Freedom of speech in Russia: politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
[2017]
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| Schriftenreihe: | BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies
108 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | viii, 363 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781138787667 9781138743267 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN RUSSIA
/ SKILLEN, DAPHNEYYEAUTHOR
: 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INTRODUCTION
LIBERTIES AND RIGHTS. DIMENSIONS OF FREE SPEECH
WHAT PRICE FREE SPEECH?
THE NORMALISATION OF LYING. THE GORBACHEV ERA: GLASNOST
THE COUP: GIVE FREEDOM A CHANCE
THE YELTSIN ERA: FREE SPEECH
THE PUTIN REGIME: PATRIMONIAL MEDIA
CONCLUSION
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
Index
9/11 49, 296
600 sekund 137-9, 207—8
abortion 25, 319
Abramovich, Roman 230, 286, 309
advertising: and corruption 212-14;
covert 211, 239 (see alsodzhinsa); paid
political 209-10; post-Soviet market
for 58, 197
Adzhubei, Aleksei 238
Aeroflot 133, 232, 249, 286
Aesopian language 38, 66, 307
Afanasyev, Yury 2, 105, 146, 148, 184,
320
Afghanistan: Soviet invasion of 105, 123;
veterans of 137, 191
Afisha-Rambler-SUP 310
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud 296
AIDS 89, 123
Akhedzhakova, Liya 206
Aksyonov, Aleksandr 132
Albats, Yevgeniya 85, 124, 283^1, 312
Albright, Madeleine 274
Alcasar 309
Alexander II, Tsar 35-6
Alpha (anti-terrorist unit) 168, 176, 178
Alpha-bank 232
Alyokhina, Maria 28-9
Amnesty International 318
Andrei Sakharov Museum 27
Andreyeva, Nina 125-30, 144, 146, 345
Andropov, Yury 116-17, 194, 269, 282
anecdotes 41-2, 89-90
Anglo-American media, Putin
countering 295-6
Anglo-American tradition 4, 9, 34
anonimki 65-6, 336
Anpilov, Viktor 200, 226-7
anti-Americanism 71, 119, 270
anti-Semitism 107, 125, 127, 143, 200,
205, 227, 328
apartment bombings 49-50, 81, 286, 296
apathy, political 26, 73, 76, 164, 290,
304-5
apologising 104
Arab Spring 322
Arapova, Galina 331
Areopagitica 11-12
Argumenty i fakty 143, 151, 186.n26,
198-9, 218, 313
art, censorship of 3, 27
ArtComMedia 332
Aslamazyan, Manana 299
al-Assad, Bashar 336
Assange, Julian 296
asymmetric methods 270, 325
atrocity stories 93
ATV 153-4, 214
Axel Springer 332
Babitsky, Andrei 273-5, 278, 303, 333^1
Baburova, Anastasiya 51, 88.n69
Bakatin, Vadim 154
Baklanov, Grigory 129
Baklanov, Oleg 179, 185.nl2
Baltic states 4, 154-5, 168, 175, 330
Bandera, Stepan 327
Barkashov, Aleksandr 205, 208
Barsukov, Mikhail 223, 227
Basayev, Shamil 299
Bastrykin, Aleksandr 80
Baturin, Yury 42-3
BBC: 222; and Beslan crisis 302; Putin
interviewed on 271; Reithian princi-
ples of 217; screening on Russian TV
222; in Soviet era 103, 121, 160.nl2;
and storming of White House 206
BBC Russian Service 312
348 Index
Beketov, Mikhail 85
Belarus 123, 181, 313
Belkovsky, Stanislav 26, 324
Belorussia see Belarus
Bentham, Jeremy 35
Berest, Aleksei 101
Berezovsky, Boris: and 1996 elections
189, 223, 229—30, 259.n79; and 1999
elections 254, 256; against Yeltsin
244-5; and Chechen war 273; and
Gusinsky 235, 237, 251, 292; journal-
ists working for 67, 74, 293; and
Listyev case 258.n59, 259.n72; and
Novyye izvestiya 242; as oligarch
232-3, 244, 276; and Ostankino/ORT
213-14, 222; and Putin 49, 94, 242,
271, 283, 286, 305; sale of media
outlets 308; and Skuratov 249.n79
Berezovsky v. Abramovich 286
Berger, Mikhail 252, 280
Beria, Lavrenty 101-2, 166, 220
Berlin, Isaiah 19-20, 34
Berlinguer, Enrico 140
Berlusconi, Silvio 194
Bernstein, Jonas 228
Bershidsky, Leonid 241, 247, 345
Beslan Mothers’ Committee 302
Beslan siege 47, 243, 289, 299-304, 308
big lie 100
billionaires 229, 267, 313; see also
oligarchs
Biryukov, Dmitry 156
black cash 81, 210, 213
Blair, Tony 269
blank spots 90, 123, 135
blasphemy 3, 25, 28-9, 33, 316-17
blogs: and 2012 protest movement 326;
of Ekho Moskvy 311; exposing
disasters 118, 314; hired by FSB 313,
335; laws against 331; by politicians
51, 53, 99; and Politkovskaya’s death
85; and Ukraine crisis 329
Bobkov, Filipp 220
Bobrovsky, Arseny 75
Bogdanov, Vsevolod 85
Boldin, Valery 166
Boiotnaya Square 74, 322-3
Bolsheviks see Communist Party;
Russian Revolution, October 1917
Bondarev, Yury 130
Bonner, Yelena 176, 270
books, burning 265, 276
Bordyuzha, Nikolai 251
Borisova, Yevgeniya 338.n28
Borodina, Arina 344
Bovin, Aleksandr 37-8, 69, 149
Bovt, Georgy 297
Bragin, Vladislav 203-5, 212
Brakov, Yevgeny 137
Brexit 319
Brezhnev, Leonid: economy under 116;
glasnost-era criticism of 121; protest
under 38; Soviet Constitution under
96, 199, 257.n23; and television 131-2
bribery, of journalists see corruption, in
media
Brodsky, Iosif 23
The Brothers Karamazov 14—15, 17
Buchanan, Pat 78
Budyonnovsk hostage-taking 255, 299-300
Bukharin, Nikolai 134, 238
Burbulis, Gennady 169-71, 175, 179,
191-3, 195
Burlatsky, Fyodor 104, 128, 141, 185.n8
Bychenko, Andrii 327
Bykov, Dmitry 315
Byzantine tradition 60-1, 96, 265
campaign financing 227-9, 236, 271
capitalism: bandit 83, 237; crony 251,
295; oligarchic 238, 244, 262; post-
Soviet 212; in repressive states 306
Capital Research Management 290
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow
28-9, 134
Catherine the Great 10, 34, 344
censorship: contemporary support for 18;
in glasnost era 142; and hostage crises
301: informal equivalents of 108-9; of
internet 325, 331; legal and constitu-
tional provisions on 41-2; and lying
94; Mill on 12-13; Milton on 11-12;
oligarchic 240, 244; Radishchev on
10-11; religious 26-7; Russian history
of 35-6; self- 42, 59, 72, 108, 143, 307;
and self-deception 62; in Ukraine 329;
under Putin 289, 295, 307, 316, 321,
344; under Yeltsin 191, 202, 204, 208
Central Electoral Commission 210-11
Central Television (USSR) 131, 153,
158-9, 167, 196; see also first channel;
second channel
Chaykova, Nadezhda 83
Chechnya: Babitsky’s coverage of 274;
Chemokozovo detention camp 274-5;
deaths of media professionals in 81,
83; Izvestiya on 238; Navalny and 315;
Putin’s war in 47, 49-50, 264, 269,
Index 349
273, 304-5; TV coverage of 220—2,
272, 292; Yeltsin’s war in 228-9, 247;
see also terrorism
Chernenko, Konstantin 23
Chernobyl disaster 117-18, 129, 149, 267
Chernomyrdin, Viktor: in 1996 elections
230; and Budyonnovsk hostage-taking
299; censorship of stories about 244;
and Gazprom 234, 240, 246; and
Lebed 235; on legacy of 1990s 3; and
the media 282; and Mukusyev 216;
and oligarchs 251, 292; rejected by
Duma 249
Chernyaev, Anatoly 162.n80
Chikin, Valentin 281
China: 76,306, 313
Chirikova, Yevgeniy a 323
Chomsky, Noam 296
Chronicle of Current Events 38
Chubais, Anatoly: and 1996 elections
223, 227-9; and 1996 elections 259-60;
and 1999 elections 251-2; campaign
against Lebed 235; media supporting
234, 238, 240; and privatisation 188,
217; and REN TV 308.n89; Skuratov’s
investigation into 249; and TVS
294-5; and Writer’s case 236-7,
243-4
Chubais, Igor 334
