Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919: Vtora kniga Razsičaneto
Разсичането
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Izdatelstvo "Zacharij Stojanov"
2016
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 599 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9789540910840 |
Internformat
MARC
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|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV043847104 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
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| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 161026s2016 a||| |||| 00||| bul d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789540910840 |9 978-954-09-1084-0 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)965323256 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV043847104 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a bul | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Markov, Georgi |d 1946- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)12486404X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |6 880-01 |a Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 |n Vtora kniga |p Razsičaneto |c Georgi Markov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Izdatelstvo "Zacharij Stojanov" |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a 599 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 546 | |a Text bulgarisch | ||
| 546 | |b Kyrillisch | ||
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |w (DE-604)BV043847092 |g 2 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-01/(N |p Разсичането |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 499 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029257524 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806961010681053184 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CbfrbpiKaHlie
UbpBa rjiaea
PA3m BAHE HA TPH OPOHTA 7
OBjiaaaBaHe Ha TyrpaKaHCKaTa KpenocT, a3 Ha KaiîMaKHajiaH 8
npoÔHB Ha Kyôa^HHCKaTa no3Hii;Ha, ôoeBe b 3aBOH Ha Hepm 42
Pa3rpoMtT Ha PyMbHHa — npe3 flyHaB kbm CepeT 76
BTopa rjiasa
BHSnHPAHE HA H3TOMHHTE APMHH 95
JlaBpoB BeHeu; c MacjiHHeHO KJioHHe 96
OxonaBaHe cpemy „MejiHHttaTa Ha nojiKOBe“ 130
Ome eflHH npOTHBHHK - rBpHHH 172
TpeTa rjiasa
BH^EHHH 3A CKOPOIHEH MMP 201
Ta pKaHHa no CBiosHHHecKM 202
H3MaMHH HapeaCflH OT EpeCT-JlHTOBCK 219
OmeTeHH b Eyicypem 266
HeTBtpTa rjiasa
OTBEfl nPEftEJIA HA H3HEMOFBAHETO 327
npeyMopaTa HaTeacasa, OTÔpaHaTa ce nponyKBa 328
„MepHHTe hhh“ Ha 3anaflHHB cJdpoht 358
3jioto Ha ^oôpo nojie h noflBmT npn ,Z],OHpaHCKOTo e3epo 398
IleTa rjiasa
rOPKO HA EHJirAPHTE 459
MeTeacbT, npHMHpneTO h aô^HKapnaTa 460
CT rjiameHCKaTa OKynanHa 504
nPefl CBfla Ha no6ea,HTejiHTe b Hapuac 520
Hbohckhbt AHKTaT - „noôefleHHTe ca bhhobhh“ 544
5ÏCETBATA HA KEPTBEHHTE nOJIH 569
KHHTOOnMCAHHE 3A JIIOE03HATEJ1HHTE METIJH 578
PE3IOME HA AHTJIHHCKH E3HK 594
KüMroormcatiMe
3a fno6o3HaTefiHMTe
MeTI4M
AßepecKy, Aji. fleiicxBH5ixa npn OjiaM'bHfla. C., 1923.
A3ivraHOB, fl. ET jirapcKH bhcihh boeHanajiHHr^H npea BajiKaHCKHTe h ilBpaaTa cBCTOBHa
BOÖHa. C., 2000.
A3MaHOB, fl. Mom enoxa 1878 - 1919. C.? 1995.
A3MaHOB? fl. ypoKbT OT floGpo none. C., 1935.
AjieKcaHApOB, B. B^jirapra h xaÖHaxa BOHHa. Aßcxpo-yHrapcKoxo h repMaHCKOxo
pa3y3HaßaHe b EßjirapHH 1914 — 1944. C.5 1992.
AjieKcaHApOB, T. flHeBHHK h KopecnoHAeHi^m ox rii pBaxa cBexoBHa BoiiHa 1915 - 1918.
C., 1994.
Ajineß, T. TypnjHi b nepnoA iipaBJieHißi MJiaAOTypoK. Mocia, 1972.
AjiHMiuxq, M. CojiyHCKH (J)poHX. BeorpaA, 1967.
AxrbHOB, Hb. Me)KAycT K)3HHHiKa TpaKHa. C., 1921.
AHrejiOB, A. CßexoBHaxa BOHHa — 3aroBop 3a rpaöe^c. üojihxhko-hkohomhhcckh aHaxH3
HaCßexoBHaxa Boîfoïa 1914— 1918. C.? 1941.
Ahtcjiob, B. MoMeHxx»x 3aEuirapHfl. C., 1915.
AnrejioB, B. BexBOpHHHX cbk 3. C., 1915.
Ahxohob, fl. IlojiHXHHecKHxe cxpeMOKH Ha BejiHKHxe chjih h noJiHTHKaxa Ha B^jirapna.
C., 1914.
Ahtohob, IT. BexHpHxe C-xa. C., 1935.
AxaHaCOB, fl. IIpOXHB CßpÖHH C PyCHB HJIH npoxHB PycHH? C., 1914.
AxaHacoB, H. TyxpaKaHCKaxa enonea. C., 6. r.
