The English legal system:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Hodder Education
[2016]
|
| Ausgabe: | Eighth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xx, 284 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781471879159 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The English legal system |c Jacqueline Martin |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176540982837248 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF
TABLE OF
ACTS OF PARLIAMENT
CASES
CHAPTER 1 THE RULE OF LAW
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.6
WHAT IS LAW?
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAW
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CRIMINAL
CASES AND CIVIL CASES
DEFINITION OF LAW
LAW AND MORALITY
LAW AND JUSTICE
RIGHTS AND DUTIES
THE RULE OF LAW
DICEY
VON HAYEK
JOSEPH RAZ
HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENGLISH
LEGAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
CUSTOMS
GENERAL CUSTOMS
LOCAL CUSTOMS
COMMON LAW
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMON LAW
DEFINITIONS OF COMMON LAW
EQUITY
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EQUITY
THE OPERATION OF EQUITY
EQUITABLE REMEDIES
THE RELEVANCE OF EQUITY TODAY
CHAPTER 3 JUDICIAL PRECEDENT
3.1
3.1.1
THE DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENT
RATIO DECIDENDI
X
XI
XII
XV
1
1
5
7
8
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
19
20
23
23
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
3.10
OBITER DICTA
JUDGMENTS
ORIGINAL PRECEDENT
BINDING PRECEDENT
PERSUASIVE PRECEDENT
THE HIERARCHY OF THE COURTS
APPELLATE COURTS
COURTS OF FIRST INSTANCE
THE SUPREME COURT
THE PRACTICE STATEMENT
USE OF THE PRACTICE STATEMENT
THE PRACTICE STATEMENT IN
CRIMINAL LAW
THE SUPREME COURT
THE COURT OF APPEAL
DECISIONS OF COURTS ABOVE IT
HUMAN RIGHTS CASES
THE COURT OF APPEAL AND ITS OWN
DECISIONS
THE COURT OF APPEAL
(CRIMINAL DIVISION)
THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE
PRIVY COUNCIL
JUDGES
THE PRIVY COUNCIL AND PRECEDENT
DISTINGUISHING, OVERRULING AND
REVERSING
DISTINGUISHING
OVERRULING
REVERSING
JUDICIAL LAW-MAKING
THE EFFECT OF AN ACT OF PARLIAMENT
COMPARISON WITH OTHER LEGAL
SYSTEMS
CODES OF LAW
LESS RIGID PRECEDENT
PROSPECTIVE OVERRULING
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF PRECEDENT
23
23
24
25
25
26
27
28
28
29
29
30
31
32
32
33
33
35
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
39
40
40
40
40
40
3.10.1 ADVANTAGES 40
3.10.2 DISADVANTAGES 41
3.11 LAW REPORTING 42
3.11.1 INTERNET LAW REPORTS 42
CHAPTER 4 ACTS OF PARLIAMENT
4.1 PARLIAMENT 43
4.1.1 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 43
4.1.2 THE HOUSE OF LORDS 43
4.1.3 REFORM OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS 44
4.2 INFLUENCES ON PARLIAMENTARY
LAW-MAKING 45
4.2.1 THE GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME 45
4.2.2 EUROPEAN UNION LAW 45
4.2.3 OTHER INFLUENCES 45
