The Russian Empire 1450-1801:
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| Language: | English |
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Oxford, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press
2017
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| Edition: | First edition |
| Series: | Oxford history of early modern Europe
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| ISBN: | 9780199280513 0199280517 |
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
List of Illustrations xi
List of Maps xiii
Introduction: The Russian Empire 1450—1801 1
Prologue: The Chronological Axe 9
PART I. ASSEMBLING THE EMPIRE
1. Land, People, and Global Context 21
2. De Facto Empire: The Rise of Moscow 41
3. Assembling Empire: The First Centuries 55
4. Eighteenth-Century Expansion: Siberia and Steppe 84
5. Western Borderlands in the Eighteenth Century 103
PART II. THE MUSCOVITE EMPIRE
THROUGH THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
6. Broadcasting Legitimacy 129
7. The State Wields its Power 160
8. Trade, Tax, and Production 187
9. Co-optation: Creating an Elite 207
10. Rural Taxpayers: Peasants and Beyond 222
11. Towns and Townsmen 235
12. Varieties of Orthodoxy 244
PART III. THE CENTURY OF EMPIRE: RUSSIA
IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
13. Imperial Imaginary and the Political Center 267
14. Army and Administration 296
15. Fiscal Policy and Trade 316
16. Surveillance and Control in Imperial Expansion 335
17. Soslovie, Serfs, and Society on the Move 355
18. Towns, Townsmen, and Urban Reform 375
x Table of Contents
19. Confessionalization in a Multi-ethnic Empire 396
20. Maintaining Orthodoxy 410
21. Nobility, Culture, and Intellectual Life 427
Conclusion: Constructing and Envisioning Empire 450
Index 463
Index
absolutism 11, 38, 77, 135, 269, 276-8, 428
Academy of Arts 376, 381, 389
Academy of Sciences, the 274-5, 284, 312,
337-8, 377, 389, 436, 438, 443,
452,461 ; see also under St. Petersburg
Survey Department 338
administration 18, 65, 107, 109, 115, 174, 183,
215-16, 296, 298, 300-3, 305-6,
310-11, 315, 319, 333, 336, 343,
349, 352, 378, 381, 385, 387, 391,
404, 407, 422, 429-30, 456,
459—60, 462; see also bureaucracy
and governance
central 86, 174, 301, 317
institutions of 113, 118, 173, 301, 314, 373
reform of 65, 92, 94, 100, 105-6, 111-13,
115-16, 119-22, 125, 277, 296,
300-3, 307-8, 312-14, 317-18,
328, 330, 333, 339-40, 349, 352,
360, 363, 371, 380, 382, 406-7,
429, 433-4
standardization of 103, 111, 115, 125, 160,
175, 201, 343, 397
systems of 80, 99, 107-8, 125, 301-2, 307,
314, 373, 424
Admiralty, the 365
Adrian (Patriarch) 412
Adrianople, Treaty of 335
advice/advisors 77, 135-7, 157, 208—9, 211,
256, 269-70, 277, 326, 375, 430,
439-40, 443
Aegean Sea 324
Africa 26, 32, 121, 187, 189
North 30
“Afro-Eurasian” zone 32
Agamben, Giorgio 154
Agapetus 133, 135
agriculture 23, 26-7, 29-32, 59, 63-4, 85, 98,
109, 113-14, 116, 160, 167, 200,
202-3, 218-19, 225-6, 230, 233,
324, 327, 334, 356-7, 361-2, 365,
368-70, 375, 377, 383, 444, 458
viticulture 59, 114, 116
Akbar 35
Akkerman 401
Aksakov, Sergei 91, 444
Family Chronicle 91
Alaska 5, 21, 26, 84-5
Alatyr’ 371
alcohol 60, 68, 108-9, 200-1, 230, 254, 318,
325-7, 330-2, 368-9, 385, 394
monopolies on 216, 332
Aleksandrov 153
Alekseevna, Sofiia 131, 151, 260, 268—9, 276,
280, 293, 296
Aleksei Mikhailovich (Tsar) 135, 139, 151, 169,
193,204,212,255-6,260,273,276
Aleksei Petrovich 279-80
Aleksii (Metropolitan) 249
Aleppo 32, 235
Aleut people, the 85, 402
Alexander (Grand Duke of Poland/
Lithuania) 12, 51
Alexander I (Emperor of Russia) 278, 284,
312-13, 348, 407, 433-4, 462
Alexander II (Emperor of Russia) 96, 372, 455
Alexander III (Emperor of Russia) 456
Alexander, John 278
Alexander the Great 439
Alexander Nevskii (Prince and Saint) 136, 456
Alexandria 31
alliances 12-17, 57, 65, 71, 73, 78, 94, 107,
208, 210; see also diplomacy
Allsen, Thomas 2, 129
Altai Mountains, the 21, 65, 90, 319, 363
Altay 25, 85-6, 88
amanat 70
Americas, the 29, 450—1, 454, 460; see also
North America
Amsterdam 36, 171, 189, 297, 337
Amur River 62, 84, 178, 196
Anadyr Mountains, the 21
Ananich, Boris 319, 326
Anastasiia Romanova (wife of Ivan IV) 150, 210
Anatolia 30-2, 34, 48, 458
Andrei Bogoliubskii (Prince) 44
Andrei Ivanovich (Prince of Uglich) 148
Andrusovo, Treaty of 14, 76
Angara River 64, 196
animal husbandry 59, 71, 91, 95, 98, 116,
226, 369
animals 66, 71, 85, 94, 181, 193, 203, 225,
324, 368, 383
animism 41, 60, 65, 259-60, 401
animists 45, 53, 55—6, 63, 96-7, 398,
401-2, 451
Anisimov, Evgenii 281
Anna Ioannovna (Empress of Russia) 121,
275-7, 281-2, 284, 288, 306, 316,
398, 403, 431-2, 436
Anna Leopoldovna, of Mecklenburg (regent) 281
Anna Petrovna (daughter of Peter I) 279—80
Annalistes, the 33
anti-Semitism 123-4
Antwerp 31, 235
Apanaevskii mosque (Kazan) 285
464
Index
Arabia 32, 458
Aral Sea 46, 195
architecture 10-11,43,73, 107, 110-11,
141-7, 157, 158, 204, 228, 251,
253, 272, 274-6, 282, 284-92,
295, 322, 387-91, 436, 454-7,
462
Arctic Sea, the 1, 23, 25, 27, 53, 60, 63,
231, 338
Aristotelianism 155, 253
Arkhangelsk 25, 53, 180, 182, 189-94, 197-8,
202, 204, 241, 323, 339, 342, 357
Arkhangelskoe 388
Armenians 34, 66, 97-9, 115, 192-4, 197, 202,
205, 292, 331, 385, 391, 397
New Julfa 193-4, 197
Arndt, Johann 413
art 10-11, 107, 110-11, 131-3, 144-5, 156-7,
231, 253, 267-74, 276-8, 280,
282-5, 316, 384, 391, 418, 440-3,
450; see also icons and frescos
artisans 123, 176, 202, 236-40, 288, 290, 299,
364, 380-1, 386, 388
Arzamas 367, 371
Asia 26, 36, 44, 187—9, 323; see also Far East,
the Central see Central Asia
people of/from 391
and Russia vii, 5
South 5
Southeast 5, 187
“Asiatic despotism” 5
assassinations 155
“assemblies” 436
Astrakhan 13, 28, 35, 46, 48, 55-7, 71, 93, 95,
98-9, 164-5, 170, 193-5, 198-9,
202-3, 218, 235, 323, 331, 346,
371, 377, 383, 403, 434, 456
atamans (hetmen) 59,99—100,110
atheism 399
auls 66
Austria 14-17, 121, 137, 290, 404, 456
autarchy 10
authority 4, 35, 69, 248, 271, 276, 280, 305,
318, 349, 386, 404
administrative 65
claims of 5, 37, 139
consolidation of 200
spiritual 260—1, 400, 424
autocephaly 48
autocracy 1—2, 11, 35, 118, 150—1, 267, 269,
283, 292-3, 443, 446, 459-60;
see also despotism and power
autonomy 72, 75, 77-9, 95, 98-101, 107,
110, 113, 169, 336, 381—2; see also
self-governmen t
of Cossacks see Cossacks, autonomy of
erosion/undermining of 91, 94, 103, 106,
111, 119
local 56, 109, 387, 394
Awakum 255, 257, 262, 418, 426; see also
Old Belief
Azov 167, 192, 296, 324, 327, 329, 335,
342, 346
Azov campaign 29, 337, 342
Azov Sea 14, 16, 25, 34, 46, 71, 84, 97,
115, 163
Babur 35
Baghdad 32, 141
Baikal, Lake 62-5, 85, 196, 287, 401
Bakhchisarai 292, 383, 401
Bakhchisarai, Treaty of 14, 72
Baku 16, 84
Balkans, the 30, 34, 42, 458
Baltic German Junkers 4, 311—12, 355, 359,
384, 459
Baltic region 12, 14-16, 48, 52-3, 74, 84, 103,
116-20, 126, 182, 313, 320, 331,
339, 346, 359, 364, 369, 378, 383,
403-4, 452, 457, 459
Kontora for Livland, Finland and Estland
Affairs 118
Landrats 117, 119
Landtag 117
Baltic Sea 3, 11, 25-6, 34, 42-3, 45, 49-50, 57,
103, 191, 202, 323, 324
ports 5, 36, 38, 73, 182, 188, 190-1,
299, 384
trade 47-8, 124, 198, 322
Bandido Khambo Lama 401; see also Buddhism
and Buddhists
bandits/banditry 58-9
Baranovych, Lazar 410
Blagodat’i istina 268
Barkey, Karen viii, 2—4, 129—30, 160
Baron, Samuel 240
Barrett, Thomas 58, 97
barshchina 361, 366
Bashkir uprisings 90—1, 105, 370-1, 398-9
Bashkiria 16, 82, 88-91, 93, 106, 130, 162-3,
167, 169, 310, 330, 338, 369,
398-9
Bashkirs 13, 58-60, 69-71, 81, 88-94, 105,
125, 195, 231, 290, 299, 307, 309,
335, 359, 370-1, 398
Batashevs, the 320
Baturyn 78
Beauplan, Guillaume de 179
Beccaria, Cesare 352
Beijing 62, 88, 141, 195, 242, 324, 337
Bekbulatovich, Semeon 153, 430
Belarus 9, 14, 17, 25, 30-1, 34, 37, 41, 43, 45,
72-3, 78, 84, 169, 297, 310, 313,
332, 359, 369, 422-3, 452
Belarus’ans vii, 42, 46, 49, 80, 110, 121, 225,
244, 253, 358, 412, 421-2, 424
Belgium 30
Belgorod 67-8, 163, 165, 167, 170, 177, 180
Index
465
Belgrade 32
Beloozero 50, 177, 202, 250
Beloozero, Lake 342
Bel’skiis, Princes, the 149, 210—11
Belyi Iar 69
Bender 401
Bentley, Jerry 32—3
Betskoi, Ivan I. 381-2, 434
Berezov 60, 62, 65, 86
Bergholtz, F. W. 436
Bering, Vitus 85
Bering Strait 27, 84
Berlin 446
Besht, Israel 405
Bestuzhev, A. 443
Bezborodko, A. A. 113, 277, 430
Bezhetsk 367, 376, 383
Bezobrazov, Andrei 260
Bible, the 245, 269
New Testament 245,256
Old Testament 133, 245, 260
billeting 299-300, 344, 385
Biron, Ernst 121, 276, 288
Bitiug valley 163
black earth steppe 23, 25, 89, 356—7, 362, 365,
383, 413
Black Sea 1-3, 5, 9, 14-16, 18, 21, 25, 32,
34-5, 42, 44-5, 57, 66, 68, 80-1,
95, 97-8, 103, 124, 167, 296, 298,
321, 323, 344, 346, 357
ports 28, 36, 38, 84, 109, 324, 342, 369, 457
Black Sea region/littoral 16—17, 25, 32, 53, 84,
104, 124, 357
Black Sea (Pontic) steppe 17,21,31, 34, 46, 51,
57-8, 93, 103, 113-14, 124, 126,
179, 307, 312, 331, 336, 342, 346,
356, 358, 362, 397, 399,413
Blanchard, Ian 319, 361, 368
Board of Good Order (in towns) 381
Boards of Social Welfare (in gubemii) 309, 313,
325, 431
Bobrov, S. S. 377
bobyli 330, 376
Boeck, Brian 4, 59, 72, 99, 163, 356
Boehme, Jacob 413
Bogatyrev, Sergei 131, 149
Bogoliubovo 44
Bohemia 31, 220
Bologna 142
Bolotnikov, Ivan 230
Bolotov, Andrei 433—4
Boris Godunov (Tsar) 10, 29, 145, 149-50,
153, 179, 210-11, 255
Borovikovskii, Vladimir 440, 442
Bosporus, the 18, 26
Boterboem, Kees 189
boundaries/borderlands vii, 34, 58, 71, 80—1,
83, 86, 88, 93, 96, 99, 101, 103,
111, 125, 165, 167, 182, 201,236,
297, 306-7, 329, 334, 338-9, 352,
359, 369, 397, 459; see also uezdy
confirmation of 85, 100, 178
control of 36, 346
protection of 67, 95, 105, 108, 167, 219
“Boyar Duma”, the 137
boyars 10, 57, 133, 136-7, 139, 147-9, 153,
155, 168-9, 177, 208-12, 215,
221, 239, 251, 253, 255, 271, 283,
297, 436, 443; see also elite, the and
nobility
Brahe, Tycho 411
Brandenburg 15, 17
Brandenburg-Prussia 16—17, 79, 269
Bratislav 122-3
Braudel, Fernand 1, 33, 65, 179
Brest 37, 74, 407
Brest Union 37, 74, 247, 420—2; see also Church
Unions, Catholic-Orthodox and
Uniate church (Greek Catholic)
Brewer, John 202
Briansk 13, 51, 165
Britain 15-16, 30, 36, 53, 113, 192-3, 205,
316, 320, 324, 329, 434, 451;
see also England and Wales
navy of 52, 189, 202, 298, 324
people of/from 80, 180, 188, 198
Brook, Timothy 155, 189
Bruce, James 277
Brunswick, Duke of 281
Buchholtz, Heinrich 275
Budapest 236
Buddhism viii, 2, 36-7, 71, 401-2, 407-8
Buddhists 10, 63, 96, 287, 351, 397-8, 401-2,
459; see also Bandido Lama
Lamaist 71, 401, 406
Bug River 103, 114, 298, 344
Bukhara 34, 91, 95, 192, 194-5, 197
Bulavin, Kondratii 72, 99, 167, 335, 370
Bulgaria 34, 105
people of/from 113-14, 116, 336, 357
Bulgars 50, 244
bureaucrats 56, 64, 160, 174, 176-7, 180, 212,
215-16, 219, 221, 237, 302, 311,
317, 349, 376, 427, 433, 460;
see also officials
bureaucracy 2, 5—6, 35, 41, 91, 138—9, 156,
161, 168, 172-7, 185, 200, 212,
215-16, 222, 257, 277, 301-5,
313-14, 318, 343, 348, 382, 415,
457, 459; see also administration
and civil service
power of the 70
reform of 3, 333
size of the 9, 161, 215, 459
staffing of the 4, 211-12; see also bureaucrats
system of 10, 173—4, 382
Burbank, Jane viii, 2, 154
Buriatiia 402
466
Index
Buriats 63-5, 85-6, 89, 287, 401-2
Bursa 32, 235
Bushkovitch, Paul 242, 250, 252, 262, 277,
365, 369, 398
Byzantine culture/style 5, 129—30, 132—3, 136,
149, 157, 169, 269, 414, 454, 456
Byzantium 2-4, 32, 34, 42, 98, 169-70, 247,
252, 259-60, 262, 275, 290, 345
emperors of 12, 48, 136
cadasters 177, 183, 201, 224
Cadet School 304, 376, 433, 438
Holiday Time 438
Caesar Augustus 130
Caffa 34, 45, 66-7, 114
Cairo 31, 235
cameralism 11, 103, 111, 292, 306
Cameron, Charles 284, 290
Canada 21, 23, 420
capitalism 188
Cardis, Treaty of 14
Caribbean, the 29
Carlsbad 457
Carpathians, the 21
cartography see maps/mapping
Caspian Sea 2-3, 15-16, 25, 32, 44, 57, 59, 80,
84, 93, 95, 97, 179, 193, 195,
202-3, 296, 323, 357
ports 35, 42, 56, 457
Caspian steppe 9, 13, 34, 57—8, 84, 93—4, 101,
113, 362, 40
Catherine I (Empress of Russia) 279—80, 288—9,
316, 390, 436
Catherine II (Empress of Russia) 11, 110-11,
125, 261, 275, 277-8, 281-6, 294,
303, 308, 317, 321, 329, 334, 339,