BaKBpA^CHCB, H. BoeHHa cxpaxernn. 3amiCKH. C., 1925.
BajiaMe30B, Cx. MHHHCXpHxe — xaxHaxa pona h xaxHaxa Bjiacx b napjiaMeHxapHaxa
MOHapXHM. C., 1914.
BaHKOB, fl. npHHHHHxe 3a norpOMa. C., 1922.
Boßneß, Ct. Kaio ncica ßßjirapcKHax HapOA? C. 1915.
Bo^ckob, Xp. ni jieH reHepaji Hmcona TKexoB h HeroBOxo ceMeñcxBO. C., 1998.
ByHapAPKueB, M. HMa jih npeAaxejicxBO Ha floöpo none? C., 1921.
Bbkcxoh, H., H. Bbkcxoh. Bx jirapHH h 6T jirapHxe. BnenaxjieHHB h öejie^ocH. C., 1914.
578
EibjirapHH b ri'LpBaTa CBexoBHa BOMHa. FepMancKH aHiuiOMaTmecKH AOicyMeHTH. T. I - IL
C., 2002-2005.
EBJirapHH b CBexoBHaTa BOHHa. C., 1918.
EBjirapHH h HHTpHrHTe Ha Pycim. C., 1914.
ExjirapHB npes bohhhtc 1912 - 1918. C., 1947.
ExjirapCKa BoeHHa HCTopha. IIoAÖpaHH H3Bopn h AOicyMeHTH. T. 3. C., 1986.
EBjirapCKaTa apMHA 1877 - 1919. C., 1988.
EBJirapcKaTa apMHA b ÜBpBaTa CBeTOBHa Bonna 1915 - 1918. C., 2015.
EBjrrapCKaTa apMua b CßeTOBHaTa BOHHa 1915 - 1918. T. II - IX. C., 1936 — 1943.
EBjirapCKaTa BoeHHa cxpaTeran npe3 enoxaTa Ha KanHTajiH3Ma. C., 1985.
EBJirsgcKaxajíe^€raiíHfl 3a MHpa. floxyMeHTH no AoroBopa b Hboh. C., 1919.
EBjirapcKaTa HapoAHa 6amca. CGopronc AOicyMeHTH. T. III (1915 - 1929). C., 2001.
EBjirapCKH eK3apx Hoch^ I. ^hcbhhk. C., 1992.
Ba30B, Bji. ^CHBOTonncHH ßejieacKH. C., 1992.
BacHJieß, T. CöopHHK „floöpo nojie“. CTaTHH h enrooAH H3 ßoeßeTe h KHBOTa
Ha 10-H nexoTeH PoAoncKH nojiK npe3 1917 r. Hjiobahb, 1918.
BacHJieß, rp. Eene^cKH Ha aoha. C., 1991.
BacHJieß, Tp. Eahh ba^xhobch ÖBJirapHH. C., 1994.
Bejieß, n. MopcKaTa apTmiepHA Ha EßjirapHA 1879 - 1970. BapHa, 2000.
Bejmeß, B. Kbm norpoM. Kaie ce npOBajinxa HapOAHHre HAeajiH h 3a6jiy5KAemï5i.
EajiKaHCKaTa Boima h KaTacTpo(J aTa 1913 r. EßponeHCicaTa Boima h HaMecaTa
Ha EßjirapHH. KaTacTpoiJmTa b 1918 r. IIocjieACTBHA h nepcneKTHBH. C., 1926.
BHHOBHHijHTe 3a norpOMa. Bhahh, 1921.
Bjiaxoß, T. OTHomeHHMTa MeacAy EßJirapHA h U,eHTpajiHHTe chjih no BpeMe Ha BOHmrre
1912-1918. C., 1957.
Bohboahh, M., ÎKhbohhobhh. BejiHKH paT Cpöne 1914 - 1918. EeorpaA, 1970.
Bohhhtc, MHpHHTe AoroBopH, penapanHHTe n öopöaTa npoTHB tax. C., 1933.
BBHiiiHaTa nojiHTHKa Ha npaBHTejiCTBOTO Ha E3HC (HoeMBpn 1919 - iohh 1923).
AjieKcaHA'ßp CTaMÖojiHÖcKH - AOKyMenrajiHO HacjieACTBO. C., 1989.
Ta6e, n. PycHA, Abctpha h EßjirapHA b ÖBJirapCKHA norpoM. Kbag e cnaceHneTo?
C., 1914.
rajiBHA, M. BoHHaTa cpemy C/LpÖHA 1915 - 1916. 6. m., 6. r.
TaHeB, B. ^hcbhhk. C., 2005.
TaHeB, H. IIpojiHBHTe h EßjirapHA. C., 1946.
TaHneB, Aji. Bohhhtc npe3 TpeTOTO ößjirapCKo napcTBO. C., 6. r.
FeHaAHeB, H. ^oioiaA ao Mhhhctcpckhb ci BeT no MHCHATa mh b cTpaHCTBo npe3 1915 r.
C., 1929.
TeHOB, r. H3TOHHHAT BBnpOC. IIOJIHTHHeCKa H AHIWOMaTHHeCKa HCTOpHA.
HacT II (1856 - 1919). C., 1926.
