Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį?: istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Lithuanian |
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Vilnius
Mintis
2012
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 294 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles |
| ISBN: | 9785417010477 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
Pratarmė ♦ 7
1.1410 m. ♦ 12
IL XV-XVIII a. Atminties pradžia ♦ 22
Po mūšio: nuo bažnytinės prie politinės memoria ♦ 22
Pirmosios interpretacijos Lenkijos ir Vokiečių ordino kronikose ♦ 25
Mūšio atgarsiai Vakarų ir Rytų Europoje * 27
Tautinių diskusijų amžius: lietuvių ir lenkų ginčai dėl pergalės ♦ 30
Besikeičianti perspektyva: silpstanti tradicija ir proginiai prisiminimai ♦ 33
III. „Ilgasis XIX amžius" *41
Vokiečių-lenkų santykiai ir konkuruojančios mūšio interpretacijos *41
Lietuviškoji interpretacija XIX a. viduryje * 49
Mūšio suaktualinimas XIX a. pabaigoje - XX a. pradžioje ♦ 51
Žalgirio vaizdino funkcijos XIX a. pabaigos - XX a. pradžios lietuviškame istoriniame
pasakojime ♦ 57
Panslavistinė interpretacija ir jos atgarsiai lietuvių visuomenėje ♦ 67
Lietuvių dilema: kiek svarbus Žalgiris? ♦ 71
IV. Tarp dviejų pasaulinių karų ♦ 74
Tautinių valstybių suverenumo gynyboje ♦ 74
Vytauto Didžiojo jubiliejiniais metais ♦ 84
Žalgirio vaizdinys baltarusizacijos fone ♦ 97
Atminties vaizdiniais kovojant su vokišku revanšizmu ♦ 101
V. Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais ♦ 112
Lenkišką Grunwaldą keičia vokiškas Tannebergas ♦ 112
Atminties mobilizavimas ♦116
Propagandos tarnybon pašaukti vaizdiniai ♦ 121
Senovės karžygių ainiais paversti raudonarmiečiai ♦ 125
Sovietinė karo metų istoriografija ♦132
Literatūrinis Žalgirio vaizdinys ♦IBS
Slavų vienybės idėjos tarnyboje ♦ 140
1945 m. Berlynas - „Naujasis Žalgiris“ ♦ 152
VI. Sovietmetis ♦ 160
Pokaris ♦ 160
Jubiliejus Lenkijos Tūkstantmečio fone ♦ 178
Sukaktį „švenčia“ sovietinė Lietuva ♦ 189
Minėjimas lietuvių išeivijoje ♦ 209
V. Klovos „Du kalavijai“ vs A. Fordo „Kryžiuočiai“ ♦ 218
Baltarusiškas Žalgirio vaizdinys ♦ 230
Nacionalinių mokyklų klasėse ♦ 243
Žalgirio vaizdinys „brandaus socializmo“ kraštovaizdyje ♦ 250
Pabaigos žodis ♦ 271
Abstract ♦ 275
Santrumpos ♦ 280
Rinktinė bibliografija ♦ 281
Iliustracijų sąrašas ♦ 286
Asmenvardžių rodyklė ♦ 289
275
Abstract
Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris?
Struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe
This book does not describe the Battle of Žalgiris (Battle of Grunwald
or Battle of Tannenberg) fought in 1410 but concentrates on how the historical memory
of the Battle of Žalgiris was fashioned and changed over time in the Central and Eastern
Europe, with the main focus on aspects related to Lithuania. This book falls in line with
a tradition of studies on collective memory, which has been rapidly expanding in recent
years.
Fought on 15 July 1410, the Battle of Žalgiris may be called 'battle of nations’ if
considered from the perspective of the culture of memory while leaving aside its as-
pects as an event in the Late Middle Ages. In fact, rulers, noblemen, their subjects, and
mercenaries but not 'nations’ fought at this battle. It was eventually dubbed ‘battle of
nations’ due to changes in the memory in the course of time. Initially, this memory was
related to the church (a chapel in memoriam of the fallen in the battle) and ideology
(the declaration of the just war by each conflict party). Quite soon, however, a tradition
of diverging narratives and evaluations began to unfold in the Kingdom of Poland and
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in the stronghold of the Teutonic Order (in Prussia). In
Poland as early as in the 15th century, a great prominence was given to a church celebra-
tion of the Sending of the Apostles, dedicated to the remembrance of the victory once
on this day achieved. Chronicles by Jan Długosz embedded images and scenarios, which
later became basic elements of the Polish tradition. A Lithuanian version of the battle
appeared much later: it was 1530s when a description of victory won by Vytautas and
his Lithuanian troops has been presented in the late version of a chronicle of the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania (Bychowiec Chronicle). An interpretation of the battle by the loser
was much more complicated and varying: from the emotional heroisation of knights
and the demonization of allies to analytical discussions about actual causes of the de-
feat and critical evaluations of the Teutonic Order in Prussian publications. More and
276
Abstract
more distanced in time, the battle kept on reappearing in historical works and oral tra-
dition. The more recent descriptions, the more laconic and stereotypical. Occasionally,
the memory of the battle has been enriched with new shadings actual in the context of
contemporary problems. A striking example of such political actualisations of the battle
is the collision of both the Polish and Lithuanian interpretations of the battle during
negotiations in the years of 1564-1566 on the eve of the Union of Lublin.
