Atmospheric aerosols: life cycles and effects on air quality and climate
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| Language: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
[2017]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-33645-6/ Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 680 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9783527336456 3527336451 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Atmospheric aerosols |b life cycles and effects on air quality and climate |c edited by Claudio Tomasi, Sandro Fuzzi, and Alexander Kokhanovsky |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c [2017] | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 680 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
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| 653 | |a Atmospheric Physics & Chemistry | ||
| 653 | |a Chemie | ||
| 653 | |a Chemistry | ||
| 653 | |a Earth Sciences | ||
| 653 | |a Environmental Physics | ||
| 653 | |a Geowissenschaften | ||
| 653 | |a Photochemie | ||
| 653 | |a Photochemistry | ||
| 653 | |a Physics | ||
| 653 | |a Physik | ||
| 653 | |a Physik u. Chemie der Atmosphäre | ||
| 653 | |a Umweltphysik | ||
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
I
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
X V
PREFACE
XIX
FOREWORD
XXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XXIII
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL
1
CLAUDIO TOMASI AND ANGELO LUPI
INTRODUCTION 1
A GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF AEROSOL SOURCES 6
PRIMARY AEROSOLS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 7
SEA-SALT PARTICLES 8
MINERAL DUST 13
BIOGENIC AEROSOLS 20
FOREST FIRE SMOKE 23
VOLCANIC DUST IN THE TROPOSPHERE 27
COSMIC DUST 30
SECONDARY AEROSOLS OF NATURAL ORIGIN 31
NATURAL SULFATE PARTICLES FROM TROPOSPHERIC S 02 AND SULFUR
COMPOUNDS 32
NATURAL NITRATE PARTICLES FROM TROPOSPHERIC NITROGEN OXIDES 37
ORGANIC AEROSOLS FROM BIOGENIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 41
SULFATE PARTICLES FROM MARINE AND VOLCANIC S 02 FORMED IN THE
STRATOSPHERE 42
PRIMARY ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS 48
INDUSTRIAL DUST 50
ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS FROM FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION AND
CARBONACEOUS (SOOT) PARTICLES 51
ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS FROM WASTE AND BIOMASS BURNING 58
SECONDARY ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOLS 59
SECONDARY PARTICLES FROM S 02 60
SECONDARY PARTICLES FROM NO* 64
SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS 68
2
2.1
2.2
2
.
2.1
2
.
2
.
1.1
2
.
2
.
1.2
2.2.1.3
2.2.1.4
2
.
2
.
1.5
2
.
2.2
2
.
2
.
2.1
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.1.1
2.3.1.2
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.3.1
2.3.3.2
2.3.3.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.5
2.6
2.7
3
3.1
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE GLOBAL ANNUAL EMISSION FLUXES OF
NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOL MASS 70
ABBREVIATIONS 75
LIST OF SYMBOLS 75
REFERENCES 76
AEROSOL NUCLEATION IN THE TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERE
87
KARINE SEILEGRI AND JULIEN BOULON
INTRODUCTION 87
THEORETICAL BASIS OF NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF NEW PARTICLES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE 88
INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEATION THEORIES USEFUL IN ATMOSPHERIC
SCIENCES 88
