By Force of Arms armed ethnic groups in Burma - Keenan, Paul (Vij Books India Private Limited, 2013)
Cover Page; Title Page; Copyright; Acknowledgements; Foreword; Introduction; Nation-Building and the Problem of Ethnic Forced Assimilation; U Nu's Policy of State Religion, Constitutional Crisis, and Ethnic Inequality; Ne Win's National Language Policy, Scorched Earth Campaign, and Militarization of the State; The Ethnic Nationalities' Response to Constitutional Dictatorship and the 1988 Popular Uprising for Democracy; The New Regime's Policy of Forced-Assimilation, Myanmarization, and Militarization; Background; Pre-Independence Burma; The Emergence of Ethnic Rebellion
Ceasefire Motivations in the late 80's and early 90'sThe Border Guard Force; The Future; Other Actors; The United Nationalities Federal Council; People's Militia Forces; Shan State; Restoration Council of Shan State/Shan State Army (RCSS/SSA); Myanmar National Democracy Alliance Army (MNDAA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); National Democratic Alliance Army -- Eastern Shan State (NDAA -- ESS); Kachin Defence Army (KDA); Pa-O National Organisation (PNO); Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF); Ta'ang National Liberation Army; Pa-O National Liberation Organisation (PNLO)
Shan Nationalities People's Liberation Organisation (SNPLO)Shan State Army -- South, Brigade 758; Shan State Progress Party/Shan State Army -- North; Kachin State; New Democratic Army -- Kachin (NDA-K); Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO); Lasang Awng Wa Group (Lawa Yang Militia); Rebellion Resistance Force; The Arakan Army -- Kachin; Karenni (Kayah) State; Karenni National Progress Party (KNPP); Kayan National Guard (KNG); Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF); Kayan New Land Party (KNLP); Karenni National Defence Army (KNDA); Karen State; Karen National Union (KNU)
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA)Klo Htoo Baw Battalion; Haungtharaw Special Region Peace Group; KNU Special Region Group; Karen National Union/Karen National Liberation Army Peace Council (KNU/KNLAPC); Phayagone Special Region Peace Group; Mon State; New Mon State Party (NMSP); Mon Nyein Chan Yay; Mon-Mergui Army (MAMD); Arakan State; Arakan Liberation Party (ALP); Arakan army; Chin State; Chin National Front; List of Armed Ethnic Groups in Burma and their Estimated Numbers; Introduction references; Index
Burma has been racked by extensive ethnic conflict. As numerous groups sought to secure their individual ethnic rights, successive Burmese governments sought to destroy them through numerous counter-insurgency measures, negotiated ceasefires, and by integrating them into Burma Army controlled Border Guard Forces or militias. 'By Force of Arms' provides background information on the numerous armed ethnic groups that have emerged in the country since independence. It highlights the various reasons for conflict and argues that while military force has been successfully used in pr