The Soviet Gulag: evidence, interpretation, and comparison
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Kritika historical studies |
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CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII
FOREWORD IX
DAVID R. SHEARER
CHAPTER Introduction: From Bounded to Juxtapositional---
New Histories of the Gulag 1
MICHAEL DAVID-FOX
PARTI. Evidence and Interpretation
CHAPTER 2. The Gulag and the Non-Gulag as One Interrelated
Whole 25
OLEG KHLEVNIUK
CHAPTER 3. Destructive Labor Camps: Rethinking Solzhenitsyns Play
on Words 42
GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS
CHAPTER 4. Lives in the Balance: Weak and Disabled Prisoners and the
Biopolitics of the Gulag 65
DAN HEALEY
CHAPTER 5- Scientists and Specialists in the Gulag: Life and Death in
Stalins Sharashka 87
ASIF SIDDIQI
CHAPTER 6. Forced Labor on the Home Front: The Gulag and Total War
in Western Siberia, 1940-1945 114
WILSON T. BELL
VI CONTENTS
chapter 7. (Un)Returned from the Gulag: Life Trajectories and
Integration of Postwar Special Settlers 136
EMILIA KOUSTOVA
chapter 8. A Visual History of the Gulag: Nine Theses 162
AGLAYA K. GLEBOVA
PART II. Comparison
chapter 9. Penal Deportation to Siberia and the Limits of State
Power, 1801-1881 173
DANIEL BEER
chapter 10. Britain’s Archipelago of Camps: Labor and Detention in
a Liberal Empire, 1871-1903 199
AIDAN FORTH
chapter 11. Camp Worlds and Forced Labor: A Comparison of the
National Socialist and Soviet Camp Systems 224
DIETRICH BEYRAU
chapter 12. “Repaying Blood Debt”: The Chinese Labor Camp System
during the 1950s 250
KLAUS MÜLHAHN
chapter 13. The Origins and Evolution of the North Korean Prison
Camps: A Comparison with the Soviet Gulag 268
SUNGMIN CHO
chapter 14. The Gulag as the Crucible of Russia’s Twenty-First-Century
System of Punishment 286
JUDITH PALLOT
chapter 13. The Gulag: An Incarnation of the State That Created It 314
BETTINA GREINER
NOTES 321
CONTRIBUTORS 415
INDEX
419
INDIX
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
absolute loyalty, 281, 282
Administration for Corrective Labor Camps
and Colonies (UITLK), 62, 63
Afrikaners, 212,214,217
Agamben, Giorgio, 116, 301; concentration
camps and, 14, 132, 133-34, 266; enlight-
enment/Stalinism and, 410nl 1; hypoth-
esis of, 134; state of exception and, 132,
133,384n35
agriculture, 117,143, 255, 264; collectiviza-
tion of, 7,168
Ahn Myung-chul, memoir of, 270
Alexander I, 174, 176, 177, 196
Alexander II, 163, 176, 193-98
Ahn, D. E., 124, 129-30, 360n48
Andaman Islands, 201, 206
Anglo-Boer War, 17, 201, 212, 215
Anglo-Indian War (1857), 201
apartheid, 2,211, 228-30,231-33, 237
Applebaum, Anne, 62, 67, 68, 279, 300, 325n5,
374n9; Gulag and, 280; mortality rates
and, 346n76; prisoner releases and, 60
Arendt, Hannah, 212, 214, 216, 251, 291;
totalitarianism and, 284-85
Arkhangelsk, 34, 78, 82
artels, 188, 192, 304; loyalty to, 189,190; name
swapping at, 190-91
Article 58ers, 106-7, 120,125, 241, 339n9,
359n23, 360n39, 360n53, 361n53
Auschwitz, 4, 215, 224, 227,228, 233, 234,
242, 284, 314
Aussonderung, 229, 390n27
authoritarianism, 38, 41,199, 204, 223, 252,
285, 292, 295, 416
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 293, 294
Baltic states, 142, 159; deportation from, 137,
139,140
Banderites, 149, 159
Barenberg, Alan, 7,11, 31, 120
Barnes, Steven, 120, 299; Gulag and, 49, 116,
123; Karlag and, 122
barracks, 33, 98, 208, 226, 233, 236, 248, 272,
305, 308; control of, 246; courtyard of,
310; labor camp, 293
Bartini, Robert L., 97, 355n72
Bashkir ASSR, 129, 362n70
Bauman, Zygmunt, 202, 360n51, 382nl,
382n4
Belbaltlag, 61, 239
Benkendorf, Count, 186
Bentham, Jeremy, 163,297
Beria, Lavrentii R, 50, 76,101,102, 104,
354n58; cleansing by, 354n56; Gulag and,
47,246; MVD and, 107; NKVD and, 97,
129; OTB and, 100; prison labor and,
80-81, 341n31; prison science system
and, 97; sharashka system and, 100, 109;
Stalin and, 99,100,103
Berlin, Isaiah: Counter-Enlightenment and, 6
Berman, Matvei Davydovich, 61, 73, 74
biopolitics, 11-12,65,67, 68; disability and,
84-86; food distribution and, 79-80;
Gulag, 12,68, 69-70
biopower, 65, 68,69,72, 84, 86, 340n20
Bodaibo, 152, 155, 156
Boer War, 9, 224, 318
Boers, 212,213, 214, 387n67
Boichuk, Mykhailo, 168
Bolshevik revolution, 21, 274
Bolsheviks, 91, 92, 93,108, 220, 226, 242, 315;
liberation by, 240; socialism and, 238-39
Bolshevism, 14, 15
Bolshevo, 100, 101, 102, 354n51
Bombay, 210, 211
Bombay Presidency camps, 207, 384n29
Borodkin, Leonid, 120
Brezhnev, Leonid, 45, 87
419
British Government of India, 207
Brown, Kate, 3, 90, 128, 299, 315
Browning, Christopher, 251
Bukharin, Nikolai, 91
bureaucracy, 25, 369n47, 399nl6; mass cam-
paigns and, 256-57; penal, 290
Butyrka Prison, 93, 101, 102, 303
camp leaders, 213, 233, 237, 246, 300
camp personnel, 234, 235-38, 246-49; prison-
ers and, 237, 238
camp systems, 16, 134, 231, 414n6; Chinese,
252; dissolution of, 244; Nazi, 249; North
Korean, 268-76, 277, 278, 281-84; origin
of, 269, 273-76; privatization of, 275;
purpose of, 252; Soviet, 132, 249, 252,
269-70, 276, 318, 288n2, 321n2, 388n2
Camp Xifeng, 20
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolution-
aries, 255, 256
camps: agricultural, 118, 127, 204; ban-
ditism, 246; black African, 217; Boer,
217; British, 133, 199, 201-14, 214-23;
children’s, 226; Chinese, 20; colonial,
213, 216; conditions in, 53, 210, 217,
223, 230-31, 232; contract, 129; criminal
tribe, 205-8, 217, 220; death, 227, 237;
detention, 199, 210, 248; development of,
5, 203, 212, 213, 225, 414n6; dormitory,
210; famine, 208-11, 214, 217, 218, 220;
filtration, 240; forced labor, 230, 276;
forestry, 54, 334n60; frameworks for, 223;
future, 216; ghetto, 229; internment, 222,
224, 230; invalid, 59, 76-79, 80, 83-84;
island, 206-7; justice, 230; management
of, 5; mass character of, 55; military,
212; modern, 223; motivation for, 212;
Nazi, 133, 215, 216, 235; network of, 13;
North Korean, 21, 285, 403nl0, 404nl7;
pioneer, 226; plague, 208-11, 209, 214,
218, 220; POW, 224, 230, 231, 232, 241,
245, 248, 319; recovery, 83; reeducation,
224; rehabilitation, 223; satellite, 232;
segregation, 202, 208; South African, 214,
387n63; Soviet, 201, 214-23, 241, 4G5n31;
special, 135, 240, 274; Stalinist, 42, 43,
45, 314; standardization of, 212; summer,
248; training, 248; underlife in, 245-46;
venereal disease, 348nl05; vigilance
inside/outside, 166, 168; wartime, 214;
work, 204, 230; youth, 226, 248. See also
extermination camps; labor camps; prison
camps; sharashki
Cape Town, 210, 211
capitalism, 67, 209, 220, 273
category 1 prisoners, 336n74, 336n81,
349nl 12; labor for, 48, 49, 50, 55-56
category 2 prisoners, 336n74, 336n75,
336n81, 349nll2; labor for, 48, 49, 50, 54,
56, 57, 58
category 3 prisoners, 336n74, 336n75 ,
349nl 12; labor for, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56
category 4 prisoners, 50
Catherine the Great, 17, 174
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party
Central Committee, 95, 276, 341n33, 352n37;
criticism by, 277
Central Design Bureau-29 (TsKB-29), 102;