TeopraeB, T. Eahh ot ÜBpBa ahbh3ha. C., 1943.
reopraeß, K. repMaHCKHAT Ayx h CßeTOBHaTa Boîma. C., 1915.
FeoprneB, T. Boat npn Bpßx ¿],y6 ot 14 ao 25 cenreMBpn 1918 r. C., 1924.
TeoprneB, T. KoMaHAßaHeTo Ha 1-Ba OTAejiHa apMHA b HnnncaTa onepanHA.
Ot 1 ao 15 oKTOMBpH 1915 r. C, 1943.
reopraeß, T. CrpaTerpra. C., 1935.
Teoproß, Hb. PojBrra Ha EßjirapHA bbb BceMHpHaTa Boima. C., 1918.
repMaHCKHTe AcypHajiHCTH b ETjirapHA. C., 1918.
579 rnpraHOB, Aji. EßJirapHA npeA BejiHKaxa BOHHa. FLiobahb, 1932.
rnprHHOB, An. PÏ3nHTaHH5rra bhb BoñnaTa 1915 — 1918. C., 1936.
rnpruHOB, An. Ka6HHem T ManHHOB — KocTypKOB b 1918 r. C., 1922.
ruprHHOB, An. Ot BOHHa kbm MHp. C., 1937.
ToiieB, HauHOHanHoocBoöoaHTenHaTa 6op6a b MaKenoHHB 1912 — 1915. C., 1981.
TyHeB, T., Hb. HnneB. ynHCTi H MtpHHn h BanKaHHre. C., 1989.
^aMBHOB, C. EnnrapHn bbb (})peHCKaTa nonHTHKa 1878 - 1918. C., 1985.
flaHannoB, T. CoijHanHH h hkohomhhcckh nocne^cTBHn ot TonnMaTa Boima. C., 1934.
flaHeB, Ct. MeMoapH. C., 1992.
flaHeB, Ct. Onepx Ha AHnnoMaTiraecKaTa HCTopHn Ha ôanKamcHTe A^pneaBH. C., 1922.
flacKanoB, Bn. 3aA 4 poHTa. BenHKo Tbphobo, 1924.
,D,acKajioB, T. IIoAroTOBKaTa Ha nnp KaBaTa 3a BOHHa. C., 1943.
^KHApoB, n. CTOKXonMCKaTa KOH(J epeHiiHn. BnenaTneHHH h öenexocH. C., 1917.
/^HMHTpOB, An. riBpBa KOHHa OpnraAa Ha Kocobo none 1915 r. C.5 1937.
^HMHTpOB, B. BoHHHTe 3a HaiiHOHanno oöeAiiHeHHe 1912 - 1913, 1915 - 1918. C., 2001.
^HMHTpOB, TpaKHHCKHBT BT npoc h HKOHOMHHecKHBT H3na3 Ha Ennrapna Ha Eren.
IlapHnc, 1938.
^HMHTpoBa, Ch. BT 3CTaHOBnBaHe, penapauHH, rapamjHH. ï paHAHn h GanKancKHTe
cnaBBHCKH AHpncaBH (cenTeMBpH 1918 HHHyapn 1920). C., 1998.
^HimoMaTHnecKH AOKyMeHTH no HaMecaxa Ha B^nrapun b EßponeiiCKaTa BOHHa. T. I — II.
C„ 1920- 1921.
^HeBHHK KocTe IleKaHiia 1916— 1918. BeorpaA, 1998.
fl,HeBHHK MHHHCTepCTBa MHOGTpaHHbix nen 3a 1915 - 1916 rr. KpacHbiH apxHB. T. 31.
MocKBa, 1928.
J^HeBHHKH HMnepaTopa HnKonan II. MocKBa, 1991.
,3,o6peB, TpareAHBTa Ha Ennrapira. Kpan K nperneA h npeu,eHKa
Ha HCTOpHHeCKHTC CBÖHTHH OT 6nH3KOTO H AaneHHOTO MHHanO Ha ÖTJirapCKHH
HapOA- KiocTeHAHn, 1923.
floöpeß, Ct. Cmt pt h îkhbot. BoeHHH 3amfCKH ot 1916 ao 1919 r. C., 1972.
^oßpHHKaTa enonen 1916. HcTopHKo-ßHÖnnorpa^cKH cnpaBOHHHK. floöpun, 2006.
^oôpyA^ca - nonHTHKa, oöipecTBO, CTonaHCTBO h KynTypa (XIX - XX Bex). CGopHHK
c H3cneABaHHH. TyipaxaH, 2015.
floxnaA ot IlapnaMeHTapHaTa H3nHTaTenHa komhchh 3a aHKenapaHe ynpaBneHHeTO
Ha 6hbhihh KaÖHHeT Ha An. ManHHOB — Ct. KociypROB. C., 1923.
flopeB, IT. BHHiHHaTa nonHTHKa h npHHHHHTe 3a Haunrre KaTacTpocjm. C., 1924.
,HparaHOB, B. ,Hp6pononcKaTa TpareAHn. C., 1933.
JJparanoB, Bnx Ha BoiÍHa. C., 1940.
^paraeB, J\. H3 koh itbt? C., 1914.