From the 17th century on, the memory of the battle was increasingly overshadowed,
however, by other events. Both the 17th and the 18th centuries were full of military ex-
peditions and victories worth of remembrance. The society of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth was much more concerned with the relations with Russia, Sweden, and
Ottoman Empire, whereas Prussia was not directly associated with the legacy of the
Teutonic Order. The international and long-term tradition of the Battle of Žalgiris is
a characteristic case of the change of lieux de mémoire: this memory was build up and
changed, flagged and revived but always in reaction to actual political challenges. After
the Union of Lublin in 1569 and the dissolution of the Teutonic order in Prussia and
Livonia, and during the cultural blending between the Polish and the Lithuanian nobil-
ity, both the Polish and the Lithuanian versions of the battle were gradually becoming
more similar (for example, in works by Maciej Stryjkowski), but, on the other hand,
the importance of the battle as place of memory was evidently fading. From the end
of the 16th century to 19th century, the Battle of Žalgiris / Grunwald / Tannenberg has
not been a significant theme of the historic narrative in any of these countries. There
was no major commemorative work or other remembrance example: in literature and
iconography, stories about the battle were overshadowed by other historical events of
no less importance. The Battle of Žalgiris remained in the memory of nobility of the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as one of many heroic military victories worth of re-
membrance won by Polish-Lithuanian nobility. Only a stronger stimulus could actualise
the Battle of Žalgiris. It was done by nationalisms in 19th century.
Leaders of Lithuanian national movement in 19th century proclaimed the revival of a
once powerful nation, which was afterwards oppressed by its foes and almost ‘forgot5 its
nationality. The year 1410 was regarded as falling within the ‘Golden Age5, a period when
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was ruled by Vytautas, the most prominent per-
sonality in the Lithuanian history. The Battle of Žalgiris had to be at the core of this vi-
sion of history. One of the key characteristics of the Lithuanian historical narrative was
the anti-Polish attitude: it was vital to Lithuanians to prove that they are not Polish and
that the history of Lithuania is not the history of Poland. It was logical, therefore, that the
Lithuanian image of the Battle of Žalgiris became antithetical to the Polish image, par-
ticularly in ideological texts. Arguably, this permanent need to dispute with the Polish
interpretation has led Lithuanian authors to opt for a translation of the Polish version of
the name for the battle (Grunwald) leaving aside the German tradition (Tannenberg).
Increasingly frequent actualisation of the image of the battle of Žalgiris during the
‘long519th century has reached its peak in 1910, during the 500-year anniversary of the
Abstract
277
battle. A very solemn commemoration of the anniversary held in Krakow, where also
a monument sacred to the memory of the Grunwald (Władysław II Jagiełło) has been
unveiled, acted as an additional inducement to deliver a clear Lithuanian interpretation
of the battle. Although the Polish interpretation was developed under the influence of
German images of the battle and Polish-German relations, in particular, an increas-
ingly anti-Polish policy of Prussia (Germany) from the second part of the 19th century
prompted Polish elites to use this anniversary for the revival of an idea of‘Poland ruled
by the Jagiellon dynasty', i.e. of a state, which incorporates all nations of the former
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Moreover, the Polish interpretation of the battle
tended to acclaim as winners the Polish troops and Jogaila only, while emphasising the
retreat of the Lithuanian troops from the battlefield. Still, according to the Polish inter-
pretation of the battle, the Polish-Lithuanian union baptised with blood in 1410 and
crowned with the Union of Horodło in 1413 was concluded forever.