347, 357, 366, 370-1, 374-7,
385-7, 389-91, 405, 408, 413,
417, 423-4, 430, 433-5, 438-40,
443-4, 449-51
actions of 89,94-5, 100, 103, 105, 108-10,
118-20, 122, 124-5, 271, 275-6,
282, 288, 290, 295, 298, 306-8,
311-12, 314, 318-19, 322, 324,
326-7, 330, 332-3, 336, 338, 340,
342, 348, 352, 355, 361, 363, 372,
377, 381, 383, 387, 392, 397, 399,
401, 403, 407, 415, 419, 424, 430,
438, 445-6, 452, 454, 459-60
campaigns of 84
diplomacy of 16
policies of 113-15, 123-4, 292, 316, 372,
379-80, 385, 394, 404
reforms of see under reforms
works by 11
Instruction of1767 113, 126, 275, 327,
334, 348, 352, 366, 372, 374-6,
395-6, 408, 423
Tale of Prince Khlorus (1781) 438
Catholicism 10, 12, 37, 46, 48, 73-5, 77, 144,
146, 244-5, 247, 250, 252-3,
256-7, 262, 377, 396-8, 403-4,
411, 413, 415, 420-5, 430, 435,
454, 456; see also Pope, the and
religion and toleration, religious and
Vatican, the
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical College 404
Caucasus, the 9, 21,25,31, 46, 50, 56—7, 66—7,
71, 82, 84, 95, 97-8, 102, 105,
115, 171, 310, 330-1, 357-8, 363,
407
Celts 80, 451
censorship 439
censuses 111, 178, 224, 307, 336-7, 352
center, the (rule from Moscow; historic
heartland) 2-6,161,207,267,271,
305-7,310,313-14, 361, 390,458
Central Asia 21, 25-6, 32, 36, 51, 58, 71, 84,
89, 91, 94, 192, 194-5, 240
centralization 35, 173, 177, 200, 211, 213, 301,
303, 312, 314, 382, 457; see also
decentralization
Chancellor, Anthony 52, 188
chanceries 170, 173, 175-6, 179, 183, 212,
217, 301-3, 305, 311, 313, 340,
386,389
Chancery for Apothecaries 212, 260
Chancery for Construction of State Roads 340
Chancery for Criminal Law 233
Chancery of Elders (Don Cossacks) 100
Chancery of Foreign Affairs 179, 216, 302
Chancery of Land Administration, Moscow 239
Chancery of Land Records 173, 175,216
Chancery for Musketeers 212
Chancery for the New Model Army 212
Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean Baptiste 290, 452
Charlemagne 43
Charles I (of England) 198
Charles XII (of Sweden) 15—16, 107
Charter of Nobility (1785) 112, 115, 120, 122,
125, 214, 289, 311,355, 360, 367,
427, 434, 447
Charter to Towns (1785) 112, 120, 124, 289,
345, 355, 381, 384-5, 387
Cheliabinsk 371
Cheliadniny boyar clan 210
chelobit’e see petitions
Chechens 97—8
Cherdyn’ 145
Cheremis/Mari 42, 56, 69, 89, 91, 309,
359, 362
Cherkassk 72, 232
Cherkasskaia, Mariia 57
Cherkasskie princes 57
Chernigov 13-14, 43, 52, 111, 324, 336,
411,431
College 110
Chernobyl 42
Index
467
Chesme, naval battle of 17, 276, 298, 452
children 227, 319, 364, 381-2, 395, 419,
431-2
China 2, 12, 21, 25-6, 32-4, 84, 89, 141,
176-7, 187, 192, 195, 197-9,
323, 337, 339, 344, 347, 397-8,
401, 457
dynasties of
Han 35
Ming 30, 35, 155
Qing viii, 3, 35-7, 62, 88, 178
Yuan 30
empire of 2-3, 8, 155, 179, 188
Manchu 35, 63, 178, 337
military of 37
population of 30—2
and Russia 35—6, 62, 85—6, 178, 196,
240, 324
“Three Teachings” 36
Chinggis 2, 46
Chinggisids, the vii, 2, 34—5, 37, 46, 56—7, 114,
129-30, 137, 153, 211, 231, 397
chinovniki 303
Chronicle of the Beginning of Tsardom 136
Chukchi 64, 89
Church Councils, Russian Orthodox 244,
254-8
Stoglav (1551) 136, 254, 418
of 1640 422
of 1667 257
of 1675 255
of 1681/2 248
Church Unions, Catholic-Orthodox 12, 15, 37,
48, 421—2; see also Brest Union and
Florence-Ferrara Union
Chuvash peoples 56, 67, 69, 71, 89, 91, 231,
309, 359, 362, 371, 399, 452, 454
Circassia 66, 97
Circassians 57
civil service 4, 119, 125, 172, 177, 212, 216,
296, 302, 304, 306, 313-14, 317,
376, 427-9, 431, 433, 460; see also
bureaucracy
Clavuccio, Horatio 140
climate 21-3, 25-8, 39, 160-1, 181, 339, 342
Coach Chancery 340; see also communication,
coach and mail service
coercion 3, 5, 161, 164, 168, 172, 460
cohesion 4, 89, 160, 164, 232, 394, 407,
416-17, 427, 430-2, 435, 457;
see also society, cohesion of
Cohn, Norman 406
Cold War, the 5, 155
College of Commerce 310, 380
College of the Economy 329, 362
College of Foreign Affairs 95, 107, 310
College of Justice for Livland, Finland and
Estland Affairs 118, 403—4
College of Manufacturing 318-19, 380
College of the Navy 310, 377
College of War 95, 97, 310
Colleges 301, 303-6, 310, 312, 317, 429
Columbus, Christopher 450
Commercial Bank 325
Commission for Conversion 398—9
Commission for Masonry Construction 390—1
Commission on Urban Planning 391
“common good”, the 37, 428, 458
communalism 227—9, 238—40, 301, 363,
368, 459
communication 137, 160—1, 182, 261, 340,
342, 352, 393-4, 445
coach and mail service 217, 339-41, 352
improvements in 3, 37, 352, 460
lack of 6
means of 60, 174—6
networks of 2, 172, 179, 181-3, 339-42, 369
communities 4, 23, 36, 63, 65—6, 80, 88, 92,
109-10, 125, 138-9, 162, 164,
168, 175-6, 180-2, 199, 216-17,
224-5, 227, 229, 260, 293, 300,
304, 306, 309, 313, 319, 330, 351,
360, 363, 384, 396, 403, 406-7,
414, 416, 418-20, 458-9
Cossack 59—60, 65, 95; see also Cossacks
Jewish 123, 125, 404-5; see also Jews
Muslim 400; see also Muslims
running of 232-3
things affecting 170, 204, 230,
344, 398
urban 99, 229; see also urban areas
confessionalization 396—7, 401, 403, 406—8,
412; see also Russian Orthodoxy and
Old Belief andUkrainian Orthodox
Church and Uniate (Greek
Catholic) Church
Confino, Michael 446
Confucianism 2, 36
conquest 3, 5
control 3-6, 10, 51, 96, 100-1, 103, 107, 162,
167, 172-3, 177, 202, 230, 305,
310, 313, 335, 352, 370, 403, 424,
457, 459—60; see also authority and
governance and power and under
state, the
Constantinople 31-2, 42, 48, 78, 130, 141,
245, 247, 256, 341, 345, 405, 421;
see also Istanbul
Cooper, Frederick 2
co-optation 3, 35, 92, 101, 207
Copenhagen 457
Copernicus, Nicholas 411
“copper riots” 69, 218
Corps of Hydrologic Engineering 342
corruption 70, 173, 176, 229, 248, 255, 262,
277, 305, 326, 349-50, 379,
443, 446
Corsicans 116
468
Index
Cossack Hetmanate see under Hetmanate, the
Cossack rebellion, the 14, 68, 72, 75—8, 110,
123, 162, 167, 172, 192, 230-1,
242, 335, 370—1; see also Cossacks,
revolts
Cossacks 14, 59-60, 64-5, 68, 72, 75-9, 82,
88, 92, 95-102, 107-8, 110, 113,
115, 125, 150, 164, 169, 181, 193,
216, 218-20, 230, 240, 253, 290,
305, 309, 330-1, 337, 355, 363,
371, 385,430, 454, 459
actions/activities of the 60, 62, 68, 71—2, 75,
95-7, 111
armies/forces of the 76, 107, 111—12, 116,
125, 162, 165, 167, 208, 218, 236,
297-8, 459
autonomy of the 60, 72, 77—8, 95, 98—101,
110-11
Black Sea Host 97-8, 105, 125, 336
Bug 125
definition of 58-9
Don 4, 14, 71-2, 93, 95-7, 99-100, 102,
105, 114, 125, 165, 167, 169, 178,
208, 218, 230-1, 233, 239, 299,
310, 312-13, 330, 335-6, 359-60,
370-2, 417, 428, 459
elite 100, 105, 108-9, 290
government 76—7, 108—9, 111, 310
Greben 125
history of the 78
Iaik 71, 94-6, 99, 105, 307, 336, 370-1,
417, 428
integration of 60
as intermediaries 94
Irkutsk 85
Irtysh 95-6
Kuban 96, 115, 336, 371
Line 98
movement of 103, 336, 357
Orenburg 91, 95, 125
Polish-Lithuanian 59
revolts 62, 72, 95, 99, 105, 162, 230-1;
see also Cossack rebellion, the and
Stepan Razin rebellion
Siberian 59, 95, 125, 218
Sloboda 106, 336
Tatar 59
Terek 96—8, 125
Transbaikal 63
Ukrainian 4, 64, 203, 428, 430, 459
Ural 91, 95-6, 125, 218, 370-1
Volga 67, 125, 150, 336, 370
Zaporozhian 14, 71, 75, 77, 79, 95-7, 99,
103, 105-6, 218, 336, 371, 421
“Councils of the Land” 137, 149-50, 209
Council of Trent 421 —2
Counter-Reformation, the 37, 46, 74, 258, 262,
398, 411, 450
Courland, Duchy of 52, 84, 103, 116, 120—2,
280, 288
courts (of Moscow ruler) 131—3, 135, 141, 149,
157, 208-9, 211, 250, 253, 260,
264, 271, 283, 293, 298, 316, 347,
377, 430, 433, 435
politics at see under politics
“Sovereign s” 208, 213—14
spending on the 316—17, 334
status at 130, 302, 430
Coxe, William 306, 369
Cracow 123, 411
Cracraft, James 271, 277
credit 241, 333, 393-4, 431
Crews, Robert viii
crime 97, 139, 169-70, 172, 230, 232-3, 261,
347, 351, 364, 367; see also
criminals
political 169—70
religious 309
Crimea 9, 11, 14-15, 25, 28, 34, 42, 57, 70, 84,
98, 101, 116, 126, 182-3, 292,
331, 336, 338, 341, 346, 358, 363,
383-4, 399-401, 430, 434, 454,
456, 459
control of 46
Russia at war in 55—6, 166, 269, 335
Crimean khanate 12—13, 37, 51, 103, 105,
114-15, 397
Crimean Land Government 115
Crimeans 14, 93, 397
criminals 64, 167, 170-2, 183, 207, 233, 309
robbers/highwaymen 230, 242
treatment of 64; see also punishment
Croats 42
“Crown of Monomakh” 130
Crummey, Robert 177, 212, 417
cultural expression 10—11
cultural integration 72
cultural interchange 36, 45, 58, 96, 106, 109
culture 2, 48, 55, 63, 74, 77, 81, 88, 98,
108-10, 119, 121, 160, 225, 277,
372, 393, 403, 415-16, 424,
431-2, 435-9, 443-4, 447-8, 450,
459
change in 11, 257, 284, 293, 375, 448, 451
diversity of vii, 1, 55, 63, 263, 430
dominant 10
folk 231, 255, 258-9, 347, 412, 416; see also
folk belief
imperial 18
institutions of 393
local 65, 144
popular 123
Russian 70, 388, 430, 450
spending on 316
trends in 38, 46, 83
currency 69, 177, 198-200, 300, 312, 318,
325, 328, 330, 332-3, 361-2, 393
customs/customs barriers 38,91, 193—5, 197—8,
236, 240-1, 243, 333
Customs Chancery 326
Index
469
Cyrillic script 301
Czechs 42
Dagestanis 97
Dale, Stephen 192
Damascus 32
Daniil (Metropolitan) 250, 252, 255
Daniil Aleksandrovich (Prince of Moscow) 48
Daniilovich dynasty 48, 130—1, 147-50
Danube River 58, 105, 236
Daoism 36
Dashkova, Ekaterina 282, 432, 440, 444, 446
Daugavpils/Dvinsk see Diinaburg
Davis, Natalie Zemon 167
death 27, 29, 161, 172, 227, 347, 367
debt 223-4, 239, 241, 312, 316, 328, 332-4,
364, 394
Decembrist Revolution 443
decentralization 17, 173, 306, 326, 458; see also
centralization
defensive lines 13, 67-8, 87-8, 90, 92-3, 95-7,
103, 125, 163, 219, 335-6, 356-7,
361; see also fortresses
deism 412, 440
“Deluge”, the 76, 79, 83
Demidov, Prokohi A. 440—1
Demidovs, the 85, 319-20, 380
demography/demographics 2, 101, 166, 337,
357, 364, 373; see also population
Demus, Otto 133
Denisov, Semen
Vinograd rossiiskii 418
Denmark 13,52,281,298
alliances with 12
Dennison, Tracy 168, 367-8
Department of Alien Spiritual Affairs 401
Derbent 16, 84
Derzhavin, Gavrila 282, 377, 437-8, 443
Desna River 45, 52
Desnitskii, Semen 349
despotism 5, 7, 460; see also autocracy
Deulino, Treaty of 13
Devier, Anton 277
devshirme system (Ottoman Empire) 148
d’iaki 208, 215—16, 302; see also administration
and bureaucracy and officials
Dimsdale, Thomas 347
diplomacy 12-13, 15, 17,70, 130, 136, 141,
178, 182, 240, 324; see also alliances
Directorate of Water Communications 342
disease 27-30, 32-3, 39, 48, 182-3, 346-7,
354, 387
malaria 29
measles 29
plague 27-30, 117, 182-3, 200, 279, 346-7
scarlet fever 29
Siberian pox 28
smallpox 28-9, 347
typhus 29, 346
venereal 29
distance 2, 66, 167, 171, 352
“problem of* 1, 65, 179, 181
District Treasuries 317
diversity (in empires) vii, 1—2, 4, 6, 10—11,
34-5, 41, 53, 55, 59, 63, 78-80,
84, 91, 95, 98-9, 118, 120, 129,
222, 225, 232, 239, 262, 298, 355,
358, 373, 382, 384, 430, 435,
450-2, 457-8, 460-1; see also
“empire of difference” and “politics
of difference”
Divovych, Semen
“Conversation between Great Russia and
Little Russia” 110
Dmitrii Donskoi (Grand Prince) 249
Dmitrii Ivanovich (Prince, son of Ivan IV)
148, 150
Dmitrov 181, 237, 391, 393-4
Dnieper River 3, 14, 24—5, 32, 42, 45, 52,
58-9, 67, 71-2, 75-6, 78, 95, 103,
106, 236, 298, 342, 344, 357,
383-4, 452
Dniester River 18, 84, 105, 114, 236,
342, 357
Dolgorukovs, Princes, the 277, 280
Domar, Evsey 167, 183
Domostroi 259, 435; see Cossacks, Don
Don River 25, 44, 58-9, 71, 77, 95-6, 166,
236, 310, 342, 357, 407
Donets River 68, 103
Dorogobuzh 180
Dorpat 52, 191
Dorpat/Tartu 50, 116-17
University of 117, 313, 403
Dostoevsky, Fedor 388, 414
Dubno 385
dueling 139, 168, 347
Diinaburg 14, 120
Durkheim, Emile 141
Dutch Republic, the 31, 33, 36, 52, 191,
378, 451
Dvina Rivers (Western, Northern) 25, 47, 52-3,
60, 144, 166, 170, 189, 202-3,
231, 323, 384
Dzhungars 88, 91, 94
East Slavs vii, 9, 33, 41-2, 44-5, 48-9, 51, 53,
55-8, 60, 62-5, 69, 73, 86, 88, 98,
110, 146, 169, 211, 223, 225-6,
228, 232, 298-9, 329-30, 358,
424, 430, 450, 459
culture of the 132, 173, 244, 248, 259
history of 78
movement/mobility of 80, 91, 101, 222
Eastern Orthodoxy 244—7
Churches of
Armenian 98, 197, 385
Bulgarian 244
Byzantine 130, 133, 244
Coptic 244
470
Index
Eastern Orthodoxy (cont.)