JJpeHCKH, Ct. HacoKHTe b nonuTHnecKOTO pa3BHTHe Ha BnnrapHn. C., 6. r.
^yHaBCKHÎi. PycHH, LJapmpaA h OanKaHCKHTe HapoAH. C., 1915.
flnpBHHroB, n. fleHCTBHBTa Ha 11-a nexoTHa MaxeAOHCKa ahbh3hh ot KpHOBonaK
AO BorAaHij,H 1915 r. C., 1920.
Jl,T pBHHrob, IT. MoeTO BpeMe. C., 1996.
^(BpBHHroB, n. CxyAHH no HaniHTe BOHHH. Kroira m pBa. Bohckoboaah h bohckh.
C., 1930.
fliOHaH, M. Bi nrapcKOTo jioto (kwh — oktombph 1915). C., 1918.
^kobhh, Bn. Bi nrapcKa BecapaÖHn. HcTopHKO-eTHorpa^CKH onepx cbc cnoMeHH
3a reHepan HßaH Koneß. C., 1918.
580
EB^oKHMOBa, H. Me3K£y Boctokom h 3ana,n,0M. IIpoSjieMa cenapaTHoro MHpa h MaHeBpbi
AHiuioMaTHH aBCxpo-repMaHCKoro 6noKa b 1914 - 1917 rr. JleHHHrpaa, 1985.
EMeu;, B. OnepKH BHeniHeií üojihthkh Pocchh 1914 - 1917. MocKBa, 1977.
Ehoc? Mhahh, UapHrpaa; h npojiHBPíxe ot Qbjirapcfco rjieOTme. C., 1915.
)KeKOB, H. BbJirapcKOTo bohhctbo 1878 - 1928. BoeHHonojiHTHHecKH nonie^ Bbpxy
pa3BHTneTo h 6oHHHTe ,qeJia Ha HamHTe BnopTOKeHH chjih ot Ocbo6 o^eHHeTO
mocera h thxhoto óbleme. C., 1928.
5KeKOB, H. KoHHaTa #hbh3H5i b 1912 h 1916 r. C., 1927.
^CeKOB, H. npoSjieMbT 3a rjiaBHOTO KOMaH^BaHe. C.? 1936.
3a reHepaji Kohob. CSopronc ot cTaran. C., 1917.
3añoHHKOBCKHH, A. MapoBan Boinia 1914 - 1918 rr. OSiijhh CTpaTerHHecKHH onepK.
MocKBa, 1924.
3aKJHOHHTejiHo nocTaHOBjieHHe no cnencTBeno ¿jejio N° 1/1920 r., saBeneno no
oSBHHemiHTa Ha 6HBinHTe MHHHCTpH ot KaÓHHeTa Ha fl-p B. PaAOCJiaBOB. C.5 1921.
3amo EbJirapHH BoioBa? Ot 6bJirapHH penySjiHKaHen;. }KeHeBa - Jlo3aHa - EepH, 1917.
3naTapoB, B. Te TpnÓBa m noGeAflT. C., 1915.
HBaHOB, H. EbjirapcKHTe 6ohhh 3HaMeHa h (JmaroBe. C., 1998.
HBaHOB, H. Eburapnre b MaKe^OHHH. C., 1917.
HBaHCKH, E. Koh e bhhobch 3a BOHHaTa Ha Pycnn c SbjirapHTe? C.? 1922.
IÍ3BopH 3a HCTOpHHTa Ha /JoSpyrpíea 1878 - 1919. T. I. C., 1992.
H3 Taitara apxHB Ha SbjirapcKna uap OepflHHaHfl I. floieyMenra 3a BoeHHaTa
h nojiHTHnecKaTa HCTopM Ha Ebjirapira. C., 2001.
HjiHeB, Hji. übpBaxaCBeTOBHaBoma 1914-1918 r. EajncaHCKH BoeHeH TeaTbp.
C., 1946.
HjraeB, 3. ApTHJiepHcra. CnoMeHH ot BOHHaTa 1915 - 1918. C., 1937.
HjmeB, Hb. Ebjirapira h AHTaHTaTa npe3 übpBaTa CBeTOBHa Boma. C., 1990.
HjmeB, Hb. PozpiHaTa mh - npaBa hjih He! BbHHiHonojiHTHHecKa nponaraHua
Ha GajiKaHCKHTe CTpaHH (1821 - 1923). C., 1996.
HcTOpiw Ha AHnjioMaiíiwTa. T. III. C., 1967.
HcTopra IlepBOH mhpoboh bohhbi. T. I - II. MocKBa, 1975.
HmnpKOB, A. 3anaflHa Tpaiooi h AoroBopbT 3a MHp b Hboh. C., 1920.
HniHpKOB, A., B. 3jiaTapCKH h 3p. /JoGpyjpica. Teorpa^HH, hctophh, eTHorpa{J)HB,
CTonaHCKo h abp^caBHo-nojiHTHnecKO 3HaneHne. C., 1918.
Ka6jieniKOB? Hji. CnoMeHH h 6ejie)KKH ot BoímaTa 1915 — 1918 r. HacT m pBa - Prpraui.
C., 1932.