home of, 103
Central Design Bureau-39 (TsKB-39), 96, 96,
351n24
Central Political Committee (Korean Work-
er’s Party), 277
Cheka, 9, 32, 38, 1080, 242, 272
Chekhov, Anton, 197-98, 294
Cheremkhovo, 143, 147
Chickering, Roger, 115
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 251, 266,
402n48; state/law and, 253; violence/
terror by, 257
Chinese leadership, Gulag and, 259-60
citizenship rights, 134, 202
civilizing missions, 207, 208
class enemies, 239, 242, 257
class struggle, 14, 255, 257, 267
classification system, 71, 242, 277
closed cities, 90, 111, 356n93
coercion, 7, 17, 20, 90,. 107, 110, 128, 138,141,
200, 202, 207, 225, 226, 227, 239, 265, 267;
mass, 108; societal, 240
Cold War, 110, 269, 278, 387n79
collaboration, 140, 240, 275
IN BEX 421
collective farmers, 147, 148, 240
collective farms, 143, 159, 168, 368n21,
370-71n64
collective work, 136, 148, 149, 165
collectivism, 21, 140, 297, 311, 312; as harsh
punishment, 304-7; penal, 308-9; trans-
portation and, 304
collectivization, 2, 7, 149, 168, 250, 257, 315;
campaigns, 243; consequences of, 8;
Stalin-era, 274
Colonial Office, 214
colonies, 13, 205, 214; locally administered,
358nl2; population concentration and,
318; strict-regime, 298
colonization, 17, 34, 203, 212, 216, 288, 311,
320; demands of, 174; internal, 328n31;
Japanese, 406n40; penal, 197, 378n50;
racial, 15
communal living, 305, 306
communication, 252; camp, 114; suspension
of, 302; telegraphic, 336n82
communism, 4, 7, 19, 20, 265, 284, 289
concentration camps, 6, 9, 14, 20, 46, 133-34,
210, 227, 231-33, 242, 244, 245, 275,
296, 317; Boer, 217; British, 17, 18, 199,
212, 214, 215, 221, 386n58; comparative
history of, 4; expansion of, 228; figures
of, 237; Gulag and, 14, 116, 314; military
function of, 213-14; model/blueprint,
219; Nazi, 208, 215, 216, 228, 239, 241,
244, 268, 283, 318, 329n43, 384n35,
386n55, 388n2; North Korean, 268, 272,
279; prisoners at, 228, 230; productiviz-
ing, 236; satellite camps for, 229; South
African, 201, 212-24; term, 200; totalitar-
ianism and, 284-85; war and, 132, 214;
writing about, 266
Conception for the Development of the Penal
System to 2020: 310-11, 312
Confucianism, 270, 281, 282, 284, 285
construction projects, 45, 46, 285
convicts, 176; deportation of, 175, 378n50;
free, 263; health of, 195; transportation
of, 298. See also prisoners
Cossacks, 9, 178, 179, 180, 185
counterrevolutionaries, 134, 241, 264, 283;
campaigns against, 254, 257, 258, 262-63;
collaboration and, 275; definition of, 320;
democratic leadership and, 253-54; kill-
ing, 254, 256, 400n25; offenses by, 26, 131;
sentences for, 55
crimes, 133, 215, 263, 283, 293, 299; fight
against, 328n36; ideological, 278; mass,
252, 266; nonpolitical, 27; petty, 34, 45;
political, 55, 70, 206, 282; social roots of,
267; statutory, 202; war, 395n90
criminal classes, 203, 204, 209
Criminal Code, 59, 61, 63, 304; criminal cor-
rection code, 298-99
criminal groups, 43, 208, 306
criminal justice system, 28, 116, 242, 266, 294,
295, 296; changes in, 309-10; discussing,
299
Criminal Tribes Act (1871), 207
criminals, 201, 220, 233, 234, 245, 405n31;
battling, 246; becoming, 208; career, 61,
306, 307; common, 296; conviction of,
206; corruption chains and, 248; habitual,
207; labor-shirking, 247; political, 282,
285
cult of personality, 277, 282, 408n79
Cultural-Educational/Enlightenment Depart-
ment. See Siblag
Cultural Revolution, 95, 108, 265, 277, 320,
408n79
culture, 154, 209, 293, 316, 387n79; bourgeois,
91; camp, 123; Confucian, 284, 285; crim-
inal, 311; ideology and, 284; institutional,
110; metropolitan, 222; national, 292;
North Korean, 269, 282; penal, 293, 310,
313; political, 265, 318; power and, 294;
punishment, 291; Western, 200
Dachau, 242, 314
dangerous classes, 203, 207, 211, 214
de-Stalinization, 10, 37, 69, 329n46
death penalty, 254, 255
death rates, 124, 234, 243; eliminating, 59-63;
prisoner, 275, 284; releases and, 60. See
also mortality rates
Decembrists, 184, 291, 302-3
defectors, North Korean, 273, 280, 281, 282,
403n3, 408n73
degradation rituals, 297, 299-300
422 INDEX
dehumanization, 45, 283
dekabristki, 302, 303, 304
dekulakization, 140, 274
democracy, 202, 292, 305; prisoner, 308
democratic dictatorship, 262, 263; counter-
revolutionaries and, 253-54
Department of Corrective Labor Colonies
(OITK), 63, 118
depersonalization, 232, 244
deportation, 43, 146, 148, 157, 160, 174,
177, 185, 187, 249, 263, 370n57, 378n50;
children, 366n4; chronological proximity
of, 139; death and, 196; ethnic, 291; expe-
rience of, 140-42, 175, 197; forced labor
and, 258; kulak, 291, 404n26; large-scale,
137, 144; mass, 138, 265, 266; modern-
ization of, 193-98; punishment and, 139,
174; subversion of, 191; victims of, 136,
138
deportation convoys, 16, 17, 174-76, 178, 195,
197, 286,287, 300; dangers of, 183,194;
shared sovereignty in, 188-91; special
settlers and, 158; women/children in,
191-93. See also marching convoys
deportees, 136, 140, 147, 150, 156, 159; dis-
crimination against, 160, 161; integration
of, 142; journey of, 148; living conditions
for, 146; MGB and, 148; research on, 138;
return of, 159-60, 161; testimony of, 141
despotism, 41, 227, 239
Destructive Labor Camps (istrebiteVno-tru-
dovye lageria), 10, 42, 43, 64, 121, 218,
359n28361n53. See also Solzhenitsyn,
Alexander
disabled, 72, 342n35; biopolitics of, 84-86;
camps for, 83-84; classification of, 71;
separation of, 76-77, 85-86
discipline, 67, 175, 203, 227, 238, 307
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
(Foucault), 67, 227, 290
discrimination, 36, 40, 156, 159, 160, 161,
231, 241; facing, 29, 373nl09; indirect,
158; political, 28
Dmitlag, 61, 74, 77
dokhodiagi, 60, 63, 75, 244. See also Goners
dormitories, 102, 144, 210, 288, 305, 306;
communal, 304, 308, 312
Doroshevich, Vlas, 163; illustration from, 164
Dostoevskii, Fedor, 190
Durkheim, Emile, 289, 293, 311
Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 166, 168
economic activities, 109, 126, 266, 312
economic issues, 108, 115, 126, 146, 262, 269,
276
economic production, 121, 122, 316; Gulag,
120, 125, 127, 134, 247; punishment and,
248
economics, 152, 209, 281
education, 136, 146, 226, 295; cultural, 260;
hygienic, 260; ideological, 260; political,
156, 260; social life and, 157; socialization
and, 156
emancipation, 71, 137, 138, 139
enemies of the people, 253, 254, 257, 275
engineers, 88; imprisonment of, 108, 110
Enisei River, 176,180, 181, 186
Enlightenment, 200, 223, 382nl
epidemics, 60, 86, 221, 237
Ertz, Simon, 120, 358nl8
Escape from Camp 14 (Shin), 271
ethnic groups, 133, 155-56, 246, 275
Etkind, Alexander, 6, 45
exception, state of, 132, 133, 220, 222, 266,
384n35
exceptionalism, 4, 292
exclusion, 226; racial, 220; regulation by, 291;
social, 211, 220
executions, 236, 400n25, 400n26; Chinese,
258; civil, 174; mass, 40, 43, 280, 400n24;
photographing, 162; public, 236, 257, 292
exile, 17, 36, 137, 174-75, 187, 196, 301-4;
administration, 185-88; impact of,
297-98; imperial, 163-64; imprisonment
and, 299; internal, 37; journey into, 148;
kulak, 156; prerevolutionary, 300; return