Chukrai, Pavel 212
Churbanov, Yury 123
CIA 89, 279, 325
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent
States) 197, 200
Clinton, Bill 204
CNN: in 1991 coup 171; and Beslan
crisis 302; screening on Russian TV
222; and Vilnius killings 156; and
Yeltsin-Parliament crisis 206
colour revolutions 289, 295, 297
Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers 298
Communist Party: in 1930s purges 75;
denial of free speech to 12; end of
monopoly of power 43, 152, 196; in
Lithuania 155; newspapers of 43; and
Putin 230, 271; in Russian elections
223, 225-6, 230-1, 263; self-criticism
under 142; Yeltsin rejecting 146
Communist Party Central Committee:
corruption among 123; and Pravda 43
Congress of People’s Deputies (1989):
criticism of Gorbachev in 2; criticism
of Yeltsin in 137; elections to 145, 148;
and free speech 147, 149; journalists in
66; Kravchenko in 154; and media law
43; post-Soviet 195, 200—3
conspiracy theory 49, 73, 106, 182, 210,
296
Constitution of Russian Federation, 41-2,
96, 204, 258.n48, 324
Constitutional Court 201,203-4, 206, 216
consumerism 27, 60, 127
corruption: journalists exposing 3, 78,
80, 82, 144, 216-17; in media 58, 72,
213-14; Skuratov’s investigation into
250; in Soviet era 23, 123
cosmopolitanism 128, 317
Counter-terrorism Convention 47
coup of August 1991: blacklist of detai-
nees 166,185.n8; commemoration of
182-5; journalists in 56, 125;
newspapers in 176-7, banned news-
papers! 86. n26 ; perceptions of 163-4,
180-2; plotters of 153, 157, 164-6;
precursors of 126; TV coverage of
172-6; witness accounts of 167-72,
178—9.n8
CPI (Committee for the Protection of
Journalists) 81
Crimea crisis: ATR TV 345; instigation
of 89, 94; intelligentsia supporting
276; and internet trolling 336; and
media 71, 310, 326, 333-^4, 345; and
protests 47, 182; Ukrainian response
to 329
Crimean Tatars 38, 127, 345
criticism, in Soviet era 65, 141-2
cult of personality: of Putin 242, 264; in
Soviet era 37, 96, 130, 184
cultural imperialism 61
Custine, Marquis de 33, 89, 99
cyberattacks 81, 312, 313
cynicism 38, 57-8, 84, 93, 245-6, 264, 321
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of 104
Dagestan 49, 272, 274-5
Decree on the Press (1917) 37
dehumanisation 334
democracy: authoritarian 262, 336;
façade of 97, 265, 288; ‘ecumenical’
25; hereditary 266; imitation 78, 271,
277; journalists’ attitudes to 68-9;
‘majority’ 98, 262-3, 320; ‘managed’
20, 78, 97, 265-6, 288; ‘sovereign’ 263,
297; virtual 97, 326; see also liberal
democracy
democratic institutions 63, 192, 265, 283,
290, 321
350 Index
démocratisation 121, 149, 153
Den 193, 199-200, 207-8, 257.n44
Deripaska, Oleg 294-5
déstalinisation 37
dictatorship of the law 265-7
disasters: and glasnost 117-18, 285;
internet coverage of 314
disinformation 48, 92, 94, 100, 150, 327,
329, 335
Disinformation Digest and Disinformation
Review 329
Dissenters’ Marches 324
Dobrodeyev, Oleg 63, 67, 69, 83, 246,
252, 259.n70, 272, 283, 292-3
Doctrine of Information Security see
Information Security Doctrine
Dodolev, Yevgeny 214-15
Do i posle polunochi 135-7
Domnikov, Igor 81, 84, 88.n69
Donahue, Phil 119-20
Donetsk 122, 328, 334
doping scandal 107
Dorenko, Sergei: in 1999 elections 255;
as Berezovsky’s attack dog 74, 244,
276; and Ekho Moskvy 311; inter-
viewing Putin 281; on Izvestiya 241;
and Mabetex case 250; taken off air
285-6; on Vremya 222
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor: on freedom 14-18,
20, 57, 346; on lying 98; and skandal
30; and the West 96
doublethink 90, 100
Dozhd’ channel: and 2012 protests 324;
crackdown on 330, 333; Lesnevskaya
and 308; liberal broadcasters on 105;
Medvedev and 52; satire on 315;
survival of 345
Dubin, Boris 64, 95
Dubinin, Sergei 237
Dubrovka Theatre 300
Dudayev, Dzokhar 220-1
Dugin, Aleksandr 25
Duma: Tsarist 36; under Putin 105;
under Yeltsin 245-7; under Yeltsin
258.n48
Durov, Pavel 331
Dvenadtsatyy etazh 134
Dyachenko (Yumashova), Tatyana
190, 228, 230, 233, 247, 251-2,
276
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks 182-4
Dzhavadov v, Russia 45
dzhinsa 58-9
Dzyadko, Tikhon 308
Edipress 332
editorial independence 44, 199, 239, 242,
332
Educated Media Foundation 70, 298-9
Eisenstein, Sergei 99
EJ.ru 331
Ekho Moskvy: in 1991 coup 177-9;
foundation of 153; Gusinsky acquiring
233, 252; and hostage crises 301-2;
liberal broadcasters on 105; in Putin
era 60, 311, 345
Enlightenment 10, 14, 16-17, 20, 22, 152
Entin, Vladimir 42
Ernst, Konstantin 214-15, 272
Estemirova, Natalya 88.n69, 273
Estonia 43, 223
Euromaidan 70, 316, 327-30, 336
European Court of Human Rights 45-6
European Institute of the Media (EIM)
211,225,255,271
European Union 70, 329, 337
extremism, laws against 45-6, 330-1
façade 60, 94, 96-8, 210, 265, 288, 307
Facebook 85, 232, 324, 331, 335, 344
Farage, Nigel 296
fascism: in post-Soviet period 193, 205,
207-8; Soviet discourse on 22;
Ukraine accused of 93, 328
Fatherland-All Russia party 254—6
Federation Council 158, 250, 258.n48
Fedotov, Aleksandr 332
Fedotov, Mikhail 42-t, 46, 63, 202-3
feudalism 14, 305-6
FIC (Federal Information Centre) 201-3
Fifth Channel 309
fifth columnists 106, 287, 317, 335
FIMACO 249
financial crisis: global of 2008 267;
Russian of 1998 248-9
First Channel: and Beslan siege 302; and
Ernst 214; Kovalchuk’s acquisition of
309; Odnako 69;Pozner on 105;
renamed under Putin 222; in Soviet
era 131-2; in Ukraine crisis 92, 328-9;
see also ORT; Ostankino TV
first channel: and Berlusconi 194; during
coup 168; as Gosteleradio USSR 157-9;
as Ostankino TV 196; as ORT 214,
221- 222
Fishman, Mikhail 332
Flag Day 182
Flyarkovsky, Vladislav 59-60
Forbes 83, 232, 258.n59, 310, 313, 332
Index 351
‘foreign agents’ 103, 126, 297, 317-18
Four Freedoms 9, 22
fourth estate 4, 231, 307
Fox News 25
freedom: bourgeois 20-1; for me but not
for you 17, 64; monstrous 26; Orthodox
Church on 25; positive and negative
19-20, 191; Putin’s version of 265-6;
Russian and Western attitudes to 14-17;
Russian concepts of 17-19, 23, 26,
182-3; under repressive systems 34-5
Freedom House 53
free market economics 40, 188-9, 251,
269
free space 33, 51, 53, 222
free speech: in Anglo-American tradition
9, 11-13; co-existing principles 64;
current prospects for 344—6; and
democracy 199-200; and end of Soviet
era 152; enemy no. 1 of 247; legal
provisions on 41-2; limits of 34-5; and
lying 91, 231; measuring 52-3; media
responsibility for decline of 57;
Medvedev on 50-2; public perceptions
of 72; Putin’s version of 275, 277-8,
280, 321; Russian aspirations for 1-3,
33; Russian understanding of 212; use
of term 4
French Revolution 10, 183
Fridman, Mikhail 259.n79
Frost, David 271
FSB: alleged poisonings by 335; and
Babitsky affair 274—5; and Chechen
war 49-50; and Doctrine of Informa-
tion Security 287-8; and doping 107;
hackers hired by 313; and kompromat
235, 243, 294; and kompromat 259;
leaks from 312; and Politkovskaya 85,
303; and protest demonstrations
289-90.n89; Putin as head of 49, 251,