THE UNARY SYSTEM MODEL 89
THE H2S0 4-H 20 BINARY SYSTEM 91
THE H2S04-N H 3-H 20 TERNARY SYSTEM 93
THE ROLE OF AMINES 93
THE ION-INDUCED NUCLEATION 94
THE GROWTH OF NEW PARTICLES 95
THE CONDENSATION PROCESS 95
OBSERVATION AND DETECTION TOOLS 97
DETECTION TOOLS 98
PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION 98
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 99
METRICS FOR CHARACTERIZING NEW PARTICLE FORMATION EVENTS 100
OCCURRENCE OF NEW PARTICLE FORMATION EVENTS IN THE
TROPOSPHERE 102
PRISTINE AND POLLUTED CONTINENTAL BOUNDARY LAYER 102
COASTAL AND MARINE BOUNDARY LAYER SITES 103
HIGH-ALTITUDE ENVIRONMENTS AND FREE TROPOSPHERE 103
PRECURSOR CANDIDATES FOR NUCLEATION AND EARLY GROWTH FROM
OBSERVATIONS 104
CONTINENTAL PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER 104
MARINE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER 104
PARAMETERIZATIONS AND CHAMBER EXPERIMENTS 105
IMPORTANCE OF NUCLEATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AEROSOLS AND CCN AT
THE GLOBAL SCALE 107
CONCLUSIONS 108
ABBREVIATIONS 109
LIST OF SYMBOLS 110
REFERENCES 110
COAGULATION, CONDENSATION, DRY AND WET DEPOSITION, AND CLOUD
DROPLET FORMATION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL LIFE CYCLE
115
CLAUDIO TOMASI AND ANGELO LUPI
INTRODUCTION 115
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.3
3.3.2.4
3.3.2.5
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5
4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.2.2.3
4.2.2.4
4.2.2.5
4.2.3
4.2.3.1
4.2.3.2
4.2.3.3
4.2.3.4
4.3
4.3.1
PHYSICAL GROWTH PROCESSES 120
BROWNIAN COAGULATION 121
GROWTH BY CONDENSATION OF GASES ONTO PREEXISTING PARTICLES 128
THE KELVIN EFFECT 130
HYGROSCOPIC GROWTH OF PARTICLES BY WATER VAPOR
CONDENSATION 133
AEROSOL REMOVAL PROCESSES 139
DRY DEPOSITION OF AEROSOL PARTICLES 141
WET DEPOSITION OF AEROSOL PARTICLES 144
IN-CLOUD SCAVENGING (RAINOUT) 145
INTERSTITIAL AEROSOL SCAVENGING BY CLOUD DROPLETS 147
PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING 149
WET DEPOSITION IN FOGS 157
NUCLEATION OF ICE PARTICLES 157
FORMATION OF CLOUD PARTICLES 161
WATER VAPOR CONDENSATION 162
THE KOEHLER THEORY 163
THE CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI 169
CONCLUDING REMARKS 170
ABBREVIATIONS 175
LIST OF SYMBOLS 175
REFERENCES 180
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AEROSOLS OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN
183
STEFANIA GILARDONI AND SANDRO FUZZI
INTRODUCTION 183
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND CLIMATOLOGY OF THE MAIN AEROSOL CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS 184
DEFINITION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INORGANIC AND ORGANIC AEROSOL
COMPOUNDS 184
AEROSOL GLOBAL BUDGETS 186
ORGANIC AEROSOL 186
BLACK CARBON AEROSOL 187
SULFUR AEROSOL 188
NITROGEN AEROSOL SPECIES 189
DUST AEROSOL 191
MAIN REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF AEROSOL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 192
URBAN AEROSOL 192
RURAL AEROSOL 193
CONTINENTAL REGIONAL BACKGROUND AEROSOL 194
MARINE BACKGROUND AEROSOL 195
SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF AEROSOL CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 196
AEROSOL SIZE-RESOLVED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN POLLUTED
AREAS 196
43.1.1
43.1.2
43.13
43.1.4
43.2
4.3.2.1
43.2.2
4.3.23
4.3.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.1.1
4.4.1.2
4.4.2
4.4.2.1
4.4.2.2
4.4.3
4.43.1
4.43.2
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6
6.1
6.2
6
.
