Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka): sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii
Сословные и социокультурные трансформации населения Азиатской России (XVII-начало XX века) сборник материалов всероссийской научной конференции
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| Format: | Conference Proceeding Book |
| Language: | Russian |
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Novosibirsk
Parallelʹ
2014
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zusammenfassung der einzelnen Beiträge auch in englischer Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 314 Seiten |
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| 700 | 1 | |6 880-01 |a Šilovskij, Michail Viktorovič |d 1947- |0 (DE-588)14268483X |4 edt | |
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| 880 | 1 | |6 700-01/(N |a Шиловский, Михаил Викторович |4 edt | |
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| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-03/(N |a Сословные и социокультурные трансформации населения Азиатской России (XVII-начало XX века) |b сборник материалов всероссийской научной конференции |c Институт истории СО РАН ; ответственный редактор - д-р ист. наук, проф. М.В. Шиловский |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
OrjiaBjieHne
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nepBoö nojïOBHHe XIX Beica. 52
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O perHCTpaijHH nepeceneHHH ch6hpckhx KpecTbHH b AOpe j)opMeHHbiH
nepHOA (no MaTepnanaM AGaxaHCKOH h HoBOcejioBCKoñ bojioctch
MHHycHHCKoro oKpyra). 59
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CTapo^cHJioB K) khoh ChGhph (BTopaa nojiOBHHa XIX - Hanano XX b.) . 67
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nOJIHTHHeCKOH BJiaCTH Ha HOBblX TeppHTOpH5IX. CHÖHpb XVII b. 96
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rpynn 3ana#HOH Chöhph h Ypajia b 1720-173 0-e rr. 104
KopyceHKo C.H.
CHÖHpcKHe öyxapnbi: (^opMHpoßaHHe h TpaHC^opMauna 3thococjiobhoh
rpynnbi. 118
Cmpozoea E.A.
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KOJIOHH3aU,HOHHbIX npOeKTaX HMnepCKHX 3KCnepTOB (BTOpas nOJTOBHHa XIX
- Hanajio XX b.). 135
TyMUHUK E.H.
npHMep npezznpHHHMaxejibCKOH mranHamBbi b Chöhph cepezpfflbi 1870-x rr.:
cy^böa IO. CHBHHbCKoro. 150
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ToproBJiH pyccKHX npe^npHHHMaTejieH c «HHOpozmaMH» ceßepHOH nacTH
EHHceiicKOH ryöepHHH b KOHi^e XIX — nanajie XX b. 167
YnpaBJieHHe, caMoynpaBJieHHe h MexaHH3Mbi B3aHMO(qeñcTBHH BJiacTH
h oöuiecTBa
Eoöpoe JJ.C.
HaKa3Hbie naMjrra npHKa3HHicaM Kpenocren BepxHero IIpHOÖbji b
KOHue 10-x - Hanane 30-x rr. XVIII b. 178
KoMJieea E.B.
Cob[HajibHO-3KOHOMHHecKoe pa3BHTHe TypyxaHCKoro Kpaji b kohuc XVIII -
nepBOH nojioBHHe XIX b. 187
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CnÖHpcKOH ^cejie3HOH ¿joporn. 202
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^cejie3HOH ^oporH. 218
AtiKyiueea K.A.
OGujecTBeHHoe MHeHHe Kaie J)aKTop B3aHMOAeiicTBH5i BjiacTH h oSmecTBa
(Ha npHMepe TiOMeHH nocjieÆHeîi neTBep™ XIX — Hanana XX b.). 234
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h OTHomeHHe K BiiOHu¡aM Ha poccHHCKOM ^ajibHeM BocTOKe b Hanajie
XX BeKa). 247
Kupwmos A.K.
HajioroBBie pacKiia^KH Hanajia XX b. KaK ocHOBa j\jih n3yneHH3i
KpecTtaHCKOH AGMOKpaTHH (Ha MaTepHaJiax ToMCKoro ye3Aa). 257
Aipauacbes ÏI.A.