4.3 THE PRE-LEGISLATIVE PROCESS 46
4.4 INTRODUCING AN ACT OF PARLIAMENT 46
4.4.1 BILLS 46
4.4.2 PRIVATE MEMBERS BILLS 47
4.4.3 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BILLS 47
4.5 THE PROCESS IN PARLIAMENT 48
4.5.1 THE PARLIAMENT ACTS 1911 AND 1949 50
4.5.2 COMMENCEMENT OF AN ACT 50
4.5.3 EXAMPLE OF AN ACT 50
4.6 CRITICISMS OF THE LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS 51
4.6.1 LACK OF ACCESSIBILITY 52
4.6.2 OTHER PROBLEMS 52
4.7 PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY 54
4.7.1 DEFINITION OF PARLIAMENTARY
SUPREMACY 54
4.7.2 LIMITATIONS ON PARLIAMENTARY
SOVEREIGNTY 55
CHAPTER 5 DELEGATED LEGISLATION
5.1 TYPES OF DELEGATED LEGISLATION 58
5.1.1 ORDERS IN COUNCIL 58
5.1.2 STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS 58
5.1.3 BYLAWS 60
5.2 THE NEED FOR DELEGATED LEGISLATION 61
5.3 CONTROL OF DELEGATED LEGISLATION 61
5.3.1 CONTROL BY PARLIAMENT 61
5.3.2 THE LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY
REFORM ACT 2006 63
5.3.3 CONTROL BY THE COURTS 64
5.4 CRITICISMS OF THE USE OF DELEGATED
LEGISLATION 65
CHAPTER 6 EUROPEAN LAW
6.1 THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN
UNION 66
6.1.1 THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 66
6.1.2 THE COMMISSION 67
6.1.3 THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 68
6.2 THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION 69
6.2.1 KEY FUNCTIONS 69
6.2.2 PRELIMINARY RULINGS 69
6.2.3 DISCRETIONARY REFERRALS 70
6.2.4 THE OPERATION OF THE EUROPEAN
COURT OF JUSTICE 71
6.3 EUROPEAN SOURCES OF LAW 72
6.3.1 TREATIES 72
6.3.2 REGULATIONS 73
6.3.3 DIRECTIVES 74
6.3.4 DECISIONS 78
6.4 CONFLICT BETWEEN EUROPEAN LAW
AND NATIONAL LAW 78
6.4.1 THE EFFECT OF EUROPEAN LAW ON THE
SOVEREIGNTY OF PARLIAMENT 79
CHAPTER 7 STATUTORY INTERPRETATION
7.1 THE NEED FOR STATUTORY
INTERPRETATION
7.2 LITERAL APPROACH VERSUS
PURPOSIVE APPROACH
7.3 THE LITERAL RULE
7.4 THE GOLDEN RULE
7.5 THE MISCHIEF RULE
7.5.1 CASES USING THE MISCHIEF RULE
7.6 RULES OF LANGUAGE
7.6.1 THE EJUSDEM GENERIS RULE
80
82
82
83
84
84
85
86
7.6.2 EXPRESSIO UNIUS EXCLUSIO ALTERIUS (THE
MENTION OF ONE THING EXCLUDES OTHERS) 86
7.6.3 NOSCITURA SOCIIS (A WORD IS KNOWN
BY THE COMPANY IT KEEPS)
8
?
7.7 PRESUMPTIONS
8
?
7.8 UNIFIED APPROACH 38
7.9
7.9.1
7.9.2
7.10
7.10.1
7.10.2
7.11
7.12
THE PURPOSIVE APPROACH
THE EUROPEAN APPROACH
INTERPRETING EUROPEAN UNION LAW
FINDING PARLIAMENT S INTENTION
INTRINSIC AIDS
EXTRINSIC AIDS
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8 LAW REFORM
8.1
8.1.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.3
8.3.1
THE NEED FOR AN INDEPENDENT LAW
REFORM BODY
HISTORY OF LAW REFORM BODIES
THE LAW COMMISSION
THE WAY IN WHICH THE LAW
COMMISSION WORKS
REPEAL AND CONSOLIDATION
CODIFICATION
SUCCESS OF THE LAW COMMISSION
ROYAL COMMISSIONS
REVIEWS BY JUDGES
CHAPTER 9 CIVIL CASES
9.1
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.6
NEGOTIATION
STARTING A COURT CASE
WHICH COURT TO USE?