from, 139; sentence to, 190; Siberian, 198;
symbolic penal response of, 299
exile system, 16, 21, 183, 186; cost cutting
with, 195; opposition to, 197
exiles, 134, 174,180, 180-81, 188; camp
industries and, 248; death of, 177, 196;
deportation of, 176, 177; feeding/clothing
of, 177; illustration of, 182; penal labor
and, 183; Polish, 381nll8; Siberian, 173,
377n21; transportation of, 177, 195; tra-
vails of, 183
exploitation, 12, 52-53, 55; economic, 273;
labor, 56, 235, 277; meting out, 249; phys-
ical, 44, 48-52; prisoner, 45, 48-52, 58
extermination camps, 5, 19, 199, 238, 248,
315; labor at, 228; Nazi, 200, 212, 221,
224, 285, 384n35; Soviet camps and, 4
Ezhov, Nikolai, 98, 99, 354n56
famine, 59, 72, 200, 208, 209, 212, 215, 249;
administration, 210; emergency legisla-
tion of, 213
famine camps, 214, 220; British Indian,
208-11,217,218
Far North, 16, 304, 370n57
Federal Prison Service, 39, 300
Filtzer, Donald, 52, 79, 82, 86
First Circle, The (Solzhenitsyn), 87-88, 104,
355n74
First Five-Year Plan, 7, 92, 100, 239, 262
Fleishmaker, Director, 74, 77
food, 117, 118, 124, 127, 150, 248; consump-
tion/rituals, 244; deprivation of, 245;
distribution of, 11, 79-80, 217, 244; pro-
ducing, 115
forced labor, 3, 31, 35, 59, 65, 127, 131, 138,
160-61, 164, 206, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230,
245, 248, 314; civilian population and,
319; deportation and, 258; economics of,
144; free labor and, 126, 128, 135, 362n73,
363n89; Gulag and, 7, 33, 97; inefficien-
cies of, 13; mobilization of, 9, 116; profit-
ability of, 84; Soviet society and, 238-41;
Stalinist, 69; using, 8, 218, 226, 266, 280;
war and, 13, 18, 115
forest brothers, 140, 149
forest settlements, 143, 144
Foucault, Michel, 28, 65, 68, 227, 293; biopol-
itics and, 67, 69, 340n20; on capitalism,
67; enlightenment/Stalinism and, 410nll;
forced labor and, 127; Gulag and, 290;
liberal governmentality and, 222; punish-
ment and, 361n62; rejection of, 389nl2;
sovereign/ disciplinary power and, 84;
theory of, 290, 291, 292
Fourth International Penitentiary Congress,
16, 163
Fourth Special Department (NKVD), 104,
106, 107, 355n72
free labor, 7; forced labor and, 126, 128, 135,
362n73, 363n89; Red Army and, 130
Gapsan Operations Committee, 277,
405-6n40
GARF. See State Archive of the Russian
Federation
Garland, David, 292, 293, 294
genocide, 6, 19, 138, 215-16, 230, 285, 386n58
Gentes, Andrew, 174, 291, 378n35, 412n36
Gerlach, Christian, 7, 230, 266
Gestapo, 228, 272
Ginzburg, Eugenia/Evgeniia, 43, 67, 303,
331n8, 339nl6
GKO. See State Committee on Defense
Goffman, Erving, 226, 233, 249; rejection of,
389nl2; total institution and, 227
Goners, 10, 42, 45, 60, 63, 75, 232, 244, 315.
See also dokhodiagi
Gorbachev, Mikhail Grigor'evich, 121, 357n4
Goring, Herman, 216
Gor'kii, Maksim, 11, 227, 243
Gornoshorlag, 116, 118
GPU, 1, 97, 162
Graham, Loren, 13
Granovskaia, Liudmila Ivanova, 287, 289,
297,313
Granovskaia, Sonia, 287, 288, 289, 297, 313
Great Break, 69, 91
Great Leap Forward, 281
Great Purge, 328n36
Great Reforms, 17, 174, 197
Great Siberian Highwayt 175,176,178,179,184
Great Terror (1936-1938), 13, 14, 37, 40,
41, 75, 76, 78, 89, 91, 100, 103, 108, 241,
296, 298, 316; beneficiaries of, 38-39;
execution of, 36, 37, 38, 274-75; industri-
alization and, 238; NKVD and, 99; prison
camps and, 97
Grigorovich, Dmitrii P., 93, 94, 96, 351n23
Grossman, Vasilii, 236
guards, 34, 96, 207, 283, 405n34; colony
spaces and, 307; concentration camp, 235;
424 INDEX
guards (cont.), female, 238; nonpolitical
prisoners as, 32; security, 248; SS, 238
guerrillas, 213, 252
Gulag: censorship of, 36, 37; concentration
camps and, 14, 116, 314; conditions in,
54-59, 215, 295, 296, 297, 314; crisis in,
59-60; cultural factors of, 10, 285; demise
of, 41, 109, 113, 206, 276, 299, 405n37;
destructive elements of, 42, 45, 162; diver-
gence by, 276-79; economic function of,
31, 79, 105, 106, 120, 276, 280, 405n35;
expansion of, 2, 19, 37, 54-55, 105, 216,
275, 277, 279, 298, 317, 412n40; exploita-
tion at, 44-45, 55; foundation myths of,
310; functions of, 14, 115, 116, 123, 270,
280, 343n46; health records, 44; history
of, 1, 3, 9-10, 25-26, 31, 90, 162, 165, 215,
272, 275, 280, 285, 409n5; inefficiency
of, 110, 135; institution building in, 109;
interpretation of, 39; as model, 33-36;
nature of, 6-7, 9, 14; operations of, 72,
135; population of, 26, 30-31, 40, 134;
resistance in, 275-76; secrecy at, 58-59;
social ladder of, 26; statistics on, 165, 245;
strata, 36-40; totalitarian model and, 238;
traits of, 277; trajectory of, 266-67
Gulag administration, 406n50; archives, 65;
disabled prisoners and, 72
Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn), 1,
37, 44, 66, 114, 200, 202, 206, 287,
372n89
Gulag commandants, 47, 73, 79
Gulag financial planners, 78, 80, 85
Gulag Handbook (Rossi), 42
Gulag studies, 2, 4, 25-26, 42-43, 119, 218,
272, 273, 299, 316, 317, 318; transnational
agenda in, 9
Guomindang, 20, 253
GUPVI- See Main Administration for Prison-
ers of War and Internees
gypsies, 230, 234
Habitual Criminals Act (1869), 203, 207
Hadleigh Work Camp, 204, 205
Harrison, Mark, 59, 131
Hawk, David, 271, 403nl0
health care, 12, 44, 46, 54, 55, 58, 133, 208;
civilian, 52; lack of, 295; prisoners and,
51, 125-26, 127; public, 86
Health Commissariat, 69, 71
Heidegger, Martin, 226
Hidden Gulag, The (Hawk), 271, 403nl0
Himmler, Heinrich, 229, 230, 238; prisoner
functionaries and, 233-35
Hitler, Adolf, 47, 199, 216, 229, 238
Hoft, Rudolf, 237
Holocaust, 5, 314, 318
hospitals, Gulag, 344n53, 345n61, 348nl05
housing, 81, 84; absence of, 146; communal,
21
human rights violations, 273, 281, 403nl4;
addressing, 285; North Korean, 268, 270,
271, 272, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284
human trafficking, 245, 282
humaneness, social position and, 52-54, 58
humanitarian concern, 71, 200, 206, 207, 209,
221
hunger, 175, 243-44, 246; war and, 141, 240
hygiene, 68, 228, 232, 260, 310
Iagoda, Genrikh, 92
identity, 111; ethnic, 213; illicit trade in, 191;
national, 142, 213, 309
ideology, 220, 237, 249; culture and, 156, 284,
331nll; liberal, 200; locally developed,
285; political, 285; remolding, 267
illnesses/diseases, 50, 59, 60, 61, 63, 71, 113,
130, 146, 184, 192, 197, 200, 220, 221,
228; chronic, 57; exhaustion through, 65;
faked, 343n43; labor and, 51; neurologi-
cal, 83; for prisoners, 48, 49; reducing, 53
imprisonment, 36, 200, 201, 210, 211, 224,
243, 266, 404nl8; conventional, 304;
exile and, 29, 299, 301-4; mass, 3-4, 40,
280; maximum conditions of, 297; pains
of, 296; physical, 222, 302; rate of/US,
41 On 17; solitary, 295; spatial, 206, 235,
237, 266; threat of, 30
industrial economy, 93, 106, 128, 232
Industrial Party show trial, 13, 92, 93, 94
industrial settlements, 143, 217
industrialization, 5, 46, 71, 92, 115, 202, 217,
264, 266, 279; forced, 13, 342n37; Great
Terror and, 238; Gulag and, 280, 281, 285;
penal labor and, 20; Stalin-era, 21
intelligentsia, 88, 90, 92, 95, 105; purge of,
13; scientific/technical, 91, 93, 108, 109;
Soviet, 91, 96, 111; technical, 91, 351nl6
