Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii: (1861-1917)
Консульская служба России в Монголии (1861-1917)
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Moskva
Nauka - Vostočnaja literatura
2015
|
| Series: | Kitaj: istorija i sovremennostʹ
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 294 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9785020365964 |
Staff View
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| 650 | 7 | |a Diplomatic relations |2 fast | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Außenpolitik | |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Russia |2 fast | |
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| 880 | 1 | |6 100-01/(N |a Сизова, Александра Александровна |a ut | |
| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-02/(N |a Консульская служба России в Монголии |b (1861-1917) |c А.А. Сизова |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1814328934733447168 |
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| adam_text |
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Summary . 292
Summary
The consulates in Mongolia were the important institutes of coordina-
tion of the Russian Empire’s international contacts with the East Asian
region in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries. In this
study based on a wide range of archival materials, the author attempts to
make a comprehensive analysis of their activities and role in protecting
Russian interests in Mongolia and in the East Asian international relations
from 1861 to 1917.
The opening of consulates was necessitated by the growth of Russian
economic and political interests in Mongolia which was considered a zone
of Russia’s “special interests” in the context of the increased great powers’
competition in the Qing Empire. The consulate in the central city of Mon-
golia, Urga (Ikh Khliree; after 1911, Niislel Khiiree), was established in
1861, while the consulates in the western part of the country, in Uliastai,
Khovd and Sharasume (Chenghua), were opened up in the early 20th cen-
tury. The vice-consulate in Maimaicheng (Maimachen) was founded in
1915. The legal basis for the establishing and operating of Russian consu-
lates in Mongolia primarily lies in the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty (1858),
the Beijing Treaty (1860), the Saint-Petersburg Treaty (1881) and the Rus-
sian-Mongolian agreements signed in 1911—1915. The main objectives of
the Russian consulates during the given period were protecting Russian
strategic interests and supporting Russian trade in Mongolia, but in fact
they also included a whole range of other important goals over this long
period.
The characteristic feature of the consulates in Mongolia was a great va-
riety of functions they had to fulfill. As long as the consulates were the
only institutions representing the Russian state in this region until the be-
ginning of the 20th century, the consular competences were both diverse
and extensive. The consuls in Mongolia exercised especially broad powers
and during the period of operation played a significant diplomatic role.
They were responsible for maintaining official contacts with the local
Manchurian (after 1915, Chinese) and Mongolian authorities, protecting
Russian traders’ rights, collecting commercial, political and cultural infor-
Summary
293
mation about Mongolia and neighboring regions (Xinjiang, Inner Mongo-
lia, Manchuria), assisting the Russian diaspora in legal, administrative,
commercial, personal and practical matters, promoting Russian trade and
culture and other issues related to Russia’s policy in Mongolia. A special
consular court was established to solve disputes among the Russian sub-
jects and between the latter and the local population.
The consulates in Mongolia faced numerous difficulties, which often
made their “mission” nearly “impossible”. The diplomats were the first
Europeans who resided in this remote and unexplored part of Asia for long
periods of time. The main obstacle to their activities lay in the uneasy rela-
tions with the local Qing authorities (after 1915, Republican representa-
tives) striving to prevent Russia’s influence in Mongolia from spreading.
Another obstacle was the tough commercial competition with the Chinese
traders. The remoteness of Russian merchants’ settlements across the vast
territories of Mongolia, insufficient attention of the Russian government to
the needs of the consulates, frequent understaffing, rather harsh climatic
conditions as well as other factors made the consular service in this country
very challenging. Performing consular duties required a high degree of ex-
pertise in political, economic and juridical fields, an in-depth knowledge of
Chinese, Manchurian and Mongolian (in the West of the country, also of
Turkic) languages and cultures and strong diplomatic, administrative and
cross-cultural skills. It is important to note that the overwhelming majority
of the consular employees in Mongolia possessed a very high professional
level and true devotion to duty.
The Russian consulates made a great contribution to the promotion of
cooperation in Russian-Chinese and Russian-Mongolian relations as well
as to the maintenance of peace and “status-quo” in the Far East in the sec-
ond half of the 19th and the early 20th century, while defending Russia’s
political interests. The consulates had a key role to play in the Mongolian
national liberation movement in 1911—1915, assisted the Urga government
in its quest for autonomy and took part in the elaboration of important in-
ternational agreements which guaranteed the Mongolian autonomy. The
Russian diplomats were also involved in settling the Mongolia-China dis-
putes, they put a lot of effort into limiting the Pan-Mongolian movement
and sought to curb Japanese and other foreign influence in the region. Be-
sides that, they collected and delivered information about political and
economic development of the country to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
other central ministries and authorities of the Russia’s border regions.
After Mongolia declared independence in 1911, the Bogdo-gegen govern-
ment members and local administrations received from the consulates sig-
294
Summary
nificant help in mastering public administration, civil service and economic
management skills.