281; and Ukraine crisis 331
Furman, Dmitry 95-6
Fyodorov, Svyatoslav 230
Gaidar, Yegor 195, 200, 205-6, 209-10,
216, 238
Galloway, George 296
Gazprom: and NTV 224, 246; and ORT
232
Gazprombank 309
Gazprominvest Holding 310
Gazprom Media 233^4, 237, 284, 290-2,
309, 311
Gdlyan, Telman 123
Gelman, Aleksandr 11, 33, 128
Gelman, Marat 27
Georgia: free speech in 4; Rose Revolu-
tion in 295, 326; Russian intervention
in 60, 297, 334; in Soviet Union 117,
149-50
Gerasimov, Gennady 78
Germany, East (DDR) 82, 102, 128, 279,
282
Gessen, Masha 169, 310, 338.n20, 345
GKChP (Emergency Committee) 164—8,
172-4, 176-8, 181
glamour and lifestyle media 332-3;
glamur 268
glasnost: conservative opposition to 126-31,
143, 157; expansion of 146-7, 149,
151-2; and free speech 1-2; Gorbachev’s
intentions for 115—16, 121; limits to
142; media under 38-40, 121-2, 133^4,
140; use of term 115
Glasnost Defence Foundation (GDF) 81,
88.n63, 125-6, 318
Glavlit: end of 43; functions of 107-8;
powers of 11-12; subjects for
censorship 117-18; under glasnost
142-3, 150
Glazatov, Nikolai 108
Golembiovsky, Igor 38, 83, 150, 193,
238-43
Golos 318
GONGOs 298
Gorbachev, M. S.: and 1991 coup 3,
163-6, 168, 170, 173—4, 177, 179-80;
beginnings of glasnost under 38-9,
115; at Congress of People’s Deputies
2, 148; conservative turn of 153-4,
157-9; contemporary perceptions of
189; foreign receptions of 118-19, 145;
and historical revisionism 102; and the
media 122^4, 131, 140-2; and opposi-
tion to glasnost 129; public relations
of 116—17; reformist opposition to
125, 130, 151-2; shares in Novaya
gazeta 312; and Yeltsin 144, 193
Gorbachev, Raisa 144, 166, 180
Gorky Park 34, 137
Goskino 121
Gosteleradio (USSR): in 1991 coup 166-7,
172; breakup of 61; end of 196; at end of
Soviet era 152-6; pre-glasnost 131-2;
presenters on 68; Yakovlev as head of
125; see also VGTRK
governors, regional 189, 304
Govorukhin, Stanislav 147, 210
352 Index
Grachev, Pavel 82, 169, 176
grandeur 57, 60-1
the Grand Inquisitor 15-17, 20, 26, 337
Grand Jury of Union of Journalists 47
grani.ru 331
graphomania 62
Grazhdanin Poet 315
Great Patriotic War 328, 334
grey money 58
Gromov, Aleksei 281-2
Gromyko, Andrei 116
Gudkov, Lev 268, 327
The Gulag Archipelago 38, 159
Gummenoy, Leonid 176
Gumov, Aleksandr 156
Gusev, Pavel 194, 220-1, 313
Gusinsky, Vladimir: and 1996 elections
223-4, 231, 259.n79; and 1999 elec-
tions 244; feud with Berezovsky 251;
journalists working for 67, 69; and
Korzhakov 235; and Listyev case 214,
259.n72; and NTV 49, 60, 76, 218-20,
252, 290-1; as oligarch 233; Putin
against 94, 277, 283-5, 292, 305; sale
of media outlets 308; and Serbia-Kosovo
conflict 272; and Writer’s case 236
hate speech 42, 46, 194, 256.n9, 288, 334
hazing 298
Herzen, Alexander 4, 14, 36, 77, 115, 345
homophobia 69-70
hostage-taking 47, 67, 286, 299-303
humanism 71, 79, 233
human rights, ‘are they Russian?’ 24—5,
317, 319
Human Rights Council 42, 52
Human Rights Watch 318
hybrid warfare 89
Ikramov, Kamil 134
Illarionov, Andrei 78, 304
Illesh, Andrei 109, 239
Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan 83
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 49,
189, 201
immigrants, hostility to 66
impeachment 245-7
imperialism: ambitions of 266, 326, 336-7;
anti-western 119-20; attracted to 60-1,
77, 78, 333; cultural 61-2, 187; and
Dugin 25; fears of 152, 197; and Pro-
khanov 127, 281; symbols of 77, 184
individualism 14-15, 78, 127, 319
information, reliable 106, 281, 313
information dramaturgy 263
Information Security Doctrine 48-9, 280,
286-90, 295, 309, 316, 326
‘information services’ 59
information wars 232, 244—5, 249, 252,
254, 289, 330
Ingushetia 188, 195, 273
Instagram 74
intelligentsia: blamed for glasnost 126;
and glasnost-era TV 137, 139; and
myth-making 183; and the press 241;
and Putin 276; social role of 79; and
the West 96; and Yeltsin-parliament
conflict 207
Interfax 153-5
internet: civic and political activism via
314-15; and media law 42; Medvedev
and 51; as news source 73, 325; oli-
garch investment in 310; public fear of
18; Putin’s response to 325-6, 331,
335; Russian use of 313; supervisory
bodies for 47; and Ukraine crisis 53
Intemews see Educated Media
Foundation
Inter-Regional Group 146
Iraq War 34, 89, 280
Islam 49, 212, 322
‘Islamic State’ (Da’esh) 71
istina 97-8
ITAR-TASS 202, 205, 249
Itogi (magazine) 233, 252, 291
Itogi (TV programme) 218, 222, 227
Ivanov, Nikolai 123, 151
Ivanov, Sergei 78, 287, 298, 311
Izvestiya: in 1991 coup 176^7; and
Beslan crisis 302-3; coverage of
Congress of People’s Deputies 148;
Kovalchuk’s acquisition of 309;
oligarchs against 240-2; parliament’s
attempted seizure of 201-2, 239; print
run of 198; in Russian elections 225; in
Soviet era 38, 90, 108, 193; and Tblisi
massacre 150; under Putin 243, 272; in
Yeltsin era 238^10
Joint Council of Patriotic Forces 201
Jordan, Boris 291, 301
journalism: destruction of independent
232; investigative 217-18, 235, 272;
prostitution of 109, 279; Putin’s views
on 278-81, 307-8, 311; and spying
279-80, 330
journalists: assassination of 50-2, 80-5;
assassinations of 88; citizen 314;
Index 353
embedded 273; ethics of 71-2, 89, 92-4,
245, 335-6; foreign 92, 123, 148, 174,
197; foreign 257.n36; in glasnost era
122, 133, 142-3; relationship to power
56—8, 67-70, 73-6, 103-4, 306; and
Russian elections 209, 211; self-image
of 62-3; social and political role of
59—60, 66-7; in state and private
media 247; under Yeltsin 192-3;
women as 278, 333.n63
Judicial Chamber of Information
Disputes 46, 286
justice, and freedom 15-16
Kachkaeva, Anna 74, 237, 293
Kadyrov, Ramzan 84, 315
Kagarlitsky, Boris 182, 284
Kalugin, Oleg 275
Kara-Murza, Vladimir 293, 335, 340.n80
Karyakin, Yury 158-9
Kashin, Oleg 76
Kasparov, Gary 324
Kasparov.ru 331
Kasyanov, Mikhail 284, 335
Katyn massacre 101
Kazannik, Aleksei 148
KGB: in 1991 coup 167-8, 172, 175,
177-8, 185.n8; disinformation by 89;
former agents of 220; headquarters of
184; influence on Putin regime 283,
287; journalists exposing 122; journal-
ists working for 280.n8; Putin’s history
in 49, 279; and Yeltsin 144-6; see also
FSB
Khakamada, Irina 289
Khasbulatov, Ruslan 169-70, 172, 178,
200-5, 236, 239
Khimki forest 85, 314, 323
Khimkinskaya pravda 85
Khinshtein, Aleksandr 228, 259.n89
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 229, 259.n79,
263, 304, 328, 345
Kholodov, Dmitry 82-3, 250
Khrushchev, Nikita: and art censorship
27; boasting of 96; reforms of 35, 37
Khrushcheva, Nina 61
killer-journalists 244, 255, 271, 286
killings: contract 51,160.n37, 190-1, 214
King, Larry 285
Kino-Pravda 102
Kirill, Patriarch 24, 28-9
Kiriyenko, Sergei 245-6, 266
Kiselyov, Dmitry 70-1, 156, 222, 328,
330
Kiselyov, Yevgeny: in 1996 elections
226-7, 231; in 1999 elections 251-2;
and Lebed 235; moving to Ukraine
345; at NTV 218, 222, 272, 292-3; sex
tape of 294; Soviet-era career of 68
Kislinskaya, Lydia 236
Klebnikov, Paul 83-4, 228, 258.n59, 259.
