Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
[2017]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xxiv, 373 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781498775175 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems |c Frank R. Spellman |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton |b CRC Press |c [2017] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2017 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Stream chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Water |x Pollution | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems
Autor: Spellman, Frank R
Jahr: 2017
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Prologue...................................................................................................................xv
Author.....................................................................................................................xix
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Conversion Factors................................................xxi
SECTION I Sediment Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Transformation from Mountain to Sediment.......................................3
How Mountains Become Sediment......................................................3
Another Perspective.............................................................................5
Chapter 2 Setting the Stage...................................................................................9
Benthic Habitat.....................................................................................9
Benthic Plants and Animals...............................................................10
Benthic Macroinvertebrates...............................................................10
Water Quality and Sediments.............................................................11
Key Terms and Definitions.................................................................12
References and Recommended Reading............................................15
Chapter 3 Surface Water Sediments...................................................................17
Introduction........................................................................................17
Surface Water.....................................................................................17
Advantages and Disadvantage of Surface Water Supplies............18
Surface Water Hydrology..............................................................19
Surface Water Quality...................................................................20
Soil vs. Dirt........................................................................................20
Soil Basics..........................................................................................21
Soil Properties...............................................................................22
Soil Formation...............................................................................23
References and Recommended Reading............................................29
Chapter 4 Sediment Properties...........................................................................31
Introduction........................................................................................31
Origin of Sediments...........................................................................31
v
vi Contents
Disintegration................................................................................32
Decomposition...............................................................................33
Carbonation...................................................................................33
Hydration.......................................................................................34
Oxidation.......................................................................................34
Solution..........................................................................................34
Particle Characteristics.......................................................................35
Size................................................................................................35
Shape.............................................................................................36
Specific Gravity.............................................................................36
Size Distribution of Sediments...........................................................37
Fine-Grain Separation...................................................................37
Sieve Separation............................................................................37
Fall Velocity..................................................................................38
Sediment Deposit Sorting..................................................................38
Glacial and Other Ice-Action Deposits..........................................38
Alluvial Fan Deposits....................................................................39
Beach Deposits..............................................................................39
Alluvial Deposits...........................................................................40
Colluvial Deposits.........................................................................40
Eolian Deposits..............................................................................40
Deflation, Desert Pavement, and Wind-Lag Deposits...................43
Igneous Rock to Volcanic Dust.....................................................43
Chemical Deposits and Evaporites................................................54
References and Recommended Reading............................................56
Chapter 5 Erosion................................................................................................59
Introduction........................................................................................59
Sheet Erosion......................................................................................60
Factors Involved.............................................................................60
Channel Erosion.................................................................................62
Streams..........................................................................................63
Wind Erosion......................................................................................70
Limitations of the Equation...........................................................74
Mass Movement.................................................................................75
Gravity...........................................................................................75
Water..............................................................................................76
Freezing and Thawing...................................................................76
Undercutting..................................................................................77
Organic Activities..........................................................................77
Shock Waves or Vibrations............................................................77
Kinds of Mass Movements............................................................77
Desertification...............................................................................78
Estimation Procedures...................................................................78
Contents vii
Other Types of Erosion.......................................................................79
Wave Erosion.................................................................................79
Erosion from Stripmining and Construction.................................80
Ice Erosion.....................................................................................80
References and Recommended Reading............................................81
Chapter 6 Transport of Sediment by Water........................................................83
Introduction........................................................................................83
Factors Affecting Sediment Transport...............................................83
Characteristics of Water as the Transporting Medium..................83
Laminar Sublayer..........................................................................84
Characteristics of Transportable Materials...................................85
Mechanism of Entrainment................................................................85
Forces Acting on Discrete Particles..............................................85
Tractive Force................................................................................85
Determining Critical Tractive Stress.............................................86
Determining Critical Velocity.......................................................86
Hydraulic Considerations...................................................................87
Fixed Boundaries...........................................................................87
Movable Boundaries......................................................................87
Movement of Bed Material............................................................88
Application and Limitations of Formulas.....................................93
Example Channel Problem............................................................96