A Russian interpretation of the battle initiated in the second part of the 19th cen-
tury, which actualised the conflict between the Slavs and the Germans, was of lesser
importance to the Lithuanian discourse. Such approach was aimed not only at fuelling
anti-German sentiments, which were actual due to worsening relations between Russia
and Germany in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, but also at attracting
the Poles into the Pan-Slavism. Important évents of actualisation of the battle included
the anniversary in 1910 and the beginning of the First World War. Although an appeal
to the Poles by Tsarist authorities in 1914 referring to an allegedly common victory of
the Slavs at the Battle of Grunwald was favourably received by some Polish politicians
in Russia and answered with a similar declaration about a new common struggle of the
Slavs against the ‘Teutons', however, tactics of manipulation of historical facts proved
to be unsuccessful and could not mobilise somewhat significant numbers of Poles for
the struggle at the side of Russians against the Prussian ‘Drang nach Osten' because the
Tsarist authorities would offer no concessions to the Poles. During the First World War,
some Lithuanians made some opportunistic attempts to tune in to the Tsarist rhetoric of
actualisation of the Battle of Žalgiris. Despite some similarities in both the Lithuanian
and the Russian interpretations of the battle (Vytautas, not Jogaila, was named as the
leader of the battle), differences were fundamental: the Russians acclaimed the Slavs as
winners of the battle in 1410.
The Lithuanian version of interpretation of the battle named Vytautas as the only
and absolute winner of the battle and ridiculed Jogaila. Naturally, both rulers were con-
sidered as personifications of Lithuania and Poland. An action that the Polish tradi-
tion interpreted a weakness (retreat from the battlefield, according to a version of Jan
Długosz), the Lithuanian narrative called strength, i.e. a clever tactical manoeuvre em-
ployed against the wiliness of the Poles who wanted the Lithuanians to be defeated by
the Teutonic knights (version of V. Pietaris) or a planned military tactic borrowed from
the Golden Horde, where a false retreat is used to break down enemy troops (according
to an article by V. Lastouski published in the newspaper Viltis).
278
Abstract
Nevertheless, the existence of circumstances mentioned above (the year 1410 being
the 'Golden Age' of the history of Lithuania, merits of Vytautas and Lithuanians, defeat
of an important enemy) did not made the Battle of Žalgiris one of the main lieux de mé-
moire to be unconditionally commemorated by the Lithuanians because the Poles had
seized the fruits of victory and - the worst of it - a closer integration followed, which
caused most of the disasters suffered by Lithuania and Lithuanians.
In commemoration cultures of both interwar Lithuania and Poland, the image of
Žalgiris was not a highly popular place of memory, and the image of this historical battle
was associated with a personalised image of the winner of battle. Each party had its own
architect of victory: for Lithuania, it was Vytautas, for Poland, Jogaila. In Lithuania, the
image of Žalgiris has been rather a background for creation of the cult of Vytautas the
Great. This process was imbued with mobilising anti-Polish rhetoric to demonstrate that
Lithuania did not accept the fact that Poland enforced its rule over its historical capital.
Nonetheless, the Lithuanian and Polish images of Žalgiris had one aspect in common:
in both cases, the image was actualised against a background of propaganda struggle
against the German revanchism. It was most evident in Poland. The Germans had given
as good as they got. They sustained a myth of the Battle of Tannenberg and its hero,
Paul von Hindenburg, reminding a smashing Kaisers victory during the First World
War Thus, the Germans counter-opposed the 1914-year Tannenberg to the 1410-year
Tannenberg, making it a symbol of restoration of the pride they had lost at the battle five
centuries ago the Slavs.
In the 1920s, Soviet Belorussia tried to appropriate the symbolic capital of the battle
of Žalgiris while actively constructing a Soviet identity of Belarusians. However, this
image did not move from the historiography into the culture of remembrance, as the be-
larusification, which has been started to implement by political and cultural elites, was
interrupted by Stalinist repressions. Then, a revision of the Belarusian historiography
followed, and the legacy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was declared foreign to the
Belarusians. Suppressed by such attitude during the Soviet rule, the Belarusian image of
the battle of Žalgiris remained in the 'underground' within strongly nationally minded
sections of Belarusian intelligentsia.
During the World War II, the image of the batde of Žalgiris was in great demand, as
never before, as an image of collective memory and symbol inspiring courage and resolve.
Generally, the image of Žalgiris was used as an instrument of anti-Nazis propaganda by the
anti-Hitler coalition. Furthermore, the official Moscow actively used this image trying to
integrate the Pan-Slavism ֊ an idea that, based on ethic, cultural and political affinity, all
Slavic nations had to unite politically under the leadership of Russia - into the anti-Hitler
resistance movement. In this context, the image of the battle of Žalgiris was presented as a
historical evidence of victory of the united Slavs against the German aggressors.
