Extractive metallurgy of copper (Elsevier, 2011)
Includes bibliographical references and index
Overview. Introduction. Extracting copper from copper-iron-sulfide ores. Hydrometallurgical extraction of copper. Melting and casting cathode copper. Recycle of copper and copper-alloy scrap -- Production and use. Copper minerals and cut-off grades. Location of extraction plants. Price of copper -- Production of high copper concentrates: introduction and comminution. Concentration flowsheet. The comminution process. Blasting. Crushing. Grinding. Recent developments in comminution -- Production of Cu concentrate from finely ground Cu ore. Froth flotation. Flotation chemicals. Specific flotation procedures for Cu ores. Flotation cells. Sensors, operation, and control. The flotation products. Other flotation separations -- Matte smelting fundamentals. Why smelting? Matte and slag. Reactions during matte smelting. The smelting process: general considerations. Smelting products: matte, slag and offgas --
- Flash smelting. Outotec flash furnace. Peripheral equipment. Flash furnace operation. Control. Impurity behavior. Outotec flash smelting recent developments and future trends. Inco flash smelting. Inco flash furnace summary. Inco vs. Outotec flash smelting -- Submerged Tuyere smelting: Noranda, Teniente, and Vanyukov. Noranda process. Reaction mechanisms. Operation and control. Production rate enhancement. Teniente smelting. Process description. Operation. Control. Impurity distribution. Discussion. Vanyukov submerged-Tuyere smelting -- Converting of copper matte. Chemistry. Industrial Peirce-Smith converting operations. Oxygen enrichment of Peirce-Smith converter blast. Maximizing converter productivity. Recent improvements in Peirce-Smith converting. Alternatives to Peirce-Smith converting --
- Bath matte smelting: Ausmelt/Isasmelt and Mitsubishi. Basic operations. Feed materials. The TSL furnace and lances. Smelting mechanisms. Startup and shutdown. Current installations. Copper converting using TSL technology. The Mitsubishi process. The Mitsubishi process in the 2000s -- Direct-to-copper flash smelting. Advantages and disadvantages. The ideal direct-to-copper process. Industrial single furnace direct-to-copper smelting. Chemistry. Effect of slag composition on % Cu-in-slag. Industrial details. Control. Electric furnace Cu-from-slag recovery. Cu-in-slag limitation of direct-to-copper smelting. Direct-to-copper impurities -- Copper loss in slag. Copper in slags. Decreasing copper in slag I: minimizing slag generation. Decreasing copper in slag II: minimi. Decreasing copper in slag IV: slag minerals processing --
- Capture and fixation of sulfur. Offgases from smelting and converting processes. Sulfuric acid manufacture. Smelter offgas treatment. Gas drying. Acid plant chemical reactions. Industrial sulfuric acid manufacture. Alternative sulfuric acid manufacturing methods. Recent and future developments in sulfuric acid manufacture. Alternative sulfur products. Future improvements in sulfur capture