2.1
SECONDARY INORGANIC AEROSOL (AMMONIUM SULFATE AND NITRATE) 197
ORGANIC AEROSOL 197
BLACK CARBON 198
DUST 200
AEROSOL SIZE-RESOLVED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN UNPERTURBED
ENVIRONMENTS 200
RAIN FOREST 200
HIGH ALTITUDE MOUNTAIN REGIONS 200
POLAR REGIONS 202
LONG-TERM CHANGES OF AEROSOL CHEMICAL COMPONENTS 203
ISSUES RELATED TO AEROSOL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 205
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE AEROSOL CARBONACEOUS FRACTION 205
SOOT: BC OR EC 205
ORGANIC AEROSOL 207
SOURCES OF BC AND OA 209
BLACK CARBON 209
ORGANIC AEROSOL 211
EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON AEROSOL
ACTIVITY AS CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI AND ICE NUCLEI 213
CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI 213
ICE NUCLEI 214
ABBREVIATIONS 216
LIST OF SYMBOLS 217
REFERENCES 218
AEROSOL OPTICS
223
ALEXANDER A. KOKHANOVSKY
INTRODUCTION 223
ABSORPTION 224
SCATTERING 229
POLARIZATION 234
EXTINCTION 237
RADIATIVE TRANSFER 239
IMAGE TRANSFER 242
ABBREVIATIONS 244
LIST OF SYMBOLS 244
REFERENCES 245
AEROSOL MODELS
247
CLAUDIO TOMASI, MAURO MAZZOLA, CHRISTIAN LANCONELLI, AND ANGELO LUPI
INTRODUCTION 247
MODELING OF THE OPTICAL AND MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL 249
THE 6S CODE AEROSOL EXTINCTION MODELS 254
6.2.1.1 THE FOUR 6S BASIC AEROSOL COMPONENTS 254
6.2.1.2 THE THREE 6S AEROSOL MODELS 258
6.2.2 THE 6S ADDITIONAL AEROSOL MODELS 262
6.2.3 THE 6S MODIFIED (M-TYPE) AEROSOL MODELS 271
6.2.4 THE OPAC AEROSOL MODELS 277
6.2.5 THE AEROSOL MODELS OF SHETTLE AND FENN (1979) 288
6.2.6 THE SEVEN ADDITIONAL AEROSOL MODELS OF TOMASI ET AL. (2013) 295
6.2.7 THE POLAR AEROSOL MODELS 304
6.3 GENERAL REMARKS ON THE AEROSOL PARTICLE NUMBER, SURFACE, AND
VOLUME SIZE-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 306
6.3.1 THE AEROSOL PARTICLE NUMBER SIZE-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 310
6.3.2 THE AEROSOL SURFACE, VOLUME, AND MASS SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS 314
6.4 SIZE-DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS AEROSOL TYPES 317
6.4.1 REMOTE CONTINENTAL AEROSOLS 317
6.4.2 FREE TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 319
6.4.3 RURAL-CONTINENTAL AEROSOLS 319
6.4.4 CONTINENTAL-POLLUTED AEROSOLS 322
6.4.5 MARITIME CLEAN AEROSOLS 322
6.4.6 MARITIME-POLLUTED AEROSOLS 324
6.4.7 DESERT DUST 324
6.4.8 BIOMASS BURNING AEROSOLS 326
6.4.9 URBAN AEROSOLS 326
6.4.10 POLAR ARCTIC AEROSOLS 328
6.4.11 POLAR ANTARCTIC AEROSOLS 329
6.4.12 STRATOSPHERIC VOLCANIC AEROSOLS 331
6.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 332
ABBREVIATIONS 333
LIST OF SYMBOLS 334
REFERENCES 337
7 REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL
341
ALEXANDER A. KOKHANOVSKY, CLAUDIO TOMASI, BOYAN H. PETKOV,
CHRISTIAN LANCONELLI, MAURIZIO BUSETTO, MAURO MAZZOLA, ANGELO LUPI, AND
KWON H. LEE
7.1 INTRODUCTION 341
7.2 GROUND-BASED AEROSOL REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS 342
7.2.1 THE MULTISPECTRAL SUN-PHOTOMETRY METHOD 345
7.2.1.1 CALIBRATION OF A SUN PHOTOMETER USING THE LANGLEY PLOT
METHOD 346
7.2.1.2 DETERMINATION OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS 348
7.2.1.3 DETERMINATION OF AEROSOL OPTICAL PARAMETERS FROM SUN-PHOTOMETER
MEASUREMENTS 360