Georgian 244
Greek 244, 255
Syrian 244
Patriarchs of 247-8, 257, 422
Alexandria 244
Antioch 244
Constantinople 244
Jerusalem 244
economic diversity 431; see also society,
inequality in
economic opportunity 26, 219, 239, 326,
394, 450
economic problems 166, 200, 361—2
economics 16-17, 21, 35, 88-9, 98, 106, 124,
176, 183, 188, 217, 225-6, 276,
302, 312, 327-9, 334, 372, 395,
415-16, 445
economy of the Russian Empire, the
actors within 432
agrarian 43, 57, 59, 81, 187, 199, 362, 433
changes in 321
contributions to 124
control of the 202, 365
diversity/diversification of 30, 435, 460
growth of 6, 10-11, 18,38, 109, 199, 201-2,
204, 239, 242-3, 270, 277, 318,
334, 355, 361-3, 372, 378, 387,
397, 452
health of 375, 450
influences upon 23
management of 124
manorial 109
monopolization of 108
nature of 59, 199, 206, 300, 370, 395
peasant 10, 187, 224-5, 227-8, 233, 373-4
policies regarding 200, 212, 292, 326, 394
privileges pertaining to see privileges, economic
raiding 57-8, 71
reform of 38, 202, 205
Ediger, Khan 60
Edirne 32, 235
Edmonton (Alberta) 21
education 77, 108, 111, 118-19, 135,254,256,
261, 267, 270, 283, 300, 304, 306,
312, 337, 376, 393-4, 399, 401,
404, 407, 414-16, 421, 424,
430-1, 433-6, 439, 441, 447,
449-50, 452, 459-60; see also
schools and universities
Egypt 31,34, 141, 458
Ekaterinburg 97, 99, 323, 341, 407
Ekaterinoslav 105, 114, 346, 357
elections 111, 150, 152, 280-1, 308-9
Elena (daughter of Ivan III) 12
Elets 67
elite of the Russian Empire, the 3, 46, 48, 50,
60, 77, 79, 111, 115, 117, 120-1,
140-1, 149-50, 153-5, 160, 207,
215, 220-1, 250, 253, 255, 267,
271, 283, 292, 337, 358, 370, 386,
388, 413, 427-9, 432, 435-6,
439^0, 443-4, 447, 450-1, 459;
see also boyars and gentry and
landholders and nobility
actions/activities of the 161, 369, 444
beliefs of 74, 260
cohesion amongst the 4, 427, 430—2, 435
culture of 133, 440, 443—4, 447, 451
landed 10-11, 43, 56, 89-90, 92, 213, 215
merchant 46
military 176
nature of the 210-11
political 270, 458
position of 169
privileges of/support for 4, 10, 117, 220;
see also privileges
role of 6, 212, 215
secular 131
size of 212
social 103
and the state 136, 140, 209-11
treatment of 56, 313
Elizabeth I (Empress of Russia) 107—8, 113,
118, 151,275-7, 279, 281-2, 284,
288, 290, 297-8, 306, 316, 319,
325-6, 329, 332, 336, 342, 345,
348, 351-2, 370, 376, 398, 401,
413, 432, 436, 444
“empire of difference” 2, 6—7, 79, 125, 243,
373, 382, 457, 460, 462; see also
“politics of difference”
Emancipation Decree of the nobility
(1762) 314,447
empire-building 161, 173, 339—40; see also state,
the, building
England 15, 26, 29-31, 33, 37-8, 50, 131, 137,
172, 179-80, 188-91, 197-8, 202,
271, 278, 297, 323, 378, 428, 432,
450; see also Britain
culture of 437—8, 446
people of/from 36, 52, 191, 219, 342, 391
English Club, the (St. Petersburg) 445
Enisei River 25, 27, 29, 49, 60-1, 64, 86—8,
195, 236
Eniseisk 61-2, 64-5, 86, 95, 242, 286
Saviour Monastery 286
Enlightenment, the 6, 46, 89, 103, 118, 261,
276, 278, 282-3, 292, 294, 306-8,
375-6, 386, 396, 414-16, 419,
427-8, 430, 433, 435, 437-8, 444,
446-7, 451-2, 457; see also
Republic of Letters
ideas/culture of 11, 110, 123, 269-70, 275,
296, 351-2, 365-6, 372, 381, 391,
412-13,428,440,443,445,451,454
enserfment 79, 100, 122, 177, 223, 230-1, 367;
see also peasants and serfs
Index
471
flight from $8, 68; see also serfs, runaway
exemption from 60
environment, the 66, 225, 338
degradation of 33, 39
Erichsen, Vigilius 278
Ermak 60
Eskimos 23
Estland 13, 15, 52, 117-20, 122, 288-9, 307,
311,322, 359, 364, 403, 456;
see also Baltic region and Estonia
Estonia 26, 52, 116-17, 119,359
Estonian Open Air Museum 119
Estonians 42, 118-19,359
“Eternal Peace” treaty (1686), the 14—15
ethics 98, 418
ethnicity 84, 89, 110, 119, 121, 123, 139,
310, 329, 338, 355-6, 358-9, 372,
434, 451, 454
diversity of 2, 4, 10-11, 35, 41, 59, 78, 84,
91, 95-6, 101, 114, 116, 120, 207,
225, 232, 309, 358, 387, 396, 435
ethnography 171, 274, 337, 339, 450-3, 460
Etkind, Alexander 80
Eurasia 2-3, 12, 21, 30, 32, 37, 39-40, 53, 129,
160, 230, 236, 457, 460
Russia and 2, 70
Europe 21, 23, 26, 32-3, 39, 176, 188,
218, 241, 283, 387, 420-1, 434,
440, 457, 460
colonial empires of 5, 26, 33, 36, 38—9, 83,
113-14, 121, 187, 189, 324
culture/style of 11, 46, 204, 220, 227, 258,
269, 271, 274, 276, 284, 288-9,
296, 320, 427, 431, 435, 437-41,
444, 446-7, 451,455, 459
developmental path of 1
eastern 21, 227
northern vii
people of 2, 29, 35, 65, 137, 242, 260,
270, 391
population of 31
Russia and vii, 7, 15, 37, 114, 199, 277,
322, 327
western 235, 451
“Europeanization” 108, 258, 269, 271, 274,
283, 320, 375, 398, 425, 431, 435,
439-40, 444, 447, 451,455
Evangelical-Lutheran Charter for the
Protestants 408; see also
Protestanism, Lutheranism
Evenki 63
Evreinovs, the 380
Ewington, Amanda 438
exiles 64—5, 86, 105, 258; see abo
punishment, exile
expenditure (state) 200, 301, 316-17, 328, 334
on the military/war 298, 300, 316—17,
319-20, 325, 328, 333-4, 344
experts 375—7, 402, 428
Falconet, Etienne Maurice
Bronze Horseman 282—3, 389
False Dmitrii (the first) 10
families 50, 88, 91, 100, 108, 135, 147,
153-4, 210, 213, 215-16, 226,
229, 242, 260, 297, 300-1, 304,
360, 366, 393, 418, 430-2, 436,
440, 444, 446, 458
famine 26-7, 29, 117, 166, 200
Far East, the 3, 5, 101, 338, 457
farmers 33, 45, 90, 214, 216, 218, 222, 226,
230, 360, 375
farming see agriculture and farmers
fashion 276, 393, 403, 427, 430-1, 446, 459;
see abo Europe, style/culture of
Fedor Alekseevich 212,269
Fedor Ivanovich (Tsar) 10, 148-9, 210
Fedorov, Ivan 37
Ferapontov Monastery 250
Filaret (Patriarch) 151, 247—8, 255
Filat’ev, Ostafii 242
Filippov, Ivan
History 418
filioque 423
finance (state) 5, 41, 173, 176, 205, 232, 242,
301, 306, 308, 312, 318, 320, 325,
332-4, 349, 381, 392, 432, 459;
see abo expenditure and income and
Treasury, the
budgets 16, 73, 199, 306, 310,
316-17, 333
institutions/apparatus of 316—17, 334, 459
policy relating to 33, 173, 199, 202, 316,
318, 329-30, 332-4
Finance Ministry 317
Finland 26, 84, 118, 364
Finland, Gulf of 13, 15, 50, 52, 84, 191, 384
Finno-Ugric peoples 41-2, 45, 47, 51, 53, 55,
57, 60, 359, 362, 399
Finns 42, 50, 120, 332, 391, 454
Fioravanti, Aristoteli 142, 203
Flanders 189
Fletcher, Giles 258, 392
Fletcher, Joseph viii, 146
Flier, Michael viii
Florence 142
Florence-Ferrara Union 12, 48, 247, 249,
420—1; see abo Church Unions,
Catholic-Orthodox
folk belief 258—61; see abo religion
Fonvizin, Denis 376, 438, 444
Brigadir 438
The Mirror 438
food and diet 2, 23, 26, 29, 96, 166, 222,
225-6, 336, 344, 353, 365,
369, 374
“forbidden years” 224
foreign policy 11, 13, 17, 73, 101, 125, 173,
212, 384; see abo diplomacy
472
Index
foreigners in Russia 96, 105, 112—14, 116, 141,
150, 187, 190, 197-8, 202, 204-6,
216, 239, 295, 299, 325, 331, 336,
381, 386, 388-9, 391-2, 444-5,
452; see also settlers, foreign
fortresses 63, 67-9, 85, 90, 95, 103, 105, 203,
219, 236-7, 274, 288, 297, 339,
384, 458; see also defensive lines
Cossack 59—60, 68, 336
Russian 60, 62
Foucault, Michel 171
France 15, 26, 29-31, 36-8, 113, 137, 172,
177, 179, 188, 259, 278, 282, 284,
298, 313-14, 316, 320, 326, 329,
345, 424, 434, 450
culture of 11, 289, 292, 296, 396, 427,
437-8, 440, 444, 446, 451
people from/of 58, 290, 440
revolution in see French Revolution, the
Russia in conflict with 16
Frank, Joseph 405
Franklin, Simon 175, 348
Frederick II (of Prussia) 113, 278, 423
Frederick III (Duke of Schleswig-Holstein) 193
Frederick the Great see Frederick II (of Prussia)
Free Economic Society, the 372, 377, 390, 445
Trudy 372
freedom 60, 88, 114, 231, 363, 385, 434,
441, 447
Cossack 110
economic 372
from enserfment see enserfment, exemption
from
of movement 226, 261, 364
lack of 222, 224, 233, 239, 343,
356, 364
political 137
of religion see religion, freedom of
removal of/restrictions on 352, 460
from taxation see taxes, exemptions from
of thought 428
free-thinking 399, 440, 445
Freeze, Gregory 261
French Revolution, the 372, 424, 445
Frick, David 78
Fuhrmann, Joseph 204
Galicia 44, 77, 106, 122, 405
Galileo 411
gardens 272, 275, 285, 292, 316, 447
Gagauz (Turkish Orthodox Christians) 357
Gdansk 17, 73
Gedymin (Grand Duke of Lithuania) 45,
130,211
Geertz, Clifford 141
General Land Survey 338
Genghis Khan see Chinggis
Gennadii (Archbishop) 255
Genoa 45, 345
gentry, the 50, 56, 74, 164, 173, 211, 213-17,
219, 221, 223, 226, 239, 360, 363,
459; see also boyars
landed 167
Geodetic Service 338
geography 2, 4, 21-3, 41, 66, 161, 179, 187,
236, 306-7, 433; see also landscape
Georgi, Johann Gottlieb 338, 452—3
Georgia 97-9, 113
people of/from 115
Germanies, the 28—31, 37, 59, 172, 403
Germans 50, 59, 64, 101, 111, 113, 116-18,
122, 203, 283, 302,319, 331,
336, 355, 357, 359, 364, 371,
384-5, 391, 402, 430, 440,
459, 461
Baltic 115, 119, 125, 310, 430, 440, 459,
461; see also Baltic German Junkers
Germany 26, 28, 46, 114, 118, 122, 169, 193,
259, 261, 341, 384, 397; see also
Germanies, the
culture of 11, 119, 143, 288, 292, 296, 403,
413, 438, 440
Giddens, Anthony 172
gift/exchange economies 176
Girard, René 153
Girey dynasty 34, 46, 114—15, 401
Girey, Mengli 51
Gizel, Innokentii
Synopsis 78
Glagol’eva, OFga 446
Glasgow 349
Glinskaia, Elena 279
global economy, the 33, 36, 187, 195, 204
globalization 33, 187
Glück, Johann Ernst 302
Godunova, Irina 279
Godunovs, the 210, 280
Golburt, Luba 437
Golden, Peter viii
Golden Horde, the (Qipchaq Khanate) 9, 12,
34, 37, 44-6, 51, 57, 69-70, 73,
114, 131, 141, 162, 177
Golden Horn, the 26
Golitsyn, Prince V. V, 165—6, 211—12, 260, 269
Golitsyns, Princes, the 388
Gomel’ 121
goods 36, 50-2, 66, 73, 187-98, 201-4, 242,
316, 320-4, 325-6, 342, 361, 383,
386, 434; see also resources, material
luxury 2, 42, 47, 51, 85, 192, 197, 241,
325-6
Gordon, Patrick 277
gosti 190, 201, 208, 240-3, 379
Got’e, lu. V. 306
Göttingen 118
governance of the Russian empire 18, 103, 160,
303, 380, 461; see also
administration
Index
473
strategies of 7, 34-5, 107, 335, 352, 387,
390; see also rulers, strategies of
government, the 193, 212, 274, 306—7, 311,
399, 431
actions of 26, 230, 302, 332, 336, 342, 401,
421, 445, 461
central 300, 305-6, 309-10, 313-14, 343,
380, 457
institutions of 10, 107—8, 153, 175, 446;
see also administration, institutions
of and chanceries
local 10, 68, 72, 77, 86, 92, 111, 183, 228,
232, 238-9, 288, 300, 305-6, 308,
312, 343, 378, 381, 384-7,
389-91, 394, 402, 406, 428, 459
participation in 77
reform of 300-1, 308, 312, 314
regimental 68
representative 38
republican 46
styles of 59, 94
governors 64-5, 86, 94, 100, 105, 111, 117-18,
170-1, 174, 177, 182, 212, 301,
303-10, 312, 314, 332, 379, 391
actions/activities of 55, 116, 169, 173, 176
district 121
frontier 68, 95
instructions for 98
opposition to 63
role of 178
service as 63
Grain Chancery 165
“Great Famine”, the 27
Great Horde, the 11—12, 58, 71
Great Northern War, the 15, 84, 90, 107, 117,
218, 271,296-8, 301,327
Greece 275, 290
Greeks vii, 43, 66, 114-16, 192, 254, 256, 292,
331, 397, 425, 430
Greenland 26
Gregory the Great (Pope) 245
Gregory of Palamas 247, 250
Grodno 122
Grotius, Hugo 412
guba reform (of the 1530s) 173
gubemii 86, 89, 105-6, 111, 113-14, 118,
120-2, 125, 299, 301, 306-9, 313,
317, 319, 331, 337-8, 352, 378,
382
guliashchie 376
Guzev 455
Habermas, Jürgen 445
Habsburg Empire, the 3, 13, 15, 17, 30-1, 34,
38, 57-8, 113, 122, 130, 178, 393,
404, 434
people of/from 140
Haden, Daniel von 260
Hague, the 377
hagiography 10, 74, 130, 133, 245, 249, 252,
259, 417-18, 426
Hall, Joseph 413
Halle 118
Hamburg, Gary 396
Hanseatic League, the 46, 50
Hartley, Janet 300
Harvard University vii
Ukrainian Research Institute viii
Haugh, Alexandra viii
Hechter, Michael 80
Hellie, Richard 153,214,217-18,300
Helsinki
Cathedral of the Dormition 456
Herberstein, Sigismund von 13, 180, 258
Herder, Johann Gottfried 118
heresy 130, 169, 254, 257, 259, 262, 351,
399, 410
Herotodus 98
Herrnhunters see Moravian Brothers
Hervey, James 413
Herzen, Alexander 446
hesychasm 47, 247, 250-2, 263, 414
Hetmanate, the 14, 58, 77-9, 91, 95, 103,
105-9, 111-12, 123, 125, 146,
169, 192, 208, 231-2, 253, 299,
341, 364, 385, 439, 459; see also
Ukraine
Left Bank 16, 76, 79, 84, 99, 103, 106-7,
111-14, 181, 192, 198, 218, 233,
253, 307-8, 363, 430
Right Bank 77, 79, 84, 103, 105-6, 113,
123, 192, 364
Hillis, Faith 110
Hinduism 2, 192
historians (of Russia) 45, 48, 55, 79, 110, 137,
249,261,305-6,367,411,450,461
historiography 5—6, 277
history 106, 149, 156, 433, 438, 460—1
writing of 10, 130—2, 136, 249, 418
History of the Rus* People 113
Hittle, J. M. 236, 242
Hluhkiv 110
Hoch, Stephen 168, 229, 368—9
Holland 15, 28, 118, 182, 190, 403;/^^
Dutch Republic, the and
Netherlands, the
Holstein 16, 171
Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of 279, 281
Holy Synod, the 349, 408, 412-13, 415-16,
436, 438
Homer 3
The Honorable Mirror of Youth 435—6
Hosking, Geoffrey 3
Hrabianka, Hryhorii
The Great War of Bohdan Khmelnytsky 110
Hughes, Lindsey 131
humanism 89, 259, 413, 457
Hungary 2, 17, 31, 34, 44, 166, 219, 432, 434
474
Index
Iaguzhinskii, Pavel 277
Iaik River 58, 62, 69, 71, 88, 90, 93,
95-6, 371
Iakolevs, the 320
Iakovenko, Natalia 73
Iakut, the 29, 63-4, 86, 89, 139, 231-2, 359,
402, 453
Iakutia 65, 88
Iakutsk 62-4, 86, 341
iamshchiki 217
Iamskoi Chancery 217
lam Zapolskii, Treaty of 13, 52
Iaroslavf 50, 143, 162, 170, 177, 181, 191,
202-3, 236-7, 240, 322, 361, 392,
444, 454
Church of Elijah 391—2
iasak 56, 62-3, 69, 70, 80, 225
payers of 89, 92, 94, 208, 231-2, 262, 299,
327, 330, 337, 355, 372, 375-6
Iauza River 44
Iavorsky, Stefan 77
Iceland 26
icons and frescos 132-4, 142, 245—6, 248—50,
252^1, 259, 392
identity 7, 160, 185, 355, 372, 387, 415, 440,
450, 457
ethnic 59
group 267, 360, 372, 381, 427-8, 431-2,
435, 446
national 444, 450, 452, 454, 457
political 78, 142
identity documents 167
ideology 1-2, 4-6, 153-5, 270, 275-6, 316,
370, 457
of absolutism 38, 150, 269
crusading 55
cultural 55
dominant 10
imperial 9, 18, 131, 135—6, 146, 457
Petrine 269, 274, 293
political 157
of rulership 37, 55, 136-7, 156, 209, 270-1
supranational 3—4, 34, 129, 244
Ides, Isbrandt 178
Ignatius Loyola 413
Ilimsk 64, 85—6
Il’men, Lake 342
images/imagery 129—34, 136, 138, 140—2, 146,
155, 157, 209, 244, 253-4, 268-9,
271-3, 275-8, 280, 282-4, 290,
293, 295, 418, 440-2, 447, 452,
455,
457, 462
Inalcik, Halil 31, 66
income (of individuals) 361, 365
income (of the state) 187, 201, 204, 267, 314,
317, 320, 325-9, 333, 413-14,
458
from iasak 69
from taxes 9, 176, 200-1, 204, 325-8, 330
from trade 9, 62, 189, 194, 197, 199, 325,
327, 333
India 8, 12, 25, 32, 35-7, 52, 187, 192,
195, 199, 241, 347; see also Mughal
empire, the
people of/from 99, 193-4, 197, 205,
331,385
Indian Ocean 36
indigenous peoples see native peoples
Indonesia 36
Inflanty/Latgale 120
Ingelstrôm, Otto Heinrich 440
Ingush 97—8
institutions of empire 79, 88, 109, 119, 124,
153-4, 156, 168, 172, 277,
296, 300, 371, 397, 403, 416,
425, 435, 445-7, 459-60; see also
under administration and
government
Ioakim (Patriarch) 422
Ioann Alekseevich 139, 155, 212, 268
Iona (Metropolitan) 249
Iran 323, 397
Iranians 97
Iraq 32
Irbit 242
Ireland 80
Irgiz River 417
Irkutsk 64, 86, 177, 195, 287, 307, 346-7, 401,
434, 444
Church of the Elevation of the Cross
287-8
governor of 63
Irtysh line 59, 96, 323
Irtysh River 25, 58-60, 88, 93, 195, 236
Isaievych, Iaroslav 74
Isfahan 193-4