ISSUING A CLAIM
DEFENDING A CLAIM
ALLOCATION OF CASES
SMALL CLAIMS
SMALL CLAIMS PROCEDURE
ADVANTAGES OF SMALL CLAIMS
DISADVANTAGES OF
SMALL CLAIMS
COUNTY COURT
FAST-TRACK CASES
MULTI-TRACK CASES
HIGH COURT
QUEEN S BENCH DIVISION
CHANCERY DIVISION
FAMILY DIVISION
FAMILY COURT
89
89
90
90
91
91
94
94
96
96
97
97
97
98
98
101
101
102
103
104
104
104
104
107
107
107
107
108
108
109
109
109
110
110
110
9.7
9.7.1
9.7.2
9.7.3
9.8
9.8.1
9.8.2
9.8.3
9.9
9.9.1
9.9.2
9.9.3
9.10
9.10.1
9.10.2
CONTENTS V
THE WOOLF REFORMS
THE CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES
APPLYING THE RULES IN COURT
EFFECT OF THE WOOLF REFORMS
APPELLATE COURTS
DIVISIONAL COURTS
COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
SUPREME COURT
APPEAL ROUTES IN CIVIL CASES
APPEALS FROM THE COUNTY COURT
APPEALS FROM THE HIGH COURT
FURTHER APPEALS
REMEDIES IN CIVIL CASES
DAMAGES
EQUITABLE REMEDIES
CHAPTER 10 ALTERNATIVE METHODS
10.1
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.5.1
10.5.2
10.5.3
10.5.4
10.5.5
10.5.6
10.6
10.6.1
10.6.2
10.6.3
10.6.4
10.6.5
10.6.6
10.6.7
OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION
NEGOTIATION
MEDIATION
FORMALISED SETTLEMENT
CONFERENCE
MEDIATION SERVICES
CONCILIATION
ADVANTAGE OF USING ADR
ARBITRATION
THE AGREEMENT TO ARBITRATE
THE ARBITRATOR
THE ARBITRATION HEARING
THE AWARD
ADVANTAGES OF ARBITRATION
DISADVANTAGES OF ARBITRATION
TRIBUNALS
ROLE OF TRIBUNALS
TRIBUNALS, COURTS AND ENFORCEMENI
ACT 2007
COMPOSITION
PROCEDURE
ADVANTAGES OF TRIBUNALS
DISADVANTAGES OF TRIBUNALS
DOMESTIC TRIBUNALS
111
111
112
112
113
113
113
114
115
115
116
116
116
116
118
120
120
120
121
122
122
122
122
123
123
124
124
124
125
125
125
126
126
126
127
128
CHAPTER 11 CRIME AND POLICE
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5
11.2.6
11.2.7
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
INVESTIGATIONS
CRIME STATISTICS
THE CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND
WALES (CSEW)
INVESTIGATING CRIME
POLICE POWERS
POWERS TO STOP AND SEARCH
ROAD CHECKS
THE POWER TO SEARCH PREMISES
POWERS OF ARREST
POWERS OF DETENTION
POLICE INTERVIEWS OF SUSPECTS
SEARCHES, FINGERPRINTS AND BODY
SAMPLES
COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE POLICE
THE INDEPENDENT POLICE
COMPLAINTS COMMISSION
COURT ACTIONS
129
129
129
130
130
133
133
135
139
141
145
146
147
147
CHAPTER 12 PRE-TRIAL PROCEDURE
IN CRIMINAL CASES
12.1
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
12.1.4
12.2
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
12.2.4
12.2.5
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
CROWN PROSECUTION SERVICE (CPS) 148