7.2.1.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FINE PARTICLE FRACTION AND ANGSTROM
WAVELENGTH EXPONENT 370
7.2.2 MEASUREMENTS OF VOLUME EXTINCTION, SCATTERING, AND ABSORPTION
COEFFICIENTS AT GROUND LEVEL USING NEPHELOMETER AND PSAP
TECHNIQUES 373
7.2.3 VERTICAL PROFILES OF BACKSCATTER AND EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS FROM
LIDAR MEASUREMENTS 375
7.2.4 MEASUREMENTS OF THE AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION USING AN OPTICAL
PARTICLE COUNTER 378
7.3 AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL OPTICAL
PROPERTIES 380
7.3.1 MAIN RESULTS DERIVED FROM THE SECOND AIRBORNE ARCTIC
STRATOSPHERIC EXPEDITION (AASE-II) MEASUREMENTS 385
7.3.2 AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS DURING THE ARMY LIDAR
VERIFICATION EXPERIMENT (ALIVE) 386
7.3.3 AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED DURING THE SULFATE CLOUDS AND
RADIATION-ATLANTIC (SCAR-A) EXPERIMENT 386
7.3.4 AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS CONDUCTED DURING THE TROPOSPHERIC
AEROSOL RADIATIVE FORCING OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIMENT
(TARFOX) 387
7.3.5 THE AEROSOL CHARACTERIZATION EXPERIMENT 2 (ACE-2) AIRBORNE
REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS 388
7.3.6 AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS DURING THE PUERTO RICO
DUST EXPERIMENT (PRIDE) 391
7.3.7 THE ARCTAS/ARCPAC AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS IN
THE WESTERN ARCTIC 392
7.3.8 THE AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS CONDUCTED DURING THE PAN-ARCTIC
MEASUREMENTS AND ARCTIC REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL INTERCOMPARISON
PROJECT (PAM-ARCMIP) 399
7.4 SATELLITE-BORNE AEROSOL REMOTE SENSING MEASUREMENTS 403
7.4.1 SATELLITE INSTRUMENTATION 403
7.4.2 METHODS 411
7.4.2.1 THE ALGORITHMS BASED ON THE SINGLE-VIEW SPECTRAL
OBSERVATIONS 411
7.4.2.2 DOUBLE-VIEW SPECTRAL OBSERVATIONS 412
7.4.2.3 MULTIVIEW SPECTRAL OBSERVATIONS 413
7A2.4 MULTIVIEW SPECTRAL AND POLARIMETRIE OBSERVATIONS 413
7.4.2.5 RETRIEVALS OVER OCEAN USING MULTIANGLE POLARIMETRIE
OBSERVATIONS 414
7.4.2.6 RETRIEVALS OVER LAND 414
7.4.2.7 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL USING AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
TECHNIQUE 414
7.4.3 EXAMPLES OF AEROSOL RETRIEVALS 415
7.4.3.1 GLOBAL VIEW OF AEROSOL DISTRIBUTION FROM PASSIVE SENSOR 415
7.4.3.2 AEROSOL RETRIEVAL FROM DIFFERENT SENSORS AND RETRIEVAL
ALGORITHMS 416
7.4.3.3 TIME-RESOLVED OBSERVATION FROM GEOSTATIONARY PLATFORM 419
7.4.3.4 ATMOSPHERIC ANATOMY FROM THE ACTIVE SENSING PLATFORM 421
ABBREVIATIONS 422
LIST OF SYMBOLS 423
REFERENCES 427
8 AEROSOL AND CLIMATE CHANGE: DIRECT AND INDIRECT AEROSOL EFFECTS ON
CLIMATE
437
CLAUDIO TOMASI, CHRISTIAN LANCONELLI, MAURO MAZZOLA, AND ANGELO LUPI
8.1 INTRODUCTION 437
8.2 THE INSTANTANEOUS DARF EFFECTS AT THE TOA AND BOA LEVELS AND IN
THE ATMOSPHERE 439
8.2.1 THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR RADIATION 439
8.2.2 VERTICAL FEATURES OF AEROSOL VOLUME EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT 443
8.2.3 AEROSOL EXTINCTION MODELS AND OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS 444
8.2.4 MODELING THE UNDERLYING SURFACE REFLECTANCE CHARACTERISTICS 447