Islam viii, 37, 41, 48, 92, 114—15, 244, 262,
285, 397, 399-401, 407-8, 430;
see also Muslims and Russian
Orthodoxy, conversion to
combatting 5, 70
thought of 2
flsle, Joseph-Nicholas de
Atlas russicus 338
Isserles, Moses 123
Istanbul 32, 141, 458; see also Constantinople
Istomin, Karion 253, 269
Italy 28, 30, 34, 37, 182, 189,
284, 450
culture of 438
people from/of 66, 111, 142, 203
Iugra peoples 51
Iukagir 64, 402
Iur’ev/Dorpat 14
Iur’ev-Polskii 44
Iurii Ivanovich of Dmitrov (Prince) 148
Iurii Dmitrievich of Galich (Prince) 148
Index
475
Ivan II (Prince of Moscow) 210
Ivan III (Grand Prince) 10, 12, 48—51, 130,
134, 136, 138, 141, 148-9, 173,
203
actions of 129, 260
campaigns of 179, 213
Ivan IV (Tsar) 10, 13, 27, 29, 52, 57, 97,
131-2, 136, 141, 143, 148-51,
153-5, 158, 162, 180, 203, 210,
260, 276, 281, 397
Ivan the Terrible see Ivan IV
Ivangorod 50
Ivanov, Andrey 412
Ivanovo-Voznesensk 455
Izium 68
Jaffe, Mordecai 123
Jassy 192
Jassy, Treaty of 18
Javorskij, Stefan 270, 277, 410-11
Jena 118
Jenkinson, Anthony 180
Jerusalem 245, 457
Jesuits 13, 74, 78, 146, 253, 269, 337, 398,
413, 422, 452
Jews 10, 34, 66, 73,76, 83, 103, 106, 112, 114,
116, 120-6, 146, 288, 299, 331,
333, 359, 385, 396-7, 404-6,
408-9, 423, 452, 461; see also
anti-Semitism
Rabbinical Commission, the 408
Jones, Robert 300, 318, 342, 393
Joseph II (of Austria) 290, 430
Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery 202, 248
Judaism 123, 146, 244, 259, 262, 404-8;
see also Jews
Ashkenazic 404
Hasidic 405-6
Rabbinical 406, 408
Talmudic 405
judges (in criminal law) 174, 233, 302-3, 306,
308, 318, 349, 443
Jungarian steppe 401
justice 4, 138-9, 155, 160, 170, 233, 275, 307,
366—7, 446; see also law, the
Justice College 301, 349
kabala 223
Kabarda 57, 97, 399
Kabuzan, V. M. 399, 402
kadashevtsy 239
kadi 399
Kafadar, Carnal 155
Kahan, Arcadius 318, 321, 326, 328, 361
Kalmyk khanate 93
Kalmyks viii, 13, 58-9, 67, 69-72, 90-1, 93,
95-8, 165, 178, 195, 231, 240,
290, 299, 307, 335, 347, 369-70,
398, 401, 454
Kaluga 24, 28, 165, 361, 444
Kama River 32, 51, 60, 62, 69, 79, 90,
92, 144
Kamchadals 64, 402
Kamchatka 21, 65, 85
Kamenskii, Aleksandr viii, 367, 376, 383
Kandahar 194
Kant, Immanuel 296
Kapiton 257, 419
Kappeler, Andreas 56
Karamzin, N. M. 397, 437-8, 444, 447,
454, 461
Karbardinians 97
Kardis, Treaty of 191
Karelia 15, 52, 203, 403, 417
Karelians 42, 50
Kargali 401
Karlowitz, Treaty of 17
Kashira 163
Kasimov khanate 211
Kaunas 122
Kazakh line 125
Kazakh rebellion 94
Kazakhs 13, 58-9, 66, 70, 88-91, 93-6, 98,
195, 335, 370-1, 397, 399-400,
452; see also Small Horde, the
(Kazakhs) and Middle Horde, the
(Kazakhs)
Kazakhstan 25, 66, 82, 84, 86, 195, 338
Kazan 11-13, 28, 34, 46, 48, 50-1, 53, 55-7,
60, 67, 79, 81, 89, 91, 143-4,
162-5, 169-70, 173, 193-5, 197,
218, 235-6, 262, 285-7, 295, 312,
323, 341, 347, 371, 383, 396-7,
399-401, 403, 430, 434, 452
campaign 223
Chancery of 65, 179
Church of the Moscow Miracle-Workers
284, 286
Church of St. Peter and Paul 284, 286
Church of St. Varlaam 144
conquest of 69, 71
Gostinnyi Dvor 285
khanate of 69
Kremlin of 285—6
Annunciation Cathedral 284
Dormition Cathedral 286
Kebir mosque 292
Keenan, Edward L. vii
Keep, John 300, 344
Kerch 324, 342
Kerch, strait of 97
Kettler, Gotthard 121
Kharkiv 68, 106, 307, 431
University of 313
Khazars, the 244
Kheraskov, Mikhail
Rossiada 444
Kherson 105, 114, 298, 324, 342, 357, 407
476
Index
Khiatka, Treaty of 36, 85, 196, 324
Khlynov (Viatka) 51
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan 14, 75—8, 110, 192
Khmelnytsky rebellion see Cossack rebellion, the
Khodarkovsky, Michael 58, 70, 93, 262, 398
Kholmogory 25, 52-3, 171, 188, 197
kbolopstvo 223; see also slavery
kholopy 208, 224, 232
Khovrins, the 173
Khubilai Khan 141
Khuseinov, Mikhamedzan (Mufti) 399
Khwarazm (Khiva) 194
Kilia 401
Kirgiz 430
Kirillov, Ivan 90, 337-8, 377
Atlas 377
Kivelson, Valerie viii, 55, 170, 178—9, 261—2,
264, 451
Kizliar 97—8
Klin 226
Kliuchevskii, V. O. 44, 80, 166, 277
Kniazhnin, Iakov 445
Rosslav 444
Vadim of Novgorod 444—5
Kohut, Zen on 78, 107
Kola 52
Kollegii-Junkery 304
Kollmann, Jack viii, 24, 43, 47, 76, 85, 117,
119, 142, 144, 147, 161, 190, 196,
228, 246, 251, 272, 274, 283, 285,
286, 287, 289, 291, 322, 392, 455,
456
Kolomna 45, 164, 181, 238
Kol’skii ostrog 171
Kolyma 27
Kolyvan 86, 319
Komi 42, 47, 51
Komi-Zyriane 62
Komov, Ivan Mikhailovich 377
kontory 301, 303
Koran, the 399—400
Korb, Johann-Georg 337
Koriaks 64, 89
kormlenie 17 6
Korotiak 165
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 17
Kostroma 162, 202-3, 236, 322, 361
Kovno 407
Kozelsk 67
Kozlov 68
Krasnoiarsk 62—4, 88
Krasnyi Iar 90
Kremenets 456
Krokovs’kij, Ioasaf 410
Krom, Mikhail viii
Kronstadt 297, 342
Krylov, Ivan 278
Kuban River 18, 58, 96—8, 105,
115, 371
Kuchum 34, 46, 57
Kuchum, Khan 60, 62
Küçük-Kaynarca 18, 324
Kudai Kul 430
kumys 96
Kurakin, Alexander, Prince 440, 442
Kurakin, Boris, Prince 277
Kursk 24, 67, 219, 335-6, 356-8, 360-1, 431
Kusber, Jan 433, 435
Kuskovo 284-5, 388
Kyiv 23-4, 28, 44-5, 68, 77-8, 103, 109-11,
123, 133, 146, 165, 170, 192, 225,
244, 256, 269, 286, 289-90, 295,
324, 346-7, 377, 383-5, 421, 424,
452, 461
Caves monastery 146—7, 290, 384
Church of St. Andrew 291
metropolitanate of 78, 135, 421
Old Town 384
Pechersk neighborhood 289—90, 384
people of/from 78
Podil neighbourhood 384—5
Town Hall 290
St. Andrew’s church 290
Sophia Cathedral 290
St. Michael Golden-Domed Monastery 385
Sofia Cathedral 76, 146, 246, 385
Trinity Over-the-Gate Church 146—7, 290
Kyiv Rus 3-4, 14, 24, 41-6, 48, 66, 73, 132,
179, 181,249
burgers in 74
grand princes of 41—4, 130, 136, 142, 147
labor 3, 92, 105, 167, 170, 173, 203^, 210,
217, 219, 224, 227, 230-1, 238,
319-21, 326-7, 361-3, 365-8,
370, 376, 382-3, 388
Labzina, Anna 444
Ladoga 197
Ladoga, Lake 13, 202, 297, 342
Ladoga Canal 452
Laki volcano 26
Lamuts 63
land 177, 200, 214, 220, 226, 248, 259,
338-9
abandonment of 223
attachment to 80, 224, 230, 233
confiscation/seizure of 56, 63, 69, 90, 93,
281, 410, 414-15
distribution of 300
grants of 10, 163, 207, 210-11, 216, 249,
336,363
inheritance of 366, 431
loss of 248, 281
offers of 114
ownership of 56, 68, 79, 91, 100, 108, 115,
162, 168, 208, 214-15, 220, 226,
364, 430, 432, 434; see also
pomeste and votchina
Index
4 77
purchase of 307, 382
reclamation of 118
surveys of 178
tenure 164
landholders 50, 73, 75, 77, 89, 100, 164, 168,
211, 214-15, 326, 372, 398, 403,
428, 430; see also elite, the, landed
and landlords
the church/monasteries as 108—9, 112, 169,
200-1, 211, 251, 281, 327, 329,
410, 412, 414
large 214
small 112, 226, 304, 356, 359; see odnodvortsy
landlords 53, 69, 91, 109, 151, 168, 208, 213,
222-4, 227-31, 236, 300, 321,
328, 340, 344, 356-7, 361-6, 368,
371,446, 449, 459
private 107, 163, 208
landscape
forests 3, 21, 23-4, 32, 42, 51, 57-8, 60,
66, 75, 88, 179, 222, 225-6, 362,
364, 457
exploitation of 23—4, 39, 47, 56, 85,
222, 433
soil 23-5, 33, 225, 356, 365, 383; see also
black earth steppe
urban 238; see also urban areas, design/layout of
language 2, 59, 137, 176, 276, 372, 424,
437-8,459, 461
diversity of vii, 4, 55, 63
learning of 77, 302, 434
theoiy of Russian 376
translation of Russian 118, 179, 400
use of 175, 435, 438
vernacular 73, 118, 423, 438, 450
languages 65, 74, 79, 88, 398, 431
Arabic 58, 434
Belarus’an 11, 14, 73, 146, 169, 225, 358,
361, 423
Chinese 434
Dutch 271
English 391
Finno-Ugric 42, 56, 60, 63-4, 403
French 431, 436
German 11,73,78, 118, 120,311,313,403,
431, 436
Greek 77, 250, 434
Indo-European 42
Latgalian 120
Latin 77-8, 269, 415, 421, 423, 450
Latvian 116, 119
Manchu 63-4
Mongol 63
Old Church Slavonic 74, 77, 244, 259, 414,
421, 423, 437
Paleo-Asiatic 64
Polish 11,78,310,313,423
Russian 6, 45, 59, 118, 122, 145, 225, 269,
271, 330, 358, 400, 431
Samoyedic 51, 64
Siberian native 11
Slavic 42-3, 45
Swedish 118, 120, 311
Tatar 11, 57, 400
Tungusic 63—4
Turkic 44-5, 56-8, 60, 63-4, 69,
71, 114
Ukrainian 6, 11, 14, 59, 67-8, 73,
78, 105, 107, 111, 116, 169, 225,
313, 330-1, 423
Laplanders 23, 50
latitude 21
Latvia 52, 116—20
Latvians 118, 121,359
law 73, 108, 139, 161, 167, 170-2, 174,233,
238-9, 279, 292, 299, 308-11,
313, 347-9, 352, 364-5, 367, 372,
387, 393, 431, 433, 435, 443, 446,
459, 461; see also legal structures
and punishment and trials
apparatusofthe 99, 111, 118, 139, 168-70,
173, 232-3, 302-3, 308, 318,
348-9, 381, 459
books on the 93, 139
canon 256
courts of 4, 93, 96, 99, 106, 109, 111, 115,
118, 120, 122, 158, 168-9, 207,
232-4, 239, 261, 309-10, 313,
349, 379, 387, 396, 403
civil 92, 348
commercial 378, 384
criminal 92, 233-4, 305, 384
Equity 309, 311, 313
Land 121, 308, 311
Upper 308
Military 348
religious 387, 397
criminal 6, 56, 122, 168, 172-3, 177, 183,
186, 233-4, 236, 248, 303, 308,
351,353, 364, 366, 396
civil 303, 308
practice of the 86, 174, 348
types of
customary 68, 96, 107, 169, 349
German 117, 169, 238, 349, 403
Imperial 311
Lithuanian 111, 349
local 120
Magdeburg 79, 107, 109, 118, 121, 238,
378, 384—5; see abo towns and
cities, Magdeburg Law towns
martial 301
Polish 109, 122, 349
Roman 169-70
Russian 99, 103, 106, 108, 112, 122, 184,
309, 349
Sharia 56, 92, 130, 233, 400, 408
Swedish 349
478
Index
law and order 232, 269-71, 303, 348, 379-81,
386—7, 434, 431; see also police/
policing
Lawcodes and decrees 461
of 1497 176, 184, 222
of 1550 176, 184, 222, 240
of 1649 138, 167, 169-71, 174-6, 178, 184,
198, 201, 214, 224, 239, 361, 364,
366, 461
New Commercial Code of 1667
193-4, 198
of 1669 169-70
Military Code of 1715 261, 270, 348
Naval Statute of 1720 348
Ecclesiastical Regulation of 1722 349
of 1722 339
of 1724 303
Veksel Regulation of 1729 325
of 1734 366
of 1751 352
of 1753 352
Edict of Toleration (1773) 399
Organic Law of 1775 307, 310, 382
Police Code of 1782 310, 381, 387
of May 3, 1783 122
of 1804 406
Le Blond, Jean-Baptiste 388
Leckey, Col urn 372, 445
LeDonne, John 120, 280, 307, 310-11, 330-1,
333, 338, 343
Lefort, François 277
Left Bank Hetmanate see under Hetmanate, the
and under Ukraine
legal structures 106, 111
Legislative Commission of 1767 91, 119, 363,
378, 380, 383, 387, 397, 452
legitimacy 4, 38, 129, 135, 141, 150-5, 168,
270, 275-6, 279, 281-3, 294, 316;
see also Russian Orthodoxy, as code
of political legitimacy
claims to 37, 130-1, 139, 279
creating 3, 129-33, 135-7, 140-3, 151-2,
160, 209, 244, 249, 271-2,
275, 294
Leiden 118
Leipzig 118, 446
Lieven, Dominic 460
Lena administrative distict 65
Lena River 25, 64, 86, 170, 236
Le Prince, Jean Baptiste 452
Leslie, Colonel 288
Levi, Scott 36
Levitskii, Dmitrii 282, 440—1; see also Levytsky,
Dmytro
Levshin, Platon 413
Levytsky, Dmytro 110
liberalism 11
Lisbon 36
literacy 37, 140, 176, 215, 261, 276, 311, 403,
445, 450, 460
lack of 174, 245, 259, 421
literature 129-32, 135-6, 157, 178, 231,278,
294, 349, 376-7, 436-40, 443-6,
449—50, 461; see also printing/
publishing and texts/books
Lithuania, Grand Duchy of 9, 11, 13, 17, 37,
45-6, 48, 58-9, 74-5, 79, 108,
111, 121-3, 143, 162, 169-70,
191, 197, 203, 211, 231, 238, 259,
311, 322, 331-2, 341, 346, 364,
404, 417, 424, 430; see also Polish-
Lithuanian Commonwealth
alliances with Russia 50
rulers of the 73, 148, 210
Russia in conflict with 12, 14, 34, 45, 51-2,
57, 146
Lithuanians 45, 96, 120—3,
130, 435
Little Ice Age, the 25-6, 32, 38, 200
Little Russian Collegium 111
liudi raznykh chinov see raznochintsy
Lives (of saints) 252; see also hagiography
living standards 368—70
Livland 15, 116-20, 122, 288-9, 307, 311,
322, 359, 364, 403; see also Baltic
Region and Livonia
Livni 67, 182; see also Baltic region
Livonia 13-15, 50, 52, 84, 103, 116, 120, 143,
169, 190-2, 202, 303, 322, 339,
403, 417; see also Baltic region
Livonian Knights 45, 52, 74, 116, 121,
288, 384
Livonian War 10, 13-14, 27, 116, 153, 162,
191, 200, 223
localities 6, 173, 183; see also communities and
government, local
autonomy of see autonomy, local
culture of see culture, local
Locke, John 433
Loggin (Old Believer Priest) 255
Logofet, Pakhomii
Life of St. Cyril of Beloozero 250
Lomonsov, Mikhail 274, 281—2, 377, 435,
437-8, 444, 446
London 15, 31, 36, 171, 189, 235, 297
Lopatin, Andrei 367
loyalty (to Russia) 62—3, 69, 72, 90, 92,
99-100,110,134,151,153,
231,254, 370, 407,411,434,
442-3
Lublin 123
Luria, Solomon 123
Luther, Martin 411
Large Catechism 411
Lutsk 106
Lviv 74, 77, 106, 411, 421-2
Index
479
Macedonians 113
Machiavelli, Niccolo 2
Madariaga, Isabel de 316
Magdeburg 73
Magellan, Ferdinand 450
magic and witchcraft 260—1, 264, 309, 351,
410; see also folk belief
magistrates 378—80, 386, 387; see also towns
and cities
Magna Carta, the 219, 432
Maier, Charles 164
Main Administration for the Religious Affairs of
Foreign Confessions 407 see also
Russian Orthodoxy
Makarii (Metropolitan) 132—3, 149
Book of Degrees 132
The Illuminated Chronicle 132—4, 138, 209
Menology 133
Malanima, P. 30
Malikov, Yuriy 58, 66
Malorossiiskii College 107
Mangazeia 62, 64, 242
Manifesto of religious freedom to the Baltics
(1735) 403
Manila 33
manpower 9
manufacturing/industry 31,33,37, 187—8, 199,
202-4, 236, 318-21, 324-5, 327,
333-4, 361-3, 365, 370-1, 375-6,
378-80, 384, 386, 388, 432-4,
455, 460
Map Depot 338
maps/mapping 90, 178—9, 183, 185, 205, 237,
307, 310, 317, 337-9, 352-3, 377,
460-1
Great Draft (map of Boris Godunov) 179
Marasinova, Elena 443
Marburg
University of 377
Mardzhani mosque (Kazan) 285
Marfino 388
Maria Borisovna of Tver’ (wife of Ivan III) 149
Maria Theresa (Empress of Austria) 404
Marie Antoinette 278
Mariinskii canal system 342
Marker, Gary 279, 413, 438
markets 4, 66, 71, 190, 321-2, 324, 363, 369,
385-6, 391
Marrese, Michele 432
marriage 12, 29,48, 51, 57, 65, 97, 148-9, 151,
153, 203, 208-10, 212, 220, 227,
229, 271, 279, 283, 351, 363-4,
366, 419, 432, 435
Marshall of the Nobility 308, 343
Martin, Alexander 387—8, 460
Martin, Lindsey viii, 386
Marx, Karl 5
Masons/Masonic lodges 431, 439, 444-5, 447
Massa, Isaac 179
Mathematical-Navigational School 337
Matveev, A. S. 212, 277, 440
“Maunder Minimum” 27
Maximilian I (Floly Roman Emperor) 12
Mazepa, Ivan 77-8, 99, 103, 107, 110-11,
146, 289
McGrew, Roderick 313
McGuckin, John Anthony 245
Mecca 400
Mecklenburg 16
media
literary see literature
news 278, 283, 349, 351, 436, 439
visual 129, 132^, 140-1, 143, 157, 268,
271-3, 275, 290, 295,418,439^40;
see also art and images
medicine 259—60, 264, 302, 347; see also
public health
Medina 400
Mediterranean region 23, 29, 41, 129
Mediterranean Sea 2—3, 32, 124, 324, 457
Medvedev, Sylvestr 253, 260, 267
Mehmed Amin (Kazan tsarevich) 51
Mehmedll 148
Mennonites see Protestantism, Mennonites
Menshikov, Alexander 86, 277, 279—80
Menshikov political faction 280
Menzelinsk 69, 90
mercantilism 5, 38, 113, 292, 306, 316, 318,
342, 380
merchants 10, 34-5, 42, 45-7, 50, 112, 124,
162, 176, 187, 189-91, 193,
196-9, 202, 204, 208, 235-6, 238,
240-3, 288, 319, 321-2, 325-7,
330, 333, 355, 363, 367, 375,
377-9, 381-3, 386, 388, 392-5,
418,427, 432-3,435, 454, 458; ree
also towns and cities
Armenian 66, 99, 192-4, 197, 205, 323,
385, 459
Bukharan 34, 91, 95, 192, 194-5, 197-8,
240, 323, 355, 385
Dutch 52-3, 189, 191, 197-8, 202, 240
East Slavic 58, 65
English/British 52-3, 191, 198
French 58
German 50, 120, 402
Greek 66, 112, 192, 385
Indian 35, 99, 192-4, 197, 205, 323,
355, 459
Italian 345
Jewish 66, 114, 123—4
kuptsy 380
Muslim 193
Novgorodian 162, 193
Persian 193, 197, 241, 323, 385
private 62
480
Index
merchants (cont.)
