towers, rectangular
and triangular intermediate towers, gates,
staircases, etc. In result of these excavations,
the plan and the shape (a scalene polygon)
of the fortress were established, as well as
the construction techniques. In its interior, J.
Ivanov partially investigated buildings with
various functions.
After a discontinuation of more than 50
years, the excavations of the Late Antique
fortress on Hisarlaka were resumed in 1961.
The official pretext was the construction
works for Hisarlaka Hotel and Restaurant,
during which part of the northern wall was
unearthed.
The fortress follows the contours of
the terrain. It has the shape of a scalene
polygon, with a north-south long axis and
a small projection to the northeast (Fig. 4).
Its average dimensions are as follows: width
114 m (Postem VI - Tower 3) and length
167 m (Tower 9 - Tower 13). The maximum
length in north-south direction is about
225 m (between towers 1 and 11), and the
maximum width is 118 m (from Tower 3
following a chord to after Postem VI). The
fortified area is 2.25 ha. The curtain wall is
616.5 m long and 474.75 m are excavated.
The remaining parts are beneath modem
roads and infrastructure. The highest point
of the fortress is its southeastern comer.
From here, the terrain descends steeply to
the west and the north. The wall follows the
slope and the plinth and the superstructure
compensate step-like the differences in the
height.
The eastern curtain wall follows the
ridge of the eastern slope of the hill. It is
the longest one and measures 231.50 m.
Small parts of the wall that lie beneath the
modem road and the round Comer Tower
2 are not excavated. The wall is divided
in three stretches: 1-2, 2-II, and II-6. The
denivelation of the wall is considerable,
sloping from south to north, and there is
a difference in the elevations of 22.96 m
(from Point 51 with altitude of 657 m at
the “Old Cottage“, to Point 24 ֊ altitude of
679.96 m on the plinth of Tower 6). It was
protected by six towers ֊ three round comer
towers (1,2, and 6) and three intermediate
rectangular towers (3, 4, and 5); it had two
main gates (I and IV) and two postems (II
and III); it had single staircases.
The southern curtain wall follows
the southern slope of the ridge and the
inclination. In the beginning, at the
southeastern comer, the terrain is relatively
level. From this point to the south starts the
road that connected the fortress with the
town and the plain. This is the highest point
of the wall, at 681.255 m above sea level,
and from here the terrain descends steeply
to the west, until it reaches 659.80 m above
sea level (Points 25, 48, cf. Table II). The
curtain wall follows step-like the slope, with
a denivelation of 21.45 m (18.1 %).
The southern wall is about 119 m
long - from the southeastern comer of the
triangular Tower 7 to the southwestern
round Tower 11. The curtain wall is partially
seesaw-shaped and has two bends - to the
southeast and to the southwest - that change
its direction. The first one is at the western
external comer of Tower 8, of 165°, and
the second is at the western doorjamb of
Postem V, of 9°. Thus, the straight line from
the east is drawn to the north and divides the
wall in three straight segments: between the
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121
triangular towers 7 and 8; Tower 8 — Postern
V; and Postern V - Tower 11.
There are a total of seven towers on
the southern wall, including towers from
different construction phases (7-71; 8; 9-9 ;
10; and 11). There is one postern (V) and
two staircases (double at towers 7-8 and
single at Tower 10) with structural vaulted
recesses. The main water-main with vauted
opening is located after the bend at Tower 8.
The western curtain wall is 90.50 m
long, of which 83 m are excavated - from
the round southwestern Comer Tower 11 to
Postern VI. It is 1.60 m thick. The terrain
slopes steeply to the west and the north. The
curtain wall follows the slope and the plinth
compensates the denivelation with six steps,
4.98 m high, the largest of which are 1.18
m. The newly uncovered elements are:
rectangular Tower 12 with double staircase
with recesses; Postern VI; and buttresses
on the outer side (Fig. 4). Compared to the
other walls, the western one has the smallest
registered thickness.
The northern curtain wall is situated
above the abrupt slope that descends
towards the city. It is 161.5 m long (Fig. 4).
The curtain wall is straight, bending to the
southeast at the northwestern comer.