Internal Watch, 178, 179, 192
invalids, 48, 49, 50, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 71-72,
81, 84, 342n35, 349nll2; chronic, 82;
classification of, 80; complete, 60; home-
less, 71; labor and, 77, 80; management of,
73-79; medicalization of, 86; prisoners as,
70-73; rates, 124; release of, 124; separate
camps for, 76-79
Irkutsk, 15, 151, 176, 181, 185, 187, 188, 195
Irkutsk Exile Office, 187, 188
Irkutsk oblast, 140, 149, 154; deportees in,
150; special settlers in, 143, 144,145, 145,
148, 153
Irkutsk Province, 177, 178
isolation, 217, 218, 245, 278; social, 209
Isupov, V. A., 61, 62, 132
Jews, 230, 234; genocide of, 230, 285
juche ideology, 270, 283, 284
justice, 254, 258, 395n90
Kaganovich, Lazar', 95, 98, 353n43
Kalmyks, 130, 134
Kang Chul-hwan, 270-71, 403n9
Karaganda Camp, 112, 339nl 1
Karlag, 117, 327n24
katorga, 17, 163, 173-74, 191, 215, 221, 240,
298, 374n8, 412n36; visual mythology
of, 164
Kazakhstan, 47, 112, 117, 134, 199
Kazan, 102, 103, 176, 193, 196
Kennan, George, 163, 190, 198
Kerber, Leonid, 89, 96, 102
KGB: deportation and, 137; Lithuanian, 159,
160, 373nl04
Khabarovsk krai labor camps/colonies, 58, 62,
336n81
Khrapko, Mikhail, 100-101, 102, 104, 354n65
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 354n60; Gulag and, 38,
270; secret speech of, 277; Stalin and, 279;
Thaw and, 1, 37
Khurges, Lev Lazarevich, 78, 79
Kim Il-sung, 269, 283, 406n43, 407n66; camp
system and, 268, 284; Confucian concepts
and, 281; cult of personality and, 277;
death of, 278-79; detentions by, 275; dis-
sidents and, 282; industry and, 277; inter-
nal security apparatus and, 277; political
enemies and, 275; power for, 278; purge
by, 276; secret police and, 277; Stalin and,
270, 274-75; terror and, 279; transforma-
tion by, 282; WPSK and, 276
Kim Jong-il 277, 278, 279, 406n43
Kim Jong-un, 269, 279, 282
Kim regime, 273, 279, 280; legitimacy of, 278;
loyalty to, 283, 284; rule of, 269, 270
Kitchener, Lord, 213, 214
Kniazev, Grigorii Vlasovich, 77, 78
Kogan, Lazar' Iosifovich, 48, 74
kolkhozes, 30, 35, 142
Kolyma, 2, 79, 101, 126, 239, 358nl8; camps
in, 67, 115; medical services in, 339nl5,
348nl02; transports to, 346n75
Komi, 34, 62, 81, 302
Komsomol, 151, 156, 157, 158, 372n98
Kondrashev, Aleksandr, 124, 125, 360n51
Kontrimaite, Maryte, 142, 152, 156, 157; rec-
ollections of, 153-54
Kopaev, G. N., 122, 125, 129
Korean War, 274, 275, 276, 403n3
Korean Workers’ Party, 275, 277, 282
Korolev, Sergei R, 98, 112-13, 356n92
Krasnoiarsk, 112, 116, 176, 181, 185, 186, 195,
196, 360n39
Kravchenko, Valentin A., 101, 354n56,
355n79
Krest'ianskaia gazeta, 35
Kresty, 98, 99, 100, 290
Krivoshchekovsk, 122, 124, 127
Kruglov, Sergei N., 55, 57, 158, 335n71
Kuibyshev, Valerian, 92
kulaks, 29, 34, 130, 149, 158, 168, 239, 240,
244, 274, 328n36, 369n47, 370n60; depor-
tation of, 156, 226, 291; Gulag and, 26
Kuznetsov, Aleksei Kirilovich, 163, 374n8
Kybartas, Antanas, 142, 156, 157, 160; inter-
view with, 136-37
4^6 INDEX
labor, 146, 201, 215, 305, 310, 311; balance,
72, 73, 76; capability, 51, 60, 218; capacity,
71, 74; civilian, 231, 323n21; extermi-
nation through, 228, 235; factory, 223;
fitness for, 132; foreign, 230, 231; general,
66, 72, 80; Gulag, 8, 14, 42, 49, 108, 120,
128, 132, 134; hard, 17, 102, 188, 254,
298; heavy, 54, 55-56, 57, 58, 65, 73, 74,
199, 208, 218; ideology of, 217; inden-
tured, 298, 300; individualized, 56, 81,
82, 336n74; intellectual, 90; light, 51, 54,
56, 73; management of, 146; as matter of
honor, 242-45; medium, 56, 73; mobiliza-
tion of, 132, 211; penal, 126-27, 173-74,
181, 183, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192-93, 217,
232, 259, 262, 264, 280, 288, 298; physical,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55-56, 57, 58,
60, 63, 64, 73, 132, 267; reform through,
43, 217, 258-65; scientific/technical, 87;
skilled, 152; slave, 8, 42, 44, 45; using, 72,
122, 232, 335n73; “voluntary,” 226. See
also forced labor; penal labor; prisoner
labor
labor battalions, 240
Labor Camp no. 1, 236, 237
labor camps, 5, 42, 58, 62, 101, 210, 222, 227,
231, 234, 252, 308, 401n32; barracks of,
293; British, 199; civilian, 232; corrective,
43, 116, 240, 242, 317, 358nll; creation
of, 44; criminals at, 61; death rates at, 65,
265; described, 202-5; destructive, 43, 59,
64, 121; employment at, 263; forced, 65,
229, 248; function of, 320; health crises in,
54; human exploitation at, 48-52; infor-
mation about, 270-73; North Korean,
269, 270-73, 275, 279, 280, 281, 284;
production process at, 45-46; reform of,
84; segregation in, 199; system, 251, 259;
violence at, 266. See also camps
labor classification, 48, 49-50, 51, 64, 74,
80, 332n23, 343n47, 359n28; multiple
regimes for, 73
labor colonies, 63,116, 203, 210, 308, 325nl;
childrens, 114; corrective, 118, 121, 122,
132, 215, 221, 240, 242, 358nl 1
labor forces, 30, 34, 86, 239, 333n36; degrada-
tion of, 33; economic utility of, 280; Gulag
and, 18, 279; mobilization of, 280; petty
criminals and, 45
labor laws, 130, 134, 362n80, 364nl08
labor output, 55, 60, 110, 406n51
labor shortages, 142, 143-44, 146, 369n41;
addressing, 224-25; skilled, 245
labor therapy, 71, 81, 82, 86
labor utilization rates, 48, 51, 56, 57
Land Reform Movement, 255, 400n24
Laogai, 5, 285, 320; farms, 262; formation/
evolution of, 19, 20; infrastructure proj-
ects and, 262; institutions, 260, 261, 262,
264; job placement and, 263; labor/reed-
ucation within, 261; organization of, 260;
reform/labor and, 258-65; state enemies
and, 263; studies on, 252-53; workforce,
264-65
Latvians, 168, 235
Law Code (1649), 174
Lenin, Vladimir, 45, 91; concentration camp
system of, 46; Gulag and, 199, 215; harm-
ful insects and, 298; terror and, 37
Leningrad, 100, 112, 120, 354n51
leper colonies, 211
liberalism, 200, 214, 221, 222
List of Illnesses, 10, 48-52, 55, 56, 315,
333-34n37; criticism of, 53-54; Gulag
exploitation and, 52-53; labor utilization
rates and, 57; physical condition and, 53
Lithuanians, 4, 15, 36, 154, 155, 157, 371n77,
372-73n99; dancing by, 153-56; deporta-
tion of, 137, 139, 148, 149, 150, 160; exile
of, 151, 153-56; loggers, 152
Liu Shaoqi, 259, 401n31
living conditions, camp, 53, 55, 80, 139, 143,
144,145-47,151,153,160-61,215,296,297
logging sector, 54, 144, 147, 152, 369n41,
370n51; labor for, 46, 369n42; output of, 33
Loidin, D. M., 50, 53, 54, 60
Los, Maria, 291, 305
Lubianka, 98, 101, 102, 374nl0; files, 164, 165
Luo Ruiqing, 256, 261, 263, 402n46
Lysenkoism, 89
Main Administration for Prisoners of War
and Internees (GUPVI), 240, 319
Majdanek, 4, 224, 227, 228, 314
IN BEX 427
malnutrition, 48, 50,65, 71, 79, 146, 224, 228,
240, 243, 244, 246
Mao Zedong, 250, 254, 259, 399n8; coun-
terrevolutionaries and, 400n25, 400n26;
democratic dictatorship and, 262; ene-
mies of the people and, 254; revolutionary
justice and, 254; on state apparatus, 253
Maoism, 7, 252
Marchenko, Anatoly, 305, 306
marching convoys, 173, 175, 177, 179-81,
183-86, 188-95, 197, 198; illustration of,
182. See also deportation convoys
Marfino sharashka, 105,112
Marxism-Leninism, 220, 283, 284