n72, 260.n91
Klishin, Ilya 335
Kobaladze, Yury 249
Kobets, Konstantin 169, 175
Kokh, Alfred 75, 232, 236-7, 284, 291,
293
Kolokol 115
Koltsov, Mikhail 280
Komissar, Valery 155
Kommersant: in 1991 coup 177; in 1991
coup 186; and Beslan 300; circulation
of 312; independence of 313; on limits
on rallies 33; ownership of 289, 310;
Putin interviewed in 271; in Soviet era
154; and subsidies 194; and Version
Number 6 288; in Yeltsin era 152,
253-4.n26
Kommersant publishing house 225, 233,
332
Kommersant- Vlas I 310
kompromat 234-7, 248, 250-1, 259.n89,
294, 308
Komsomol 44, 135
Komsomolskaya pravda: in 1991 coup
186; circulation of 198, 312; and Con-
gress of People’s Deputies 148; and
Kursk sinking 284; and Mabetex case
250; Oneximbank’s acquisition of 234,
240; in Russian elections 225; subsidies
to 198; Yeltsin interviewed in 287.n26
Korotich, Vitaly 38, 103-4, 123-4, 133,
148, 185.n8
korporatsiya 63
Korzhakov, Aleksandr: and 1996 elec-
tions 189, 223, 227-8, 235, 259.n89;
and journalists 193.n89
Kosovo 272, 297
Kostikov, Vyacheslav 41, 189, 193, 208
Kotenkov, Aleksandr 46
Kovalchuk, Yury 308-9
Kovalyov, Sergei 34, 94-5, 220-1, 238
Kovalyov, Valentin 236
Kozak, Dmitry 34
Kozlov, Ruslan 128
Kozyrev, Andrei 169
Kravchenko, Leonid 133, 154-5, 157-9,
167-8, 173-4
354 Index
Kropotkin, Peter 14, 324
Kryuchkov, Vladimir 165-6, 168-9, 179,
185.nl2
K toporu 207,257.n44
Kudrin, Aleksei 323
Kudryavtsev, Demyan 332
Kulikov, Anatoly 235
Kulistikov, Vladimir 69, 326, 334
Kultura channel 245, 259.n71
Kunayev, Dinmukhamed 121
Kuranty 152, 177, 186.n26
Kurinnogo, Gennady 259.n67
Kurkova, Bella 137
Kuropaty 123
Kursk crisis 280, 284-5, 289, 300
Kuznetsov, Georgy 102
Kyiv protests see Euromaidan
Kyrgyzstan 295
Lapin, Sergei 132
Laptev, Ivan 142—3
Larina, Kseniya 100
The Last Temptation of Christ 26
Latsis, Otto 208, 238-9, 242
Latvia 75, 156-7, 331, 345
Latynina, Yuliya 78, 271, 309
Lazutkin, Valentin 172-3
LDPR (Liberal Democratic Party of
Russia) 209, 211
Lebed, Aleksandr 169, 176, 228-9, 235
Lebedev, Aleksandr 312
Lee Kuan Yew 78
legitimacy, and legality 199
Le Monde 240
Lenin: corpse of 96, 137, 183^1; and
freedom 17, 20-1; on journalism 66;
last testament of 124; and press cen-
sorship 37; on Russian identity 77;
statues of 184; on truth 91, 320
Leningrad: Gorbachev visiting 116;
regional television in 137-8, 151;
renaming of 185.nl 5; Siege of 19, 330;
see also St Petersburg
lenta.ru 310, 331
Leontyev, Mikhail 67, 69, 74-5, 78, 255,
328
Le Pen, Marine 319
Lesin, Mikhail: and Gazprom-Media
284, 291; and National Media Group
309; and overseas media project 295;
as press minister 247-8, 256, 272, 287,
294, 311; and Skuratov affair 251; US
property of 71; and Video International
197, 292
Lesnevskaya, Irena 45, 220, 234, 259.
n72, 308, 312
Levada, Yury 181
Levada Centre, opinion polls by 18-19,
23, 72-3, 163^1, 281
Levinson, Aleksei 324
Lezhava, Nana 303
LGBT communities 317-18, 320, 345
liberal democracy: Dugin on 25; media
in 46; and Putin’s system 97, 262, 320,
322, 346
liberal media 167, 222, 226
liberals, Putinist contempt for 77
libertarianism 78
Ligachev, Yegor 117, 126, 128, 144-5,
154, 159
Limonov, Eduard 324
Lipman, Masha 164
Lisovsky, Sergei 197, 213-15, 227
Listyev, Vladislav 83, 137, 214-16, 250,
258.n59
literary journals 43, 143
Literaturnaya gazeta 149
Literaturnaya Rossiya 207
Lithuania 138-9, 156-8
‘little green men’ 94
Litvinenko, Aleksandr 50, 214, 286
Livejoumal 51, 310, 313
loans-for-shares auctions 229, 231, 237
Lobkov, Pavel 308
Locke, John 19, 34
Logovaz 228, 232
Loshak, Andrei 344
Loshak, Viktor 243
lozK 97-100, 333
Lubyanka Square 168, 179, 183^4, 269
Lukoil 240-2, 293
LukoiLGarant 293^1
lustration 102, 220
Luzhkov, Yury 166, 193, 217, 234-5,
251-2, 254-5, 272, 276
lying: and deception 94-5; and irrational
beliefs 106; normalising 73, 95, 112,
164, 333; Russian history of 89-91, 95,
109—10; Russian words for 97-8; and
Stalinism 100-1; as weapon of war 89,
94
Lysenko, Anatoly 68, 136, 248
Lyubimov, Aleksandr 137, 167, 174, 179,
204, 206, 208-9, 215-16
Mabetex case 250-1
McCarthyism 319
McFaul, Michael 270
Index 355
mafia state 14, 80
Magnitsky Law 335
Mail.ru 310, 331
Makarevich, Andrei 74
Makashov, General 205
make-believe 98, 107
Makhno, Nestor 17, 324
Maksimovskaya, Marianna 74, 340.n80
Malashenko, Igor 223-5, 228, 259.n70,
263
Malgin, Andrei 109
Malkina, Tatyana 174
Mamontov, Arkady 29, 69, 301, 334
Mamut, Aleksandr 310
manipulation 227, 266, 335
Manning, Chelsea 79
Markelov, Stanislav 51, 88.n69
Markov, Sergei 263, 265-6, 288, 320, 322
Marx, Karl 20, 164
Maskhadov, Aslan 303
Matador 233
Mavrodi, Sergei 259.n68
Mayakovsky, Vladimir 30
media: foreign ownership of 48, 145,
287-90, 332; patrimonial system
305-10, 313; political bias of 230-2;
private ownership of 48, 247, 252,
285-6, 288-90, 295, 309; public trust
in 72-3; Putin’s views on 278-81,
307-8, 311; state ownership and con-
trol of 48-9, 247-8, 254, 277-8, 283,
316 17; state subsidies to 194, 198,
249; under Yeltsin 192-4, 202, 253; see
patrimonial media
media companies, at end of Soviet era
152-3
media empires 224, 233-4, 237, 283, 290,
292
Media Law (Russia 1991): development
of 42-5, 47, 59; and Izvestiya 241; in
Putin era 294, 331—3; Press and Other
Mass Media Law (USSR 1990) 42-4,
152-3, 155, 158; and Yeltsin-parlia-
ment crisis 202-3, 207-8
media lawyers 44, 194, 299, 331
media NGOs 88.n63, 298-9, 318
Media-MOST 233, 252, 283-4, 290-2
media professionals: deaths of 81;
emigration of 345; relationship with
power 59-60, 75, 104; self-interest of
5, 56-8; in Yeltsin era 200, 217-19; see
also journalists
media rights 44, 289, 318
Media Socium 294
Medinsky, Vitaly 107
Medvedev, Dmitry: and 1996 elections
227; awards in Georgian war 334;
constitutional changes by 96, 316; end
of term 315-16; and Human Rights
Council 42; and Katyn massacre 101;
and media 50-2, 307, 325; and
Potyomkin villages 99; and Yazov 181
Medvedev, Sergei (journalist) 172-3
Medvedev, Sergei 75
Medvedev, Vadim 43
Megapolis Express 186.n26
Memorial 103
Menatep Bank 229, 232
Metalloinvest 310
MH17 109
Migranyan, Andronik 204
Mikhalkov, Nikita 276
Mill, X S. 2, 4, 9-10, 12-19, 34, 191, 317,
321
Milton, John 9-12
Minkin, Aleksandr 51-2, 230, 236, 243,
300, 330
minorities, in Putin’s Russia 13-14, 320,
322
Mironyuk, Svetlana 329-30
Mitkova, Tatyana 71, 156, 259.n70, 293
Mitvol, Oleg 242-3
MMM investment fund 217, 259.n68
mob rule 320
Molchanov, Vladimir 136—7, 154, 174
Molodyozh Gruzii 149
Moscow: anti-Putin protests in see pro-
test movement of 2012; freedom of
media in 53; in glasnost era 135, 147;
as Third Rome 61
Moscow Radio 68, 105
Moscow State University, faculty of
journalism 17, 68, 85, 93, 231, 302,
333
Moscow Times: on Lesin 248; on Putin
270, 272; sale of 332; in Yeltsin years
228, 243^4
Moskovskaya pravda 144-5, 195, 234