Tower 13 is located on the northern
wall. It has rectangular ground-plan, with
uncovered preserved length (N-S) of 2.80
m and width (E-W) of 4.00 m. The walls
are 0.80 m thick. Only the substructure of
the walls is preserved and the northern wall
of the tower is demolished. The interior is
2.40 m wide, and the comers to the curtain
wall have triangular structural extensions -
buttresses.
The substructure of the fortifications is
uniformly built in opus caementicum. The
foundations form an uninterrupted chain all
along the wall s length. The material used for
the substructure and the superstructure is the
same, but smaller stones were used for the
substructure. The same is true about the pink
mortar with coarser and finer admixtures of
crushed bricks. The foundations were laid in
trenches that were dug down to the bedrock;
the depth of the foundations varies from 0.15
to 4.72 m. At the level of the ancient terrain, a
plinth was shaped, 0.08 to 0.30 m wide.
Mixed masonry, opus vittatum mixtum,
was used for the superstructure. The
courses of stones alternate structurally with
sections of four or five courses of bricks.
The curtain wall follows the slope and
again, like the plinth, compensates step-
like the denivelation. Between towers 6
and 11 on the southern wall, the registered
denivelation is 7.54 m. Above the plinth,
there is always a stone section (with the
exception of towers 5, 6, and 11). Its height
varies from 0.64 to 2.55 m. The second
section of stone masonry, and probably the
ones above it, had relatively uniform height
of 0.98-1.01/1.02 m. The core was of opus
caementicum of relatively small stones. The
brick courses alternate with the stone ones
and serve for leveling and structural balance.
A total of 31 brick sections were discovered
(cf. Table I): 22 of four rows of bricks, six
of five rows, and three incomplete. Above
the first stone section, the first brick section
is of four courses, and the one above the
second stone section is of five courses. Only
in the southern wall, there is a first brick
section of five courses above the first stone
section ֊ an exception that was influenced
by the steep slope and the drop of the plinth,
which is the biggest drop ever measured of
a plinth.
This rhythm of alternation of stone and
brick sections is also broken by two brick
sections of five courses at the rectangular
Tower 5 and the round Corner Tower 11. The
first brick section is at the level of the plinth
and is partially built into it (Fig. 58, c; 23,
b). The different number of brick courses is
not due to different construction phases. The
masonry of all four- or five-course brick
section is the original one, without traces of
repairs.
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Разкопки и проучвания, книга XLII
Along the entire curtain wall, the
inner face was discovered in better state
of preservation compared to the outer one,
which bears the traces of numerous repairs.
All uncovered brick sections, with very few
exceptions, were documented on the inner
face or in the core of the wall.
The thickness of the curtain wall varies
from 1.60 to 2.30 m. The walls on the
steepest slopes are the thinnest - the western
one is 1.60 m thick and the northern one is
1.75 m thick ֊ as attacks there were less
probable. At these places, the walls were
strengthened with structural buttresses from
the inside that start from the substructure.
They are rectangular in plan (0.90/0.35 m;
1.15/0.60 m) and are situated at 5.30-8.40
m from one another, as documented at the
western and the northern walls and towers
11 and 13.
The wall was also made thicker by means
of adding, in the original masonry, deep
vaulted pilasters with recesses open to the
interior. Such structures were documented at
the following places: Gate I (on the eastern
wall) with six pilasters and single staircase
(Fig. 8, a); towers 7 and 8 (on the southern
wall) with three pilasters and double
staircase (Fig. 35, b; 41, a, b; 43); Tower 10
and Postern V (on the southern wall) with
one recess and single staircase (Fig. 52,
b; 54, a); Tower 12 (on the western wall)
with two semicircular recesses and double
staircase (Fig. 60, a, b). The thickness of
the wall was also increased at Gate IV -
with a single staircase without recesses and
pilasters (Fig. 27, 28). In this way, the width
of the parapet walk on top of the curtain
wall was increased and it was accessible by
means of single and double staircases. There
is no evidence of an intermediate platform
with passage galleries. The use of this less
heavy construction for widening the parapet
walk is definitely a Hellenistic tradition.