KaSjieniKOB, H. TopKO Ha no6e,aeHH5i. Hjiob^hb, 1937.
KajmoB, K. Ebjirapo-TypcKHTe othohichhh. C., 1918.
KajiHHOB, J\. OcHOBHTe Ha i^jiocraaTa h o6e^HHHTejiHa 6op6a Ha 6bjirapCKH5i Hapoa.
CTonaHCKo-HCTOpHnecKH h reonojiHTHnecKH H3ynBaHHH. C.? 1940.
KaHaBpOB, 3. BoeHHOMopcKHTe fleHCTBHB no HepHOMOpCKOTO KpaííSpejKHe npe3
ÜbpBaTa CBeTOBHa soíiHa. EajiHHK, 1996.
KaHTapa^KHeB, T. BbJirapcicaTa apMHB b PyMbHua h Ha CepeT. ^eñcTBHHTa Ha
óbnrapcKHTe bohckh bt b BnaniKO h Ha CepeTCKHH (¡ poHT npe3 CBeTOBHaTa BOÍÍHa
ot 23 HoeMBpn 1916 w 11 oktombph 1917 r. C.? 1925.
KaHTap^pmeB, T. B 3ajio^cHHnecxBo h y ^OMa. C., 1927.
KaHTapípKHeB, T. oSpun - Ky6aaHH - KiocTeHOTca - BaSaaar - Tyjina - HcaKna -
TapBaH. C., 1925.
581 KapanHOJio, M. IIojiHTHKO-BoeHeH cHHTe3 Ha CBeTOBHaTa Boraa 1914 - 1918. C., 1933.
KapneB, IL KaÖHHerbT MajiHHOB h cenapaTHBHUHT MHp. C., 1919.
KecHKOB, B. npHHOc KbM aHnJioMaTmecKaTa HCTopna Ha EbJirapira 1878 - 1925.
T. II-III. C., 1926.
Khhob, Hb. KoajiHAHOHHH bohhh. C.? 1970.
ICnpHijecKy, K. BoÜHaTaB floöpyAaca. C., 1926.
KHCbOB, Ají. TeHepaJi Kojieß h AeßcTBiraTa Ha 1-Ba KoHHa b floöpyA^Ka
npes 1916roAHHa. C., 1928.
KoBaneB, Ct. 3aimcKH Ha reHepajia ot nexoxaTa 1876 - 1918. C., 1992.
Koh rpMÖBa Aa noóeAH ot rjieAHme Ha ObjirapcKHTe HHTepecH? C., 1914.
KoHCTaHTHHonojib h npojiHBbi. Tlo cexpeTHbiM AOKyMeHTaM öbiBinero MHHHCTepcTBa
HHOcTpaHHbix Aejî. T. I - II. MocKBa, 1925 - 1926.
KopcyH, H. BajiKaHCKHii cf)poHT MnpoBoii bohhh 1914 - 1918 rr. MocKBa, 1939.
KocnapTOB, F. Bo iaTa h Me KAyAbp; KaBHHTe AoroBopH. C., 1944.
Koctob, H. CßeTOBHaTa bohhb 1914 — 1918 r. Sanaven (J)poHT. IIojiHTHKo-CTpaTerHHecKO
H3cneABaHe. C., 1940.
Koctob, Ct. KaKBO me ncicaT ot BbJirapHfl? C., 1914.
KocTypKOB, Ct. CnoMeHH h pa3MHCJin. C., 2004.
Koiieß, Bji. nperjieA na cböirmflTa h AeiiuHTe npe3 übpBaTa CBeTOBHa Boima. Onepx
Ha TjiaBHOTo KOMaHABaHe. C., 1952.
KpanyHOB, Kp. repMaHCKaTa HMnepmi. C., 1917.
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THE GREAT WAR
AND THE BULGARIAN
SWORD OVER
THE BALKAN KNOT
1914-1919
GEORGI MARKOV
SUMMARY
The lamentable reputation of the Balkans as “the powder-keg of Europe” is
supplemented with the definition of “balkanization” firmly established in
the political dictionary. The Great War had been prepared for a long time,
but it burst out all of a sudden. It found its casus belli Sarajevo and spread to the
five continents. The crossing geostrategical situation of the peninsula turned it into
a field of tense challenge among the Great Powers. Sinking into an exhausting po-
sitional massacre they were looking with increasing feverish haste for “small, but
loyal” allies. Banks with political loans were marching ahead, then the diplomacy
was exploring the ground and finally guns had their say.
Binding with the Entente or with the Central Empires was for the Balkan
states an expression both of their own interests and of forced compromises. The
possibilities of choosing determined the price of the neutrality and the involvement.
The policy of alliances in the big coalition wars was particularly fatal for the small
states which most of all needed support and protection but also took considerable
risk in case of an unfortunate issue. This selective policy required perspicacity,
foresight and flexibility, moderation in setting tasks and consistency in achieving
them. Staking all on one card even when it seems to be the strongest and winning
one never results in lasting and final successes.
Bulgaria’s capacity as “a key to the Balkans” was recognized but differently
assessed by the Great Powers. The Entente needed this “strategic key” to open the
Straits towards collapsing Russia and the Central Empires wanted it to hold them.