Moskovskiye novosti: in 1991 coup 177;
in 1991 coup 186; and glasnost 38,
123-4, 238; ownership of 310; on anti-
Semitism 143; and Russian elections
210; and Vilnius killings 157; and
Yeltsin 145.n26
Moskovsky komsomolets 186.n26; and
1996 elections 228; and Aeroflot case
249; balancing act of 313; and Dor-
enko 285-6; financial dealings of 199;
356 Index
and hostage crises 300-1; Minkin in
51; murder of journalists at 82
Mostovshchikov, Sergei 212
Mukusev, Vladimir 137, 215-18
Muratov, Dmitry 85
Muratov, Sergei 207
Murdoch, Rupert 206, 233, 241
mythmaking 95, 99, 184
Nagorno-Karabakh 129
The Naked Truth 33
narod 211, 225
Nashi 139-40, 156-7, 220, 265
National Bolsheviks 324
National Idea 268-9
nationalism: Putin promoting 57, 107,
265-6; as Russian value 319
nationalists: and 1991 coup 181; in anti-
Putin ranks 315; enemies lists of 85;
and human rights 24, 26; Ukrainian
327-9; under Putin 304; in the West
319; and Yeltsin 53, 188, 199-200,
208; Ye. Yakovlev on 125; see also ‘red
brown’ politics
National Media Group 309
‘national traitors’ 328
NATO 89, 271, 327, 329, 333
Navalny, Aleksei 3, 28, 71, 78, 92, 97,
314-15, 322-3, 331, 333
Ne day Bog 225
Nemtsov, Boris: in 1996 elections 230;
assassination of 106, 335, 345; in Dis-
senters’ Marches 324; on end of com-
munism 11; and Svyazinvest 237; on
Ukraine falsehoods 90-2; and Yeltsin
266, 287
Nenashev, Mikhail 141, 153
neo-liberals 78, 194
nerukopozhatnyy 73
Nevzorov, Aleksandr 138-40, 156, 208,
210, 220, 334
newspapers: corruption in 59; nationalist
193, 207, 281; in post-Soviet era 198-9;
Russian history of 35-7; in Soviet era
152; turnover in ownership 308, 310;
websites of 313; and Yeltsin-parliament
crisis 207-8
Newsweek 111, 291
Nezavisimaya gazeta 181, 184, 186.n26,
187-8, 207-8, 233, 310
NGOs (non-governmental organisations):
in post-Soviet Russia 190; Russian
funding of 295; under Putin 30, 126,
297-9, 317-18, 323; see also media
NGOs
Nicholas I, Tsar 36
Nicholas II, Tsar 36
nihilism 18, 50, 93, 110, 131, 183, 290
Nikitenko, A. V. 36
Nikitinsky, Leonid 80
Nisnevich, Yuly 322
no-altemative strategy 20, 263—4, 315
nomenklatura 58, 68, 117
Nord-Ost siege 47, 84, 289, 299-301, 304
North Caucasus 67, 188
North Ossetia 188, 195, 273, 300, 303
Novaya gazeta: and Chechen war 67; and
hostage crises 301-2; independence of
311-12, 345; and internet trolls 335;
journalists killed from 50-1, 84-5,
311; on Lesin 248; in war of signatures
276
Novorossiya 336
Novoye Vremya 312
Novyye Izvestiya 233, 240, 242—3, 313
NTV: against Yeltsin 244-6, 251-2; and
Chubais 243; in financial crisis 248;
former journalists from 293-4; foun-
dation of 60, 218-20; Gorbachev on
board of 312; and hostage crises 301,
303; and kompromat 235, 237; and
Kovalchuk group 309; and Kursk
sinking 284-5; as media empire 233;
news bulletins on 222; political satire
on 40, 275-7; and Putin 49, 76, 125,
219, 263^1, 278, 284; in Russian elec-
tions 211, 222-4, 227-8, 231, 256,
271-2; screening The Last Temptation
of Christ 26; smearing protesters
325-6; state takeover of 290-3; and
Ukraine crisis 334
NTV Plus 233, 290
Obama, Barack 296
Obshchaya gazeta: in 1991 coup 177; and
Babitsky affair 274; formation of 125;
and Kholodov murder 83; and NTV
291; ownership of 234
Ob yasnite prostomy cheloveku 218
Obyedinenny bank 232
Odnako 69, 328
Ogonyok: Berezovsky’s stake in 233; cen-
sorship at 244; and glasnost 38, 123-4;
Korotich at 103-4; ownership of 310;
and Yeltsin 145
oil boom 57, 59, 267, 304, 337
Index 357
oligarchs: against Yeltsin 245-6; in
financial crisis 248-9; interference with
government policy 236—7; journalism
under 57, 67, 222, 240-2, 244, 253^;
owning media 5, 49, 232, 243, 245,
253, 289, 294, 305, 307-10; privatisa-
tion’s creation of 229; and Putin 94,
283, 292, 306-8
OMON 139, 155, 289
Oneximbank 234, 236-7, 240-2
Open Russia foundation 345
Operation Thunder 176, 178
opposition, loyal 67, 141, 321
ORT (Public Russian Television): Bere-
zovsky’s influence at 222, 232-3, 237,
244, 285-6; and Chubais 243; in
financial crisis 248; Listyev as head of
214-15; loans to 291; and NTV 251,
292; propaganda on 221-2; in Russian
elections 222, 225, 228, 245, 254-6,
271-2
Orwell, George 100
Osokin, Mikhail 340.n80
Ostankino TV: and Chechnya 220;
funding of 213-14; Mukusev and 216;
post-Soviet restructuring 196-7;
privatisation of 214, 220; in struggle
between Yeltsin and parliament 200-5,
208—9, 257.n36; Yeltsin and 195;
Youth Department 68; Zhirinovsky
and 212; see also First Channel; ORT
Ostrovsky, Arkady 304
the Other Russia 324
Pamyat 125, 143, 148, 193, 255
Panama Papers 313
Panfilov, Oleg 83, 88.n63, 289
Pankin, Aleksei 64
Pankin, Boris 270
Parfyonov, Leonid 76, 82, 293
Parkhomenko, Sergei 70, 208, 252
Pasternak, Boris 101, 121, 123
Pasti, Svetlana 71-2
Patarkatsishvili, Badri 214, 310
patrimonial media 305-10, 313
patron-client networks 268
Pavlensky, Pyotr 27
Pavlov, Valentin 165, 185.nl 2
Pavlovsky, Gleb: on awards to media
334; manipulating dissidents 65;
cno-altemative’ strategy 20, 263-5; on
Politkovskaya 85; on Putin’s sources of
information 281; on Putin’s team 266;
on Russian nihilism 290; on
Ukraine 48
Peck, Rory 257.n36
people’s power 97, 147, 182, 316
perestroika: and glasnost 39, 116; second
phase of 121
Peskov, Dmitry 74—5, 264, 281
Peter the Great 35-6, 78, 188
Petrovskaya, Irina: beginning of career
213; and Beketov’s memorial 85; and
Beslan 304; on Dorenko 244; on state
media 247; and Ukraine crisis 344; on
Yeltsin 221, 231
photocopiers 142, 159, 170, 173
photography, faking of 101, 328-9, 334
Pikhoya, Lyudmila 193
Pilnyak, Boris 77
Pinochet, Augusto 26, 78, 179, 189, 265-6,
306
Piontkovsky, Andrei 244
Pipes, Richard 305-6
plagiarism 62, 107
pluralism: and free speech 64; Mill on 12;
on RT 296; in Russian media 2, 4, 91,
247, 288, 295; Russian understanding
of 212; in Soviet thinking 140-2;
under Yeltsin 194
Plyushchev, Aleksandr 311
Poegli, Vadim 82
poisoning 214, 303, 335
political correctness 322
political technology 20, 262-6, 270, 280,
289, 296, 306
Politkovskaya, Anna: and Beslan crisis
303; husband of 160; on journalist
solidarity 63-^1; murder of 84-5, 88.
n69; reporting on Chechnya 67, 84,
273; on self-censorship 59.n37
Politkovsky, Aleksandr 137, 157, 159,
174-5, 204, 208
Poltoranin, Mikhail: in 1991 coup 170,
172; in 1991 coup 185; in Congress of
People’s Deputies 148; and FIC 201;
on fourth estate 4; and purge of Yelt-
sin 144-6; and Soviet-era media 142;
as Yeltsin’s press minister 194-5, 198-9,
216.n8
Ponomaryov, Aleksandr 293
Ponomaryov, Lev 28, 164
Ponomaryov, Mikhail 221
pop music 135-7
Popov, Gavriil 151
Popper, Karl 11
358 Index
Poptsov, Oleg 185.n8, 201, 205-6, 211,
221-2, 248, 259.n77, 272
pornography 10, 18, 26, 219, 279
postmodernism 91, 263, 296, 321
post-Soviet myths 334
Potanin, Vladimir 234, 236-7, 240, 259.