ORGANISATION OF THE CPS
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CPS
PREPARING THE PROSECUTION CASE
CRITICISM OF THE CPS
BAIL
POLICE POWERS TO GRANT BAIL
THE BAIL ACT 1976
RESTRICTIONS ON BAIL
PROSECUTION APPEALS
BALANCING CONFLICTING INTERESTS
PRE-TRIAL HEARINGS
CATEGORIES OF OFFENCES
PRE-TRIAL PROCEDURE FOR SUMMARY
OFFENCES
CASES GOING FOR TRIAL TO THE
CROWN COURT
CHAPTER 13 CRIMINAL COURTS
13.1 MAGISTRATES COURTS
13.1.1 JURISDICTION OF THE MAGISTRATES
COURTS
148
149
150
150
152
152
152
154
154
155
155
155
156
156
157
157
13.1.2 SUMMARY TRIALS
13.1.3 TRIABLE-EITHER-WAY OFFENCES
13.1.4 CHOOSING TRIAL BY JURY
13.1.5 SENDING CASES TO THE CROWN COURT
13.1.6 COMMITTAL FOR SENTENCE
13.1.7 THE ROLE OF THE CLERK
13.2 YOUTH COURTS
13.3 APPEALS FROM THE MAGISTRATES
COURT
13.3.1 APPEALS TO THE CROWN COURT
13.3.2 CASE-STATED APPEALS
13.4 THE CROWN COURT
13.4.1 PRELIMINARY MATTERS
13.4.2 THE TRIAL
13.5 APPEALS FROM THE CROWN COURT
13.5.1 APPEALS BY THE DEFENDANT
13.5.2 APPEALS BY THE PROSECUTION
13.5.3 APPEALS TO THE SUPREME COURT
13.6 THE CRIMINAL CASES REVIEW
COMMISSION
CHAPTER 14 SENTENCING
14.1
14.1.1
14.1.2
14.2
14.2.1
14.2.2
14.2.3
14.2.4
14.2.5
14.2.6
14.3
14.3.1
14.3.2
14.3.3
14.3.4
14.4
14.4.1
14.4.2
14.4.3
14.4.4
THE ROLE OF THE COURTS
RESTRICTIONS ON THE COURTS POWERS
MINIMUM SENTENCES
AIMS OF SENTENCING
RETRIBUTION
DENUNCIATION
INCAPACITATION OR PROTECTION
OF THE PUBLIC
DETERRENCE
REHABILITATION
REPARATION
158
160
161
163
163
164
164
164
164
165
166
166
167
168
168
169
171
171
174
174
174
174
175
176
177
177
179
179
SENTENCING PRACTICE IN THE COURTS 179
FACTORS SURROUNDING THE OFFENCE 180
REDUCTION IN SENTENCE FOR A GUILTY
PLEA 180
THE OFFENDER S BACKGROUND 181
SENTENCING GUIDELINES 181
POWERS OF THE COURTS 182
CUSTODIAL SENTENCES 182
COMMUNITY ORDERS 184
FINES 186
DISCHARGES 186
14.4.5 DISQUALIFICATION FROM DRIVING 186
14.4.6 OTHER POWERS AVAILABLE TO THE
COURTS 187
14.5 YOUNG OFFENDERS 187
14.5.1 CUSTODIAL SENTENCES 188
14.5.2 COMMUNITY SENTENCES 188
14.5.3 PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY 190
14.6 MENTALLY ILL OFFENDERS 190
14.7 PENAL POLICIES AND THEIR EFFECTS 191
14.7.1 PRISON POPULATION 191
14.7.2 REOFFENDING 192
14.7.3 WOMEN AND SENTENCING 192
CHAPTER 15 THE LEGAL PROFESSION
15.1 SOLICITORS 193
15.1.1 TRAINING 193
15.1.2 SOLICITORS WORK 195
15.1.3 THE LAW SOCIETY 197
15.1.4 COMPLAINTS AGAINST SOLICITORS 198
15.2 BARRISTERS 199
15.2.1 TRAINING 199
15.2.2 BARRISTERS WORK 200
15.2.3 THE GENERAL COUNCIL OF THE BAR 202
15.2.4 COMPLAINTS AGAINST BARRISTERS 202
15.3 QUEEN S COUNSEL 204
15.3.1 APPOINTMENT 204