The circulation in and out of the fortified
area was achieved through two main gates
(I and IV) and five posterns (II-III and V-
VII). Their openings were integral parts of
the curtain wall and were cut through the
superstructure above the uniform thickened
foundations. The places of the gates and the
posterns did not conform to the urban layout
of the Roman town, but followed the plan of
the fortress and the specifics of the terrain.
Gate I was located in the first stretch of
the eastern wall, at 4.50 m to the south from
Tower 1 and to the north of Tower 2. The
entrance has rectangular plan, with slight
diagonal deviation of the southern side. It
is 2.35/3.05 m wide and 2.95 m deep. Due
to the destructions and repairs, there are no
data about the original design of the fa?ade
and the interior. The passage is paved with
stone slabs and beneath them there is a drain
for rainwater built of stones and water-main
of clay pipes. The curtain wall on both sides
of the gate is made thicker by one-meter
pilasters, structurally tied to the wall. To
the north, there is a single staircase, 7.80
m long and 1 m wide. The northern and the
southern pilasters are perfectly symmetrical
regarding the entrance and are integral
part of the pilaster-recess construction of
the newly-excavated gate. The staircase is
carried by the lightened fa?ade of vaulted
recesses. The staircase had 25 steps and a
height of 7.80 m, with the parapet and the
battlements - up to 9.80-10 m (Fig. 8, b).
Gate IV is located near the southeastern
comer of the eastern curtain wall (Fig. 2,4). It
has rectangular ground-plan and the passage
is 3.55 m wide and 3.40 m long. There are
no data about the internal arrangement ֊
pavement, threshold, or door. The passage
cuts through the superstructure at 8.10 m to
the north of the inner southeastern comer
at the level of the plinth, where there is
a rectangular platform. On both sides, a
11.65 m stretch of the wall is structurally
thickened from 2.40 to 3.40 m, which served
as pilasters of various dimensions that
carried a single staircase to the upper floors,
oriented south-north (Fig. 21, a, b). In front
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123
of the inner face from the west, there is a
second extension at the level of the passage,
also structurally tied to the foundations.
There is no evidence about the height and
the design of the upper part of the gate, as
well as of the pavement, the threshold, or
the door. Probably the passage was vaulted.
In the second construction phase, the gate
was considerably modified. Granite blocks
were used to raise the level of the threshold,
and the passage was narrowed and equipped
with a porticullis (Fig. 29) - modifications
that probably should be dated to the Early
Byzantine Period (6th c.). In the following,
third construction phase (Early Byzantine
Period - First Bulgarian Kingdom),
the passage was further constricted and
transformed into a postern - to be closed
entirely during later reconstructions (Second
Bulgarian Kingdom, 11th - 14th c.).
Gate IV was protected by two towers:
the rectangular Tower 5, at 7.15 m to the
north, and the round Corner Tower 6, at 6.25
m to the south (Fig. 21, a). It had a single
staircase, oriented south-north (Fig. 21,
a). The staircase had 32 steps, which fact
indicates that the curtain wall was 9.60 m
high at the parapet walk, up to 11.60 with
the parapet and the battlements.
The five posterns were meant to service
the circulation of pedestrians. There were
two on the eastern wall - II and III, and one
on each of the remaining walls, the southern,
the western, and the northern - V, VI, and
VII (the last is the postern-tower 13) (Fig. 4).
They are relatively smaller than the gates -
there is evidence about posterns III and V
(2.13/1.47 m and 2.50/1.45 m, compared
to gates I and IV). The passages of the
posterns were narrowed with pillars towards
the outer doorjambs. The thresholds were
made of stone and passages were paved
with stone slabs (Postern III, Fig. 18). The
masonry follows the rhythm of the curtain
wall. There are insufficient data about
Postern VI. Postern VII displays a different
design, compared to the others, and it has
been described as postern-tower, with an
entrance in the comer of the eastern wall of
the tower’s ground floor (Fig. 66, a-d).
The locations and the shapes ofthe towers
display a considerable diversity, which was
not always due to different construction
techniques. Along the curtain wall, there are a
total of 14 round, triangular, and rectangular
towers from the first construction phase.