The consular institutions in Mongolia were very important for the Rus-
sian trade and entrepreneurship. Despite the obstacles which the Russian
traders faced in Mongolia, Russia’s economic ties with Mongolia devel-
oped, and by 1911 the trade turnover rose up to more than 10 million ru-
bles. The consuls attempted to introduce new ideas and techniques into the
commercial activity of the Russian merchants, initiated and assisted in im-
plementation of the infrastructure projects in Mongolia, informed traders
about economic and political changes in Russia and the world.
In addition, the consulates became the centers of the “Russian world” in
Mongolia, dealing with the development of medicine, education, culture,
maintenance of public order and organization of recreation activities for
the Russians in the Mongolian cities and khoshuns. The Chinese and Mon-
gols had access to the facilities located at the Russian settlements (for ex-
ample, hospitals), thus, they had a chance to become better acquainted with
Russians, their culture and traditions, which in turn strengthened mutual
understanding of the Russian settlers and local population, as well as fa-
vored the spreading of Russian cultural influence in the country. At the
same time, the consulates’ employees contributed to the exploration of
Mongolia and its neighboring regions of China and introduced into scien-
tific use a generous amount of unique data related to those areas, including
peoples and cultures.
As can be seen from the above, the Russian consulates in Mongolia
played a great role in Russian-Mongolian and Russian-Chinese relations, in
the protection of Russian political, economic and cultural interests in this
country, and became significant instruments of maintaining security and
cooperation on the regional level in the second half of the 19th and early
20th century. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sizova, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1113686073 |
| author_facet | Sizova, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sizova, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna |
| author_variant | a a s aa aas |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043765874 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)948735670 (DE-599)BVBBV043765874 |
| era | Geschichte 1861-1917 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1861-1917 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russia / Foreign relations / Mongolia Mongolia / Foreign relations / Russia Mongolia fast Russia fast Russland Mongolei (DE-588)4040056-6 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russia / Foreign relations / Mongolia Mongolia / Foreign relations / Russia Mongolia Russia Russland Mongolei |
| id | DE-604.BV043765874 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T09:01:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785020365964 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029177112 |
| oclc_num | 948735670 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 294 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Nauka - Vostočnaja literatura |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Kitaj: istorija i sovremennostʹ |
| spelling | 880-01 Sizova, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna Verfasser (DE-588)1113686073 aut 880-02 Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) A.A. Sizova 880-03 Moskva Nauka - Vostočnaja literatura 2015 294 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 880-04 Kitaj: istorija i sovremennostʹ Text russisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1861-1917 gnd rswk-swf Diplomatic and consular service, Russian / Mongolia / History Diplomatic and consular service, Russian fast Diplomatic relations fast Außenpolitik Diplomatische Beziehungen Geschichte Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd rswk-swf Konsulat (DE-588)4165113-3 gnd rswk-swf Russia / Foreign relations / Mongolia Mongolia / Foreign relations / Russia Mongolia fast Russia fast Russland Mongolei (DE-588)4040056-6 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 s Konsulat (DE-588)4165113-3 s Mongolei (DE-588)4040056-6 g Geschichte 1861-1917 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029177112&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029177112&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Сизова, Александра Александровна ut 245-02/(N Консульская служба России в Монголии (1861-1917) А.А. Сизова 264-03/(N Москва Наука - Восточная литература 2015 490-04/(N Китай: история и современность |
| spellingShingle | Sizova, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) Diplomatic and consular service, Russian / Mongolia / History Diplomatic and consular service, Russian fast Diplomatic relations fast Außenpolitik Diplomatische Beziehungen Geschichte Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Konsulat (DE-588)4165113-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4012402-2 (DE-588)4165113-3 (DE-588)4040056-6 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) |
| title_auth | Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) |
| title_exact_search | Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) |
| title_full | Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) A.A. Sizova |
| title_fullStr | Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) A.A. Sizova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii (1861-1917) A.A. Sizova |
| title_short | Konsulʹskaja služba Rossii v Mongolii |
| title_sort | konsulʹskaja sluzba rossii v mongolii 1861 1917 |
| title_sub | (1861-1917) |
| topic | Diplomatic and consular service, Russian / Mongolia / History Diplomatic and consular service, Russian fast Diplomatic relations fast Außenpolitik Diplomatische Beziehungen Geschichte Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Konsulat (DE-588)4165113-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Diplomatic and consular service, Russian / Mongolia / History Diplomatic and consular service, Russian Diplomatic relations Außenpolitik Diplomatische Beziehungen Geschichte Diplomatie Konsulat Russia / Foreign relations / Mongolia Mongolia / Foreign relations / Russia Mongolia Russia Russland Mongolei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029177112&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029177112&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sizovaaleksandraaleksandrovna konsulʹskajasluzbarossiivmongolii18611917 |