15.4 OVERLAP OF ROLES OF BARRISTERS AND
SOLICITORS 204
15.4.1 ALTERNATIVE BUSINESS STRUCTURES
(ABS) 205
15.4.2 FUSION 205
15.5 WOMEN AND ETHNIC MINORITIES
IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION 206
15.6 LEGAL EXECUTIVES 207
CHAPTER 16 THE JUDICIARY
16.1
16.1.1
16.1.2
16.2
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.3
16.2.4
TYPES OF JUDGES
SUPERIOR JUDGES
INFERIOR JUDGES
QUALIFICATIONS
208
208
208
209
THE JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT 210
LORDS JUSTICES OF APPEAL 210
HIGH COURT JUDGES 210
CIRCUIT JUDGES 210
16.2.5 RECORDERS 210
16.2.6 DISTRICT JUDGES 210
16.2.7 TRIBUNAL JUDGES 211
16.3 SELECTION 211
16.3.1 HISTORY 211
16.3.2 JUSTICES OF THE NEW SUPREME COURT 211
16.3.3 THE JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS
COMMISSION 212
16.4 APPOINTMENT 213
16.5 JUDICIAL ROLES 213
16.5.1 JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT 213
16.5.2 LORDS JUSTICES OF APPEAL 214
16.5.3 HIGH COURT JUDGES 215
16.5.4 INFERIOR JUDGES 215
16.6 COMPOSITION OF THE BENCH 216
16.6.1 WOMEN IN THE JUDICIARY 216
16.6.2 ETHNIC MINORITIES 217
16.6.3 EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND 217
16.7 TRAINING 218
16.7.1 SHOULD THERE BE A CAREER JUDICIARY? 218
16.8 JUDGES MUST BE IMPARTIAL 219
16.8.1 BIAS AND THE PINOCHET CASE 219
16.8.2 BIAS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 219
16.9 RETIREMENT AND DISMISSAL 220
16.9.1 SECURITY OF TENURE OF SUPERIOR
JUDGES 220
16.9.2 TENURE OF INFERIOR JUDGES 220
16.9.3 RETIREMENT 221
16.10 DOCTRINE OF THE SEPARATION
OF POWERS 221
16.11 INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY 222
16.11.1 INDEPENDENCE FROM THE LEGISLATURE 222
16.11.2 INDEPENDENCE FROM THE EXECUTIVE 222
16.11.3 FREEDOM FROM PRESSURE 223
16.11.4 INDEPENDENCE FROM POLITICAL BIAS 223
16.12 THE LORD CHANCELLOR 224
16.13 LAW OFFICERS 226
16.13.1 THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL 226
16.13.2 THE SOLICITOR-GENERAL 227
16.13.3 THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS 227
CHAPTER 17 MAGISTRATES
17.1 LAY MAGISTRATES
17.2 QUALIFICATIONS
228
228
VIII CONTENTS
17.2.1
17.2.2
17.2.3
17.3
17.3.1
17.3.2
17.3.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.6.1
17.6.2
17.7
17.7.1
17.8
17.9
17.9.1
17.9.2
17.9.3
17.9.4
17.9.5
17.10
17.10.1
17.10.2
17.10.3
17.10.4
LAY MAGISTRATES
RESTRICTIONS ON APPOINTMENT
DISTRICT JUDGES
APPOINTMENT
LOCAL ADVISORY COMMITTEES
INTERVIEW PROCESS
APPOINTMENT
COMPOSITION OF THE BENCH TODAY
ROLE OF MAGISTRATES
TRAINING OF LAY MAGISTRATES
MENTORS
APPRAISAL
RETIREMENT AND REMOVAL
REMOVAL
THE MAGISTRATES CLERK
ADVANTAGES OF LAY MAGISTRATES