They were built at various places, with an
established rhythm of distribution that was
defined by the terrain, in order to defend the
most vulnerable places. The construction
technique reveals that they were designed
together with the curtain wall, to which they
were structurally tied - except for the so far
unclear case of Tower 9-91.
The comer towers were round, the
intermediate had rectangular plan, and at the
most vulnerable stretch to the south there
were also triangular towers. The towers
were most numerous in the southeastern
sector, where the fortress was linked to the
road to the city and the mountain.
The round towers 1, 2, 3, and 4 were
built at the four most eminent corners of the
fortress. They have regular round plan, with
external diameter of 6.40-7 m and internal
one of 3.20-3.80 m. The thickness of the
wall varies from 1.30 to 1.90 m. Towers
1 and 11 have entrances in the comers to
the interior of the fortress. Tower 6 was
probably accessible from the upper floors.
No floors are preserved. Due to the sloping
of the terrain, Tower 11 was reinforced with
two rectangular pilasters from the outside,
just as the adjacent curtain wall (Fig. 57, a).
The intermediate towers were mostly
rectangular. There are a total of seven such
towers on the walls: 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, and
13. There are three on the eastern wall
(3, 4, and 5), two on the southern wall (9
and 10), one on the western wall (12),
and one on the northern wall (13) (Fig.
4). The distances between them vary and
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Разкопки и проучвания, книга XLII
their location depended on the terrain. All
rectangular towers protrude in front of the
curtain wall. The internal space at the level
of the plinth was enlarged with 0.75-0.80
m, taken from the thickness of the curtain
wall they are built into. This is the level of
the entrance, shaping a 0.70 m high step
regarding the interior (Figs. 10, a; 14, a;
21, a; 53, a). Exceptions are documented at
towers 12 and 13 that belong to the thinner
western and northern walls, where there are
preserved steps to the interior (Fig. 60, a).
Tower 13 displays other differences,
related to its function of postern-tower.
The third documented type of towers is
triangular. Two such towers were excavated
(7 and 8), at a distance of 10.10 m from
one another, in immediate proximity to the
southeastern comer, with another one (91)
to the west of them. Their location was
apparently meant to strengthen the defenses
of the fortress and of the main road that
came from the south (Fig. 4). Their ground
plan has the shape of isosceles triangle and
they have similar dimensions (6.38 x 9.90 x
9.80 m and 6.51 x 10.50 x 10.20 m). They
are structurally tied to the curtain wall and
protrude in front of it. The internal space is
triangular, without entrances, and they were
accessible via wooden ladders from the
parapet walk. The third Tower 9 is located
to the west of Tower 8 and was built on top of
the rectangular Tower 9. Triangular towers
are considered typical of the Late Antique
and Early Byzantine times. They were
built in the 5th and the 6th c. and were used
alongside round and rectangular towers, as
it is proven beyond doubt by the fortress
on Hisarlaka. They are also the earliest
examples in the Late Antique and the Early
Byzantine fortifications in Bulgaria.
The date of the triangular towers was
commented upon by J. Crow with examples
from Thessaloniki (mid-5th c.), Armorium
in Phrygia (Central Anatolia), and
Dyrrhachium (in Nea Epirus, Albania, 5th-
6th c.). The towers are regarded as a tactical
evolution of the shape, designed to be more
effective against battering-rams, and related
to the tactical needs of the defense of the
sharp-angled front.
The staircases are directly related to
gates, posterns, and towers, as well as to the
adjacent thicker stretches of the curtain wall
where they were constructed. A total of seven
staircases were discovered: five single (Gate
I, Postem II, Postern III ֊ Tower 4, Tower
10 - Postem V) and two double (towers 7-8
and Tower 12) (Figs. 7, b; 10, a, b; 14; 21,
a, b; 44, a ֊ b; 52, b,c; 58, a, b; 63). They
were built as an integral part, structurally
tied to the wall, the thickness of which was
augmented with the length of the steps.