Procedures for Evaluating Bed Material Transport Problems......98
Transport of Suspended Sediment...................................................101
Suspension Mechanism...............................................................101
References and Recommended Reading..........................................102
Chapter 7 Sediment Yield.................................................................................105
Introduction.....................................................................................105
Interrelated and Interdependent Processes..................................105
Sediment Sources.............................................................................106
Determining the Relative Importance of Various Sources..............106
Sediment Yield.................................................................................107
Climatic Factors..........................................................................107
Watershed Factors.......................................................................108
Methods of Determination..........................................................110
Sediment Delivery Ratio..................................................................Ill
Influencing Factors......................................................................112
Procedure for Estimating the Sediment Delivery Ratio..............113
Bottom Line for Estimating Sediment Delivery Ratio................114
References and Recommended Reading..........................................115
viii Contents
SECT/ON II Sediment Damage
Chapter 8 Yellow Boy.......................................................................................119
Gold King Mine Spill.......................................................................119
Case Study 8.1. Still Waters?.......................................................122
Solids Released.................................................................................125
Timeline of USEPA Actions from
August 12 to September 3, 2015.......................................................125
August 12, 2015...........................................................................126
August 14, 2015...........................................................................126
August 15-16,2015.....................................................................126
August 17, 2015............................................................................127
August 18, 2015...........................................................................127
August 25, 2015...........................................................................127
August 27, 2015...........................................................................129
September 3, 2015.......................................................................129
Bottom Line on Gold King Mine Spill.......................................130
Persistence! Persistence! Persistence!...............................................131
Bottom Line on Yellow Boy.............................................................131
References and Recommended Reading..........................................132
Chapter 9 Physical Sediment Damage..............................................................133
Introduction......................................................................................133
Sediment Damage............................................................................133
Infertile Deposition......................................................................135
Swamping....................................................................................135
Reservoir Sedimentation.............................................................135
Water Treatment..........................................................................135
Hydroelectric Power Facility Damage.........................................136
Damage to Transportation Facilities...........................................136
Drainage Ditch and Irrigation Canal Sedimentation..................136
Damage to Navigation Channels.................................................136
Increased Flood Stages................................................................136
Damage to Urban and Rural Fixed Improvements......................138
Recreational Losses.....................................................................138
References and Recommended Reading..........................................138
Chapter 10 Biologically Contaminated Sediments.............................................139
Hercules Fifth Labor.......................................................................139
Biological Particles...........................................................................140
Biological Organisms and the Particle Interface.........................140
Animal Waste Contaminants...........................................................141
Setting the Stage..........................................................................142
Contents ix
Water Supply, Use, and Wastewater Treatment...........................143
Animal Feeding Operations and Animal Waste Treatment........145
Animal Waste Treatment and Lagoons.......................................147
Animal Waste Pollutants of Concern...............................................148
Nutrients......................................................................................148
Pathogens.....................................................................................152
Organic Matter............................................................................153
Salts and Trace Elements.............................................................154
Antibiotics...................................................................................156
Pesticides and Hormones.............................................................156
Other Pollutants of Concern........................................................157
Surface Water Contamination..........................................................158
Surface Discharges......................................................................158
Other Discharges to Surface Water.............................................161
Pollutant-Specific Transport........................................................162
Potential Hazards from CAFO Pollutants........................................169
Primary Nutrients........................................................................170
Ecology and Human Health........................................................170
Ammonia.....................................................................................175
Pathogens.....................................................................................175
Organic Matter............................................................................180
Salts and Trace Elements.............................................................181
Solids...........................................................................................183
Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance.........................................183
Hormones and Endocrine Disruption..........................................187
Other Pollutants of Concern........................................................188
Human-Generated Biological Contaminants in Surface Water.......189
Biochemical Oxygen Demand.....................................................189
Nutrients......................................................................................190
pH................................................................................................191
Solids...........................................................................................192
Fats, Oil, and Grease...................................................................193
Pathogenic Organisais.................................................................194
Toxic Pollutants...........................................................................206
References and Recommended Reading..........................................207
Chapter 11 Chemically Contaminated Sediments..............................................217
Introduction......................................................................................218
Contaminant Sorption by Sediments...............................................219
Sediment Mineral Matter vs. Sediment Organic Matter.............219
Calculating the Distribution of Contaminants............................220
Sediment Interface/Interaction with
Persistent Human-Made Organic Compounds.................................221
Physical and Chemical Properties...............................................222
Transformation Processes............................................................226
x Contents
Sorption and Bioconcentration....................................................231
Environmental Behavior..............................................................234
Suspended and Surficial Sediment Fractions...................................238
Inorganic Particles.......................................................................238
Humic Substances.......................................................................240
Transport of Contaminated Sediments............................................243