n79, 303, 309-10
Potyomkin villages 98-9
power, non-political 263
Pozner, Vladimir 57, 104-6, 108, 119-20,
222, 233, 291-2
PR: black 59, 72, 209; and Chechen war
273; of journalists 253; and political
technology 263-4
Pravda: in 1991 coup 176; coverage of
Putin in 271; as CPSU organ 43, 238;
in glasnost era 116-17, 122, 141-2;
smears of Yeltsin in 145; subsidies to
198; on Tblisi massacre 149; in Tsarist
era 59; in Yeltsin-parti ament conflict
195, 200, 207-8
pravda (word) 97
PR companies 197
Press and Other Mass Media Law
(USSR 1990) see Media Law
Pribylovsky, Vladimir 110, 242, 268
Primakov, Yevgeny 189, 195-6, 249,
254-5, 294
primitive beliefs 106, 143
privatisation 188, 214, 217, 229, 236
production companies 58, 60, 152, 197,
213-14, 220, 234
professionalism, as corruption 71-2
Profmedia 309
Prokhanov, Aleksandr 127, 208, 281, 311
Prokhorov, Mikhail 313, 323
propaganda: homosexual 70, 318; and
journalism 75, 93, 280; and lying 90,
94; article in Constitution against 41;
odnako 69; in Soviet era 37, 109
protest demonstrations: and deaths of
journalists 82, 85; FSB overreaction
289-90; limits on 33-4; Patriarch
Kirill on 29; and Putin-Medvedev
swap 97; in Soviet era 1, 147, 157-8,
176; supporting NTV 291
protest movement of 2012 182, 316, 322-3;
and internet 313, 315, 324-5; and
media 309, 336; and Pussy Riot 27-9;
Putin’s response to 295, 311, 317; state
response to 3, 318, 322, 331
Public Chamber 298
public opinion, study of 147
Pugo, Boris 185.nl2, 186.n32
Puppets 40, 218, 259.n70, 275-7
Pushkin, Alexander 36, 319
Pushkov, Andrei 65
Pussy Riot: beaten by Cossacks 317; and
the internet 315; punk prayer 27-30,
323; and religious conservatism 25,
318-19
Putin, Vladimir: and 1991 coup 169-70,
181; in 1999 elections 251, 254; in
2000 elections 270-1; accidents under
118; and Babitsky affair 275; constitu-
tional changes by 304; and hostage
crises 300, 302; independent media
under 310-13; influence of Soviet era
on 282; information sources 281; on
journalist murders 80, 84; law and
order policy 267; and Mabetex case
251; on media and journalism 278-81,
307-8, 311; media policy of 4-5, 47-9,
53, 90, 247-8, 272, 283-8, 290, 295-6;
media subservience to 57, 271-2, 276,
286, 305; Millennium Message 268,
271, 288; and NGOs 297; personal
wealth of 267; and political technol-
ogy 262-4; pool of approved journal-
ists 193, 281; popularity of 49-50, 60,
268-9; pre-presidency career 269-70;
on Pussy Riot 30; rewards for media
personnel 334; swapping roles with
Medvedev 50-2, 96, 281-2, 315-16;
sycophancy to 77; third term of
316-19, 325, 333, 336-7; trappings of
power 184; xenophobia under 66
Pyatoye koleso 137-8
pyramid schemes 217
racism: in football 66; and glasnost 143;
in Russian politics 79
Radio Liberty 69, 273, 312, 334
Radio Russia 157-8, 245
Radishchev, Alexander 9—10, 12, 28, 34,
191, 344
Radzikhovsky, Leonid 276
Razvozzhayev, Leonid 326
RBK 313
Reagan, Ronald 118-19, 121
reality: alternative 98, 315, 324; virtual 4
rebellion, and freedom 17
Ted brown’ politics 127, 140, 200, 208,
281, 345; newspapers 257n44
Red Square (TV show) 204, 208
regime change 21, 266, 297
Regional Press Institute 318
Reklama-Holding 213
Index 359
religious conservatism 25
REN TV: foundation of 234; and hos-
tage crises 301-2; independence of 60;
and privatisation of ORT 214; sale of
308-9
Reshetov, Pyotr 156
‘responsibility to protect’ 297
Revenko, Yevgeny 303
RIA Novosti 70, 283, 329-30
Richter, Andrei 44, 46-7, 198
Right Sector 328, 331
Roginsky, Arkady 103
ROGs 324
Romanova, Olga 301
Romir surveys 18
Roosevelt, Eleanor 21
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 9, 22
Rosinform centre 273
Roskomnadzor 47, 310, 330-1, 345
Rossiiskaya gazeta 186.n26, 200,257.
n33, 301
rossiiskaya 338.nl 5
Rossiya bank 309
Rossiya channel 302-3
Rossiya Segodnya 70, 330
Rost, Yury 149-50
Rostov, Yury 156
RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative
Socialist Republic) 128, 152-3, 158-9
RT network 71, 289, 295-7, 330
RTR: and Chechnya 220-1; Dobrodeyev
at 272; funding of 213; and Mukusev
216; news bulletins on 222; and NTV
292; as opposition channel 196; in
Russian elections 224—5, 245; and
Skuratov 250-1; and struggle between
Yeltsin and parliament 200-2, 204-5,
245
rules of the game 41, 63, 72, 268
Rusbridger, Alan 319-20
Russia: attempted modernisations of 90;
contemporary political spectrum in
78-9; dual identity of 76-8, 95-6; his-
torical revisionism in 101-3, 106-7;
legislature of see Congress of People’s
Deputies; Duma; Russian Supreme
Soviet; Mill on 13; patrimonial type of
feudalism 305-6; post-Soviet transi-
tion of 189-91; presidential inaugura-
tion ceremony 184; values in 79-80; as
victimised 333, 336-7; see also protest
movement of 2012
Russian elections: 1993 209-12; 1996
222-31; 1999 244, 251, 254-5; 2000
270-2, 276; 2011 318, 322-3; under
Putin 265
Russian National Unity 205
Russian News Service 309
Russian Orthodox Church 16, 24-8, 206,
316-17, 319
Russian Revolutions: 1905 36; February
1917 18, 20, 35, 37, 147, 180; October
1917 35, 37, 99, 127
Russian Supreme Soviet 153, 155, 169,
172, 200, 204
‘Russia without Putin’ 47, 316
Russky kuryer 242, 302
Russky poryadok 207-8
‘Russophobes’ 317, 328
Rutskoi, Aleksandr 175, 178, 200, 204—6
Ryazanov, Eldar 203
Rykovtseva, Yelena 278, 291-2
Rynska, Bozhena 75
Ryzhkov, Vladimir 324
Ryzhov, Yury 170
Sagalayev, Eduard 39, 68, 134, 303-A
Sakharov, Andrei 2, 121, 146, 148, 151,
282
Sakwa, Richard 182, 265
Salye, Marina 270, 338.n20
samizdat 38, 62
Samodurov, Yury 27
Samsonov, Viktor 169
Sanoma 332
Satarov, Georgy 190, 193, 266
satire 40, 62, 184, 218, 315
sausages, freedom exchanged for 26
Savchuk, Lyudmila 336
scapegoats 14, 61, 319-20
Schroeder, Gerhard 308
Sechin, Igor 69
Second Programme (USSR) 131-2; see
also Central Television and second
channel
second channel 153, 196, 213; see also
RTR
Security Council 42, 48, 232, 251, 287
Segodnya 69, 208, 231, 233, 252, 270,
276, 291
self-censorship 42, 59, 72, 108, 143, 307
self-interest 15-16, 57, 72, 79-80, 92, 94
self-regulation 46-7, 63
Semago, Vladimir 229
Sem Dnei 233
Serbia 272, 334
Severyanin, Igor 136
sexism 278-9
360 Index
sex scandals 236, 250, 294
Shakhrai, Sergei 24
Shakirov, Raf 243, 303
Shaposhnikov, Yevgeny 178
Sharogradskaya, Anna 318
Shatrov, Mikhail 127
Shchekochikhin, Yury 50, 88.n69, 185.n8
Shenderovich, Viktor 232, 259.n70, 264,
276-7, 284, 293, 340.n80
Shevardnadze, Eduard 117, 150, 154,
176, 255
Shevelyov, Grigory 222
Shishkin, Gennady 168
Sibneft 232
signatures, war of 276
siloviki groups 267-8
Simonov, Aleksei 64, 81, 126, 231, 318
Simonov, Vladimir 120-1
Simonyan, Margarita 296, 311
Sindeyeva, Natalya 324
Sinyavsky, Andrei 62
sixties, generation of the 37-8, 53, 238-9
Skillen, Anthony 12
Sklyarov, Yury 144
Skuratov, Yury 249-51
slang, criminal 50, 264, 268
Slavophile tradition 25, 77, 95, 143
Slon.ru 324
Smolensky, Aleksandr 225, 249, 259.n79
Snowden, Edward 79, 319
soap operas, Latin American 198
Sobchak, Anatoly 49, 139, 169, 174, 185.
