How the mind comes into being: introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2017
|
| Edition: | First edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xix, 381 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9780198739692 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a How the mind comes into being |b introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |c Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface vii
1 Embodied Cognitive Science 1
1.1 Introduction................................................................. X
1.2 Our brain controls our body.................................................. 2
1.3 Our body controls our brain.................................................. 3
1.4 Our body and our world shape our brain..................................... 3
1.5 Our brain develops for a purpose............................................. 4
1.6 Computational knowledge is necessary......................................... 5
1.7 Book overview ............................................................... 5
2 Cognitive Science is Interdisciplinary 9
2.1 Introduction................................................................. 9
2.2 Philosophy ................................................................. 10
2.2.1 Epistemology and its development..................................... 11
2.2.2 Philosophy of mind................................................... 18
2.2.3 Philosophy of language and forms of representation....................21
2.3 Biology..................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Neurobiology......................................................... 24
2.3.2 Evolution............................................................ 27
2.4 Psychology.................................................................. 31
2.4.1 Behaviorism.......................................................... 31
2.4.2 Constructivism and developmental psychology ......................... 33
2.4.3 The cognitive turn................................................... 35
2.4.4 Memory............................................................... 37
2.5 Bringing the pieces together................................................ 39
2.6 Exercises .................................................................. 42
3 Cognition is Embodied 45
3.1 Computers and intelligence.................................................. 45
3.2 What is intelligence anyway?................................................ 47
3.2.1 Early conceptualizations of intelligence............................. 47
3.2.2 Further differentiations of intelligence............................. 48
3.3 Symbolic artificial intelligence and its limitations........................ 49
3.3.1 Symbolic problem solving............................................. 50
3.3.2 Symbolic linguistic processing....................................... 51
3.4 Hard challenges for symbolic processing systems ............................ 53
3.4.1 Symbol grounding problem............................................. 53
3.4.2 Frame problem........................................................ 55
3.4.3 Binding problem.................................................... 57
3.5 Neural networks ............................................................ 59
3.6 Embodied intelligence....................................................... 61
3.6.1 Embodied biological processing....................................... 62
xi
xii CONTENTS
3.6.2 Embodied artificial intelligence................................... 65
3.6.3 Embodied cognitive agents.......................................... 69
3.7 When have we reached artificial, human cognition?......................... 71
3.8 Exercises ................................................................. 74
4 Cognitive Development and Evolution 77
4.1 Introduction............................................................... 77
4.2 Ontogenetic development ................................................... 78
4.2.1 Prenatal development................................................ 79
4.2.2 Cognitive development after birth: the first few years ............ 81
4.3 Phylogenetic development and evolution..................................... 88
4.3.1 A brief history of evolution science............................... 89
4.3.2 Genetics in a nutshell............................................. 91
4.3.3 Evolutionary mechanisms............................................ 92
4.4 Evolutionary computation................................................... 95
4.4.1 Basic components of evolutionary computation algorithms............ 96
4.4.2 When do evolutionary algorithms work?..............................102
4.5 What can we learn from evolution?..........................................105
4.6 Exercises .................................................................107
5 Behavior is Reward-oriented 109
5.1 Introduction and overview..................................................109
5.2 Reinforcement learning in psychology.......................................109
5.3 Reinforcement learning.....................................................Ill
5.3.1 RL problem..........................................................112
5.3.2 Temporal difference learning .......................................114
5.3.3 Speeding up temporal difference learning ...........................118
5.3.4 Behavioral strategies...............................................122
5.3.5 Actor-critic approaches ............................................123
5.4 Policy gradients...........................................................124
5.4.1 Formalization of policy gradients...................................125
5.4.2 Gradient estimation techniques......................................120
5.4.3 A racing car example ...............................................127
5.4.4 Conclusions and relations to cognition and behavior.................128
5.5 Exercises .................................................................130
6 Behavioral Flexibility and Anticipatory Behavior 131
6.1 Introduction...............................................................131
6.2 Flexibility and adaptivity.................................................133
6.2.1 Niches and natural diversity........................................133
6.2.2 Beyond behaviorism..................................................135
6.2.3 Redundancies and complements........................................136
6.3 Sensorimotor learning and adaptation.......................................139
6.4 Anticipatory behavior......................................................141
6.4.1 Forward anticipatory behavior.......................................142
6.4.2 Inverse anticipatory behavior.......................................144
6.5 Motivations and curiosity..................................................146
6.5.1 Intrinsic reward....................................................147
6.5.2 Extrinsic reward and motivations....................................148
6.6 Summary and outlook........................................................150
6.7 Exercises .................................................................152
CONTENTS xiii
7 Brain Basics from a Computational Perspective 155
7.1 Introduction and overview................................................155
7.2 The nervous system ......................................................155
7.3 Brain anatomy............................................................157
7.3.1 Neurons and neural information processing.........................157
7.3.2 Modules and areas.................................................162
7.3.3 Basic brain and body maintenance..................................165
7.4 General organizational principles........................................166
7.4.1 Function-oriented mappings........................................167
7.4.2 Cortical columns and topographies.................................169
7.4.3 Neural tuning and coordinated communication.......................172
7.5 Brain mechanisms and brain imaging.......................................174
7.5.1 Brain lesion studies .............................................175
7.5.2 Active methods....................................................176
7.5.3 Passive methods...................................................177
7.5.4 Summary...........................................................180
7.6 Summary and conclusions..................................................181
8 Primary Visual Perception from the Bottom Up 183
8.1 introduction.............................................................183
8.2 Light and reflections....................................................183
8.3 The eye..................................................................185
8.4 Visual processing pathways...............................................188
8.5 Redundant and complementary visual processing............................190
8.5.1 Receptive fields, columns, and hypercolumns.......................191