role of 36
Russian 56, 111, 162, 189, 191, 193, 198,
242-3
Swedish 198, 241
Tatar 56, 91, 95, 99
Turkish 192
meritocracy 305
Meshcheriaks (Mishari) 92, 330, 397
Messerschmidt, Daniel 85
mestnichestvo 177
metallurgy 69, 85, 90, 203-4, 236, 298, 319,
335, 383
Mexico 29
Meyerberg, Augustin von 140
Album 226
Michetti, Nicolo 288
Middle East, the 2—3, 25, 30—1, 34—5,
41, 66, 187
“middle ground” 58, 60, 81, 101, 125
Middle Horde, the (Kazakhs) 94, 96
migration of peoples 28, 32, 52, 58, 65—6, 80,
86, 88, 98, 101, 106, 113, 116,
166-7, 181, 226, 231, 258, 331,
343, 356-9, 363-4, 373; see also
settlers
forced 50, 79, 91, 93, 155, 161-7, 184, 204,
229, 231, 322, 335-6, 353, 357,
363
in-migration 64, 68, 72, 86, 88, 90—1, 93,
97, 105, 124, 356-7, 386-7
out-migration 115
as “voluntary” flight 63, 67—8, 95,
231, 425
Mikhail Romanov (Tsar) 150—2, 209,
211, 255
Mikhailovskii Castle 284
Milan 31,235
Mitau/J elgava 121
military, the 60, 69, 91, 111, 178, 212, 220,
236, 275, 300, 314, 325, 344, 352,
430, 444, 458; see also technology,
military
actions of 13, 398
administration/organization of 92, 111, 125,
165, 173, 184, 213-15, 219, 261,
270, 296-7, 299-300, 344, 349,
353, 459
army, the 11, 28, 41, 60, 63, 73, 101, 106,
112, 116, 156, 164, 172, 184, 195,
203, 213-16, 218-19, 296-300,
314, 317, 320, 328, 344, 353, 365,
398, 430, 459
artillery 236, 360
cavalry 4, 10, 49-50, 56, 68, 164, 204,
213-15, 218-19, 222-3, 297
dragoons 164, 298
funding of 200
infantry 68, 91, 164, 214, 218-19, 297-8
musketeers 88, 162, 165, 217—18, 220,
236, 238-40, 242, 297, 363, 386
“new model” 68, 164, 173, 204, 212,
219, 231
officers in the 10, 108, 214, 222, 297,
302, 304
personnel 92-3, 108, 137, 165, 203^4,
208, 213, 215-16, 218, 232,
238-40, 299, 311, 331-2, 338,
346, 355, 360, 363, 371, 376-7,
383, 388, 427
provisioning of 164—6, 184, 216, 225,
232, 320, 344-5, 352-3; see also
billeting
recruitment into 80-1, 107, 112, 130,
164, 231, 298-300, 314, 355, 360,
363, 365, 434
by conscription 173, 235
exemption from 115, 281, 428
regiments of 100—1
Guards Regiments
Don Cossacks 100
Ukrainian 111—12
St. Petersburg 433
Light Horse Regiment (Crimean
Tatars) 116
Preobrazhenskii 296, 417
Semeonovskii 296
size of the 9
staffing of the 4
colonies of 105
control of 14, 96, 101, 125
hardware of 37, 203, 298; see also weapons
mobilization of 6
navy, the 11, 17, 124, 199, 274-6, 296-8,
300, 302,317, 327, 329, 348,
365-6, 375, 452, 458
policy surrounding 16, 95
power of 70
reform/modernization of 3, 10, 33, 38, 68,
125, 164-5, 196, 203-4, 211,
213-15,218, 296-8, 375,
457-8, 460
spending on the see expenditure, on the
military/war
military campaigns 51, 71, 81, 84, 90,97, 104,
135, 164, 166, 173, 215, 223, 269,
276, 298, 344, 346, 361
Military Academy, the 381
Military College, the 100
military service 59, 80, 95—7, 100, 112, 125,
169, 173, 208, 215, 218, 220, 223,
225, 236, 239, 281, 299, 302, 363,
365, 415, 428-9, 433, 440
Military Service Chancery 164—5, 173, 179,
181,216
military status 211, 215
military units 58, 68, 95—7, 99—100, 107
Miliukov, Pavel 277
Index
481
millenarianism 37, 257-8, 405-6, 410, 419
Miller, Aleksei 460
Miloslavskaia, Mariia 151, 279
Miloslavskies, the 153, 212, 280
Miloslavskii, Ioann 151, 280-1
mines/mining 69, 85-6, 88, 144, 199, 203,
302, 319-20, 355, 363, 370, 433
Ministry of the Interior 401, 408
Department of Spiritual Affairs 404, 408
Ministry of War 338
minorities 309; see also ethnicity
Minsk 122,358
Mironov, B. N. 30-1, 166, 358, 362, 369, 378,
380, 446
mirzy 114—16,430
missionaries 47, 74, 253, 263, 337, 398, 400;
see also Jesuits
modernity 407
modernization 10, 38, 188, 200, 205, 211, 218,
387, 390
Mogilev 121
Mohyla, Peter 74, 135, 406, 422
Catechism 411,422
Confession of Faith 422
Nomocanon 422
Sluzhebnyk 422
Trebnyk 422
Mohyla Academy 77-8, 109-10, 146, 410-11,
414, 422
Mohylev 404
Mokosh (goddess) 259
Moldova 12, 14, 25, 58, 105, 192, 346, 414
people of/from 113, 116, 336, 357
Monahan, Erika viii, 197, 240, 242
monasteries (Orthodox unless otherwise
specified) 50, 56, 63, 74, 76,
107-9, 132, 140, 142-3, 146, 163,
170, 202-3, 222, 239, 245,
247-55, 275, 280, 288, 290, 301,
329, 351, 385, 389, 398, 412, 414,
418—19, 424-5,454; see also monks
and nuns
Buddhist 71, 401
Monastic Chancery 169, 247, 329, 349, 412;
see also Russian Orthodoxy
Mongol empire, the 2-3, 9, 12, 32, 37, 45, 179
Mongolia 21, 93, 397, 401
Mongols 4, 8, 12, 34, 44-5, 53-4, 57, 69-70,
114, 129, 141, 162, 177, 180, 194,
242
monks and nuns 245, 255, 410, 419, 422, 452
Basilian 422-5
monopolies 38, 144, 192, 197, 200, 216, 233,
241, 318, 320, 325-6, 433; see also
alcohol, monopolies on and trade,
monopolies
Montenegro 385
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat 396
Moon, David 33, 225, 230, 367
morality and political legitimacy 135-6, 139,
148, 227, 250-2, 254-6, 258, 367,
372, 391, 413, 418, 428, 438-9,
443, 446-7
lack of 81
Moravian Brothers see Protestantism, Moravian
Brothers
Mordva 42, 56, 67, 69, 71, 90-1, 232, 309,
330, 362, 452
Morozov, Boris Ivanovich 212
Morozova, Fedosiia 418, 420, 426
Moscow vii, 23, 42-4,48, 71, 109, 130, 140-1,
145, 149, 162, 165, 170-1, 181,
188, 190, 192, 194-5, 197, 204,
217-18, 226, 233, 237, 241,
247-8, 250, 255, 290, 308, 322-3,
339, 341, 346-7, 361, 377-8,
385-7, 389-92, 395, 403-4, 420,
454, 461
Administrative Chancery of 240
architectural style of 286-7
Bolotnaia square 352
as center of power 1, 45, 132, 458
events occurring in 13, 139, 151-2, 183,
241-2
Fili Church 144
geographical location of 21, 237
Grand Principality of see Muscovy
Great Stone Theater 444
Kremlin, the 10, 133, 140-3, 150-1, 174-5,
179, 202, 208, 217, 237-8, 247-8,
255, 296, 386
Archangel Michael Cathedral 133,
142-3
Dormition Cathedral (Uspenskii
sobor) 44, 130, 133-4, 142-3,
190, 282
St. Basil Cathedral 252
metropolitans of 208, 247, 256, 413
neighbourhoods 197, 387
Belyi gorod 237, 386-7
“Earthen Town” 237, 386
“German” 204, 296, 302, 402
Kitaigorod 194, 237, 386
Pokrovskoe 386
Preobrazhenskoe 296, 386, 420
Rogozhskoe 417
Semeonovskoe 386
“White Town” 237
Novodevichii Convent 143
patriarchs of 79
people/population of 28, 235-6, 240,
378, 392
riots in 241—2
rise of 32, 45, 47,49-53, 173, 199, 209, 211,
213, 248, 457
as “Third Rome” 5
University of 302, 312-13, 349, 388,
436, 438
482
Index
“Moscow List”, the 214
Moscow Merchant Club 393
Moskovskie vedomosti 388, 436
Moskva River 44, 142, 236
mosques 70, 93, 285, 292, 399-400, 436
destruction of 36, 397
Mount Athos 254
Mozdok 97, 336
Mozhaisk monastery 142, 202—3
Msta River 342
Mstislav 121
Mstislavskies, Princes, the 149, 210-11
mufiis 92
Mughal empire, the 2-3, 5, 8, 35, 37,
40, 192
Muller, Gerhard Friedrich 377
Munro, George 345, 388
Murav’ev, M. N. 377
Murom 89
murzy 56
Muscovy 7, 9-12, 27, 35, 46, 48, 52-3, 57,
59-60, 62, 130-1, 135-9, 149,
155, 160, 164, 205-7, 220, 224,
232, 242-3, 248, 253, 281, 393,
430, 432, 436, 450, 457
campaigns of 56, 211, 213, 296
government of 56, 168-9, 171, 173, 177,
179,185,216
grand princes of 30, 249
policies/actions of 33, 67, 70, 178, 198
rulers of 55, 71, 142, 146, 156, 458
Muscovy Company, the 52, 188
Muslims 10, 35, 41, 45, 55-6, 60, 69, 71, 81,
89-90, 92, 96-7, 141, 192-3, 230,
233, 262, 292, 351, 397-401,
405-8, 450, 452, 459; see also
Russian Orthodoxy, conversion to
elite 115-16, 162, 397
opposition to/anti-Muslim sentiment
55-6, 70
Shiite 35, 37, 130, 397
Sufi 37, 130, 408
Sunni 35,37, 130,397
Muslim Spiritual Assembly 92, 399—401
myths 136, 220, 276, 435, 459
national 48, 444
Naimark, Norman viii
namestnichestva 111, 308
Naples 31, 235
Napoleon 100
Napoleonic Wars 100, 116, 298, 317, 345
narod 100
Narva 13, 50, 52-3, 116, 143, 191, 322
Naryshkina, Natalia 151, 212
Naryshkins, the 151, 153, 253, 280-1
nastavniki 420
Natalia Alekseevna (sister of Peter I) 436
nation-states 38
nationalism 80-1, 100, 110, 113, 118, 388,
414, 444, 450, 454, 457
nationality 4l
native peoples 33, 55, 58, 60, 62-3, 65, 80-1,
88, 93^, 99, 130, 163, 169,
230-3, 312, 362, 430, 450, 459
government/governance of 86, 92, 309, 330
treatment of 161, 402
Nattier, G. E. 440
navigation 59, 191, 272, 302, 337, 341
Neglinnaia River 44
Nerchinsk 85, 195-6, 242, 319, 363
Nerchinsk, Treaty of 36, 62, 196
Neronov, Ivan (Old Believer priest) 255, 257
Netherlands, the 26, 29-30, 50, 179, 188, 193,
197-8, 323, 337, 428; see also
Dutch Republic, the and Holland
people of/from 52—3, 189, 191, 202—4, 240
Neva River 274, 389-90
New Julfa see Armenians, New Julfa
New World, the 5
New Serbia 105, 113, 307
newspapers and broadsheets 37, 349—50, 388,
391,436, 439
Nezhin 112, 165
Nicholas I (Emperor) 372, 403, 407, 420, 443,
460, 462
Nicholas II (Emperor) 284
Nicodemos the Hagiorite 4l4
Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn
Return of the Deputy 444
Nikitin, Aleshka 242
Nikitin, Gavriil 242—3, 393
Nikitnikov, Afanasii 367
Nikolaev 342
Nikon (Patriarch) 131, 143—4, 248, 256—7,
261, 370, 406, 417-18, 422
Nomokanon 256
Psaltyr 256—7
“Nikon” Chronicle, the 132
Nizhegorod 361
Nizhnii Novgorod 28, 44, 165, 193^, 197,
202, 236, 240-1, 359, 371, 399
nobility, Russian, the 63, 73, 75—8, 93, 100,
108, 110, 112, 117, 120, 137,
219-20, 267, 279, 281, 283, 296,
300, 306, 308-11, 314, 319, 326,
331, 334, 337, 345, 347, 365, 370,
372, 376, 379, 382, 386, 388, 393,
413, 415-16, 427-32, 434-6,
440—2, 444—8, 454; see also boyars
and elite, the and Charter of
Nobility (1785)
actions/activities of 285, 321, 325, 361, 369,
392, 427, 429, 433-4, 436, 440
cohesion of see elite, the, cohesion amongst
emancipation of 370, 372, 447
“golden age of” 427
hereditary 302-3, 429
Index
483
joining the ranks of the 106, 428—30, 434
local 116,307
number of 105
rights/privileges of 79, 113, 117, 121, 211,
360, 375, 427-9, 432-4
role/responsibilities of 214, 280, 304,
311,429
undermining of 311—13, 352
nobility (non-Russian), the
Catholic 122
German 118, 120, 384, 403, 430, 459;
see also Baltic German Junkers
imperial 115
Polish 113, 122-3, 430, 435, 440, 452, 459
Nobles Bank 325, 431
Nogais, the 11, 46, 57-60, 67, 69—72, 93, 98,
105,211, 307, 336, 369, 397
nomads and nomadism 4, 11, 13, 25, 34, 45,
51, 57, 63, 65-7, 69-70, 90, 94,
114, 231, 335-6, 339, 369, 371,
454, 457
Noonan, Thomas 41
North America 9, 23, 26, 425
natives of 58
Norway 26
Novgorod 9, 13, 27-8, 42-4, 46-8, 50, 53,
132, 138, 142, 153, 161-2, 165,
177, 180-2, 188, 191, 193, 197-9,
202-3, 213, 222, 228, 236-7, 240,
249-50, 254, 311, 323, 361, 431
Archbishopric of 50, 132, 244, 255—6
Church of the Transformation 47
hinterland of 60
Khutinskii Monastery 143
Muscovy in conflict with 56-7, 199
Sofiia Cathedral 43
Novgorod Seversk 13-14, 51, 111
Novikov, Nikolai 397, 438—9, 445
Novocherkassk 407
Novorossiia (New Russia) 101, 105, 113-14,
123, 307-8, 310, 331, 336, 338,
341, 357-9, 363-4, 369, 434, 459
Nur Sultan (Kazan) 51
Nyrob
Church of St. Nicholas 145
Nystadt, Treaty of 15, 116, 403
Ob River 25, 51, 60, 65, 236
Obdorsk 60, 62
Oberpolitsmeister 387
oblasti 86, 310, 349
obrok see Quitrent
Ochakov 34, 105, 114, 276
Odessa 84, 109, 324, 343
odnodvortsy 89, 91, 97, 103, 163, 219-20, 297,
328, 336, 359-60, 363, 371
offices 111, 216, 308, 311, 388, 430, 433
farming out of 177
holding of 108, 433
officials 229, 313, 334, 376, 382, 385,
429-30, 460
Oka River 13,45,51,67,397
Okhotsk 62-3
okolnichii 210—11
Old Belief 37, 65, 71-2, 86, 95-8, 114, 120,
130, 217, 230, 254-8, 260, 331,
336, 357, 370, 397-8, 406-10,
414, 416-20, 425, 428, 452; see
abo Awakum and Ivan Neronov
and Loggin and Pomorians (Old
Believers) and religion and
toleration, religious and
Theodosians (Old Believers) and
Vyg (Old Believer community)
Olearius, Adam 171, 179, 193, 237, 258, 392
Oleg, Prince 43
Olonets 191,320,323,407
Omsk 88
Omsk oblast 96
O’Neill, Kelly 115-16,292
Oprichnina, the 10, 13, 27, 52, 148-9, 153—4,
162, 166, 200, 223
“Orders” (ceremonial) 271, 273, 442
Order of St. Catherine 440
Ordin Nashchokin, A. L. 212
Orel 24, 103, 219, 357, 360
Orenburg 88-92, 95, 98, 308, 323, 338,
399, 401
Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Authority 115, 408;
see abo Islam
Orlov, Aleksei 276
Oskol 182
Oskol River 68
Osman dynasty 32, 34, 48, 136, 156, 458
Ossetians 97—8
Ostankino 388
Ostiaks/Khanty 29, 42, 60, 64, 398, 402
Ottoman empire, the 2—3, 5, 8, 14, 17—18, 30,
34, 36-8, 50, 67, 81, 98, 100, 105,
114, 124, 130-1, 136, 146, 148,
166, 176-8, 188, 192-4, 222, 232,
235, 271, 297, 314, 321, 326, 338,
344-5, 384, 397, 452, 458, 460-1
population of 31, 359
Russia in conflict with 12, 14-17, 35, 57, 84,
97, 103, 107-8, 112, 116, 275,
296, 316, 324
Oztroszky, Prince Konstantyn 421
Pacific Ocean 1, 5, 9, 13, 21, 63, 81, 84, 402,
451, 460
Paert, Irina 419
paganism 72, 255, 258-9, 419
pagans 45, 262, 398
Pallas, Peter Simon 337, 452
Pallot, Judith 383
Pale of Settlement 124, 406
Paleologa, Sofiia 12, 48, 149, 203
484
Index
Palermo 31, 235
Pamir Mountains, the 21
Paris 31, 235, 377, 428, 446
Parkinson, John 390
passports see travel/transport, documents
patriarchy 228—9, 420
Patrikeevs, Princes, the 149, 210—11
patriotism 396, 440
patronage 110, 134, 142, 144, 275, 277, 305,
312, 376, 429, 438, 442, 461
Paul I (Emperor) 11, 120, 124—5, 283^,
312-14, 318, 352, 362, 370, 419,
424, 440, 442
actions of 121, 327, 332-3, 342, 363, 378,
387, 403, 405, 425, 434, 460
decree of 1798 313
Pavlovsk 275, 298
peace 14, 32
Pearl River (China) 32
peasants 9—10, 46, 64, 72, 80, 105, 108, 114,
119, 163-4, 187, 199, 202, 208,
210, 214, 222-31, 233, 238-40,
259, 297, 300, 305, 308-9,
311-12, 320, 326-7, 329, 332,
344, 349, 355-6, 358, 361-5,
367-76, 378, 381-3, 398, 403,
414—15, 435, 452; see also bobyli
activities of 188, 230, 233-4, 307, 392
beliefs of 74
“black” 222-3, 362
church 112, 163, 201-2, 208,
363, 414
court 367
crown 223
East Slavic 33, 41—2, 51, 53, 56, 63, 65, 69,
80, 86, 92-3, 97, 109, 120, 122,
223-4, 228, 231, 233, 235, 298-9,
357
Belarus’an 299
Russian 91, 166, 358, 369
Ruthenian 77, 91, 358, 369
Ukrainian 91, 93, 96-7, 105, 109, 226,
356-8
economic 367, 414
enserfment of 79, 367—8; see also enserfmenr
Estonian 118—19,359,403
Finnish 120
flight of 68—9, 113
free 362—3
Latvian 118, 121, 359, 403
Livonian 120
movement of 28, 32, 52, 69, 97, 103, 105-6,
109, 122, 163-4, 166-7, 222, 226,
229, 231, 362, 364, 386; see also
migration of peoples
ownership of 305
plight of 108, 120, 200, 217-18, 222-4,
227-8, 230, 233, 299, 328, 345,
361, 363, 365-6, 368, 370
state 67-8, 88, 92, 112-13, 120, 208, 223,
229, 231, 242, 309, 328, 330-1,
335-6, 345, 355, 357, 360, 362-4,
379, 392, 414, 459
treatment of 75, 122, 169, 224, 229,
299, 328
Pechora River 51
Penner, Georg Caspar von 440
Penza 24, 323, 371
Perdue, Peter 72, 178
Perekop 34, 166
Pereiaslav 45, 76, 165
College 110
Pereiaslav, Treaty of 78
PereiaslavF, Lake 296
Pereiaslavl’-Riazanskii 28
Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii 28, 162
monastery at 142—3
Peremyshl 106
periphery, the 307
Perm lands 47, 50—1, 60, 64, 144-5, 170,
320, 357
Perry, John 342
Persepolis 141
Persia 12, 16, 32, 35-6, 50, 67, 84, 105, 136,
188, 192-4, 197, 241, 439
Persian Gulf 36
Perun (god) 259
Peter (Metropolitan) 249
Peter I (Emperor) 6, 11, 72, 110, 119, 139, 143,
151, 153-5, 179, 204, 212, 220,
242, 253, 268-9, 271, 275,
277-81, 283, 289, 292-4, 299,
303, 308, 311, 316, 328, 332, 349,
353, 360-1, 368, 376-7, 389, 398,
413, 429, 439, 444, 448,
450, 461
actions of 37, 84-5, 88, 99, 103, 107-8, 121,
163, 191, 218, 258, 269, 271-2,
274, 276, 284, 288, 297, 300-2,
305, 317, 319-20, 322, 326-7,
335-7, 339, 342-5, 348, 366, 384,
388, 402-3, 406, 411-12, 415,
425, 427-8, 431, 435-6, 451-2,
454, 459
advisors to 77
campaigns of 14—16, 84, 97, 117, 276
diplomacy of 17
General Regulation 301—2, 413
“Instruction” to governors (of 1719) 301
“Instruction” (of 1728) 305
policies of 86, 90, 301, 305, 375, 410
travels to Europe 15, 297, 375, 428, 440
Peter II (Emperor) 280, 316, 347
Peter III (Emperor) 16, 281-2, 294, 317, 329,
347, 370, 397, 403, 413, 419,
433, 440
Peterhof 275
petitions 109-10, 137-9, 175, 239, 271, 366-7
Index
485
Petrozavodsk 407
Petrov, Vasilii 282, 377, 437
Physiocracy 316, 326, 379
Pilsen 31
Pintner, Walter 298—300, 317
Pisar’kova, L. F. 302, 304, 311
Plakans, Andrej s 118-19
Plokhy, Serhii 113
Plussa, Treaty of 52
Podil see Kyiv, Podil neighbourhood
Podolia 14, 17, 405