nl5, 259-60.n89, 269-70, 301
Sobchak, Kseniya 301, 323
Sobesednik 184
Sochi Winter Olympics 34, 107, 263, 312,
317
social contract 15, 23, 99
social media 3, 74, 304, 310, 313-14,
324-5, 335
socio-economic rights 22-3
soft power 1
Sokolov, Maksim 63, 85
Sokolov, Sergei 57, 67-8, 80
solidarity, journalistic 56, 63-4, 83, 124,
159, 167, 241, 244
Solntsevo mafia 236
Solovyov, Vladimir 334
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander: Andropov
targeting 282; and pluralism 140-1;
religious conservatism of 25-6, 143;
works of 38
Sorokina, Svetlana 108, 221, 340.n80
Soros, George 237, 271, 291
Soskovets, Oleg 223
Sovershenno sekretno 236
Sovetskaya Rossiya: in 1991 coup 176;
and Andreyeva letter 126, 128; and
Kukly 40; and Putin 281; subsidies to
198; in Yeltsin-parliament conflict 200,
207-8
‘Soviet reality* 4, 63, 98-9, 325
Soviet Union: August 1991 coup see
coup of August 1991; breakup of 1, 9,
11, 40, 181, 188; censorship under 37,
107-9, 307; collective responsibility
under 73-4; CP monopoly on truth
under 91; dissident movement in 38;
ethnic conflicts in 125; and human
rights 21^4; and human rights 31;
ideological legacy of 57, 63-5, 79;
journalists under 103—4-; legislatures of
see Congress of People’s Deputies;
USSR Supreme Soviet; national
anthem of 287; overseas broadcasting
of 68; patrimonial system under 306;
referendum on future of 158; rhetoric
and reality in 96, 99-101, 307, 336;
and Spanish Civil War 280; statues of
leaders 184; union treaty of 1991 165.
n26
‘space-bridges’ 119-20, 134
spin 15, 94, 97, 189, 270, 328
Sputnik News 330
Stalin: contemporary popularity of 102;
in election campaigns 225; engineering
of the soul 20; and glasnost era 123,
127, 129; and Holodomor 327; and
Izvestiya 238; press under 244; Putin’s
toast to 269; on self-criticism 142;
Soviet constitution of 96; statues of
184; Terror under 100-1
Starkov, Vladislav 151
Starodubtsev, Vasily 185.nl2
Starovoytova, Galina 102, 250
Sterligov, Aleksandr 201
Stolichny Bank 225, 232
Stolitsa 152, 186.n26
stop-lists 109
St Petersburg, restoration of name 185;
see also Leningrad.nl 5
STS-Media 309
suicide bombings 301, 304, 313-14
sultanism 306
Sungorkin, Vladimir 234
superpower status 5, 57, 61, 295
Supreme Soviet see Russian Supreme
Soviet; USSR Supreme Soviet
Index 361
Surkov, Vladislav 263, 265, 297, 327
Svanidze, Nikolai 192, 222, 226, 243, 283
svoboda 17-19, 33
Svyazinvest 236-7
Swan Lake 163-4, 166, 173, 319
Sychev, Andrei 298
Syria 71, 92, 296, 328, 333, 336
Takiye Dela 218
4tak zhif neVzya 147
TASS 108, 149-50, 152-4, 156, 168; see
also ITAR-TASS
Tatarstan 188, 272
Tbilisi, massacre in 125, 137, 149-50
‘telephone law5 109, 142, 154, 196
television: advertising on 197; corruption
in 212-14; public trust in 73; reorga-
nisation under Yeltsin 247; and Rus-
sian elections 209—10, 225, 255-6; in
Soviet era 116-20, 131-9, 147, 153-5,
217-18; in struggle between Yeltsin
and parliament 201-3, 205-6; under
Putin 131, 289-90, 304, 325, 333-4,
336, 345-6
television channels: post-Soviet 61-2,
196—8, 222; religious 25
Tenth World Russian People’s
Convocation 24
terrorism: Chechen 299-302; in Doctrine
of Information Security 48; and limits
on freedom 34; media coverage of 47
Thatcher, Margaret 120-1
Tikhomirov, Aleksandr 133
Timchenko, Galina 331
Time magazine 298
Timoshenko, Boris 88.n63, 318
Tizyakov, Aleksandr 185.nl2
TNT network 233
Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda 28-30
Tolstoy, Leo 14, 18, 36, 192
Tomsk-2 299
top-down reforms 37, 39
trade unions, in Soviet era 63
traditional values 25, 28, 49, 269, 317,
319
Transdniestria 205
Transneft 315
Travkin, Nikolai 210
Tregubova, Yelena 270, 281, 339.n49
Tretyakov, Vitaly 63, 85, 181, 206-7,
321-2
trolls 335-6
Trotsky, Leon 59, 127, 134, 143
Trud 176, 198, 240, 310
Trump, Donald 319
truth: as first casualty of war 47; and
journalistic ethics 71, 80, 83, 85, 91;
and pluralism 64; power of 10, 12; in
Putin era 91-2; recognizing 13, 16;
Russian words for 97-8; in Soviet era
23
‘truthers’ 296
tsarism: censorship under 9, 12-13, 36;
lying under 98; return to values of 106;
trappings of power 60
Tsereteli, Zurab 216-17
TSN 156-8
Turkey 191, 306, 333, 336-7
Turkmenistan 313
Turner, Ted 291
TV6 53, 233, 293-4
TV Centre (channel) 75, 234, 255-6, 272;
also TVTs 259.n77
TVS 294-5
Twitter 50-1, 99, 313-14, 324-5, 335
Udaltsov, Sergei 323, 326
Ukraine: Eastern 74, 89, 91, 109, 326,
329, 337; free speech in 4, 329; hate
speech about 42, 344; Orange Revolu-
tion in 295, 323, 327; Russian inter-
vention in 297; Russian migrants to
345; TV disinformation on 69, 333;
Yeltsin and 181
Ukraine crisis: and the internet 325; and
media 53, 66, 70-1, 73, 100, 289, 326,
335; Putin’s manipulation of 47-8, 60,
327- 8; Russian lies about 89, 91-3,
328- 9; see also Euromaidan
Ulyanov, Mikhail 130
‘undesirables’ 317-18
Union of Film-makers 128, 140
Union of Journalists 42-3, 47-8, 85, 159,
199, 216, 247, 291
Union of Right Forces 304
Union of Writers 44, 130, 143, 276
United Russia party 29, 97, 314, 323
United States: media in 34; and RT 295-6;
sanctions on Russia 309, 327, 335,
337; State Department 84, 295, 323,
325
Unity (Yedinstvo) 254-6, 264
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
9, 21-2, 24-5
un-Russian behaviour 317-20
Ural republics 188
Urazhtsev, Vitaly 172
uskoreniye 116
362 Index
Usmanov, Alisher 310, 331
USSR see Soviet Union
USSR Supreme Soviet: in 1991 coup 177;
broadcast sessions of 155; in glasnost
era 147—8, 158; newspaper of 128;
newspaper of 257.n33
Uzbek affair 123, 151
Valdai forum 330
value minority 80, 346
Varennikov, General 166, 176
Vasilyev, Andrei 64, 292, 315
Vasilyev, Dmitry 255
Vedomosti 35-6, 313, 332, 334, 345
Venediktov, Aleksei: and 1991 coup 177-8;
in 1999 election 252; and Beslan crisis
302; on Putin and free speech 280,
307; recipe for success 311; selfies with
Putinists 74-5
Vengerov, Anatoly 46
Verkhin, Viktor 122
Version Number 6 288
Versiya 310
Verzilov, Pyotr 29
Vesti (TV programme) 59-60, 221
Vesti nedeli 70
VGTRK: Dobrodeyev as head of 69,
272, 292; foundation of 196; loans to
291; reorganisation under Yeltsin 245-7;
and Yeltsin’s ‘family’ 248
VID 214-16
Video International 197, 248, 292, 309
Vilchek, Vsevolod 197, 213
Vilnius, 1991 killings in 70-1, 125-6, 137,
139, 155-6, 173
Vinogradov, Vladimir 259.n79
Vinokurov, Aleksandr 324
virtuality 94, 97, 298
VKontakte 310, 331
vlast’ 60
Voina collective 29, 32.n52
Volin, Aleksei 92-4
Volkova, Tatyana 79
Voloshin, Aleksandr 230, 252, 277
Voltaire 9, 28
volya 17-19, 33, 141, 183, 286
Von Eggert, Konstantin 333
Voynovich, Vladimir 132
vranyo 97-100
Vremechko 222
Vremya: in 1991 coup 172, 174, 176; and
Chernobyl 118; coverage of Congress
of People’s Deputies 148; and resigna-
tion of Shevardnadze 154; Sergei
Dorenko’s 222; in Soviet era 132-3; on
Tblisi massacre 149-50; on Vilnius
killings 156
VTsIOM 211, 300
Vyshinsky, Andrei 21, 31.n27
Vzglyad: in 1991 coup 174-5; and brib-
ery 58; former members of team 206,
214-16; in glasnost era 122, 135-7;
independent production company 152;
Kravchenko’s closure of 154, 157, 330;
presenters of 68; underground version
159
Wallace, Mike 279-80
war on terror 269
Wei My 240
the West: combating influence on Russia
of 297; human rights in 25; nationalist
and xenophobic parties in 319; Rus-
sian attitudes to 48-9, 62, 71, 96, 320;
Soviet depictions of 132-3; support for
Putin in 269-70
whataboutism 30, 110, 296
whistle-blowers 298, 315
White House (Moscow): in 1991 coup
163, 165-6, 169-73, 175-6, 178-80;
Putin as prime minister 282; Yeltsin’s
bombardment of 188, 205-7
Writers’ case 236
xenophobia 66, 79, 143, 319
Xerox box, cash in the 227-8, 235
Yabloko (party) 125, 210, 247, 304, 314
Yakov, Valery 240-3
Yakovlev, Aleksandr: on Andreyeva
letter 126, 129; on diversity 65-6; on
expansion of glasnost 146; in Gorba-
chev’s government 117; at ORT 233;
on Yeltsin 145
Yakovlev, Yegor: in 1991 coup 177,
185.n8; and Andreyeva letter 128; and
censorship 142; in Congress of Peo-
ple’s Deputies 148-50; in glasnost era
123-b, 129, 238; as head of Ostankino
197; and Obshchaya gazeta 234, 274;
on post-Soviet era 68-9; and Russian
parliament 200; and Vilnius killings
157, 239.n8; Yeltsin’s dismissal of
195
Yakubovich, Leonid 215
Yanayev, Gennady 168, 174; 185.nl2
Yanukovich, Viktor 97, 316, 327
Yaroshevsky, Vitaly 83, 311-12
Index 363
Yashin, Ilya 323
Yavlinsky, Grigory 11, 124-5, 206, 230,
249, 271-2, 276
Yazov, Dmitry 165, 169, 176, 179, 181,
185.nl2
Yefimov, Nikolai 177
Yefremov, Mikhail 315
Yeltsin, Boris: and 1991 coup 163-6,
168-74, 176—80, 182-3; in 1996 elec-
tions 125, 184, 221-5, 228-9, 263;
attacks on as president 65; and Che-
chen war 11, 188, 220-1; conflict with
parliament 199-207; constitutional