That would predetermine the fate of the Ottoman Empire and of Serbia. At the
obvious balance of power even the small weight could tip the balance in favour of
one or the other side.
Germany aimed to overrun Serbia and to open the “Eastern way” through Con-
593 stantinople towards the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal, the only salvation from the
deteriorating continental blockade. One can argue whether the alliance with it would
be “natural” or “unnatural”, but Bulgaria did not “serve the German imperialism” as
far as its national interests coincided or crossed with the world-wide interests of the
Reich. The Bulgarian government was due to carry on a Bulgarian policy.
The Bulgarian national issue was a complicated tangle in the Balkan interrela-
tions and in the European policy of the Great Powers. The attempts for its Balkan
solution failed. The patronage of the Great proved to be inevitable. A direct alliance
was indispensable. However first of all the green wounds from the Balkan Wars had
to be cured, the finances to be set in order and the army to be prepared so that the
price of the “Bulgarian prey” could rise. The coinciding interests of the neighbours
and the Great Powers hold Bulgaria cut off and nailed in the middle of the Balkans.
Bulgaria could neither keep “a neutrality to the end” nor sell it at a low price.
The “benevolent” neutrality towards the Central Empires was temporizing as long
as the foreign factors and the public opinion in the country admitted it. The neigh-
bouring countries’ behaviour was also of great significance as it was connected
with the pressure exerted by the warring groups. In order to make the final decision
when and how to sacrifice the neutrality it was necessary to know which side would
be taken and what would be the territorial reward.
Although tom between contemplation and wishes, the Bulgarian foreign poli-
cy was not carrying on a foul play as it was sincere to the Central Empires. Yet the
neutrality dragged on for more than a year. There was pressure from all sides, talks
with the belligerent groups were conducted, negotiations were delayed and nothing
was signed. The fatal question whether Bulgaria would get involved afterwards or
would anticipate events applied to its enemies as well.
The problem which side would Bulgaria take in the war was political and ex-
actly when it would happen - a military one. The development of the Balkan affairs
in the summer of 1915 was also a reflection of the events at the main theatres of
war. The catastrophe on the Eastern Front seemed to be forthcoming. The Dar-
danelles expedition for the opening of the Straits towards Russia grew tense. The
Entente could not make Serbia and Greece retreat in Macedonia and Bulgaria was
within its rights to insist that its participation in the war against Turkey should not
be conditioned by the multiplied “if with respect to Serbia’s and Greece’s territo-
rial expansion because if the Great War ended without victors and vanquished the
enlargement of the neighbours would be doubtful and Bulgaria would gain nothing.
Tsar Ferdinand and the government of Vassil Radoslavov seized to object to
and delay any longer the alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. They also
gave up the reward for the benevolent neutrality. In Sofia they understood that
the war should not be expanded against Greece as well. The Bulgarian army was
entangled in the realization of intercontinental strategic plans far exceeding the
range of the national unification. That was required by the coalition interests of the
Quadruple Alliance.
The supreme political aim of the involvement in the World War was utmost
clear and intelligible - “gathering all Bulgarians under one state’s roof”, but the
594
choice of great allies proved to be wrong. What is more, the way of choosing was
also incorrect - not according to the chances of final victory but after the bidding
at the territorial auction, whose benefits would be wasted in case of a general loss
of the war. Feelings in politics have always been a bad adviser.
Bulgaria was flattered as “the strategic key to the Balkans”, but the issue of
the Great War was being decided on the Western Front. The Balkan range of the
war was too important for the scope of activity of the Bulgarian army. The politi-
cians were obliged to think at least with a view to the continent if not to the world.
The increasing superiority of the Entente in number and material resources which
would become more and more significant for the outcome of the world conflict was
short-sightedly disregarded.
The capturing of the Serbian war-time capital Nis was assessed by the observ-
ers of the war as the “most important event” in the coalition war in the Balkans. The
way for the “Balkan train” to Constantinople was open. Bulgaria and Austria-Hun-
gary became neighbours. However Sofia shared different views. The Serbian army
was defeated but not destroyed. The troops of the Entente landed in Macedonia not
only to save it but to cut again the way from Central Europe to the Near East.
The alliance perforce and Bulgaria’s interference on the side of the Central Em-
pires decided the fate of Serbia and Montenegro, finally ruined the Dardanelles ex-
pedition and saved the Ottoman Empire. If it had stayed neutral, that would have
influenced Romania and Greece. However the Great War proved to be much more
different from the previous ones. The enemy was supposed to be defeated and driven
away to the Albanian mountains but its rout put an end to the campaign and not to
the war. The German High Command was not interested in liquidating the front in
Macedonia because while the Eastern army of the Entente would land to the Western
Front the Bulgarian Army would not leave the boundaries of the cherished national
unification. With its forces nailed in Macedonia for it the war had not finished yet.
The Anglo-French fortified their position in the centre of the Balkans and time
was helping them to become stronger for they were resolved to take their revenge
at any cost. Salonika was turned into a basis for new operations in the European
South-East. Russia was preparing for the “big blow” towards the Straits, involving
Romania as well. The way of the Central Powers to the East was to be constantly
threatened. The Bulgarian army was proclaimed to be “a guard of the Balkans”
because that also meant a defence of its own national interests. But the Macedonian
Front seemed likely to influence Greece and Romania in joining the opposite bel-
ligerent side.