Podolsk 122
Pogodin, M. P. 461
Poland 1, 13-14, 17, 28, 31, 34, 37, 44, 46, 48,
52, 59, 73-9, 84, 105, 107, 109,
117, 123, 137, 162, 197, 238, 255,
258, 310, 341, 370-1, 393, 422-5,
434, 439, 444, 450, 457
alliances against 13
army of 60, 203
culture of 122, 131, 310
elites of 74-5, 77, 91, 125
occupation of the Kremlin 10
parliament of 16—17, 73-4, 77, 123, 150,
423; see also “Silent Sejm 16
partitions of 31, 84, 104, 120—2, 124, 238,
299, 307, 358, 364, 378, 424-5
1772 17, 84, 106, 310, 331, 364, 405,
423, 452
1793 17, 84, 364, 406, 424
1795 17, 84, 364, 406
Russia in conflict with 12, 14, 16—17, 57, 81,
100, 116, 316, 346, 423
Polenov, Aleksei 445
Poles vii, 17, 42, 59, 64, 71, 73-4, 77, 91,
106, 113, 115-16, 120-1, 123-5,
220, 255, 288, 310, 336, 346, 385,
391, 404, 421-3, 430, 435, 440,
452, 454
police/policing 238, 308, 310, 312, 348, 380—2,
386-7, 390, 460
Polizeistaat 269-71, 277, 301, 303, 310, 348,
411, 451; see also law and order
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth viii, 5, 13,
15, 18, 34, 46, 48, 50, 57, 66,
73-7, 79, 106, 121-4, 126, 146,
179, 181, 191, 198, 297, 311, 338,
370, 378, 384, 404-6, 421-4, 457;
see also Lithuania, Grand Duchy of
Russia in conflict with 12-17, 52, 67, 103,
110, 116, 150, 339, 424, 457
political consciousness 59, 75; see also
symbolism, political
political crises/instability 36, 147, 149,
210, 274
political organization 62, 84, 460
political systems 73, 75, 103, 221
political thought 11, 131, 135, 207, 267, 269,
277-8, 414
politics 4, 17, 35, 77, 82, 90, 129, 137, 141,
146, 149, 153-5, 157-8, 169, 188,
192, 203, 220, 225-6, 244, 255,
257, 262-4, 269, 271, 276, 281,
295, 350, 384, 403, 421, 424, 428,
439, 443, 447, 457-60
affinitive 211
court 5, 137, 149
culture of 279
discourse of 293—4, 444-7, 449—50
municipal 78, 238-40, 378, 381, 406
pluralism in 79, 451, 461
practice of 278
reform of 205
unity in 1
“politics of difference” 4, 34, 55, 103, 160,
279, 459
Polotsk 28, 43, 45, 52, 91, 121, 143, 358, 424
Sofiia Cathedral 143
Polotskii, Semeon 253, 262, 267, 269
Poltava 324, 336, 431
Poltava, batde of 15, 86, 107, 327, 337, 452
Pomeranz, Kenneth 34
pomest e 10, 50, 56, 67, 162, 173, 208, 210,
213-15, 223, 226, 360, 364, 366,
428, 430, 458
Pomor’e 60, 64, 88, 202, 231
Pomorians (Old Believers) 406, 417, 419
Pope, the 44, 244, 397, 404, 420, 423; see also
Catholicism
Poppel, Nicholas 12
population
checks on 30
composition of the 68, 91, 123, 204, 222,
224, 231, 239, 244, 323, 358, 362,
401, 404
control of the 4, 91, 165, 167
density of 9, 26, 35, 39, 160
distribution of 177
exploitation of the 81
growth of the 6, 29—33, 35, 39, 63, 86, 188,
201, 239, 270, 298, 318, 355-9,
361, 364, 369, 378, 386
loss of 26-8, 63, 116-17, 346-7, 357, 387
size of 65, 113, 116, 166, 235-6, 317
surveys of the 178
Port Arthur 457
ports 5, 18, 35-6, 43, 46, 50, 53, 56, 84, 109,
163,189-91, 321-4,333, 340,342,
369,457; see also Baltic Sea, ports and
Black Sea, ports and Caspian sea,
ports and White Sea, ports
Portugal 26, 33, 36
posadskie liudi see townsmen
Posol’skoe (Buriatiia)
Church of the Transfiguration 402
Possevino, Antonio 13
Potemkin, Grigorii 95, 100, 105, 116, 276,
290, 292, 344, 452
486
Index
povity see Hetmanate, the, Left Bank
power 3, 5-6, 212, 220, 248-9, 270, 276,
278-80, 370, 458-9; see also
authority and control
balance of 11, 16
imperial 9, 146, 161, 267
legitimization/portrayal of 38, 244, 271, 274,
276, 290, 293, 295; see also
legitimacy
local 6
maintaining 4, 6
vacuums 45—6
Powis, Jonathan 220, 432
Poznan 123
Prague 31, 236
Praskovia Koval’eva, “The Pearl” 366
Premudryi, Epifanii
Life of St. Sergeii of Radonezh 250
P ressb urg/ Bratislava 31
printing/publication 10—11, 37, 73—4, 78-9,
111, 118, 174,256,354,376,401,
413-14, 436-9, 445-6, 450;
see also media, literary and texts
Pritsak, Omeljan vii—viii
privileges 4, 81, 108, 110, 113, 115, 130, 137,
211, 220, 235, 238, 277, 312, 337,
360, 379, 384, 387, 421, 427-8,
434; see also rights
deprivation of 105
economic 207—8, 427—8, 432
granting of 207
legal 79, 220
political 433
social 79, 355, 403, 429
trading 38, 72, 91, 108, 195, 198, 384, 434
Privy Chancery 216
Privy Geographical Department 338
progress 270, 296, 306, 397, 447
Prokopovich, Feofan 77, 270, 277, 280,
410-13, 422
The Right of the Monarch s Will 280, 412
Spiritual Regulation 412
Vladymyr 110
Pronsk 164
property 242, 250, 262, 347, 364, 366, 368,
371, 382, 434; see also land
ownership of 108, 213, 432
people as 109, 366; see also serfs
seizure of 75
Protestantism 10, 37, 74, 114, 197, 230, 247,
253, 256, 258, 260, 262, 288, 357,
379, 396, 402-4, 408, 410-15,
417, 421, 423; see also religion and
toleration, religious
Anglicanism 412
Arianism 74
Calvinism and Dutch Reform 74, 120, 197,
204, 256, 288, 403
Huguenots 113
Lutheranism 10, 52, 74, 117, 120, 122, 204,
256, 288-9, 351, 396, 402-4,
406-8, 411, 430, 454, 456
Mennonites 114, 116, 357, 459
Moravian Brothers 114, 118, 403
Pietism 118,269,292,403,412-13
protests 242, 307; see also revolts/resistance
Provisions Chancery 344
Prussia 15-17, 113, 116, 121, 172, 299, 333,
345, 370, 393, 403, 410, 412, 428
Prut River 297
Pskov 27, 28, 43, 50, 52, 121, 132, 142-3, 162,
164, 180, 182, 191, 197-9, 202,
222, 236, 240, 254, 323, 361
public, the 155, 175-6, 250, 270, 452, 459
opinion of 445, 449
public health 270, 346-7, 352, 384, 387
public sphere 445—7, 449, 459
Pugachev, Emelian 162, 230—1, 307, 362,
370-1, 417
Pugachev rebellion 88, 94-5, 100, 105, 162,
230, 307, 320, 336, 348, 352,
370-1
punishment 170—2, 183, 299, 335, 347—8,
351-2, 381
death penalty 86, 257, 351—2
execution 56, 171—2, 254, 258,
351-2, 371
exemptions from 434
exile 170-1, 257-8, 351-2, 367,
372, 446
forced labor 86, 170, 351, 365
knouting 170, 172, 351, 366
prison 351
torture 170, 172, 258, 352, 371
Pushkin, Alexander 437—8, 446
The Captain s Daughter 231
Pustozersk 17L 257
Putivl’ 67, 198
Qipchaq khanate see Golden Horde, the
Quarenghi, Giacomo 284
Quitrent 360—1, 363, 379
racism 451
Radishchev, Alexander 86, 372, 376, 397,
445-6
Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow 446
Raeff, Marc 269, 277, 428, 446, 448
raids/raiding 13, 57-8, 66-8, 71-2, 88, 100,
193, 335
Rakuska, Roman
“Eye Witness Chronicle” 78
Randolph, John 180
Ransel, David 382, 393
raspravy 312
Rastrelli, Bartolomeo 288, 290—1
Rastrelli, Francesco 121, 284
ratgauz 313
Index
487
rationalization/radonality 306, 314, 391,
412-14, 454, 456
ratmany 309, 378
Razin, Stepan 72, 99, 162, 167, 172, 230—1,
242, 370
rebellion of 99
raznochintsy 304—5, 358, 367, 375—7, 379,
383, 388, 392, 395, 416, 427, 432,
435, 439
razriadnye knigi 173
Red Sea, the 187
Reformation, the 10, 37, 46, 118, 258, 261, 450
reforms 17, 212, 289, 296, 306, 312, 329, 338,
365, 378, 406, 416, 460
of Catherine II 94, 99, 111, 113, 115,
119-21, 125, 296, 298, 306-12,
314, 348, 360, 363, 380-3, 387,
390-1, 394, 403, 407, 419, 429,
433-4, 459-60
of Paul 1312-13,378,403
of Peter I 11, 65, 215, 273, 275, 281-2,
296-7, 300-5, 317, 348, 411, 413,
425, 447, 459
religion 10-11, 37, 48, 58, 71, 79, 106, 111,
125, 131, 139-43, 158, 230,
244-5, 254, 258-9, 262-4, 292,
309, 349, 351, 372, 384, 396-401,
403-12, 414-15, 417-27, 433,
438-40, 450, 459; see also
spirituality and theology
and dissent/disputes about 37, 230, 254,
257- 8, 405, 408, 410, 417,
419-20, 423, 425-6
diversity of 4, 10, 35—6, 41, 55, 232, 244,
262-3, 309, 396, 405, 412; see also
confessionalization
freedom of 114-15, 262, 397, 403, 417, 419,
425; see also toleration, religious
and ideology 1, 131
and legitimacy 3, 130, 142
policies concerning 91, 262, 396, 400—1,
403, 406-8
practice of 94, 134-5, 245, 249, 252-6,
258- 60, 407, 414, 417-21, 423-5
reform of 37, 255-7, 349, 351, 355, 406,
410-11, 414, 417-18, 425
Remezov, Semen 179
Renaissance, the 46, 253, 288
Republic of Letters 428; see also
Enlightenment, the
republics 43, 46
resources 5, 53, 56, 59, 109, 165-6, 177, 183,
188, 229, 248, 415, 432, 450, 459;
see also goods
control of 10
human 1, 4, 173, 177, 188, 220, 336
lack of 161, 171, 379, 416
material 1, 3-4, 41, 55, 57, 177, 187-9, 203,
220, 325, 336, 362, 458
forest products 47, 51, 187—8
furs 3, 47, 50-1, 53, 55, 58, 60, 62, 85,
163, 166, 187, 188-9, 191, 194,
201, 330, 460
grain 23^, 27, 59-60, 73, 166, 189, 225,
318, 320, 322, 324, 327, 332, 341,
343-5, 353, 362, 366, 368-9, 383,
393-4
mobilization of 9—11, 155, 163—4, 459
Reval/Tallinn 50, 52, 73, 84, 116-17, 119, 191,
288, 295, 297, 322, 384
Cathedral of Alexander Nevskii 456
Cathedral of the Dome 288, 456
Cathedral of the Holy Spirit 288
Cathedral of St. Nicholas 288
Cathedral of St. Olai 288
Ekaterinthal Palace 289
revolts/resistance 56, 63, 68—70, 84, 91, 105,
111, 139, 167, 230-1,234, 241-2,
307, 335, 346, 367, 369-72, 387,
418; see also protests
Bashkir see Bashkir uprisings
Cossack see under Cossacks
Kazakh see Kazakh rebellion
peasant 105, 307, 369-70, 374
suppression of 56, 70, 91, 99, 105—6, 161—2,
172, 371, 457; see also suppression
of opposition
Pugachev see Pugachev rebellion
Reyfman, Irina 437
Riazan 24, 44-5, 49-50, 67, 181, 238, 323,
356-7, 361, 397, 444
Richards, John F. 33, 35
Rieber, Alfred 2, 4, 34, 369
Riga 25, 50, 52,73, 84, 116-17, 120, 182, 288,
295, 324, 357, 369, 384, 407
Cathedral of the Nativity 456
Church of the Dome 288
Church of Sts. Peter and Paul 289
City Hall 289
St. Jacob’s Church 288
St. John’s Church 288
St. Peter’s Church 288
Riga, Gulf of 121, 191
Riga, River 384
Right Bank Hetmanate see under Hetmanate, the
rights 115, 148, 160, 208, 219-20, 277, 293,
379, 433, 446; see also privileges
Cossack 105, 110
cultural 60
to distill and sell alcohol 60, 68, 108, 201,
216, 325, 385, 394, 433
economic 109—10, 375
to own land 68, 75, 77, 100, 208, 360, 382,
432, 434
to own serfs 360, 432—3
to avoid taxes see taxes, exemptions from
rituals/ceremonies 70, 94, 141, 151, 153—4,
157, 275
488
Index
rituals/ceremonies (cont.)
coronation 130—1, 135, 149, 152, 280
legitimizing 129—30, 136, 153
religious 130, 133, 140-1, 254, 257, 259,
271, 424
Riurikovich 42
Roberts, Richard viii
Rodrigue, Aron viii
Romanchuk, Robert 251
Romaniello, Matthew 33, 187, 189, 198
Romanians 114,430
Romanov 211
Romanov, Fedor Nikitich 255
Romanov, Mikhail Nikitich 145, 153
Romanovs, the 10, 14, 141, 149, 151-2, 169,
203-4, 210-11, 280-1, 283
Romanticism 437
Rome 411
Rome (ancient) 5, 141, 169, 271, 276, 290
empire of 3, 32, 98, 129, 172, 179
Roosevelt, Priscilla 447
Rossabi, Morris 36, 187
“Rossiia” 11
Rostock 118
Rostov 42-3, 49-50, 132, 143, 249, 411
Rostov, Lake 349
Rostovskiis, Princes, the 211
Rostovskij, Dmitrij see Tuptalo Rostovskij,
Dmitrij
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 433
Rowland, Daniel viii, 155
Rozumovsky, Kyrylo 111, 290
Rtishchev, F. M. 256
Rublev, Andrei 250
rulers 148, 155, 160, 175, 208, 237, 249, 260,
267, 274, 280-1, 293, 312, 316,
425, 443, 450, 455, 458; see also
autocracy and ideology, of rulership
actions/activities of 55, 139, 142, 161, 169,
172, 183, 200, 270-1, 276-7
control exerted by see also control
imaginings of 7, 130, 136, 138-9, 154-5,
244, 267-9, 277-9, 284, 457
legitimacy of see legitimacy
limits to the power of 169
and the people 154—5
portrayal/self-representation of 129—30, 140,
269, 273-6, 281-3, 290, 292-3;
see also images/imagery and
legitimacy and symbolism
power of 3—4, 267, 271, 278; see also power
strategies of 11, 270; see also governance,
strategies of
and their subjects 208—10, 232,253,270,277,
279, 282, 370, 429, 440, 451, 461
task of 1,4
Rumiantsev, Petr 111—12, 341
Rus (grand principality of) 3, 14; see also
Ruthenian lands
Rus’, the 41-3, 48, 53, 66, 73, 79,
110, 126, 134, 177, 421 see also
Ruthenians
Russian Orthodoxy 10, 41, 45, 53, 55-6, 81,
169, 201, 207, 222-3, 227-8, 230,
239, 244, 247-58, 267-9, 275,
285, 292, 329, 349, 351, 362, 382,
388-9, 396-401, 406-8, 410-16,
423-5, 434-5, 439, 445, 447;
see also Church Councils, Russian
Orthodox and folk belief and Holy
Synod, the and landholders and
monasteries and landholders, the
church/monasteries as and law,
religious and monasteries and
Monastic Chancery and monks and
nuns and Old Belief and religion
and toleration, religious and
Ukrainian Orthodox Church and
“Zealots of Piety”
as code of political legitimacy 3—4, 129—41,
154-6
conversion to 24, 56, 70, 96—7, 244, 262-3,
397-402, 408, 424, 430, 451
Enlightened Orthodoxy 11, 396-8, 413—14,
427-8, 435, 443, 447
independence of see autocephaly
interior decorative scheme of churches of
133, 246
metropolitans of 44, 130, 132—3, 208,
244, 247, 249-50, 252, 255-6,
411, 413
Russians 42, 49, 59-60, 67, 96-7, 105,
111-12, 116, 165, 189, 193, 204,
225, 244, 253, 330, 335, 424, 433,
440, 444, 451, 454, 461
Ruthenian lands 41—2, 364
Ruthenians 68, 73, 75, 77, 110, 112
Ruts’kyi, Iosif 422
Safa-Girey dynasty 51
Safavid empire, the 2-3, 5, 16, 35, 178,
192-4, 397
Sahaidachny, Petro 75
Sahin 115
Sain Bulat see Bekbulatovich, Semeon
St. Aleksii 133
St. Basil 252
St. Boris 136
St. Catherine 279
St. Cyril-Beloozero monastery 202, 248,
251,259
St. Elijah 259
St. Fevroniia 252
St. Filipp 133
St. Gleb 136
St. Iona 133
St. Iuliana of Murom 252
St. John of Chrysostom 252
Index
489
St. Joseph of Volokolamsk 250—1
Rule 250—1
St. Michael Klopskii 252
St. Nicholas chapel 228
St. Paraskeva 259
St. Peter 133, 252
St. Petersburg 23—4, 29, 109—10, 113, 121,
197, 278, 281, 284, 288, 297, 308,
318, 320-4, 327, 338-42, 345-7,
357, 362, 369, 378, 385, 387-91,
393-4, 403-4, 420, 433, 436, 445,
454-5, 461
Academy of Arts building 389
Academy of Sciences building 274—5, 284,
312, 337-8, 377, 389, 461
Admiralty Building 389
Alexander-Nevskii monastery 274
architectural style of 286—7, 291
Cabinet of Curiosities 274
as capital 77, 100, 107, 117-18, 271, 274,
317, 377, 403, 430
Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul 274
Cathedral of the Resurrection 455
Catherine Palace 282
English Embankment 389
Ethnographic Museum 274
Fontanka Canal 389
founding of 15, 84, 191
Foundry 389
Hermitage Theater 282, 389, 444
Kunstkammer 274—5, 337, 451
Marble Palace 282
Mars Field 388
Menshikov Palace 389
Moscow District 389
Museum of Anthropology and
Ethnography 451
Nevskii Prospect 389
Oranienbaum 390
Pavlovsk 282, 284, 390
people/population of 388—9
Peter-Paul Fortress 274—5, 388-9
Peterhof 390
Senate Building 389
Twelve Colleges 389
University of 313
Vasilii Island 389—90
Winter Palace 282, 389
St. Petersburg News 436
St. Volodymyr 24
Sakovych, Kasian 78
Saltykova, Daria 367
Saltykovs, the 280, 388
Samara 90, 195, 403
Samoeds 29, 51, 64
Samogitia 17
Sanin, Joseph 250; see also St. Joseph of
Volokolamsk and Volotskii, Joseph
Sarai 9, 44-7, 70, 162
Saransk 371
Saratov 105, 113—14, 165, 195, 323, 359,
403, 407
Saxony 15-16, 403
Sayan Mountain range 21, 25
Scandinavia 23, 29, 117
Scandinavians 41
Schädel, Johann Gottfried 76, 290
Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David 451
Schleswig-Holstein 193
Schleswig-Holstein, Prince Johann of 29
scholars and intellectuals 1—2, 74, 110, 118,
146, 229, 254, 258, 261, 267, 274,
283, 290, 337, 375, 413, 435-8,
440, 443, 446-7, 450, 460-1
Islamic 56, 401
Schönle, Andreas 290, 430
schools 74, 77, 79, 106,109-10, 117, 123, 253,
256, 312-13, 337, 339, 376-7,
381, 388, 398, 403-5, 415, 422-3,
433-4
Islamic 115,400-1,407
Schrader, Abby 351
science and mathematics 10, 258—9, 290, 337,
377, 411, 413-14, 427, 437,
451-2, 454, 460-1
Scodand 80
people of/from 203
Scott, James 230
Sebezh 164
secular, the 10, 228, 255, 270-1,293, 322, 399,
404, 418, 438, 452
secularism 11, 349, 351, 399, 407, 414, 438
“Secure Shield of Faith” 418
Segur, Count Louis Philippe de 290, 430
self-government 86, 95, 100, 113-14, 363, 384,
389, 406, 459
controls on and limits to 91, 93-4
Selinginsk 195
Semigallia 52
Semipalatinsk 88, 95, 323
Senate, the 107, 124, 301, 303-6, 308, 310,
312,317, 349,412, 421
Serbia 59; see also New Serbia and Slaviano
Serbia
Serbs 42, 105, 113, 336, 385
serfdom 10, 77, 80, 168, 183, 201, 222, 236,
257, 335, 362, 368, 370, 403,
444-5, 460
criticism of 370—1, 445-6
enforcement of 63
settlement 114
serfs 4, 67, 73, 109, 151, 208, 219, 222-3, 225,
231,282, 326, 330-1,355,
359-60, 362-7, 370, 372, 379,
431, 433, 445, 449, 459; see also
enserfment and peasants
emancipation of 366
movement of 113—14, 229, 356—7
490
Index
serfs (cont.)