8.2.5 CALCULATIONS OF INSTANTANEOUS DARF TERMS AT THE TOA AND BOA
LEVELS AND WITHIN THE ATMOSPHERE 459
8.2.6 DEPENDENCE FEATURES OF INSTANTANEOUS DARF TERMS ON AEROSOL
OPTICAL PARAMETERS AND SURFACE REFLECTANCE 463
8.2.6.1 DEPENDENCE OF INSTANTANEOUS DARF ON AEROSOL OPTICAL
THICKNESS 464
5.2.6.2 DEPENDENCE OF INSTANTANEOUS DARF ON AEROSOL SINGLE SCATTERING
ALBEDO 467
5.2.6.3 DEPENDENCE OF INSTANTANEOUS DARF ON UNDERLYING SURFACE
ALBEDO 471
5.2.6.4 DEPENDENCE OF INSTANTANEOUS DARF ON SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE 474
8.3 THE DIURNALLY AVERAGE DARF INDUCED BY VARIOUS AEROSOL TYPES OVER
OCEAN AND LAND SURFACES 476
8.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE CALCULATION METHOD BASED ON THE FIELD
MEASUREMENTS OF AEROSOL OPTICAL PARAMETERS 478
8.3.2 CALCULATIONS OF THE DIURNALLY AVERAGE DARF TERMS AND EFFICIENCY
PARAMETERS FOR ELEVEN AEROSOL TYPES 498
8.3.2.1 REMOTE CONTINENTAL AEROSOLS 498
8.3.2.2 RURAL-CONTINENTAL AEROSOLS 500
8.3.23 FREE TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 502
5.3.2.4 CONTINENTAL-POLLUTED AEROSOLS 504
8.3.2.5 MARITIME CLEAN AEROSOLS 506
83.2.6 MARITIME-CONTINENTAL AEROSOLS 508
S.3.2.7 DESERT DUST 512
8.3.2.5 BIOMASS BURNING AEROSOLS 516
5.3.2.9 URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL AEROSOLS 519
8.3.2.10 POLAR AEROSOLS 522
8.3.2.11 STRATOSPHERIC VOLCANIC AEROSOLS 525
8.4 VARIATIONS OF DARF EFFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF AEROSOL SINGLE
SCATTERING ALBEDO 525
8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE DARF EFFECTS OVER THE GLOBAL
SCALE 529
8.6 ON THE INDIRECT AEROSOL EFFECTS ACTING IN THE EARTHS CLIMATE
SYSTEM 531
ABBREVIATIONS 537
LIST OF SYMBOLS 538
REFERENCES 541
9 AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY
553
5ANDRO FUZZI, STEFANIA GILARDONI, ALEXANDER A. KOKHANOVSKY, WALTER DI
NICOLANTONIO, SONOYO MUKAI, ITARU 5ANO, MAKIKO NAKATA, CLAUDIO TOMASI,
AND CHRISTIAN LANCONELLI
9.1 INTRODUCTION 553
9.1.1 AEROSOL AIR POLLUTION 553
9.1.2 AEROSOL SOURCES AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO HUMAN HEALTH
EFFECTS 553
9.1.3 AEROSOL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND HEALTH EFFECTS 555
9.1.4 ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS, AIR POLLUTION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE 557
9.1.5 AEROSOL LOAD IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE WORLD 558
9.2 AEROSOL LOAD AS DERIVED FROM SATELLITE-BASED MEASUREMENTS 560
9.2.1 VIS/NIR/SWIR MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS FOR
EVALUATING PM CONCENTRATIONS: AN EXAMPLE OVER THE NORTHERN
ITALY AREA 560
9.2.1.1 MODIS-BASED PM CONCENTRATION ESTIMATES AT THE SURFACE 561
9.2.1.2 DATA SET AND RESULTS 563
9.2.1.3 SATELLITE PM MULTIANNUAL MONITORING: LOOKING FOR COMPLIANCE TO
EUROPEAN AIR QUALITY DIRECTIVE 566
9.2.2 PM ESTIMATIONS OVER OSAKA (JAPAN) BASED ON SATELLITE
OBSERVATIONS 569
9.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION 569
9.2.2.2 AEROSOL REMOTE SENSING 571
9.2.2.3 ESTIMATION OF PM FROM SATELLITE-BASED AOT 574
9.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MASS CONCENTRATION AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF
DESERT DUST IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE EARTH 577
9.3.1 DUST STORMS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 578