Selected Chemical and Elemental Contaminants............................245
Mercury/Methylmercury.............................................................246
Cadmium.....................................................................................247
Lead.............................................................................................248
Polychlorinated Biphenyls or Aroclors........................................248
Copper.........................................................................................251
Arsenic.........................................................................................251
Acenaphthene..............................................................................252
Disulfoton....................................................................................252
Fluoranthene................................................................................252
Heptachlor...................................................................................252
Diazinon......................................................................................253
Dicofol.........................................................................................253
Pyrene..........................................................................................253
Anthracene..................................................................................253
Benzo(g,/i,i)Perylene...................................................................254
Chlorpyrifos................................................................................254
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products..................................254
References and Recommended Reading..........................................256
SECTION III Sediment Sampling
Chapter 12 Sampling Sediments.........................................................................265
The House of E. coli.........................................................................265
Biomonitoring..................................................................................266
Advantages of Using Periphytons................................................267
Advantages of Using Fish............................................................267
Advantages of Using Macroinvertebrates...................................268
Sediment Sampling in Freshwater Systems.....................................269
Sampling Purpose and Projects...................................................269
Sampling Plan..................................................................................271
Data Quality Objectives..............................................................272
Sampling History.........................................................................273
Dates of Collection......................................................................273
Sampling Station Selection..............................................................274
Estimating Particle Size Percentage............................................275
Sampling Frequency and Notes...................................................277
Contents xi
Sampling Equipment and Sample Types..........................................277
Sampling Equipment...................................................................277
Sample Types...............................................................................280
Types of Sediment Samplers.......................................................281
Sample Suitability............................................................................289
Sample Containers...........................................................................289
Recordkeeping: Measurements and Observations...........................292
Equipment Decontamination...........................................................292
References and Recommended Reading..........................................293
Chapter 13 Collection of Pore water....................................................................297
Interstitial Water Collection and Sampling......................................297
In Situ Collection..............................................................................298
Peeper Methods...........................................................................299
Suction Methods..........................................................................301
Processing of Field-Collected Interstitial Water Samples...........302
Ex Situ Extraction of Interstitial Water............................................302
Centrifugation..............................................................................305
Sediment Squeezing....................................................................306
Pressurized and Vacuum Devices...............................................306
References and Recommended Reading..........................................307
Chapter 14 Sediment Physicochemical Characteristics......................................315
Introduction......................................................................................315
Sediment Physicochemical Parameters and Measurement..............316
pH................................................................................................316
Ammonia in Porewater................................................................317
Total Organic Carbon Content....................................................317
Particle Size Distribution (Percent Sand, Silt, and Clay)............318
Percent Water or Moisture Content.............................................319
Salinity of the Porewater (Marine Sediments)............................320
Conductivity of the Porewater (Freshwater Sediments)..............320
Acid-Volatile Sulfides..................................................................320
Simultaneously Extracted Metals................................................321
Metals..........................................................................................321
Synthetic Organic Compounds
(Pesticides, PCBs, TCDD-Dioxin)..............................................322
Oil and Grease.............................................................................322
Petroleum Hydrocarbons and PAHs............................................323
Total Sulfides...............................................................................324
Sediment Oxygen Demand..........................................................324
Sediment Biochemical Oxygen Demand.....................................325
Sediment Chemical Oxygen Demand.........................................325
Cation Exchange Capacity of Sediments....................................325
xii Contents
Redox Potential of Sediments.....................................................326
Total Inorganic Carbon................................................................326
Total Volatile Solids....................................................................327
Dissolved Organic Carbon in Porewater.....................................327
Alkalinity and Hardness of the
Porewater (Freshwater Sediments)..............................................327
References and Recommended Reading..........................................328
Glossary................................................................................................................339
Index......................................................................................................................357
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)1110974892 aut Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems Frank R. Spellman Boca Raton CRC Press [2017] © 2017 xxiv, 373 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Contaminated sediments River sediments Stream chemistry Water Pollution Water quality Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd rswk-swf Flusssediment (DE-588)4130033-6 gnd rswk-swf Flusssediment (DE-588)4130033-6 s Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029281319&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Spellman, Frank R. 1944- Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems Contaminated sediments River sediments Stream chemistry Water Pollution Water quality Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Flusssediment (DE-588)4130033-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189299-9 (DE-588)4130033-6 |
| title | Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems |
| title_auth | Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems |
| title_exact_search | Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems |
| title_full | Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems Frank R. Spellman |
| title_fullStr | Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems Frank R. Spellman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems Frank R. Spellman |
| title_short | Contaminated sediments in freshwater systems |
| title_sort | contaminated sediments in freshwater systems |
| topic | Contaminated sediments River sediments Stream chemistry Water Pollution Water quality Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Flusssediment (DE-588)4130033-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Contaminated sediments River sediments Stream chemistry Water Pollution Water quality Wasserverschmutzung Flusssediment |
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