While the German High Command regarded the Macedonian Front as one
covering the Balkans and connecting the other theatres of war, the Entente guessed
right its importance in the coalition strategy. The Eastern army constantly grew
in number. The war was going to continue still for a long time. Peace would be
established if one of the belligerent coalitions succeeded to prevail on the other or
if they both convinced themselves at the same time that they were not able to win.
595 The hope for victories was not also a hope for peace.
The Bulgarian soldiers and officers not only defeated the adversary in the val-
leys of the Timok, the Morava and the Vardar rivers but they also set to a three-year
war on the Macedonian Front against the multi-coloured and multiracial Eastern
Army. What was more, the opening of the Northern Front against Russia and Ro-
mania peering behind it was forthcoming. The coalition war submitted to strict
strategic laws, interpreted and applied by the Great Allies. Even though Bulgaria
could win its “small” wars in the Balkans and achieve its national unification in the
end the issue of the Great War would be decided on the main fronts.
Bulgaria was “the Guard of the Balkans” in the coalition strategy of the Qua-
druple Alliance whose road to the Orient (to Asia Minor, the Near East and the
Persian Gulf) was the only way out of the continental blockade of the Entente. For
the Bulgarians the need to preserve the obtained national unification justified the
defence of the communications between Central Europe and the Orient. The pres-
ent study provides explanations of how and why they won their “little” wars in
Southeast Europe while the underestimation of the Southern front led them sign
the first armistice of the Quadruple Alliance and leave the Great War. The evidence
for the complicated events is drawn from various sources in order to juxtapose,
compare and assess different points of view. The approach of investigation follows
a line from the whole to its components and vice versa because the Great War was
decided on the main fronts.
In this book, as in his previous studies the author concentrates his attention on
the foreign policy, diplomacy and military strategy of Bulgaria taking into consid-
eration the extremely difficult conditions of the long war whose victorious end was
drifting away like a mirage in the desert. He stresses the three responsible factors
for the leading of the war — the Monarchic institution, the Council of Ministers and
the High Command with their recognized merits alternating with delusions, mis-
takes and failures. The co-ordination or the contradictions between the main levers
in the belligerent Bulgarian state helped or impeded the successes, decreased or
increased the number of victims. The authoritative factors did not want one more
catastrophe hut did not do all they could to avoid it.
Bulgaria prevented the Allies from saving Serbia, Rumania and Russia and de-
tained on the Southern front the armies of four Great powers and tour Balkan states.
Within a period of six years she was leading her third war for national unification
exerting all her strength and keeping with the colours one million of her sons. The
enlargement of the state borders created prerequisites for political independence
and economical development.
The Bulgarian soldier waded across the Balkans from the Albanian mountains
to the Seret river in Moldavia, from the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean to the
Adriatic Sea and Lake of Ostrovo in order to liberate his brothers beyond Ludogo-
rie, the Strandzha Mountain, the Rhodopes and the Rila Mountain. The Bulgarians
in the Ottoman Empire had possessed at least churches, schools and reading clubs
closed down by the Serbian, Greek and Rumanian authorities. What is more, they
even did not recognize them as Bulgarians!
596
As a smaller country, drawn into the vortex of the “big politics” Bulgaria pe-
rused her own aims in the war. The responsible politicians could not swear al-
legiance to Germany and at the same time made up to the Entente. Bulgaria is a
Balkan country and her adversaries were in this part of Europe. Therefore she was
obliged to consider and combine the Balkan dimensions in the “Big strategy” of
the coalition war. The politics of feelings should not replace the politics of interests.
No one wants to remember the lost wars. The won wars are celebrated loud-
ly and proudly. However, the lessons of the former are more valuable than the
pompous speeches about the latter. It is not true that the victors are better soldiers
and military commanders than the vanquished because commensurability means
also consideration of proportion of forces. The Great War was decided on the
Western front. The neighbouring countries lost their battles and in the end won
the war together with “the powers that be”. At the same time it would not be fair
to justify the sins of the politicians with awkward diplomatic moves. The Bulgar-
ian diplomats did their job but their perspicacious views left the monarch and the
ministers cold.
The historian is obliged to avoid the usual shift of responsibility. The faults
of the domestic factors occupy the inner circle because theirs are the most fate-
ful decisions. The next circle encompasses the politicians from the neighbouring
countries who take advantage of their rivals’ mistakes. The outer circle includes
the Great Powers whose interests in world affairs make senseless any attempt at
“being angry with them” about the damages they caused. Politicians usually grade
and arrange the responsibilities “from the outside inwards” so that they can excuse
themselves with the outside factors. However, such an approach is as convenient for
them as vicious because the one-side accusations do not contribute to disentangling
the intricate knot of responsibilities.
The “big politics” was reflected in the three international conferences in Brest-
Litovsk, Bucharest and Paris. The belligerent coalitions would not even think of
peace until they made sure of “full retribution for the past” and “firm guarantee for
the future”. The impact of the interested powers, together or separately as well as
their relations with their Balkan enemies were multidirectional and often decisive.