Based on the length of the staircase and
the height of the step, the height of the wall
in the respective sector could be calculated
(from 7.80 to 11.65 m). The presumed height
of the curtain wall at individual staircases,
with platforms between 1.50 and 2 m and
a given number of steps of certain height,
produced the following picture: at Gate 1 ֊
7.80 m to the parapet walk and 9.80 m
with the parapet and battlements (25 steps/
26 heights); at Postern III and Tower 4 -
7.80/9.80 (25 steps/ 26 heights); at Gate IV -
9.65/11.65 m with 32 steps and platform of
2.05 m; at towers 7 and 8, with a platform
of 12.20 m - height 8.10/10.10, with 26
steps/27 heights on both sides; Tower 10,
with a platform of 2 m - 8.60/10.60 m,
40 steps/41 heights; at Tower 12, with a
platform of 1.10 m in the centre - 5.31/7.32
m with 18 steps/19 heights on both sides.
The main water-main with vaulted
opening is situated at 4.50 m to the west of
the bend in the substructure of the southern
wall (Figs. 45, 46). It was built as an
integral part of the substructure and cuts it
diagonally. The section of the water-main is
rectangular, with a vaulted cover. It is 1.05
m high, 0.515 m wide and 2.70 m long (Fig.
47, a). The sides of the opening are made in
Късноантичната крепост на хълма Хисарлъка - гр. Кюстендил
125
mixed masonry. The vaulting of the interior
is of one brick (Fig. 47, b). The opening to
the outer face was modified (Fig. 49). Its
height was diminished by means of a wall
in the upper part, at 0.75 m from the plinth,
and a cover of stone slabs.
For the construction of the fortress
wall, typical building techniques, materials,
and constructions were used. The main
building materials were stones, bricks and
mortar. The stone is of local origin - split
irregular blocks were used for both the
substructure and the superstructure. There
are stretches with plaster on the joints.
Reused architectural elements (spolia) were
also registered. Bricks were the second most
widely used material in the walls. It was
the main material for the brick belts of the
mixed masonry, and for shaping comers of
gates, posterns, tower entrances, recesses,
vaults, drains, and water-mains. Probably,
the pavement of the towers was also made
of bricks. Fragments of pan tiles and cover
tiles are relatively less numerous. Tegulae
were stamped with englyphic stamps
ΘΩΜΑ, with a cross before it and framing
lines. A bronze stamp in relief for stamping
bricks was found, with a name in genitive
case, ΑΓΑΘΗΜΕΡΟΥ, probably that of the
manufacturer.
Mortar was also among the main
materials that were used. It had the same
composition in both the substmcture and
the superstructure - lime, sand and crushed
bricks. The mortar that was used for repairs
was different ֊ heterogeneous, hastily made,
usually white, made mostly of lime and sand
(and rubble). Outside the fortress, in front
of Gate IV, two spots were identified where
mortar was mixed for the repairs of the wall
(Figs. 29, 30).
The Late Antique fortress on Hisarlaka
Hill was built combining several techniques.
The substructure was made of opus
caementicum, founded on the bedrock. The
technique for the superstructure of the main
elements was opus incertum mixtum, with
a local modification of the masonry. These
were structurally alternating courses of
stones and bricks through the whole width
of the wall. Most bricks were 4-4.5 cm thick,
with gaps of 5.5-5.6 cm between them,
smoothed with plaster that did not cover the
bricks themselves. The alternation of stone
and brick sections followed a certain rhythm.
At the base of the face, there was stone
masonry with height that varied from 0.40
to 2.72 m, depending on the denivelation
of the terrain. The second stone section and
ones above it were of equal height ֊ 1.02
m. The brick sections could be of four or
five courses. The first brick section, above
the lowest stone section, is usually of four
courses. The belts covered the whole width
of the wall. Due to the different levels,
the consecutive brick layers began above
the stone one at the point where the latter
reached the desired height, bigger than what
was adopted for the case - an average of
1.02 m.
Opus testaceum (brick masonry)
was used for the sides of the entrances of
gates and posterns, for the comers of the
rectangular and semicircular recesses of the
staircases and the vaults above them, as well
as for the sides and the vault of the main
water-main at Tower 8.
Using together various building
techniques for the construction of the
fortress combined their advantages and
reveals a tradition that made use of the local
qualities and options.