mass campaigns, 239, 252, 255-58, 265;
bureaucracy and, 256-57
mass death, 43, 265, 266, 315
mass trials, 255, 257, 258, 400n24
Mazower, Mark, 47, 133
medical care, 51, 66-67, 73, 74, 231, 339nl0,
339nl5, 348nl02, 349nll2; civilian, 66;
prisoner-patients and, 85
medical commissions, 46, 50, 51-52, 71, 72,
344n49
medical policing, 211, 218
medicine, 72, 209, 382nl, 343n45; industrial,
85; military, 80, 85; penal, 12, 340nl9
Medvedev, Dmitrii, 310, 311, 312
mental illnesses, 83, 295, 348nl05
MGB, 148, 158, 325n5, 326n8
Miasishchev, Vladimir M., 97, 356n92
migration, penal, 176, 191, 196
Miliauskas, Juozas, 149, 151, 153
Military Court (Municipal Military Control
Committee), 256
military production, 105, 110, 111, 118, 121
mining, 46, 106, 173, 181, 185, 231, 374n8,
376nl2
Ministry of Public Security, 260, 261
Ministry of the Interior, 187, 194
Mironov, L. G., 352n29, 352n34
mobilization, 9, 120, 317, 280, 320, 364nl06;
labor, 226; mass, 13, 116, 132, 267, 281,
317; total, 357n5
modernism, 4, 6, 16, 168, 252
modernity, 5, 7, 8, 9, 293; anti-modern forces
of, 6; penality and, 289-92; political, 200,
202, 216, 225; shared/alternative, 323n23;
social, 200, 216; Stalinist, 168-69
modernization, 91, 112; Stalinist, 38-39; the-
ory, 289, 290, 291-92
Moldovans, 140, 151
Molotov, Viacheslav, 108
Mordovian camp, 287; sentry point at, 288
mortality rates, 5, 12, 14, 42, 76, 86, 123, 221,
231, 232, 245, 315, 346n76; camp, 122;
civilian, 79; falsification of, 60; Gulag, 10,
43, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 124, 126, 361n53;
inmate population and, 59; official, 60;
peak, 79; reducing, 53; urban area, 130; in
western Siberia, 126. See also death rates
Morukov, Mikhail: on Gulag, 109, 110
Moscow 2042 (Voinovich), 59
Moscow-Volga River Canal, 74
Moscowrep, 59
Mosenergo, 96
movement, freedom of, 227, 230, 235
munitions production, NKVD and, 121
Muselmänner, 232, 244
Mutiny (1857), 201, 206
MVD, 1, 31-32, 33, 34, 43, 46, 55, 58, 61, 63,
69, 105, 106, 158, 160, 240, 319, 325n5,
328n35; Beria and, 107; deportation
and, 137; forced labor and, 84; industrial
enterprises, 32; mortality rates and, 60;
prisoner categories and, 336n75; special
settlers and, 146-47, 154
MVD-Gulag leadership, 56, 57, 58, 63
MVD Order no. 00418, 55, 58
Nakonechnyi, Mikhail, 60, 62
Napoleonic Wars, 18, 179, 201
Narkomtiazhprom. See Peoples Commissariat
of Heavy Industry
Nasedkin, Viktor Grigor'evich, 50, 81,
347n98; List of Illnesses and, 53-54;
Order no. 00640 and, 53
National Socialism, 4, 15,19, 133, 226, 275
nationalities policy, reform of, 36
nationalization, 251, 257
Nerchinsk, mining in, 173, 181, 185, 374n8,
376nl2
New China, 250, 251
New Economic Policy (NEP), 16
428 INDEX
New York Worlds Fair (1939), 168
Nicholas I, 174
Nizheudinsk Mining District, 185
Nizhnii Novgorod, 193, 194, 195, 196
NKVD, 1, 6, 8, 20, 31, 33, 39, 46, 61, 63, 69,
78, 84, 103, 109, 124, 125, 130, 239, 240,
319; NKVD Administration, 98; Beria
and, 97; camp staff and, 246; camp zones
and, 275; executions and, 162; expansion
of, 99; Fourth Special Department of, 104,
106, 355n72; Gulag, 43, 44, 51; mortality
rates and, 60; munitions production by,
121; NKVD Order no. 00640, 53, 55;
physical labor and, 49, 122; prison camps
and, 97, 102; sharashka system and, 100;
specialist prison system and, 101; Terror
and, 99
non-Gulag, 40, 118, 126, 128; food distribu-
tion and, 11; freedom and, 27; Gulag and,
3, 10, 15, 18, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32-33, 34,
41, 69, 90, 139, 141, 315; return to, 30-31
Noriksk, 79, 101, 120, 121, 126, 245
North Korean constitution (1948), 274,
407n66
North Western Provinces, 210
Normals’ Point, 219
Notes from the House of the Dead (Dosto-
evskii), 190
Novosibirsk, 115, 116, 129, 131, 132, 134,
359n33, 362n70, 363n91, 364n92,
364nl06; camps, 53; evacuees in, 126;
prisoners in, 122, 130; Siblag and, 118
Novosibirsk Oblast Camp and Colony
Administration, 118, 119, 123, 124, 127,
132
Novosibirsk party, 121-22, 123-24
Ob' River, 127, 141, 194
OGPU, 43, 46, 61, 63, 74, 92, 96, 325n5,
326n8, 351n20, 352n25; camp staff and,
246; leadership of, 97; OGPU Collegium,
95; old specialists and, 93; sharashka and,
94, 95
OITK. See Department of Corrective Labor
Colonies
OKB. See Special Design Bureau
Okhrana, 163
Operation Priboi, 144, 145, 150
Operation Vesna, 144, 150
OPP. See ozdorovitel'nyi-profilakticheskii
punkt
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 94, 95, 97, 98, 352n27
Organic Regulations of Peoples Tribunals,
255
Organisation Todt, 230
Ostarbeiter, 230, 231, 244
OTB. See Special Technical Bureau
ozdorovitel'nyi-profilakticheskii punkt, 82, 83
Pang Hak-se, 21, 274, 404n24, 404n25
Panopticon, 163, 293
Paris International Exposition, 168
Party Plenum (1933), 168
Paulauskaite, Elena, 141, 150, 151, 152-53
Pechora Camp, 47, 348nll0, 360n39
penal battalions, 18
penal colonies, 197, 205-8, 220, 300, 304, 315,
378n50; collectivist ethos of, 307
penal economy, Gulag, 68, 69, 345n6i
penal infrastructure, 176, 203, 207, 221, 310
penal labor, 31, 42, 332n20; industrialization
and, 20; as punishment, 308
penal practices, 16, 21, 260, 262, 289, 294, 309
penal system, 180, 290, 295; harshness of, 296;
NKVD and, 99; Russian, 4, 313, 405n37;
Soviet, 95, 304, 314; Stalinist, 325n2
penality, 298; modernity and, 289-92
Peng Zhen, 256, 259
penitentiary system, 39, 230, 301
penology, 297, 307; cultural turn in, 292-95
People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry
(Narkomtiazhprom), 95, 97, 98, 353n39
Peoples Commissariat of Munitions Combine
no. 179: 122, 124, 128; award for, 127;
prisoners at, 129, 130
People’s Commissariat of the Navy, medi-
co-sanitary services of, 66
People’s Commissariat of the Railroads,
medico-sanitary services of, 66
People’s Commissariat of War, medico-
sanitary services of, 66
Peoples Liberation Army, 258
INDEX 42,9
Peoples Tribunal, 255, 258
Perm', 39, 80, 176, 193, 194, 196
Permanent Medical Commission, 72
personhood, 287, 296
Peter the Great, 17, 174
photo albums, 165, 166, 167, 374nl9
photography: handpainted, 166; Stalinist,
169; unruly, 165-66
physicians, 46, 72; Gulag, 3, 10, 52, 73, 81,
86; prisoner-, 11, 66; subordination of,
10
Pioneers, 157, 158
plague, 212, 215; emergency legislation about,
213; outbreak of, 210-11; segregation,
208
Plamper, Jan, 68, 298
Pogarskiy, Yaroslav, 159, 160
Polikarpov, Nikolai N., 93, 94, 351n23
Polish rebellion (1863), 381nll8
Politburo, 95, 123, 129, 274, 278, 320
Political Criminal Detention Center 16: 278
political enemies, 219, 220, 228, 323n21
political prisoners, 27, 120, 233, 275-76, 279,
281, 405n31; Gulag and, 276; isolation of,
217; organized activities and, 276; release
of, 276-77; social activism of, 37; treat-
ment of, 387n79
politics, 116, 149, 220, 241, 312, 340n24; soci-
ety and, 265
Poor Law (1834), 203
poverty, 29, 193
POW camps, 224, 230, 231, 232, 241, 248,
319; memories of, 245
power, 1, 96, 238, 278, 318; absolute, 227,
235; culture and, 294; disciplinary, 69, 84;
dispersal of, 175; establishment of, 237,
239; labor, 82; penal, 289, 307; punitive,