9.3.2 SAHARAN DUST TRANSPORT OVER THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND THE
CARIBBEAN REGION 579
9.3.3 SAHARAN DUST TRANSPORT OVER THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN AND THE
WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA 580
9.3.4 SAHARAN DUST TRANSPORT TOWARD SOUTHERN EUROPE 581
9.3.5 SAHARAN DUST TRANSPORT TOWARD THE MIDDLE EASTERN AND THE PERSIAN
GULF 584
9.3.6 ASIAN DUST TRANSPORT OVER CENTRAL ASIA AND CHINA 584
9.3.7 ASIAN DUST TRANSPORT OVER KOREA AND JAPAN 588
9.3.8 DESERT DUST TRANSPORT OVER OCEANIC AREAS 589
ABBREVIATIONS 589
LIST OF SYMBOLS 590
REFERENCES 591
10 IMPACT OF THE AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER ON THE HUMAN HEALTH
597
MARINA CAMATINI, MAURIZIO GUALTIERI, AND GIULIO SANCINI
10.1 INTRODUCTION 597
10.2 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES 600
10.2.1 EXACERBATION OF LUNG DISEASES 602
10.2.2 EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 603
10.2.3 LIFE EXPECTANCY AND PM CONCENTRATION 606
10.3 TOXICOLOGICAL EVIDENCES 609
10.3.1 PARTICLE DOSIMETRY, PARTICLE DEPOSITION, AND REAL EXPOSURE 609
10.3.2 IN VIVO EVIDENCES 612
10.3.2.1 LUNG INFLAMMATION 613
10.3.2.2 CARDIOVASCULAR DAMAGES 615
10.3.2.3 BRAIN AND OTHER TARGET ORGANS 618
10.3.3 IN VITRO EVIDENCES 622
10.3.3.1 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE 622
10.3.3.2 OXIDATIVE STRESS 624
10.3.3.3 DNA DAMAGE 626
10.3.3.4 CELL DEATH 627
10.4 MECHANISM OF EFFECTS 630
10.4.1 THE INFLAMMATORY PARADIGM 630
10.4.2 THE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES 632
10.4.3 TRANSLOCATION OF PARTICLES: IF YES THEN WHERE 634
10.4.4 DIMENSION VERSUS COMPOSITION: TWO HEADS OF THE *PM HYDRA* 636
10.5 CONCLUSIONS 637
ABBREVIATIONS 638
LIST OF SYMBOLS 639
REFERENCES 639
11 AEROSOL IMPACT ON CULTURAL HERITAGE: DETERIORATION PROCESSES AND
STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
645
ALESSANDRA BONAZZA, PAOLA DE NUNTIIS, PAOLO MANDRIOLI, AND
CRISTINA SABBIONI
11.1 INTRODUCTION 645
11.2 MONITORING FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION 645
11.3 DAMAGE AND BLACK CRUSTS FORMATION ON BUILDING MATERIALS 652
11.3.1 DAMAGE TO CARBONATE STONE 653
11.3.2 DAMAGE TO SILICATE STONE 655
11.3.3 ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOL IN CRUSTS 656
11.3.4 ORGANIC AND ELEMENTAL CARBON 657
11.3.5 DAMAGE TO COASTAL AREAS 658
11.4 BIOAEROSOL EFFECTS ON CULTURAL HERITAGE 659
11.5 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN
URBAN AREAS 664
ABBREVIATIONS 665
LIST OF SYMBOLS 665
REFERENCES 666
INDEX
671 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1149524588 (DE-588)1149524650 (DE-588)122865634 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043998772 |
| classification_rvk | AR 23840 RB 10429 UT 9100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)949779271 (DE-599)DNB1099100259 |
| dewey-full | 530 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
| dewey-raw | 530 |
| dewey-search | 530 |
| dewey-sort | 3530 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik Allgemeines Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043998772 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-20T15:01:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16179388-5 |