8.5.2 Smoothing ........................................................192
8.5.3 Edge detection....................................................193
8.5.4 Motion detection..................................................195
8.5.5 Integrating edge information......................................198
8.5.6 Further sources of visual information.............................200
8.6 Summary and conclusions..................................................201
8.7 Exercises ...............................................................202
9 Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions 203
9.1 Introduction.............................................................203
9.2 Top-down predictive, generative models...................................204
9.3 Bayesian information processing .........................................206
9.3.1 Probability theory: a short introduction..........................207
9.3.2 A simple example .................................................209
9.3.3 Bayesian networks.................................................211
9.3.4 Probability distributions and densities...........................215
9.4 A Bayesian model of visual processing.................................. 219
9.5 Visual illusions.........................................................223
9.6 Summary..................................................................225
9.7 Exercises ...............................................................228
10 Multisensory Interactions 231
10.1 Introduction and overview...............................................231
10.2 Body-relative spaces....................................................233
10.2.1 Redundant, body-relative, multisensory spaces.....................234
10.2.2 Simple population encoding in a locust............................237
10.2.3 Learning peripersonal spaces......................................238
10.2.4 Optimal information fusion........................................240
10.2.5 Spatial, topology-preserving transformations .....................242
10.3 Multisensory recognition................................................243
XIV
CONTENTS
10.3.1 Object recognition.................................................243
10.3.2 Behavior recognition...............................................245
10.4 Cognitive maps............................................................246
10.4.1 Hippocampus and episodic memory ...................................247
10.4.2 Behavior-oriented cognitive map....................................249
10.5 Summary and conclusions...................................................251
10.6 Exercises ................................................................252
11 Attention 255
11.1 Introduction and overview................................................255
11.2 Top-down and bottom-up attention.........................................256
11.3 Phenomena of attention...................................................258
11.3.1 Visual search......................................................258
11.3.2 Attention over time ...............................................258
11.3.3 Change blindness and inattentional blindness.......................261
11.3.4 Other attentional capabilities.....................................264
11.4 Models of attention.......................................................264
11.4.1 Qualitative models of attention....................................265
11.4.2 Bundesen’s theory of visual attention .............................267
11.4.3 Saliency maps and eye saccades.....................................268
11.4.4 Dynamic neural fields of attention.................................270
11.5 Summary and outlook.......................................................271
11.6 Exercises ................................................................273
12 Decision Making, Control, and Concept Formation 275
12.1 Introduction and overview.................................................275
12.2 Compositional motor control in the brain..................................277
12.2.1 Muscles and the spinal cord........................................278
12.2.2 Motorcortex and beyond.............................................280
12.3 Computational motor control...............................................284
12.3.1 Models of online motor control.....................................284
12.3.2 Models of decision making..........................................287
12.3.3 Action and motor control components................................291
12.3.4 Decision making components.........................................293
12.4 Event-oriented conceptualizations.........................................295
12.4.1 Events and event segmentations.....................................296
12.4.2 Event taxonomy.....................................................298
12.4.3 Event conceptualizations and abstractions..........................298
12.5 Summary and conclusions................................................ 300
12.6 Exercises ...............................................................302
13 Language, Concepts, and Abstract Thought 305
13.1 Introduction and overview................................................305
13.2 Introduction to linguistics..............................................306
13.2.1 Historical sketch.................................................308
13.2.2 Speech sounds: phonetics..........................................309
13.2.3 Words: phonology and morphology...................................309
13.2.4 Sentences: syntax ................................................311
13.2.5 Semantics and pragmatics..........................................314
13.3 Language in the brain....................................................316
13.4 Language evolution.......................................................318
13.4.1 Shared intentionality, cooperation, and communication.............319
13.4.2 Gestural theory and verbal communication..........................320
13.4.3 Mind and grammar..................................................321
13.4.4 Further implications of language evolution........................322
CONTENTS
xv
13.5 Language development.....................................................323
13.5.1 Prelinguistic concept development.................................323
13.5.2 Phonological and lexical development .............................325
13.5.3 Grounding and developing grammar..................................328
13.6 Common and individual meaning............................................329
13.6.1 Word meaning......................................................330
13.6.2 Meaning in conversations..........................................331
13.7 Conclusions and implications.............................................332
13.8 Exercises ...............................................................334
14 Retrospection and future perspectives 337
14.1 Retrospection............................................................337
14.2 Some underrepresented aspects............................................341
14.3 Consciousness and cognitive modeling.....................................342
References 345
Index 367
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| spelling | Butz, Martin V. Verfasser aut How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2017 xix, 381 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cognitive science Philosophy of mind Thought and thinking Kognitionswissenschaft (DE-588)4193780-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Kognitionswissenschaft (DE-588)4193780-6 s DE-604 Kutter, Esther F. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029209149&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Butz, Martin V. Kutter, Esther F. How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Cognitive science Philosophy of mind Thought and thinking Kognitionswissenschaft (DE-588)4193780-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4193780-6 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_auth | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_exact_search | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_full | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
| title_fullStr | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
| title_full_unstemmed | How the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective Martin V. Butz and Esther F. Kutter, Department of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany |
| title_short | How the mind comes into being |
| title_sort | how the mind comes into being introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| title_sub | introducing cognitive science from a functional and computational perspective |
| topic | Cognitive science Philosophy of mind Thought and thinking Kognitionswissenschaft (DE-588)4193780-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cognitive science Philosophy of mind Thought and thinking Kognitionswissenschaft Einführung |
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