289; sovereign, 84, 340n24; state, 198, 267;
totalitarian aspirations to, 245; wartime
paradigms of, 133
POWs. See prisoners of war
prison camps, 230, 403nl4; closing, 276; eco-
nomic function of, 279-81; establishment
of, 87, 277; expansion of, 278, 280, 281,
285; labor utilization at, 46; last wave
of, 104-13; North Korean, 20-21, 268,
269, 271, 272, 273, 277-81, 283; political
function of, 279-81; project-driven nature
of, 96; scientific/technical work and, 87;
second wave of, 97-104; Soviet, 279-81;
women/children at, 332nl4
prison design bureaus, 102
Prison Medical Service, 340nl9
prison officers, 19, 103, 293
prison science system, 97, 103-4, 108
prison sector, 259, 264
Prison Service, 308, 311,312
prison staff, 233-35, 305, 306
prisoner labor, 8, 72, 84, 358nl8; civilian
labor and, 323n21; exploitation of, 12;
Soviet economy and, 33
prisoners: aristocracy of, 82; breaking, 301;
brutalization among, 227; camp personnel
and, 237, 238; corruption chains and, 248;
dead, 320, 373-74n2; dehumanization
of, 230, 231, 283; disabled, 54, 61-62,
63, 70, 72, 79-84; discarded, 60-61, 64;
ethnic diversity of, 275; exploitation of,
47, 48-52, 58, 63, 84; as hangmen/exe-
cutioners, 236; marginalization of, 137;
movement, 78; non-political, 26; nonpris-
oners and, 129-30, 134; nonworking, 70,
75, 80, 84, 349nll2; number of, 55, 228,
320, 402n54; perceptions of, 208, 283-84;
photo of, 31, 32; physical condition of,
53; physical labor of, 46, 47; physically
inferior, 56; as raw material, 46; releas-
ing, 18, 60, 61, 62-63; relocation of, 279;
self-guarding of, 248; sick, 46, 61-63,
75-76, 81, 133, 334n49; spatio-temporal
control of, 306; stress among, 306; treat-
ment of, 296; weak, 73, 79-84; women,
191-93, 287, 301-2, 332nl4, 348nl05; See
also convicts; invalids; political prisoners;
women prisoners
prisoners of war (POWs), 130, 241, 247, 318;
death of, 240; emotional distress for, 248;
Estonian, 396nl04; French, 231; German,
240, 243, 244, 248; labor by, 240; material
situation for, 230; North Korean, 275; rec-
ollections by, 246; Soviet, 229, 230, 231,
240. See also POW camps
430 INDEX
prisonization, 290, 292, 297, 298
prisons, 184, 222, 230, 264, 293, 325nl; birth
of, 309-13; cellular, 307; construction
of, 197; high-security, 311; imperial,
163-64; maintenance of, 89; normal, 102;
organizational strength of, 248-49; over-
crowded, 259, 287; transit, 192, 196, 304;
urban, 78
privacy, deprivation of, 225, 296, 306, 312
propaganda, 108, 165, 166, 168, 216, 285;
camp, 121, 122, 123; Chinese, 260; Gulag,
164; North Korean, 407n66; reeducation,
243; Soviet, 16, 163; Stalinist, 163; war-
time, 122
Public Security Bureau, 256, 261
punishment, 21, 36, 201, 225, 236, 247,
312-13, 361n62, 372n98; administering,
248, 249, 295, 297, 308; collective, 28; as
communicative process, 294; corporal,
189, 221; criminal, 289; deportation and,
139; economic production and, 248;
explanations for, 292; forms of, 294, 295,
298; harsh, 295-97, 300, 301-4, 304-7;
humanitarian, 295-97, 311; individual,
290, 344n51; modalities, 292, 311; penal
labor as, 291, 308; politics of, 26-27;
prisonization as, 297; public, 255; Rus-
sian, 289, 292-95; social and, 295; social
hierarchy and, 296; spaces of, 287; as state
instrument, 175-76; transportation as,
297-99; welfare-based systems of, 289
purges, 13, 36, 108, 165, 255, 276, 278, 280,
328n36
Pussy Riot, 299
Putin, Vladimir, 10, 22, 288
Pyongyang, 21, 273, 275, 278, 279, 280
racial difference, 19, 211, 220, 222
racial domination, 19, 230
radicalization, 216, 317
rations, 78, 215, 230, 248, 361n59; famine-
camp, 218; Gulag/non-Gulag, 29, 29
(table); prisoner, 51, 199, 218, 287,
326nl8
Ravensbruck Womens Camp, 236
re-Stalinization, 10, 37, 38
recovery stations, 82, 83
recovery teams, 73, 73-76, 82
Red Air Force, 94
Red Army, 115, 121, 122, 129, 134, 240, 247;
food for, 118; free labor and, 130; growth
of, 127; prisoner death rates and, 275;
soldiers/capture of, 405n34; special set-
tlers and, 364nl06; surgeons/priority for,
81
reeducation, 225, 243, 254, 261, 264, 266, 267,
298, 304, 308-9; prisoner, 327n21; role of,
317; social/political, 201
reform, 17, 36, 174, 187, 197; labor and, 43,
217, 258-65; labor camp, 84, 259; land,
250, 255, 257, 400n24; penal, 133, 290,
298, 309-10; rhetoric of, 264; Siberian,
176-79, 179-81, 183-84; social, 203, 211
refugees, 213, 224, 265, 301
Regulation on Exile Transfer with Siberian
Provinces, 179, 181, 183
rehabilitation, 90, 213, 215, 217, 221, 223, 295,
304, 330n51, 387n79; British, 201; individ-
ual, 344n51; labor and, 43; rhetoric of, 264
religion, 153, 365nl08
repression, 40, 104, 105, 140, 164; political,
55, 269, 273; Stalinist, 41, 90, 162, 165,
168, 169, 294, 314
resistance, 234, 275-76; Baltic/Ukrainian,
241; collective, 381nl 18
resocialization, 139, 309
Resurrection (Tolstoi), 198
riots, prison, 276, 277, 276, 312
Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 168
Rossi, Jacques, 27, 42
RSFSR Criminal Procedural Code, 61
Ruciriski, Justynian, 173, 176, 192
rule-of-law restraints, 68
Russian Civil War, 238, 241, 242, 298
Russian Federation, 21, 287, 297, 311, 330n51;
prison reform in, 309-10
Russian Orthodox, 307, 312
Russkaia mysV, Chekhov in, 198
Ruzgys, Rimgaudas, 155, 372w97y 373nl07
St. Petersburg, 163, 175, 178, 184, 186, 187,
192, 198
Sakhalin Island, 163; penitentiary colony,
190, 294
INDEX 431
Sakhalin Island (Chekhov), 198
samizdat literature, 87
sanitation, 43, 53, 86, 162, 200, 232, 307
Sanitation Department, 11, 46, 50, 53, 58, 60,
74, 335n73; List of Illnesses of, 10, 48;
problems for, 44
Sanotdel, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 77, 82, 83, 86,
338n6, 340nl9, 345n61, 345n63, 347n96,
348n98; authority for, 85; camp hospitals
and, 81; decree by, 76; problems for, 84
Savitskii, I. M., 363n81, 363n91
Schmitt, Carl, 14, 133, 226, 254, 265, 410nll
science, 87, 91, 111, 316; normative, 89; tech-
nology and, 100
scientists, 88; imprisonment of, 108, 110
Scott, James C., 252
Second Five-Year Plan, 95, 97
secret police, 8, 77, 165, 277-78, 314
security, 277, 278; national, 283; public, 258,
260; state, 105, 125
security apparatus, 43, 109, 258, 274, 325n3;
North Korean, 278, 279
segregation, 199, 202, 218; plague, 208; social,
204; spatial, 237; technologies of, 209
self-organization, 288, 305
self-organization committees, 306-7, 308
self-policing, 189, 291
semistations, 179, 184, 185
sentences, 55, 190, 255; death, 131; reducing,
123,131
Sevzheldorlag, 345n64, 347n91
sexual activities, 231, 235, 244
sexually transmitted diseases, 83, 348nl05
Shakhty trial, 92
Shalamov, Varlam, 2, 79, 339nll, 339nl5;
documentary fiction of, 67; on labor
camps, 64
sharashka system, 3, 12, 13, 33, 89, 90, 91,
94, 99, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 111,
112, 316, 350nl2, 356n92; civil society
and, 113; as coercive phenomenon, 109;
history/work of, 110; inmates of, 103;;
institutional memory and, 109; interwar,
105; NKVD and, 100; OGPU and, 94, 95;
origins of, 91-97, 111-12
Shavrov, B. V., 93, 352n25
Shavrov, Vadim, 97, 353n40
Shearer, David R., on Gulag, 315, 323n22,