The partners also made difficulties. Devotion to the “brothers-in-arms” and dem-
onstrations of discontent undermining the common base of the coalition succeeded
each other.
Bulgaria entered the Great War siding with the Central Empires to obtain her
ultimate goal - the national unification. Her territorial demands were based mainly
on ethnical and historical rights. Therefore the Bulgarian society was unpleasantly
surprised that the allies insisted on compensations in Dobrudzha (Germany), south
of the Danube (Austria-Hungary) and in Thrace (the Ottoman Empire). And what
is more, while the territories in the Caucasus were entirely and directly ceded to the
Sublime Porte, a condominium of Northern Dobrudzha was established. The inter-
nal frictions and contradictions became stronger and evident placing under question
597 the compatibility of interests of the different allies.
“Sacred egoism” relies on a short memory. Being benevolently neutral to the
Ottoman Empire while letting arms and people pass, Bulgaria increased the resistant
forces at the Dardanelles in 1915. Her interference in the war against the Entente
finally frustrated Churchill’s plans to take hold of Constantinople and the Straits.
The Bulgarian army “with arms at the order” prevented Rumania attacking Austria-
Hungary in the end of 1914 when the Serbs crossed the Danube and the Russians
threatened to invade the Hungarian plain, ft was again the Bulgarian army that in
the autumn of 1915 enabled Austria-Hungary to cope with her enemies to the south
and in the autumn of 1916 through the stunning blows in Dobrudzha and Wallachia
contributed to the counter-offensive in Transylvania and then to Bucharest.
Tsar Ferdinand was wrong about the duration of the war and could not foresee
its outcome. He did not join the probable victors and was against them to the end
but war is such a dangerous undertaking that measures should be taken in advance
against the worst to come. The irresponsibility of the monarch under the Constitu-
tion was not countervailed with the responsibilities of the ministers who did not
dare make objections to the extremely ambitious sovereign. Bulgaria had been pre-
paring for a “little” war and not for such a long and exhausting “Great War”. It is an
old truth that “the tactics win the battles while the strategy and administration win
the war”. The outcome of the war was no longer only on the forward fighting line
but deep in the rear as well.
Wars are led so that they never end “in a draw”, i.e. without victors and van-
quished. The grading and the arrangement of the political aims are compatible with
the obvious and expected risks for the people and the state. Tsar Ferdinand was a
maximalist as far as foreign policy was concerned which meant confrontation with
more enemies in the strategy of war. He was not within his rights to demand that
“his” people fulfilled his “dreams” of Constantinople and Salonica, of a common
border with Austria-Hungary and an outlet on the Adriatic Sea. Such bloody strains
were beyond the powers of one generation and ultimately what remained for the
Bulgarians was the glory of the battles while the neighbours gained the territorial
acquisitions.
The declared principles of a plebiscite and national self-determination proved
to be desired illusions for those who laid down arms with the hope for some justice
even if relative. The establishment of new states in Europe in the name of national
freedom did not mean that it should be denied to other “hostile” peoples. The Bul-
garians reached the heights of diplomacy and won laurels in the battlefields. How-
ever, providence could not always help them since the politicians either missed the
favourable day for solution or were impatient to wait for it.
The “rights and justice” in the Balkans promised by President Woodrow Wil-
son remained on paper. The forcibly imposed geopolitics of the Allies did not rec-
ognize the plebiscite and made a cult of the “strategic boundaries”. The swollen-
headed victors introduced their “Versailles order” under which the “guilty peoples”
were punished for the faults of the politicians. The lost World War caused social
cataclysms, civil conflicts and created prerequisites for the rise of the totalitarian
598
dictatorships. On the top of that all the victors “blamed” the vanquished for un-
leashing the war.
The world received a “break” of two decades between the two world wars. The
victors referred to Bismarck that “the treaties are for the weaker to observe them”.
Then they menacingly added that “revision meant war”. The vanquished answered
them in anger: “There are no everlasting treaties!”
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592 |
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| id | DE-604.BV043847104 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:11:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789540910840 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029257524 |
| oclc_num | 965323256 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 599 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Izdatelstvo "Zacharij Stojanov" |
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| spelling | Markov, Georgi 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)12486404X aut 880-01 Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 Vtora kniga Razsičaneto Georgi Markov Sofija Izdatelstvo "Zacharij Stojanov" 2016 599 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text bulgarisch Kyrillisch (DE-604)BV043847092 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis 245-01/(N Разсичането |
| spellingShingle | Markov, Georgi 1946- Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 |
| title | Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 |
| title_auth | Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 |
| title_exact_search | Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 |
| title_full | Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 Vtora kniga Razsičaneto Georgi Markov |
| title_fullStr | Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 Vtora kniga Razsičaneto Georgi Markov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 Vtora kniga Razsičaneto Georgi Markov |
| title_short | Goljamata vojna i bălgarskijat meč nad Balkanskija văzel 1914-1919 |
| title_sort | goljamata vojna i balgarskijat mec nad balkanskija vazel 1914 1919 razsicaneto |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029257524&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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