| isbn | 9783527336456 3527336451 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029406775 |
| oclc_num | 949779271 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 DE-384 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 DE-384 DE-634 |
| physical | XXIV, 680 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate edited by Claudio Tomasi, Sandro Fuzzi, and Alexander Kokhanovsky Weinheim Wiley-VCH [2017] XXIV, 680 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umweltfaktor (DE-588)4124348-1 gnd rswk-swf Luftqualität (DE-588)4268743-3 gnd rswk-swf Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 gnd rswk-swf Atmospheric Physics & Chemistry Chemie Chemistry Earth Sciences Environmental Physics Geowissenschaften Photochemie Photochemistry Physics Physik Physik u. Chemie der Atmosphäre Umweltphysik Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 s DE-604 Umweltfaktor (DE-588)4124348-1 s Luftqualität (DE-588)4268743-3 s Tomasi, Claudio Sonstige (DE-588)1149524588 oth Fuzzi, Sandro Sonstige (DE-588)1149524650 oth Kochanovskij, Aleksandr A. 1961- Sonstige (DE-588)122865634 oth Wiley-VCH (DE-588)16179388-5 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-3-527-33643-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePub 978-3-527-33641-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, Mobi 978-3-527-33642-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, oBook 978-3-527-33644-9 http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-33645-6/ Verlag DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029406775&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate Umweltfaktor (DE-588)4124348-1 gnd Luftqualität (DE-588)4268743-3 gnd Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124348-1 (DE-588)4268743-3 (DE-588)4201505-4 |
| title | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate |
| title_auth | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate |
| title_exact_search | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate |
| title_full | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate edited by Claudio Tomasi, Sandro Fuzzi, and Alexander Kokhanovsky |
| title_fullStr | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate edited by Claudio Tomasi, Sandro Fuzzi, and Alexander Kokhanovsky |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate edited by Claudio Tomasi, Sandro Fuzzi, and Alexander Kokhanovsky |
| title_short | Atmospheric aerosols |
| title_sort | atmospheric aerosols life cycles and effects on air quality and climate |
| title_sub | life cycles and effects on air quality and climate |
| topic | Umweltfaktor (DE-588)4124348-1 gnd Luftqualität (DE-588)4268743-3 gnd Atmosphärisches Aerosol (DE-588)4201505-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltfaktor Luftqualität Atmosphärisches Aerosol |
| url | http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-33645-6/ http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029406775&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomasiclaudio atmosphericaerosolslifecyclesandeffectsonairqualityandclimate AT fuzzisandro atmosphericaerosolslifecyclesandeffectsonairqualityandclimate AT kochanovskijaleksandra atmosphericaerosolslifecyclesandeffectsonairqualityandclimate AT wileyvch atmosphericaerosolslifecyclesandeffectsonairqualityandclimate |