328n36
shortages: food, 55; general economy of, 248;
labor, 142, 143-44, 146, 224-25, 245,
369n41; wartime, 124
show trials, 13
Siberia and the Exile System (Kennan), 163
Siberian Administration of Camps of Special
Significance (SibULON), 116
Siberian Military District, 122, 359n33
Siblag, 74, 85, 116, 117, 121, 122-23, 126, 128,
360n36; central administration of, 118;
data from, 118-19; labor supply and, 129;
prisoners at, 362n67; subdivisions, 117
Sixth Party Congress, 278
Sixth Plenum (Korean Workers’ Party Central
Committee), 276
Skolkovo complex, 109
slave labor, 8, 42, 44, 45
Slavs, 230, 234
SLON. See Solovki
Smith, Philip, 312, 387n67; punishment and,
293-94, 299, 311
social control, 209, 267, 291
social danger, 215, 222
Social Darwinism, 249
social disorder, 108, 206, 299
social hierarchy, punishment and, 296
social life, 157, 258; special settlers and, 153-56
social logic, role of, 146
social mobility, 137, 138, 156
social parasites, imprisonment of, 30
social practices, 153, 154
socialism, 8, 14, 35, 37, 168, 238-39, 248, 259,
266, 267; Bolsheviks and, 238-39; Chi-
nese, 250, 251; construction of, 226, 264;
enemies of, 253
Socialist Realism, 16, 168, 169
socialist reconstruction, 91, 308
socialist state, 108, 265
socialist system, 250, 251
socialization, 156, 248
society: apartheid, 228-30, 231-33; center
of, 236; Chinese, 320; civil, 113, 197, 221;
cleansing, 228; North Korean, 283; poli-
tics and, 265; Russian, 36; state control of,
251. See also Soviet society
432 INDEX
Society of Former Political Prisoners and
Exiles, 164
Sofsky, Wolfgang, 227, 231, 389nl2
solidarity, 153, 232, 234-35, 245, 249
Solovki, 1-2, 12, 69, 72, 116, 165, 241, 244,
332n23, 333n33, 333n37, 343n45, 374n7
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 10, 37, 43, 87-88,
162, 218, 241, 298, 301, 302, 375nl2;
camp of, 112; convoy guards and, 300;
Gulag and, 1, 2, 26, 54, 272; on high-
er-ups, 62; on human beings as raw mate-
rial, 46; impact of, 42, 44; labor camps
and, 121; medical care and, 12, 52, 66-67;
metaphor of, 3; on prisoner utilization,
47; social position/humaneness and, 54;
systemic approach and, 321nl; writing
of, 104
South African War (1899-1903), 116, 133,
213,216, 382n3
Soviet economy, 82, 92, 143; forced labor
and, 33; sharashka system and, 110; state
and, 40
Soviet life, history of, 139-42
Soviet society, 16, 26, 31, 70-73, 84, 156-59;
camps and, 238-41; depoliticization of,
368n23; deportees and, 161; development
of, 241-42; disabled and, 86; discipline/
punishment and, 220; ethnic groups
and, 156; forced labor in, 238-41; free
elements in, 139; Gulag and, 33, 36, 115;
non-Gulag and, 27; poverty of, 29; repres-
sion of, 40; rules of, 137; sociopolitical
evolution of, 36; state and, 34
Soviet system, 126, 408n75; Gulag and, 8, 33,
190
Sovietization, 137, 142, 143, 148, 274
Special Design Bureau (OKB), 98, 99, 355n72
special settlements, 6, 138, 159, 239, 249,
274, 300, 325nl, 372n95; conditions in,
160-61; leaving, 141, 150-51; life in, 139,
140, 142-43, 148, 160
special settlers, 4, 15, 36, 147, 154, 159, 239;
conditions for, 139, 145-47, 153; eco-
nomic function of, 143; encouragement
for, 151; life of, 150-53, 153-56; mobili-
zation of, 364nl06; MVD and, 146-47,
154; as other, 156-61; policy making and,
146; rejection of, 158-61; social mobility
of, 138; stories of, 139-142; supervision
of, 146-47
Special Technical Bureau (OTB), 99, 100, 106,
107, 353n48, 356n95
specialist prison system, 95, 101, 105, 110, 112
specialists, 88, 90; bourgeois, 13, 91; old, 92,
93; red, 92, 93; sanitation, 66
Speranskii, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 17, 179,
183, 186; exiles and, 181; reforms by, 187;
vision of, 180
Speranskii s Regulation on Exiles, 179, 183,
189
SS, 6, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 241; concentra-
tion camps and, 228
SSD. See State Security Department
SSSR na stroike (journal), 52, 168
Stakhanovites, 151, 243
Stalin, Iosif (Joseph), 7, 26, 34, 35, 101, 104,
108, 220, 225, 243, 283, 397; Beria and,
99, 100, 103; camps of, 27, 44, 59, 61,
325n2; counterrevolutionaries and, 275;
criticism of, 277; cult of personality and,
282; death of, 11, 30, 33, 36, 54, 66, 70, 84,
107, 135, 151, 270, 276, 287; exploitation
and, 58; Gulag and, 2, 8, 12-13, 19, 25, 39,
40, 42, 45, 47, 54, 60-61, 63, 111, 133, 199,
215, 247, 270, 276, 284, 348nl06, 404n26;
health care system and, 52; intelligentsia
and, 13, 95; Khrushchev and, 279; Kim
and, 270, 274-75; on kulaks, 168; nation-
alities policy and, 36; nonworking prison-
ers and, 75; penal policies of, 55; political/
economic enemies and, 323n21; power
for, 1, 238; prison labor and, 31, 45, 47,
48, 49; prisoner health and, 319; repres-
sion by, 41, 162, 165, 168, 169, 294, 314;
rule of, 9, 28, 39, 270; secret police and,
74; sharashka system and, 91, 94, 106;
socialism and, 8, 168; specialist prison
system and, 105; terror and, 37, 274-75,
279; totalitarian surveillance and, 291
Stalinism, 1, 5, 11, 16, 20, 21, 34, 36, 40, 41,
42, 45, 69, 88, 91, 105, 108, 165, 166, 168,
239, 249, 252, 263, 320; brutality of, 28;
criticism of, 10, 37, 38; enlightenment
and, 410nll; forced labor and, 314; Gulag
INO.EX 433
and, 8, 11, 36, 38; legacy of, 35; Maoism
and, 7; moral decay and, 107; political
apparatus of, 25; political violence and, 6;
rehabilitation and, 43; repression by, 104;
Soviet history and, 267; transition from,
137-38; war and, 14-15
Stammlager, 229, 230
starvation, 71, 79, 81, 127, 218, 315
State Archive of the Russian Federation
(GARF), 137, 165
State Committee on Defense (GKO), 100, 131
State Security Department (SSD), 272, 278,
279, 406n49
State Senate, 178, 192
Stepa, Uncle, 156, 372n90
stereotypes: gender, 309; historical, 304, 306
stigmatization, 156, 158, 242
Stolypin carriages, 293, 301, 303
Supreme Council of the National Economy
(VSNKh), 351n20, 352n27
surveillance, 260, 279, 291, 311
survivors, 46-47; memoirs of, 66; mindset
of, 38
Talagi Invalid Camp, 78, 80, 82
Tashkent, 131; camp system, 84; as evacuation
destination, 364n91
Tatars, 140, 239-40
technology, 13, 87, 89; camps and, 202; sci-
ence and, 100
terror, 90, 251, 254, 255-58; establishment of,
227; mass, 37; political, 37; reigns of, 279;
Stalinist/post-Stalinist, 38; stemming, 41;
victims of, 38. See also Great Terror
Thaw, 1, 37
Third Department to the Ministry, 105, 185
Thomson, S. J., 210, 214
Timashev, Aleksandr Egorovich, 186, 195
Tiumen', 136, 160, 176, 180, 189, 194, 195
ToboTsk, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187,
188, 194; convoys in, 189
ToboTsk Exile Office, 181, 186-87, 189, 194
ToboTsk Transit Prison, 181, 196
Tolstoi, Lev, 198
Tomsk, 114, 115, 116, 118, 132, 176, 178, 179,
181, 186, 187, 192, 194, 195; plant, 121;
prisons of, 196
Tomsk Corrective Labor Colony, 121, 122
torture, 226, 228, 232, 236-37, 245, 268, 271,
292, 296, 299
total war, 115, 213, 214, 357n5; Gulag and,
126-35; Soviet, 131, 132
totalitarianism, 89, 273; concentration camps
and, 284-85; origins of, 284-85; Stalinist,
267
Trans-Siberian Railway, 117
transportation, 74, 78, 177, 192, 195, 224, 286,