reforms 258; contemporary percep-
tions of 189—90; criticism of Putin 285,
287; economic policies of 188-9, 216;
and end of USSR 61, 180-1; ‘family’
of 246-52; free speech under 1,4, 35,
40-1, 52—4, 187-8, 192-6, 252-3, 322;
in glasnost era 117, 135, 137; as Gor-
bachev’s opponent 144-6, 148, 151-3,
155, 157-9; hands-off style of 191-2,
240; health of 229-30; and historical
revisionism 101-2; and Izvestiya
240-1; journalism under 56—7; killings
of journalists under 82-3; media law
under 45; media privatisation 214;
media subsidies under 198-9; naming
Putin as successor 254, 262, 266-7;
and the oligarchs 233, 244-6, 251; and
Russian national idea 268; and TVS
294.n48
Yeltsin, Naina 170, 220
Yesenin, Sergei 30, 77
Yevstafyev, Arkady 227
Yevstafyev, Vladimir 197
Yevtushenko, Yevgeny 66, 184
YouTube 28, 70, 264, 296, 323
Yudina, Larisa 83
Yugoslavia, journalists killed in 217, 259.
n67
Yukos oil company 229, 289, 304
Yumashov, Valentin 230, 247
Yushenkov, Sergei 50
Zadornov, Mikhail 76-7
zakazukha 58
Zakharov, Dmitry 137
Zamyatin, Ilya 16, 77
Zasursky, Ivan 242
Zasursky, Yasen 85, 302
Zavtra 208, 281
Zerkalo 222
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 199, 208-12,
311
Zickus, Egidijus 156
Zionism 127, 143
Zizek, Slavoj 296
Znamya 43-4, 143
Znaniye Society 151
zoning of public space 320
Zygar, Mikhail 92-3
Zyuganov, Gennady 223-6, 230, 271,
276-7
Freedom of Speech in Russia
Politics and media from Gorbachev
to Putin
Daphne Skillen
R Routledge Taylor amp; Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
Contents
Introduction 1
PART 1 7
1 Liberties and rights 9
I Liberty or licence? 9
II Human rights or human obligations? 21
III The trial of Pussy Riot 27
2 Dimensions of free speech 33
I What size free space? 33
II Laws and rules of the game 41
3 What price free speech? 56
I A lucrative profession 56
II A journalist in Russia is more than a journalist 66
III The ultimate price 80
4 The normalisation of lying 89
/ Living with lies 89
II Two kinds of lying 97
III The lies of censorship 107
PART 2
5 The Gorbachev era: glasnost 115
I The Gorby phenomenon 115
II Central television 131
III Glasnost breaks free 146
viii Contents
6 The coup: give freedom a chance
I Tragedy or farce? 163
II Freedom and national identity 180
7 The Yeltsin era: free speech 187
I Transition to democracy 187
II Soviet television dismantled 196
III Television and cash 212
IV Media empire-building 238
8 The Putin regime: patrimonial media 262
I The Putin Project 262
II Putin and free speech 277
III Doctrine of Information Security 287
IV Putin s third presidential term: truth and alternative
realities 315
Conclusion 344
Index 347
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Skillen, Daphne |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1124545727 |
| author_facet | Skillen, Daphne |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Skillen, Daphne |
| author_variant | d s ds |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043988635 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | P95 |
| callnumber-raw | P95.82.S65 |
| callnumber-search | P95.82.S65 |
| callnumber-sort | P 295.82 S65 |
| callnumber-subject | P - Philology and Linguistics |
| classification_rvk | MG 85170 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)973160610 (DE-599)BVBBV043988635 |
| dewey-full | 302.230947084 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 302 - Social interaction |
| dewey-raw | 302.230947084 |
| dewey-search | 302.230947084 |
| dewey-sort | 3302.230947084 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1985- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1985- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion Soviet Union Politics and government 1945-1991 Russia (Federation) Politics and government 1991- Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Soviet Union Politics and government 1945-1991 Russia (Federation) Politics and government 1991- Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV043988635 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:40:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781138787667 9781138743267 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 016022535 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029396900 |
| oclc_num | 973160610 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-29 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-29 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 |
| physical | viii, 363 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series | BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies |
| series2 | BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies |
| spelling | Skillen, Daphne Verfasser (DE-588)1124545727 aut Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin Daphne Skillen London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group [2017] viii, 363 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies 108 Geschichte 1985- gnd rswk-swf Massenmedien Politik Mass media Political aspects Soviet Union Mass media Political aspects Russia (Federation) Freedom of speech Soviet Union Freedom of speech Russia (Federation) Mass media policy Soviet Union Mass media policy Russia (Federation) Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 gnd rswk-swf Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd rswk-swf Massenmedien (DE-588)4037877-9 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion Soviet Union Politics and government 1945-1991 Russia (Federation) Politics and government 1991- Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Massenmedien (DE-588)4037877-9 s Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 s Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 s Geschichte 1985- z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-315-76625-6 BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies 108 (DE-604)BV014873661 108 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029396900&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029396900&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029396900&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Skillen, Daphne Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies Massenmedien Politik Mass media Political aspects Soviet Union Mass media Political aspects Russia (Federation) Freedom of speech Soviet Union Freedom of speech Russia (Federation) Mass media policy Soviet Union Mass media policy Russia (Federation) Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 gnd Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Massenmedien (DE-588)4037877-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038463-9 (DE-588)4067601-8 (DE-588)4037877-9 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin |
| title_auth | Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin |
| title_exact_search | Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin |
| title_full | Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin Daphne Skillen |
| title_fullStr | Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin Daphne Skillen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Freedom of speech in Russia politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin Daphne Skillen |
| title_short | Freedom of speech in Russia |
| title_sort | freedom of speech in russia politics and media from gorbachev to putin |
| title_sub | politics and media from Gorbachev to Putin |
| topic | Massenmedien Politik Mass media Political aspects Soviet Union Mass media Political aspects Russia (Federation) Freedom of speech Soviet Union Freedom of speech Russia (Federation) Mass media policy Soviet Union Mass media policy Russia (Federation) Meinungsfreiheit (DE-588)4038463-9 gnd Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Massenmedien (DE-588)4037877-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Massenmedien Politik Mass media Political aspects Soviet Union Mass media Political aspects Russia (Federation) Freedom of speech Soviet Union Freedom of speech Russia (Federation) Mass media policy Soviet Union Mass media policy Russia (Federation) Meinungsfreiheit Zensur Sowjetunion Soviet Union Politics and government 1945-1991 Russia (Federation) Politics and government 1991- Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029396900&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029396900&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029396900&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014873661 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT skillendaphne freedomofspeechinrussiapoliticsandmediafromgorbachevtoputin |
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