CROSS-SECTION OF SOCIETY
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
COST
LEGAL ADVISER
FEW APPEALS
DISADVANTAGES OF LAY
MAGISTRATES
MIDDLE-AGED, MIDDLE CLASS
PROSECUTION BIAS
INCONSISTENCY IN SENTENCING
RELIANCE ON THE CLERK
CHAPTER 18 JURIES
18.1
18.1.1
18.2
18.2.1
18.2.2
18.2.3
18.3
18.3.1
18.3.2
18.3.3
18.3.4
18.3.5
18.3.6
18.3.7
HISTORY OF THE JURY SYSTEM
INDEPENDENCE OF THE JURY
MODERN-DAY USE OF THE JURY
JURIES IN CRIMINAL CASES
JURIES IN CIVIL CASES
CORONERS COURTS
JURY QUALIFICATIONS
BASIC QUALIFICATIONS
DISQUALIFICATION
MENTALLY DISORDERED PERSONS
LACK OF CAPACITY
THE RIGHT TO BE EXCUSED FROM JURY
SERVICE
DISCRETIONARY EXCUSALS
LAWYERS AND POLICE ON JURIES
228
229
229
229
229
230
230
230
230
231
231
231
232
232
233
233
233
233
234
234
234
234
234
234
235
236
237
237
237
237
238
239
239
239
240
240
240
241
241
241
18.4 SELECTING A JURY 243
18.4.1 VETTING 244
18.4.2 SELECTION AT COURT 244
18.4.3 CHALLENGING 245
18.4.4 CRITICISMS OF THE SELECTION OF JURIES 245
18.5 THE JURY S ROLE IN CRIMINAL CASES 248
18.5.1 SPLIT FUNCTION 248
18.5.2 MAJORITY VERDICTS 248
18.6 ADVANTAGES OF JURY TRIAL 249
18.6.1 PUBLIC CONFIDENCE 249
18.6.2 JURY EQUITY 249
18.6.3 OPEN SYSTEM OF JUSTICE 249
18.6.4 SECRECY OF THE JURY ROOM 249
18.6.5 IMPARTIALITY 250
18.7 DISADVANTAGES OF JURY TRIAL 250
18.7.1 PERVERSE DECISIONS 250
18.7.2 SECRECY 250
18.7.3 RACIAL BIAS 251
18.7.4 MEDIA INFLUENCE 252
18.7.5 USE OF THE INTERNET 252
18.7.6 LACK OF UNDERSTANDING 253
18.7.7 FRAUD TRIALS 254
18.7.8 JURY TAMPERING 254
18.7.9 HIGH ACQUITTAL RATES 255
18.7.10 OTHER DISADVANTAGES 255
18.8 SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF USING
JURIES IN CIVIL CASES 256
18.8.1 AMOUNT OF DAMAGES 256
18.8.2 UNREASONED DECISION 256
18.8.3 BIAS 256
18.8.4 COST 256
18.9 ALTERNATIVES TO JURY TRIAL 256
18.9.1 TRIAL BY A SINGLE JUDGE 257
18.9.2 A PANEL OF JUDGES 257
18.9.3 A JUDGE PLUS LAY ASSESSORS 257
18.9.4 A MINI-JURY 257
CHAPTER 19 LEGAL AID AND ADVICE
19.1 ACCESS TO JUSTICE
25
^
19.2 HISTORY OF LEGAL AID AND ADVICE
SCHEMES
25
^
19.3 THE LEGAL AID, SENTENCING
AND PUNISHMENT OF OFFENDERS
ACT 2012 259
19.3.1
19.3.2
19.3.3
19.4
19.4.1
19.5
19.5.1
19.6
19.6.1
19.6.2
19.7
19.7.1
19.7.2
19.7.3
19.8
19.8.1
19.8.2
19.8.3
19.9
19.9.1
19.9.2
19.9.3
19.9.4
19.9.5
19.10
SERVICE PROVIDERS
CRITERIA FOR FUNDING CIVIL CASES
AVAILABILITY OF LEGAL AID
GOVERNMENT FUNDING IN CIVIL
CASES
MEANS TESTING
PROVIDERS OF LEGAL SERVICES
CONTRACTS
PROBLEMS WITH FUNDING OF
CIVIL CASES
ADVICE DESERTS
ELIGIBILITY LEVELS
CONDITIONAL FEES
HOW CONDITIONAL FEES WORK
INSURANCE PREMIUMS
ARE CONDITIONAL FEES WORKING?