312, 346n75; availability of, 150; collectiv-
ism and, 304; penal, 287; as punishment,
297-99; terrors of, 299-307
Treblinka, 4, 228, 315
Treblinka Labor Camp no. 1, 236, 237
tribunals, 210, 255, 258, 337n98, 399nl6
Trotskii, Lev, 9, 91, 216
Trotskyists, 241
TsKB. See Central Design Bureau-29; Central
Design Bureau-39
tuberculosis, 48, 50, 71, 79, 80, 81, 83, 184,
287,312, 347n94
Tupolev, Andrei N., 88, 90, 97, 100, 354n51,
356n92; arrest of, 102; aviation designers
and, 102; manuscript of, 349n6; prison
camps and, 87; sharashka of, 105, 112
Tupolevskaia sharaga, 87, 102
Tushino, 100, 101, 104, 354n51
UITLK. See Administration for Corrective
Labor Camps and Colonies
Ukhta, 75,81,302
Ukrainians, 4, 36, 140, 141, 151, 235
UNHRC. See United Nations Human Rights
Council
United Nations Human Rights Council
(UNHRC), 268, 271
Untermenschen, 236
Usol'lag, 39, 39, 40, 80; anniversary of, 40
Usova, Zinaida Danilovna, 78, 80, 82,
348nl03
venereal disease, 192, 348nl05
vigilance, 166, 168
Viola, Lynne, 2, 15, 148, 150
violence, 40, 72, 226, 227, 239, 245, 307,
315; archaeology, 200; calculated, 251;
434 mi 3£X
violence (cont)y camp, 266; developmental,
7; ethnic, 202; excessive, 257; excisionary,
291; exhaustion through, 65; forced labor
and, 238; Gulag, 221; institutionalized, 45;
mass, 251-52, 265; Nazi, 236; organized,
251; physical, 232; political, 6, 8, 202, 212,
214, 253; public use of, 251; regulated,
237; relationships of, 237; resorting to,
252; Soviet, 221; sphere of, 228; spread of,
265; state, 35, 38, 40, 41, 212, 252, 33In7;
targets of, 213; threats of, 227; torture
and, 232
Vladimir, 176, 194
Vlasov, Vasilii, 193, 196
Volga Germans, 130-31, 134, 140, 239
Volksdeutschey 235
Volksgemeinschaft, 225, 226, 248
volost' courts, 298
Vorkuta, 11, 77, 120, 126, 341n31
Voroshilov, Kliment, 94, 95, 109, 352n27,
353n39
vrachebnye-trudovye ekspertnye komissii
(VTEK), 71, 72
VSNKh. See Supreme Council of the National
Economy
VTEK* See vrachebnye-trudovye ekspertnye
komissii
vydvizhentsy; 29, 39
war: absolute, 357n5; concentration camps
and, 132; forced labor and, 13; Gulag
and, 13-14, 49, 79-84, 104, 114, 115, 116,
119-35, 246, 357n2; hunger and, 141, 240,
243-44, See also total war
waystations, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193, 195;
decline of, 196; separation at, 192
weak-prisoner teams, 73-76, 78, 82
Wehrmacht, 231, 241, 319
Weiner, Amir, 133, 134, 367nl6
welfare, 217, 289; colonial, 211; postwar, 292;
social, 200, 201
western Siberia: convoys and, 184; economic
growth of, 115; forced labor in, 131; Gulag
in, 14, 114, 115, 116-19, 123, 135; labor
soldiers in, 131; mortality rates in, 126;
prisoners in, 121, 132, 134
western Ukraine, 145, 159; deportation from,
137, 139, 140
Weyler, Valeriano, 213, 382n3
White Sea-Baltic Canal, 99, 165, 239, 243,
279-80, 281, 332n20, 374n7, 375nl0;
Belomor Canal, 16; labor for, 48; overful-
filling quota for, 52
Winter War, 121, 128
women prisoners, 191-93, 287, 301-2,
332nl4; amnesty for, 348nl05; transpor-
tation of, 302
womens colonies, 309
Workers Party of South Korea (WPSK), 276
workhouses, 210, 218, 220, 222; described,
202-5
working classes, legitimate, 205
workshops, prison, 87
Wyabalenna Reserve, 205
Yanan faction, 276
Yan'an period, 259
Yeon-an group, 275
yeon-jwa-je, 269, 282
ZATOs, 90, 111-12, 356n93
Zemskov, V. N., 366n5, 372n98
Zhukov, Pavel, 104, 112, 354n65 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | David-Fox, Michael 1965- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | m d f mdf |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132167743 |
| author_facet | David-Fox, Michael 1965- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043697891 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5071 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)968134521 (DE-599)BVBBV043697891 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2013 Washington, DC gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2013 Washington, DC |
| geographic | Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd Nordkorea (DE-588)4075468-6 gnd Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland Nordkorea Großbritannien China Russland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV043697891 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-03T13:02:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780822944645 0822944642 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029110387 |
| oclc_num | 968134521 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-M352 DE-29 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-M352 DE-29 DE-521 |
| physical | xi, 434 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_DDC1 DHB_BSB_FID DHB_IFZ_BIBLIO_2017 |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | University of Pittsburgh Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Pitt series in Russian and East European studies Kritika historical studies |
| spelling | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison edited by Michael David-Fox Pittsburgh, Pa. University of Pittsburgh Press [2016] xi, 434 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pitt series in Russian and East European studies Kritika historical studies Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Nordkorea (DE-588)4075468-6 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2013 Washington, DC gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Nordkorea (DE-588)4075468-6 g Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 s Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 David-Fox, Michael 1965- (DE-588)132167743 edt Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029110387&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029110387&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4243878-0 (DE-588)4002716-8 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4075468-6 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison |
| title_auth | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison |
| title_exact_search | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison |
| title_full | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison edited by Michael David-Fox |
| title_fullStr | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison edited by Michael David-Fox |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Soviet Gulag evidence, interpretation, and comparison edited by Michael David-Fox |
| title_short | The Soviet Gulag |
| title_sort | the soviet gulag evidence interpretation and comparison |
| title_sub | evidence, interpretation, and comparison |
| topic | Straflager (DE-588)4243878-0 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Straflager Arbeitslager Deutschland Nordkorea Großbritannien China Russland Sowjetunion Konferenzschrift 2013 Washington, DC |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029110387&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029110387&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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