The masonry of the curtain wall reveals
a uniform constmction and proper execution
of the requirements of the ancient architects
and builders. The substructure was always
laid on bedrock, and the depth of the
foundations depended on the terrain (from
0.15-0.20 m at Tower 1 to 4.72 m at Tower
11). The beginning of the superstructure
at the level of the terrain was emphasized
by setting it back with 0.08 to 0.30 m ֊ a
126
Разкопки и проучвания, книга XLII
transition that was marked at some places
as construction line (the inner faces of the
triangular towers 7 and 8; the extensions
for staircases at posterns III and V). The
differences in the levels due to the steep
slopes were compensated step-like or by
tilting. When the wall changed its direction
with a bend, two steps of the plinth were
registered (at posterns III and V). On steep
slopes with considerable denivelation, the
thinner western and northern walls were
strengthened with buttresses from the inside.
The buttresses were built as an integral part
of the wall. At some places (Gate I, Postern
II, Postern III, Gate IV, Postern V, and Tower
12), the width of the wall was enlarged for
constructional reasons, related to the single
and double staircases with vaulted deep
pilasters with recesses, built against the
inner side. This lighter construction widened
the parapet walk and provided access to it
by means of the staircases (at Gate I, tow ers
7 and 8, Tower 10 - Postern V, and Tower
12 - Figs. 8, 35, 52, 60) that were an integral
part of the functions and the development of
the fortress.
There are several phases in the
construction and the habitation of the
Late Antique fortress on Hisarlaka Hill at
Kyustendil: late 4th - early 5th c.; 6th c.; 9Ih -
11 th/l2th c.; 12th-14th c. This chronology of
the construction works and the habitation
of the fortress is directly related to the
social and political processes on the Balkan
Peninsula and their effects on the area of
Pautalia.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ruseva-Slokoska, Ljudmila |
| author_facet | Ruseva-Slokoska, Ljudmila |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ruseva-Slokoska, Ljudmila |
| author_variant | l r s lrs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044011707 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)992530752 (DE-599)BVBBV044011707 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kjustendil (DE-588)4266936-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kjustendil |
| id | DE-604.BV044011707 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:41:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029419393 |
| oclc_num | 992530752 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 139 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Bălgarska akademija na naukite |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Razkopki i proučvanija |
| series2 | Razkopki i proučvanija |
| spelling | Ruseva-Slokoska, Ljudmila Verfasser aut 880-01 Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil Ljudmila Ruseva-Slokoska s prinos ot Julij Fărkov 880-02 Sofija Bălgarska akademija na naukite 2016 880-03 Sofija Nacionalen archeologičeski institut s muzej 2016 139 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Razkopki i proučvanija kniga 42 Literaturverzeichnis Seite 115-117. - Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Text bulgarisch Kyrillische Schrift Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd rswk-swf Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Kjustendil (DE-588)4266936-4 gnd rswk-swf Kjustendil (DE-588)4266936-4 g Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 s Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s DE-604 Razkopki i proučvanija kniga 42 (DE-604)BV000005500 42 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029419393&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029419393&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029419393&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 245-01/(N Късноантичната крепост на хълма Хисарлъка гр. Кюстендил Людмила Русева-Слокоска с принос от Юлий Фърков 264-02/(N София Българска академия на науките 2016 264-03/(N София Национален археологически институт с музей 2016 |
| spellingShingle | Ruseva-Slokoska, Ljudmila Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil Razkopki i proučvanija Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016934-0 (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4266936-4 |
| title | Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil |
| title_auth | Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil |
| title_exact_search | Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil |
| title_full | Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil Ljudmila Ruseva-Slokoska s prinos ot Julij Fărkov |
| title_fullStr | Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil Ljudmila Ruseva-Slokoska s prinos ot Julij Fărkov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka gr. Kjustendil Ljudmila Ruseva-Slokoska s prinos ot Julij Fărkov |
| title_short | Kăsnoantičnata krepost na chălma Chisarlăka |
| title_sort | kasnoanticnata krepost na chalma chisarlaka gr kjustendil |
| title_sub | gr. Kjustendil |
| topic | Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Festung Siedlungsarchäologie Kjustendil |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029419393&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029419393&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029419393&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000005500 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rusevaslokoskaljudmila kasnoanticnatakrepostnachalmachisarlakagrkjustendil |