ownership of 215—16, 220, 231, 319, 321,
359-60, 363-8, 382, 432, 443
rules/regulations applying to 105
runaway 68-9, 95, 97, 113, 167-8, 356-7,
360, 364-5, 372
Serpukhov 236
service/servitors 62, 110, 180, 217, 223, 231,
305, 312, 372, 380, 385, 425,
429-31, 433-4, 440, 443-4;
see also civil service and military
service andpomest’e
exemptions from 428, 434, 441; see also
military, the, army, recruitment
into, exemptions from
services (public) 226, 238, 331, 352, 386-7,
402, 458
settlement 23, 86, 90, 98, 101, 113-14, 124,
144, 163, 196, 223, 230, 241, 336,
385; see also settlers and migration
of peoples
settlers 63^, 69, 86, 91, 98, 101, 103, 105,
114, 163, 166, 357
foreign 113-14, 116, 336, 355, 363, 371,
385, 461; see also foreigners
military 331
protection of 67, 95
Sevastopol 292, 298
Seven Years5 War 16, 277, 297, 306, 316, 325,
328, 333, 342, 348, 370, 433
Seversk see Novgorod Seversk
sex and sexuality 250, 255, 258, 260, 277—8,
294, 351, 366, 374, 376, 418-19
Shafirev, Peter 270, 277
Shah Abbas 35, 193
Shah Porus 439
Shahrimanians 193
shamanism 94, 401
Shaw, Denis 383
Shcherbatov, M. M. 278, 397, 446
Shchirsky, Ivan 268
shtatnye komandy 309
Sheksna River 202
Sheremetev, Field Marshall 299
Sheremetev, Nikolai Petrovich 366, 431
Sheremetev, P. B. 444
Sheremetevs, the 284—5, 368, 388
sherd 70
Sigismund Vasa (King of Poland) 10,150
shipbuilding 164, 274, 297—8, 327, 362, 365
shipping 35-6, 38, 188, 191, 198, 202, 241,
296, 341, 362; see also navigation
and technology, shipping
Shorin, Vasilii 240—3, 393^4
Shuiskiis, Princes, the 149,210—11
Shumlians’kyi, Iosif 422
Shuvalov, Ivan 111, 306, 325—6, 342
Siberia viii, 5, 9, 11-13, 23-5, 31, 36, 53, 58-9,
62-5, 70, 84-9, 91, 94, 102, 145,
158,161,169,173-4,177,179,182,
189, 195-6, 198, 205, 225, 231,
235-6, 240-2, 258, 262, 285-7,
295, 297, 303, 305, 307, 310, 312,
320, 323-4, 330, 337, 339, 341,
344-5, 347, 352, 362, 383, 397,
408-9, 417, 420, 452, 454, 459-60
Chancery of 65, 179, 398
exile to 105, 170-1, 229, 257, 351, 372, 446
expansion across/into 16, 21, 29, 38, 61—2,
65, 82, 88, 144, 166, 181, 321,458
governors of 55
khanates of 50, 55, 57, 60, 69
people/population of 30, 96, 163, 208,
231-3, 328-9, 347, 357-8, 365,
370, 402, 430, 450, 452, 459
western 46, 51, 55, 73, 81
Siberian khanate 34
Siberians 4, 64—5
native 55, 57-8, 63-5
Sienkiewicz, Henryk 83
Sievers, Jakob 277, 430
Sievers, Karl 440
Sigismund I (King of Poland)
74, 421
Silent Sejm” 16
Simbirsk 68-9, 323, 371, 407
Simferopol 292
Alexander Nevskii Cathedral 292, 454
Skinner, Barbara 423
Skovoroda, Hryhorii 110
slavery 33, 54, 81, 98, 115, 222^, 233, 239;
see also kholopstvo and trade, in slaves
abolition of 115, 327, 372
slaves 3, 46, 65-7, 115, 139, 148, 224, 232, 242,
356, 372; see also trade, in slaves
former 86
Slavinetskii, Epifanii 253, 267, 269, 418
Slaviano Serbia 105, 113,307
Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy 377
Slavs 42—3, 96
East see East Slavs and also Belarus’ans and
Russians and Ukranians
West see West Slavs and also Croats and
Czechs and Poles and Serbs
Slezkine, Yuri 451
Sloboda Ukraine 67—8, 76, 91, 103, 105—6,
109, 114, 122, 167, 231,307, 310,
331, 336, 356
Slonim 122
Small Horde, the (Kazakhs) 94
Smith, Alison 355
Smith, Douglas 366, 446—7
Smolensk 13-14, 28, 42-3, 45, 52, 79, 146,
162, 164-5, 180-3, 191-2, 198,
202, 237-8, 240, 287, 290, 307,
346, 358, 431, 452
Cathedral of the Life-Giving Trinity 146
Dormition Cathedral 288
Index
491
Smolensk campaign 215
Smotritsky, Meletii 78
Speranskii, Mikhail 348, 460
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian
Empire 1649—1825 348
sociability 37, 418-19, 436, 444-5, 449
social background 377, 430
social contract 38
social estates 77, 108, 112, 217, 226, 308, 335,
379, 429, 435, 446
lower 370, 392
middle 10, 240, 355, 375, 380, 387, 389,
392-4, 428
upper 120—1, 370, 392, 427—9; see also boyars
and elite, the and gentry, the and
nobility, the
social life 225, 270
social mobility 68, 216, 219, 355, 381, 415,
429, 450
social practices 220, 432
social welfare 35, 103, 224, 253, 270, 296, 305,
309, 313-14, 352, 379, 382, 387,
407, 434
socialism 5, 229
society 11, 21, 98, 106, 109, 126, 135, 137,
160, 199, 221-2, 253, 258, 260-1,
264, 269-70, 275, 282, 300, 327,
355, 372-3, 375, 377, 380, 382,
388, 396, 403, 407,413, 419,
446-7, 450-1, 458-9
categories of 7
changes to/within 10, 257, 355, 361, 364,
385, 387, 416, 425, 460
cohesion of 129, 355, 372, 394, 407, 427,
429-31,435
commentaries on 438
groups within 217, 222, 305, 308, 326—7,
329, 337, 355, 358-60, 365, 372,
375, 379, 392-3, 427-8, 432,
434-6, 451, 459
hierarchies of 77, 108, 239, 302, 305, 400,
405, 407
homogenization of 124—5, 160, 459
ideas about 131
impacts upon 298—300
inequality in 100, 108, 431
organization of 10, 125, 207—8, 372,
393, 460
problems facing 428, 443, 446
status within 75, 79-80, 91—2, 103, 108,
113, 130, 137, 139, 172, 207-8,
210, 214-15, 217, 222, 227, 239,
242, 304-5, 355, 360, 363, 376,
381, 398, 427-30, 432, 434; see
also social estates and soslovie and
Table of Ranks
unity in 1
unrest/tension within 28,77, 105, 172,
223, 307
Society of Noble Military Fellows 108
sociology 177
Sofiia Alekseevna (Regent) 253
sokha 200
Solikamsk 86, 145, 287
Church of John the Baptist 145
Trinity Cathedral 145
Solovetskii monastery 203, 258
Solov’ev, S. M. 80, 166, 461
SoF Vychegodsk 203, 320
Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst see Catherine II
(Empress)
Sorskii, Nil 250—1
soslovie 355, 372—3, 415
Sosva River (Northern) 60
sovereignty 2, 6, 48, 168, 270, 292
Soviet Union, the 2, 6, 420, 425
demise of 5
people of/from 2, 437
Spafarii, Nikolai 62, 178
Spain 15, 26, 29, 33, 38, 451, 454
Spasskoe 226
Spierenburg, Pieter 171
spirituality 244, 248-53, 255, 260—1, 263,
412—14, 417—18, 426-7; see also
religion
lay 252-4, 259, 413
Stroganov, Grigorii 60
Stroganovs, the 60, 69, 85, 144—5, 203, 320
Struys, Jan 179
stability 1, 71, 94, 123, 155, 161, 168, 207,
214, 229, 263, 270, 387, 398, 401
political 146, 397, 416
pursuit of 10, 50, 327
Staden, Heinrich von 180
Stanford University viii
Stanislas-Augustus Poniatowski (King of
Poland) 404
stanitsy 72, 310
Stanovoi Mountain range 21
Stanziani, Alessandro 165, 219, 368
Staritsa 407
Starodub 51
starozhily 88
starshyna 77, 100, 105, 108-9, 146; see also
Hetmanate, the, Left Bank and
Ukraine, Left Bank
startsy 414
Staryi Oskol 67
state, the 10, 141, 160, 168, 173, 227-8, 254,
257-8, 271, 276, 302, 312, 320,
348, 362, 411, 432, 434, 443, 447;
see also nation-states
actions of 11, 165, 172, 195, 197, 200, 204,
224, 226, 257, 305, 325-6, 342,
346-8, 400, 406, 410, 415,
432, 433
building of 6, 8, 33, 41, 136, 161, 173, 196,
200, 202, 223, 279, 457-8
492
Index
state, the (cont.)
and the Church 37, 135—6, 139-43, 169,
201, 244, 249, 254, 257-9, 262-3,
267, 269, 274-5, 294, 329, 349,
351, 398, 403-4, 406-8, 410-16,
424—6; see also religion, reform of
control exterted by 10, 80, 167, 170, 172—3,
177, 202, 230, 233, 310, 313-14,
327, 335, 347-8, 352, 403, 415,
424, 426, 457, 459-60
finances of see expenditure and finance and
income
ideas about 131, 276
nature of 35, 137, 182, 293, 300, 303, 425
needs of 328
organization of see centralization
policies of 80, 166, 243, 262-3, 292, 302,
318, 342, 403, 408, 410, 433; see
also under economy, the and finance
and taxes and trade
power of 5, 38, 163-4, 168, 172, 182, 190,
200, 220, 233, 267, 269-70, 326,
336, 348; see also power
role of 182, 269
running of see also governance
services provided by see services (public)
state secretaries 302—3, 305; see also bureaucrats
and dtaki and officials
Stavropol 97
Stefan of Perm 47
Stepannaia kniga 133
steppe 3, 21, 23-5, 31, 46, 57-8, 60, 65-8,
70-1, 75, 80, 84, 88, 90, 93-7,
113, 164, 167, 181, 195, 218,
225-6, 236, 297, 323, 335, 357-8,
361-2, 364, 457-8
Sterne, Laurence
Sentimental Journey 446
Stevens, Carol 164, 218, 328
Stockholm 191
Stokes, Laura viii
Stolbovo, Treaty of 13, 191
stolnik 214, 260
striapchii 214
strigoTniki 254
succession 9-10, 48, 51, 146—53, 156, 158,
267, 275, 279-82, 284
quarrels over 14, 48, 148—50, 153, 279
Sudak 45
Sukhona River 47, 60
Suleiman the Magnificent 131
Sumarokov, Aleksandr 274, 376, 437—8,
440, 444
Industrious Bee 438
Sumy 68
Sunderland, Willard 58, 80, 178
suppression of opposition 90-1, 106, 424—5,
457; see also revolts/resistance,
suppression of
Supreme Council, the 279
Sura 89
Surikov, Vasilii 231
“surveillance” 172, 177-8, 185, 317, 335-9,
343, 352
Sutulov, Karp 393
Suvorov, Alexander (General) 335, 346
Suzdal 28, 43^4, 249
Suzdalia 43
Sviazhsk 164
Cathedral of the Annunciation 143
Dormition Cathedral 143
Saviour-Transfiguration Monastery 143
Sweden 11, 13-14, 17, 26, 50, 52, 74, 79,
116-19, 190-1, 193, 203,
261, 282, 296-8, 301, 322,
331, 341, 348, 384, 403, 410,
412, 440
people of/from 36, 50, 59, 64, 71, 96,
116-17, 197-8, 241, 337, 346,
357, 391,440
Russia in conflict with 12, 14—16, 57, 107,
116, 150, 306, 316, 327, 332
Swedish-Russian War of 1741—3 15
Swedish-Russian War of 1788—90 15, 332
Switzerland 26, 403
symbolism 129, 141, 143, 146, 271,
273-9, 282
political 129, 131, 133, 135-8, 140-2,
146, 151, 157, 190, 270-3,
290, 455
religious 254, 256, 270, 273, 294, 455
Syncretism see folk belief
Syria 34
Table of Ranks 108, 302-5, 308, 311, 319, 355,
376, 415, 427-30, 433, 447
Taganrog 324, 342
Talitskii, Grigorii 260, 410
Tal’tsy Architectural-Ethnographic Museum
(Lake Baikal) 85
Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The 349
Tale of Prince Khlorus 438
Tale of the Princes of Vladimir 130, 149
Tambov 24, 67, 180, 219, 323, 341, 356-7,
359-61, 371, 444
Tana 34
Tara 195
Tarkhan (Bashkir title) 92
Tashkent 456
Church of the Transfiguration 456
Tatars 44, 51, 56, 59, 64,67, 69, 71, 88-92, 95,
99, 125, 139, 143, 162, 164, 178,
180, 211, 218, 231-2, 290, 292,
299, 330-1, 358-9, 362-3, 370,
385, 430, 434, 452, 454
Crimean 11, 46, 52, 57, 59, 66, 68, 70—2,
97, 114-16, 203, 292, 459
Islamic 56, 60, 63, 290, 398-401
Index
493
Russian in conflict with the 67, 97,
161, 165
“service” 397
Tatishchev, V, N. 433, 444
Tauride 115
Tauride Muslim Spiritual Authority 115; see also
Crimea and Islam
Tavda River 51
taxation 6, 27, 43, 70, 75, 81, 103, 108, 178,
211, 218, 223, 230-2, 233, 235,
239, 257, 270, 301, 305, 314, 318,
328, 330-1, 347, 368, 372, 380;
see also taxes
taxes 55, 107, 109, 177, 187, 199-200, 217,
226-7, 231, 326, 333, 372, 380;
see also iasak
abolition of 110
burden of 56, 200, 223, 239, 345, 360, 363
collection of 4, 44, 55, 201, 224, 228, 236,
242, 305, 307, 326, 330-1, 339,
380, 386, 434, 459
escaping 58
exemptions from 4, 60, 72, 77, 100, 105,
109, 113-15, 188, 198, 200-1,
208, 211, 215-16, 231, 239-40,
331, 336, 355, 380, 385, 400, 412,
421, 427-8, 432
farming of 201
income from see under income
introduction of 111, 372, 390, 406
low 130
payment of 176—8, 200, 231—2, 239—40,
323, 330, 360
avoiding 230, 366
policies regarding 199, 331
rules and regulations surrounding 99, 178,
186,201,224
types of see also iasak
direct 180, 200, 204, 218, 224-5, 232,
238, 240, 327, 330-2, 334
head 120, 224, 337, 356
indirect 204, 327, 329-30, 332
land 105,200
poll 80, 88, 90, 105-7, 112, 115, 120,
122, 124, 299, 313, 317, 326-8,
330-3, 336-7, 343-4, 360, 363,
365-6, 376, 380, 382, 399, 406,
419, 427-8, 432
taxpayers 67, 90, 112, 124, 150, 164, 178, 208,
218, 222-4, 226, 231, 235,
239-40, 243, 299, 301, 305, 328,
330, 333, 337, 356, 360, 379,
383, 386
taxpaying status 86, 100, 106, 109, 201, 215,
216, 218, 226, 232, 330, 336-7,
363, 379,415
technology 37, 98
military 2, 5, 37, 217, 298, 458
shipping/naval 26, 191, 297
“Temple of Justice”, the 282
teptiars (Bashkiria) 69, 92, 330
Terek River 57—9, 96—7, 171
territorial expansion/gains 6, 11, 15, 17-18,
21, 28, 30-1, 35, 38, 48, 55-7,
60-1, 64, 79-81, 84, 98, 101,
103-4, 113, 124-6, 164-6,
201, 205, 211, 213, 270, 277,
307, 314, 333, 335, 338-9, 355-6,
457, 460
Terskii Gorod 97
Teutonic Knights 74, 116
texts/books 74, 78, 111, 119, 129, 132-6, 140,
174-6, 178-9, 249, 254, 256,
259-60, 268, 276, 278, 301, 388,
403, 406, 417-18, 436-9, 449
Theodosians (Old Believers) 406, 417, 420;
see also Old Belief
Theodosius (Emperor) 141
theology 75, 78, 122, 245, 270, 407, 411,
415,419
Theophanes the Greek 47, 250
Thirteen Years War 165, 182, 192, 198,.201,
212, 215, 238, 339
Thirty Years War 29
Thyrét, Isolde 279
Tian Shan Mountains, the 21
Tibet 401
Tikhvin 191
Tilly, Charles 3-4
“Time of Troubles”, the 10, 13—14, 27-8, 67,
69, 150, 159, 177, 191, 195,
200-1, 203, 218, 223, 236, 251-2,
255, 281
Timur (Tamerlane) 46
Timurids 35, 37
“Tituliarnik”, the 273
Tiumen 60, 88, 195, 286
Holy Trinity Monastery 286
Tobol River 51, 69
Tobolsk 60, 62, 64-5, 86, 170, 182, 195, 242,
285-6, 307, 323, 398
Tolchenov, Aleksei 393—4
Tolchenov, Ivan Alekseevich 342,
393-4
toleration 6, 34, 279
of differences 160, 262, 451
of local autonomy 56
religious 123—4, 396—9, 401, 403, 417,
419, 425
Tolstoi, Peter 277
Tomsk 64—5, 170
Toropets 45, 51—2
Tot’ma 145, 287
towns and cities 74, 109, 120, 170, 199, 236,
238-40, 243, 310, 344-5, 363,
375, 377-84, 386-90, 394, 428,
435, 454, 456; see also Charter to
Towns (1785)
494
Index
towns and cities (cont.)