ADVICE AGENCIES
CITIZENS ADVICE
LAW CENTRES
SCHEMES RUN BY LAWYERS
LEGAL AID IN CRIMINAL CASES
ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE FOR
INDIVIDUALS IN CUSTODY
REPRESENTATION
INTERESTS OF JUSTICE
MAGISTRATES COURT MEANS
LESUNY
CROWN COURT MEANS TESTING
PROBLEMS WITH FUNDING OF
CRIMINAL CASES
259
259
260
260
260
261
261
262
262
262
263
263
264
264
264
265
265
266
266
266
266
266
9R7
267
267
19.10.1
19.10.2
19.10.3
19.10.4
CONTENTS IX
INTERESTS OF JUSTICE TEST
MEANS TEST
LACK OF LAWYERS
BUDGET
CHAPTER 20 HUMAN RIGHTS
20.1
20.2
20.2.1
20.3
20.3.1
20.4
20.5
20.5.1
20.5.2
20.5.3
20.5.4
20.6
20.6.1
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION
ON HUMAN RIGHTS
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998
EFFECT OF THE ACT ON INTERPRETATION
OF THE LAW
DECLARATIONS OF INCOMPATIBILITY
GOVERNMENT S RESPONSE TO
DECLARATIONS OF INCOMPATIBILITY
BRINGING A CASE
CONVENTION RIGHTS
THE RIGHT TO LIFE AND LIBERTY
THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL
THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY
OTHER FREEDOMS
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN
DINH4E
NIGNIS
PROCEDURE
20.6.2 CASE LOAD
APPENDIX 1 HINTS ON SOME OF THE ACTIVITIES
APPENDIX 2 GLOSSARY OF LATIN TERMS
APPENDIX 3 TIPS ON EXAM SUCCESS
INRLOV
INUCX
267
267
268
268
269
269
269
270
270
271
271
271
272
273
273
O7Q
C.I O
273
275
276
277
278
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Martin, Jacqueline |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1035430681 |
| author_facet | Martin, Jacqueline |
| author_role | aut |
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| author_variant | j m jm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043740144 |
| classification_rvk | PU 4320 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)955147535 (DE-599)BSZ474102610 |
| dewey-full | 347.42 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 347 - Procedure and courts |
| dewey-raw | 347.42 |
| dewey-search | 347.42 |
| dewey-sort | 3347.42 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | Eighth edition |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV043740144 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:33:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781471879159 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029151888 |
| oclc_num | 955147535 |
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| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-1051 |
| physical | xx, 284 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Hodder Education |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Martin, Jacqueline Verfasser (DE-588)1035430681 aut The English legal system Jacqueline Martin Eighth edition London Hodder Education [2016] xx, 284 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Recht Law England Law Wales Rechtssystem (DE-588)4139924-9 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Law / England Law / Wales 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Rechtssystem (DE-588)4139924-9 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029151888&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Martin, Jacqueline The English legal system Recht Law England Law Wales Rechtssystem (DE-588)4139924-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4139924-9 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | The English legal system |
| title_auth | The English legal system |
| title_exact_search | The English legal system |
| title_full | The English legal system Jacqueline Martin |
| title_fullStr | The English legal system Jacqueline Martin |
| title_full_unstemmed | The English legal system Jacqueline Martin |
| title_short | The English legal system |
| title_sort | the english legal system |
| topic | Recht Law England Law Wales Rechtssystem (DE-588)4139924-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Recht Law England Law Wales Rechtssystem Großbritannien Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029151888&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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