EU environmental law and policy:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2016
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xli, 386 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780198753926 9780198753933 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Table of Contents
Table of Cases xiii
Table of Legislation xxi
Other Documents xxxvii
List of Abbreviations xxxix
I. PRIMARY LAW, INSTITUTIONAL
AND HISTORICAL PREMISES
1. The European Union and Its Structure 3
1.1 The Origin and Development of the European Union 3
1.2 The Nature of the European Union 6
1.3 The Institutional Structure 7
1.3.1 The European Council 8
1.3.2 The Council 8
1.3.3 The Commission 9
1.3.4 The European Parliament 10
1.3.5 The Court 11
1.3.6 The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of
the Regions 13
1.4 The EFTA and the EEA 14
1.5 Sources of Law in the European Union 15
1.6 Priority and Direct Effect 17
1.7 Decision-making Procedures 22
1.8 Comitology 23
2. Objectives, Principles, and Resources 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Environment Action Programmes 28
2.2.1 The first four Action Programmes 28
2.2.2 The Fifth Environment Action Programme 30
2.2.3 The Sixth Environment Action Programme 31
2.2.4 The Seventh Environment Action Programme 32
2.3 Environmental Objectives and Policy 33
2.3.1 Historical development 33
2.3.2 Nature and limits of the environmental objectives 34
2.3.3 Geographical limits of EU environmental policy 36
2.4 Pertinent Principles 40
2.4.1 Sustainable development 42
2.4.2 Subsidiarity 46
via
Table of Contents
2.4.3 Proportionality 48
2.4.4 A high level of protection 49
2.4.5 Precaution 51
2.4.6 Preventive action 53
2.4.7 Proximity 54
2.4.8 Polluter-pays principle 55
2.4.9 Integration 58
2.4.10 Sincere cooperation 62
2.4.11 Equal treatment and legal certainty 63
2.5 Institutional Development 64
2.6 Financial Instruments 66
3. Free Movement of Goods and the Room for Member State Action 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Quantitative Restrictions on Trade and Measures
Having Equivalent Effect 70
3.3 Legitimising Trade Restrictive Measures 76
3.3.1 Environmental protection as a mandatory requirement 79
3.3.2 Developments since the Danish bottle case 80
3.3.3 Legitimate grounds for exceptions 81
3.3.4 Discrimination 82
3.3.5 Proportionality 85
3.3.6 Acceptable level of protection 89
3.4 Notification of Technical Standards 91
3.5 Environmental Taxes 92
4. Division and Exercise of Competence 95
4.1 Competence and Legal Bases 95
4.2 Environmental Policy as Legal Basis (Article 192 TFEU) 97
4.2.1 Decision-making under Article 192 99
4.2.2 Factors to be taken account of and financing 100
4.2.3 More stringent protective measures 102
4.3 The Internal Market as a Legal Basis (Article 114 TFEU) 105
4.3.1 National provisions derogating from a harmonisation measure 107
4.3.2 New derogating national provisions 108
4.3.3 The Commissions assessment 111
4.4 Other Legal Bases 114
4.4.1 Agricultural and fisheries policy, Article 43 TFEU 114
4.4.2 Common commercial policy, Articles 206 and 207 TFEU 116
4.4.3 Transport, Article 91 TFEU 117
4.4.4 Energy, Article 194 TFEU 117
4.5 The Extent of the Harmonising Effect 118
4.6 Choice of Legal Basis 122
4.7 The EUs External Competence 124
4.7.1 Mixed agreements and exclusive competence 125
4.7.2 The status of international agreements in EU law 128
Table of Contents ix
5. Monitoring the Application of Union Environmental Law
and Sanctions 131
5.1 Member States’ Obligations 131
5.2 Penalties for Individuals 132
5.3 Implementation of EU Law 134
5.4 The Infringement Procedure 135
5.4.1 Procedure before the Commission 136
5.4.2 Infringement cases before the Court 138
5.4.3 Sanction 138
5.5 Actions for Annulment and for Failure to Act 140
5.6 Preliminary Rulings 142
5.7 Access to Justice for Natural and Legal Persons 144
II. SECONDARY LAW
6. Instruments, Approaches, and Trends in EU Secondary
Environmental Law 151
7. Crosscutting Issues 157
7.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 157
7.1.1 Introduction 157
7.1.2 The EIA Directive 158
7.1.3 The SEA Directive 166
7.2 Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents (the Seveso Directive) 169
7.3 Ecolabelling 172
7.4 The EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) 174
7.5 Access to Information, Public Participation, and Access to Justice 177
7.5.1 Access to environmental information in the Member States 178
7.5.2 Public participation and access to justice in the Member States 181
7.5.3 Access to information, public participation, and access
to justice regarding EU institutions and bodies 183
7.6 Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European
Community (INSPIRE) 185
7.7 European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register 186
7.8 Environmental Liability 187
7.8.1. Environmental damage and applicability of the ELD 188
7.8.2 Obligations on operators and authorities 190
7.8.3 Cost recovery 192
7.8.4 Request for action and more protective measures 192
8. Industrial Emissions 195
8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) 196
8.2.1 Annex I activities 199