Magdeburg Law towns 103, 107, 112, 121,
238, 378, 384, 439
running of see government, local
townsmen 150, 202, 208, 218, 222, 224,
235—6, 238-40, 243, 311, 321,
326, 331, 344-5, 358, 367, 375,
378-83, 386, 388, 391, 395, 404,
415, 428
plight of 120, 217, 299, 328
trade 2, 11, 26, 28, 32, 34-6, 38, 40, 43, 47,
50-3, 57, 62, 67, 71, 97-8, 162,
187-99, 205, 226, 240-3, 270,
316, 321-7, 330, 333, 341-2, 347,
355, 364, 375, 392-4, 432; see also
markets and mercantilism
balance of 191
centers of 50, 55-7, 84,91, 145, 187, 192-3,
196-7, 199, 202, 236, 288, 322-3,
384-5, 387, 390, 457-8
development of 15, 47, 52, 124, 180,
203, 378
exports 10, 18, 73, 91, 109, 188-9, 192, 199,
202-3, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326-7,
342-3, 369, 383
illegal 62, 198
impact of 58, 67
imports 26, 190, 193, 383
income from see under income
international 41, 49, 99, 195, 204, 240,
333, 389
liberalization of 316, 326
links 35—6
missions 16
monopolies 52, 120, 144, 192, 196—8
networks of 2-3, 26, 33, 35, 42, 46-8, 50,
52, 66, 109, 124, 192-4, 198-9,
236, 321-2, 341-2, 369, 393, 457;
see also trading routes
policy 196-9,318,324-5,327
ports 43, 46, 50, 53, 189-90, 199, 322-4
privilege to see under privileges
relations 85, 192, 196
shifts in 50
in slaves/serfs 46, 54, 58, 66—7, 98, 115, 366;
see also slavery
tariffs on 38, 107, 188-9, 243, 323-5, 327,
333; see also customs barriers
freedom from 52
trade routes 3, 5, 11, 25, 41, 43—5, 49, 51-2,
60, 71, 85, 89, 179, 188, 190-2,
195, 199, 323-4, 339, 342,
345, 450
control of 55
maritime 36, 187, 191, 198, 202-3, 318,
321, 341—2, 362; see also shipping
Silk Roads vii, 3, 5, 25, 32, 36, 40-1, 71, 98,
192, 195
Sukhona-Northern Dvina river system 47
Volga river system 13, 36, 42—3, 45, 48,
50-1, 187, 191, 194-5, 199,
202-3, 323, 362
trading 58, 109
tradition 229-31, 233, 270
Trakhaniotovs, the 173
Trans-Kama line 163
Transyivania 17
travel/transport 25, 38, 161, 167, 178, 181—2,
205, 295, 318, 321, 323, 339-43,
345, 390—1; see also communication
and trade routes
by coach 339—41
canals and rivers 25, 38, 165, 321, 333, 335,
341-2, 345, 352, 362, 369, 382,
452
documents 343
roads 38, 87-8, 160-1, 179-81, 183-4, 187,
225, 318, 321, 323, 335, 339-41,
352, 384, 386
Treasury, the 180, 212, 240, 242, 299, 308,
317-19, 328, 337, 340, 343, 363
Trediakovskii, V. K. 376—7, 435—7, 443
Tretiakovs, the 380
trials 260
Trial of Shemiaka, The 349-50
Trieste 29
Trinity St. Sergii Monastery 143-4, 202,
248,251
Trivolis, Michael 254
Troitskii, S. M. 304—5
tropes about Russia 1, 7, 461
Tsareborisov 68
Tsarev Alekseev 163
Tsaritsyn 165, 195, 407
Tsarskoe 110
Tsarskoe selo 275, 284
Tula 24, 28, 67, 163, 180-1, 204, 320, 357,
379, 383
Tula-Serpukhov industrial region 203
Tunguz 29, 64, 85, 89, 232
Tuptalo Rostovskij, Dimitrij 410—11, 413
Tura River 51
Turkey 17, 420
alliances against 13—15
crusades against 12—13, 420—1
culture of 72, 141, 435
Russia in conflict with 17, 421
Turkish War of 1735-9 16, 84, 100, 103,
281-2
Turkish War of 1768-74 84, 100, 105, 111,
328, 333, 348, 370
Turkish War of 1787-92 84, 100, 105, 114-15,
298, 332
Turkish wars 84, 100, 103, 299, 307, 346
Turks 41, 59, 97, 124, 192, 275-6, 333, 357,
385, 420-1
Turner, Victor 169
Turukhansk 60
Index
495
Tver 9, 27-8, 43-4, 48-50, 70, 132, 162,
181, 199, 203, 237, 249, 311, 341,
361, 391
Ascension church 391
Tveretinov 410
uezdy 86, 92, 106, 301, 303, 338,
343, 349
Ufa 24, 92, 170, 407
Uglich 148, 170
Ugra River 12, 51
Ukraine 9, 11, 17, 25, 30, 34, 37, 45, 58, 67,
73-4, 82-3, 106-7, 112-13, 122,
144, 146, 165, 174, 182, 198, 253,
262-3, 267, 297, 312-13, 324,
332, 341, 346, 356-7, 405,
410-11, 422, 424-5, 439, 456-7;
see also Mohyla, Peter
culture of 107-8, 147, 257, 268, 285-6
history of viii, 76
Left Bank 110-11, 122, 198,253,310,331,
336, 341, 357, 358-9, 364, 368,
423-4
modern day 41-3, 72, 84, 369
Right Bank 111, 122, 307, 311, 332, 341,
358-9, 385, 407, 423-5
Russian acquisition of 31
Ruthenian elite 108, 110, 112—13
Ruthenian identity 73, 82
Sloboda see Sloboda Ukraine
Ukrainian Orthodox Church 37, 74—5, 77—9,
106, 109-10, 112, 122, 247, 253,
255, 267-9, 290, 384, 398, 406,
410—13, 423; see also religion and
Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church
Ukrainians vii, 42, 46, 49, 59, 64, 80, 82-3, 91,
96-7, 108, 110-11, 113, 115-16,
120-1, 139, 225, 244, 253, 267,
269-70, 288, 290, 298, 310, 330,
359, 398, 412, 421-2, 424, 430,
435; see also Cossacks, Ukrainian
Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church 37, 74, 77,
106-7, 122, 130, 146, 288, 397,
404, 406—8, 420—5; see also religion
and Russian Orthodoxy and
Ukrainian Orthodox Church
United States 33, 372, 420
people of/from 1-2, 21
unity 1, 5, 133, 160, 424, 430-1
universalism 292-3, 446, 451
universaly 107
universities 117, 119, 122, 302, 313, 428,
430, 436
Ural Mountains, the 21, 24—5, 42, 46—7, 50-1,
53, 58, 60, 69, 79, 85, 87-90, 94,
101, 113, 163, 195, 203, 319-20,
323-4, 356-8, 362-4, 370-1,
398-400, 417, 452
people of 105, 231, 307, 359, 370
urban areas 10, 41, 99, 109, 115, 123-4, 172,
177-8, 204, 223, 229, 235-6,
238-9, 288, 344-5, 379-80,
382-91, 394, 428; see also towns
and cities and urbanization
design/layout of 236—8, 284—5, 292, 314,
322-3, 385-91, 395,435,456,462
reform/development of 355, 377—8, 384,
386-7, 390-2, 394, 460
urbanization 31
Userd 68
Usol’e 145,320
Church of the Transfiguration 145
Uspenskii, Boris 135
Ustiug 47, 162, 240, 383
Ustiuzhna-Zheleznopol’skaia 165, 203
Ust-Kamenogorsk 88, 93
Uyghuristan 195
Uzbeks 130
values 269, 351, 366, 381, 413, 427, 443
western 1, 229, 365, 427, 451
Valuiki 68
Vasa, Wladyslaw 10, 14
Vasa dynasty 74
VasiPev, Feodosii 417; see also Theodosians (Old
Believers) and Old Belief
Vasilii I (Grand Prince of Moscow) 148
Vasilii II (Grand Prince of Moscow) 49, 148
Vasilii III (Grand Prince of Moscow) 133, 136,
149, 430
Vasilii Shuiskii (Tsar) 10, 13, 150
Vatican, the 12, 15, 203, 247, 404, 407, 421-2,
424; see also Catholicism and
Pope, the
envoys of 13
union with 37, 48, 420—2
Veliaminovs 210
Velikaia region 51
Velikie Luki 28, 45, 52
Veluiki 67
Velychko, Samuil
Tale of Cossack Wars with the Poles 110
Velychkovskii, Paisii 414
Dobrotoliubie 414
Venev 163
Venice 14, 256, 414
Verkhne-Iaisk 88, 92
Verkhotur e 65, 145, 195, 323, 341
Versailles 274
Viatka 86, 170, 236, 357
Viatka-Perm 132
Viatka River 60, 64
Viazemskii, Aleksander 277
Viaz’ma 28, 52, 162, 180, 192
Vienna 15, 341, 428, 457
Vikings 41, 377
Vilnius 45, 52, 106, 117, 122-3, 182, 191,
422, 461
496
Index
Vilnius (cont.)
Cathedral of Mother of God 456
University of 122, 313
Vlnius, A. A. 179, 182, 204, 240, 277
Vinnitsa 407
violence 153-4, 158-9, 161, 168, 172, 183,
233, 258, 281, 335, 347, 351, 367,
370-1, 387, 399
Vishlenkova, Elena 451, 454
Vitebsk 45, 120-1
Vladimir 24,43-4, 133, 142, 162, 181, 183,
238, 244, 250, 361, 455
Dormition Cathedral 142
Grand Principality of 44, 130
Vladimir Monomakh (Grand Prince) 130
Vladimir Mother of God icon 133—4
Vladimir Opole 24
Vladimir Andreevich (Prince ofStaritsa) 149
Vladimir-Suzdalia 43, 147
Vlatava River 236
Vodarskii, E. 30, 79
Vogelaer, Marcus 240
Voguly/Mansi 42, 51, 60, 64, 398, 402
Volga River 11, 13, 25, 28, 32, 44-5, 47-9, 56,
59, 65, 67-9, 89-90, 125, 162,
174, 189, 193, 236, 242, 331, 336,
342, 357-8, 371, 383, 391-2, 401,
403; see also trade routes, Volga river
system
lower 9, 25, 46, 57-8, 60, 70-1, 89, 113-14,
172, 230, 241, 244, 258, 320, 357,
359, 398
middle 11, 63, 79, 81, 88, 90-2, 120, 130,
163, 170, 208, 230, 232, 244, 284,
299, 323, 330, 357-9, 371, 393,
397-9, 430, 452, 454, 459
ports 109, 457
trade along the 36, 42, 45, 47, 51, 53, 191,
194-5, 199, 202-3, 236, 322-3,
362, 457
upper 3, 43—4
Volga steppes 57
Volga-Oka mesopotamia 43, 45, 225
Volhynia 43-4, 77, 106, 122-3, 125, 425
Volkhov River 202, 236
Volodymyr (Grand Prince and Saint) 43, 110
Vologda 50, 52, 143, 162, 164, 180, 188,
190-1, 197, 203, 236, 242, 323,
383, 444
Sofiia Cathedral 190—1
Volok Lamskii 50
Volokolamsk
Trinity Monastery 250
Volotskii, Joseph 133; see also St. Joseph of
Volokolamsk and Sanin, Joseph
Voltaire 438, 440
Vonifat’ev, Stefan 256
Voronezh 24, 163^, 219, 296, 298, 327, 335,
356-8, 360-1, 371, 399, 431
Vorotynsk 180
Vorskla 67
votchina 208, 213—14
Votiaks/Udmurts 42, 56, 89, 91, 362,
371, 452
Voznesensk 105
Vulpius, Ricarda 398, 451
Vyborg 50, 118, 120, 125, 191, 311,
332, 390
Vychegda River 47, 51, 60
Vyg (Old Believer community) 406, 417—20;
see also Old Belief
Vym River 47, 51
Vyshnyi Volochek 341—2
Vytautas (Grand Duke of Lithuania) 148
Wales 80
Wallachia 14
people of/from 115-16, 331, 336
War Commissariat, the 344
warfare 2, 136, 192, 200, 217,
316, 319
Warsaw 17, 78, 150, 335, 456
wealth 100, 112, 201, 204, 207, 212-13, 215,
248, 250-1, 319, 381, 393, 410,
454, 458, 460
lack of 241, 376, 379, 431
weapons 63; see also military, the, hardware of
Weber, Max 168
West Slavs 42
White, Richard 58
White Sea 21, 25, 50, 52-3, 60, 124, 180,
188-90, 192, 198-9, 202, 323,
342, 377
ports 36, 38, 189
White Sea littoral 51
Whittaker, Cynthia 440, 443, 446
Wilbraham-Bootle, Edward 391
Wink, André viii, 35
Winkler, Martina 454
Wirtschafter, Elise 261, 312, 364, 367, 376,
393, 413, 427, 443, 446
Witsen, Nicholas 178
North and East Tat ary 178
Witzenrath, Christoph 62
Wolff, Larry 424, 451
women 65—6, 135, 157, 168, 227—9, 260,
274-5, 277, 279-80, 293, 363-4,
376, 381-2, 414, 418, 420, 431-2,
435-6, 440
Wortman, Richard 270, 274, 454
Yalta 456
Yangtze River (China) 32
Yeats, William Butler 18
Zakhar’inys 210; see also Romanovs, the
zakladnichestvo 223
Zamos c 422
Index
497
Zaporozhian Sich 75, 77, 95-6, 103, 105—6, Zevi, Sabbatai 405
109, 111, 113-14, 307, 371 zhid 124
Zavadovskii, Peter 113 zhilets 214
“Zealots of Piety” 255, 257, 267, 422 Zhivov, Viktor 135, 269-70, 275
zemskii reform of 1550s 173 Zvenigorod 28, 204, 250
zemskii ispravnik 309 Zyzanii, Lavrentii 78
Being an empire is inseparable from modern Russian identity and historical experience: that empire
was founded in the early modern era and endures in large part today. The Russian Empire 14-50—1801
surveys how the areas that made up the empire were conquered and how they were governed. It
considers the Russian empire a ‘Eurasian empire’ characterized by a ‘politics of difference’: the
rulers and their elites at the center defined the states needs minimally—with control over defense,
criminal law, taxation and mobilization of other resources—and otherwise tolerated local religions,
languages, cultures, elites, and institutions. The center related to communities and religions vertically,
according each a modicum of rights and autonomies, but did not allow horizontal connections
across nobilities, townsmen, or other groups to coalesce. Thus, the Russian empire was multi-ethnic
and multi-religious; Nancy Kollmann gives detailed attention to the major ethnic and religious
groups, and surveys the governments strategies of governance—centralized bureaucracy, military
reform, and the criminal justice system. The volume pays particular attention to the
dissemination of a supranational ideology of political legitimacy in a variety of
media—written sources, public ritual, painting, and particularly architecture.
Beginning with foundational features such as geography, climate,
demography, and geopolitical situation, The Russian Empire 1450—1801
explores the empire s primarily agrarian economy, serfdom, towns and
trade, as well as its many religious groups—primarily Orthodoxy, Islam,
and Buddhism. It tracks the emergence of an ‘imperial nobility’
and a national self-consciousness that was, by the end of
the eighteenth century, distinctly imperial, embracing
·,·♦·*·· .f-6. ^
the diversity of the empire’s many peoples and cultures.
¿L1
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kollmann, Nancy Shields 1950- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133308715 |
| author_facet | Kollmann, Nancy Shields 1950- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kollmann, Nancy Shields 1950- |
| author_variant | n s k ns nsk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043690956 |
| classification_rvk | NN 1375 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)965869299 (DE-599)BVBBV043690956 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte 1450-1801 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1450-1801 |
| format | Book |
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| isbn | 9780199280513 0199280517 |
| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2017 |
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| series2 | Oxford history of early modern Europe |
| spelling | Kollmann, Nancy Shields 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)133308715 aut The Russian Empire 1450-1801 Nancy Shields Kollmann First edition Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Press 2017 © 2017 XII, 497 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford history of early modern Europe Hier auch unveränderte Nachdrucke Geschichte 1450-1801 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Geschichte 1450-1801 z DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/76b7a1d39e5d4e769f053bdbd20e4679 rezensiert in: Reviews in History, 2017, June Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029103625&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029103625&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029103625&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Kollmann, Nancy Shields 1950- The Russian Empire 1450-1801 |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Russian Empire 1450-1801 |
| title_auth | The Russian Empire 1450-1801 |
| title_exact_search | The Russian Empire 1450-1801 |
| title_full | The Russian Empire 1450-1801 Nancy Shields Kollmann |
| title_fullStr | The Russian Empire 1450-1801 Nancy Shields Kollmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Russian Empire 1450-1801 Nancy Shields Kollmann |
| title_short | The Russian Empire 1450-1801 |
| title_sort | the russian empire 1450 1801 |
| topic_facet | Russland |
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