Nevertheless, it does not mean that, during the World War II, the image of the battle
of Žalgiris was a 'standardised' place of memory stripped of ethnic aspects. Yet, his-
torical narratives associated with this image in Lithuanian and Polish pro-Soviet propa-
Abstract
ganda discourses emphasised first and foremost achievements of a respective nation at
the battleground and only then followed an ideologically mandatory narrative about the
‘friendship of nations' and mainly, true to form, with the great Russian nation. Com-
munist ideologues tolerated such manifestations of latent nationalism mainly focusing
on a successful use of this image of collective memory in the mobilisation of nations for
the anti-Nazis resistance.
After the World War II, nations, which could lay claim to the symbolic legacy of the
Battle of Žalgiris, found themselves the neighbours in the Soviet bloc, where they have
been constrained more by the communist ideology than by international liabilities. Of
course, most tight constraints were put on the Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Belorussia. At
any case, limits of their collective memory were established by Soviet political regimes.
Under these circumstances, the image of Žalgiris has been unified as a common image
for the Soviet bloc to serve a doctrine of class-based internationalism and prove histori-
cal roots of the ‘friendship of nations'. Soviet ideologues sought to turn the image of the
battle of Žalgiris into a common place of memory of the Soviet bloc (or the Slavs at
least). Although this manipulation was successful in part, the image of Žalgiris did not
disappear from nationalist discourses: a latent struggle for a greater portion of the sym-
bolic legacy of the Battle of Žalgiris. Moreover, Soviet political elites in some countries
did not resist the temptation to use the symbolic capital of the Battle of Žalgiris for legiti-
mating of their regimes. The most telling example of this manipulation is Poland, where
political elites systematically employed nationalist ideas for consolidating their power.
Paradoxically, it was Soviet ideologues that helped to spread the image of the battle of
Žalgiris ֊ true, under the guise of a historical evidence of the ‘friendship of nations' - in
the cultures of memory of Soviet countries.
281
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mačiulis, Dangiras 1969- Petrauskas, Rimvydas 1972- Staliūnas, Darius 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13156403X (DE-588)129263435 (DE-588)1042528462 |
| author_facet | Mačiulis, Dangiras 1969- Petrauskas, Rimvydas 1972- Staliūnas, Darius 1970- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Mačiulis, Dangiras 1969- |
| author_variant | d m dm r p rp d s ds |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043875191 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK4261 |
| callnumber-raw | DK4261 |
| callnumber-search | DK4261 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 44261 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| contents | Englische Zusammenfassung |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)951370166 (DE-599)GBV750528338 |
| format | Book |
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| language | Lithuanian |
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| physical | 294 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles |
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| spelling | Mačiulis, Dangiras 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)13156403X aut Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe Dangiras Maciulis, Rimvydas Petrauskas, Darius Staliūnas Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? Vilnius Mintis 2012 294 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englische Zusammenfassung Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 (DE-588)4184406-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Tannenberg, Battle of, Poland, 1410 Collective memoryzLithuania LithuaniaxHistoryyTo 1569 PolandxHistoryyTo 1572 Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 (DE-588)4184406-3 s Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s DE-604 Petrauskas, Rimvydas 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)129263435 aut Staliūnas, Darius 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)1042528462 aut DE-601 pdf/application http://external.dandelon.com/download/attachments/dandelon/ids/DE0206BCFECB8EC1B0EB9C1257BBA003C4D03.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029284938&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029284938&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029284938&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mačiulis, Dangiras 1969- Petrauskas, Rimvydas 1972- Staliūnas, Darius 1970- Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe Englische Zusammenfassung Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 (DE-588)4184406-3 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4184406-3 (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe |
| title_alt | Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? |
| title_auth | Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search | Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe |
| title_full | Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe Dangiras Maciulis, Rimvydas Petrauskas, Darius Staliūnas |
| title_fullStr | Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe Dangiras Maciulis, Rimvydas Petrauskas, Darius Staliūnas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe Dangiras Maciulis, Rimvydas Petrauskas, Darius Staliūnas |
| title_short | Kas laimėjo Žalgirio mūšį? |
| title_sort | kas laimejo zalgirio musi istorinio paveldo dalybos vidurio ir rytu europoje who had won the battle of zalgiris struggle over the historical legacy in the central and eastern europe |
| title_sub | istorinio paveldo dalybos Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje = Who had won the Battle of Žalgiris? : struggle over the historical legacy in the Central and Eastern Europe |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 (DE-588)4184406-3 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410 Geschichtsschreibung Litauen |
| url | http://external.dandelon.com/download/attachments/dandelon/ids/DE0206BCFECB8EC1B0EB9C1257BBA003C4D03.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029284938&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029284938&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029284938&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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