8.2.2 BAT and emission limit values 200
X
Table of Contents
8.2.3 Permits 202
8.2.4 Closure and remediation 204
8.2.3 Inspections and public participation 204
8.2.6 Special provisions on certain activities 206
8.2.7 Final Provisions 208
9. Air Quality and Noise 211
9.1 Introduction 211
9.2 Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe 212
9.3 National Emission Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants 215
9.4 The Clean Air Policy Package 216
9.5 Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 217
9.6 Emissions from Specific Sources 219
9.7 Noise 221
10. Water 223
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 The Water Framework Directive (WFD) 224
10.2.1 Environmental objectives 226
10.2.2 Exemptions and common implementation 229
10.2.3 Programmes of measures, monitoring, and management 231
10.2.4 Combined approach 232
10.2.5 Recovery of costs 233
10.2.6 Groundwater 233
10.2.7 Priority hazardous substances 234
10.3 Other Legal Acts on Water Protection 235
10.3.1 Urban waste-water treatment 235
10.3.2 Pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources 236
10.3.3 Bathing water quality 236
10.3.4 Water for human consumption 237
10.3.5 Flood risks 237
10.4 The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) 237
10.4.1 Targets, strategies, and monitoring 240
10.4.2 Programmes of measures 242
10.4.3 Exceptions 242
10.5 Ship-related Pollution 245
10.5.1 Ship-source pollution and penalties for infringements 245
10.5.2 Other acts on ship-related pollution 246
10.6 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations 248
10.7 Maritime Spatial Planning 249
11. Climate and Energy 253
11.1 Commitments, Distribution, and Monitoring 253
11.1.1 The climate and energy package 255
11.1.2 The 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework 256
11.1.3 Monitoring, accounting, and reporting 257
Table of Contents xi
11.2 The EU ETS 258
11.2.1 Allocation of allowances 260
11.2.2 Aviation in the EU ETS 263
11.2.3 Issuance, surrender, and transfer of allowances 265
11.3 Sources of Greenhouse Gases Outside the EU ETS 266
11.3.1 Emissions of carbon dioxide from cars 266
11.3.2 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 267
11.4 Energy from Renewable Sources 268
11.5 Carbon Capture and Storage 271
11.6 Energy Efficiency 274
11.7 Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment 276
11.8 Ecodesign of Energy-using Products 279
11.9 Eco Labelling 280
12. Waste 283
12.1 Introduction 283
12.2 The Framework Directive on Waste 285
12.2.1 The waste hierarchy and waste management 286
12.2.2 The problem of defining waste 288
12.2.3 By-products and end-of-waste 289
12.2.4 Responsibility for waste management and its costs 290
12.2.5 Hazardous waste 292
12.2.6 Waste management plans and waste prevention programmes 293
12.3 Shipments of Waste 293
12.4 Landfill of Waste 297
12.5 Specific Waste Streams 298
12.5.1 Packaging and packaging waste 298
12.5.2 End-of-life vehicles 300
12.5.3 Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) 301
12.5.4 Batteries and accumulators 302
12.5.5 PCB/PCT 303
12.5.6 Waste from extractive industries 303
12.5.7 Sludge 304
12.5.8 Ship-generated waste and cargo residues 304
12.5.9 Ship Recycling 305
13. Chemicals 309
13.1 Introduction 309
13.2 REACH 311
13.2.1 Registration 312
13.2.2 Chemical safety report 316
13.2.3 Information in the supply chain 316
13.2.4 Substance evaluation 317
13.2.5 Authorisation and substitution 318
13.2.6 Restrictions 321
13.2.7 Harmonising effect 321
13.2.8 Further provisions 323
xii Table of Contents
13.3 Classification, Labelling, and Packaging 323
13.4 Pesticides 324
13.4.1 Plant protection products 325
13.4.2 Sustainable use of pesticides 330
13-4.3 Maximum residue levels 330
13.4.4 Biocides 331
13.5 Export and Import of Dangerous Chemicals 331
13.6 Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (RoHS) 334
13.7 Metallic Mercury 335
13.8 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 336
14. Genetically Modified Organisms 339
14.1 Introduction 339
14.2 Deliberate Release into the Environment 340
14.2.1 Deliberate release 342
14.2.2 Placing on the market 342
14.2.3 National prohibitions on cultivation 344
14.2.4 Food and feed 345
14.3 Contained Use 345
14.4 Transboundary Movements of GMOs 346
15. Biodiversity 349
15.1 Introduction 349
15.2 The Conservation of Wild Birds 351
15.3 The Habitats Directive 354
15.3.1 Defining areas and species to be protected 354
15.3.2 Designation of areas 356
15.3.3 Protective measures 358
15.4 International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 362
15.5 Invasive Species 364
15.6 Other Legal Acts and Strategies Protecting Biological Diversity 368
Bibliography
Index
371
379 |
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| title | EU environmental law and policy |
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| title_full | EU environmental law and policy David Langlet, Department of Law, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg and Said Mahmoudi, Professor at the Faculty of Law, Stockholm University |
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