/JyMCKHH 3anpoc 1912 r. o 3e\tneycTpoiiCTBe b AjiTaîîcKOM OKpyre b
KOHTeKCTe oömecTBeHHoro npoTHBo^eHCTBHü nojiHTHKe KaÖHHeTa. 274
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IlepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHbl H COIJHaJIbHOrO KaTaKJXH3Ma (1914—1919 rr.). 284
CimcoK coKpauicHiiH. 293
Summaries. 294
294
CooiQBHbie h couHQKy/ibTypHbie TpaHccfropMauHH HaceneHHfl A3na~rcKOM Poccnn.
Summaries
Konev, Aleksey Yur’evich,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Tyumen State Oil and Gas University;
aldimoks@mail.ru
«Inorodtsy» — Estate Project of the Empire: Siberian Version
The article deals with two important aspects of the Russian Monarchy’s policy
towards the peoples of Siberia. In the first part the author investigates the history of
a notion «inorodtsy» (aliens/non-Russian population). For the first time the issue is
studied with regard to the word usage in the rare dictionaries and reference books
published in the XVIII century. The original meaning of the word «inorodnyje»
(«of different nation») in the Russian language is revealed. Until the XVIII century
it didn't bear any semantic load connected with differences in belonging to a certain
ethnos or the state. The research defines a moment of emergence of the term
«inorodtsy» in political and juridical vocabulary of the Russian language and
introduction of this notion as a generalizing name of Siberian indigenous peoples.
By the early XIX century an ethnic, linguistic and confessional diversity of the
empire has been reconsidered. This process has produced a new terminology for
description and classification of empire’s citizens. In the second part of the article,
the question of legal status of inorodtsy fixed by M.M. Speransky's reform is
considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the status of the category
«osedlyie» («the settled»), excluded from a “yasak” system (payment of fur tribute).
According to the author, the fact of belonging to the category of the yasak people
continued to play a considerable role in understanding and justification of the
specific rights and duties among the majority of natives of Western Siberia and after
the reform of 1822. The research reveals the attitude of the Siberian indigenous
peoples to their status which was prescribed by the state. “Inorodtsy” are to be
considered not as a special estate, but rather as a “legal status” («sostojanie»)
appropriate for several class and ethno-class groups. Basic elements of class self-
identity of the Siberian indigenous population had been formed by the late XIX
century. It became vividly apparent in the indigenous peoples’ reaction to the
attempts of eliminating specific features of their administrative and economic
status.
Keywords: inorodtsy («aliens»), history of concepts, indigenous people, Siberia,
M.M. Speransky, citizenship, legislation, estate, yasak.
Yarkov, Alexander Pavlovich,
Doctor of History, Professor, Head of the Humanities Department, Tyumen State
University; ayarkov@rambler.ru
Muslims in Western Siberia: Estates Aspect
Considering patterns of extending "Table of Ranks" to the different regions of
Siberia, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the local communities
organization. Thus, ethnic elites having taken an oath changed only the ruler but
kept the same status roles. However, sometimes they would not keep their former
C6ophhk MaTepna/iQB BcepoccuflcKOki HayMHQM KOHcfoepeHumi (2014)
295
economic status: some Volga-Ural Mirzas having arrived to Siberia for permanent
residence were registered as nobles, but were engaged in farming. Some of the
imams being well-educated graduates of Madrasas could not get a good position
(especially in the steppe areas of West-Siberian region) and worked as teachers not
only in Maktabs, but in the "Russian-native" schools as well. In the areas of "initial
Islamization", for example, in the Altai Mountains, transfer to the status of "settled
aliens" was conventionalized due to the specifics of natural and climatic
characteristics and personal (clan, family) circumstances.
Thus, it can be stated that the official statistics was at odds with the real situation
on the ground, but this was not a matter of anxiety among individuals bound up in
the traditional society where awareness of personal status is more important than
the generally recognized norms.
Keywords: Islam, Western Siberia, Ummah, differentiation
Sokolovskii, Ivan Rostislavovich,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian
Academy of Sciences; sokolowski@yandex.ru
The Population of Siberia in the XVIII Century: Politics of State and
People’s Migrations* An Attempt of a New Approach to the Traditional
Problems.
The article discusses the problem of the size of the Russian population in Siberia
in the first decade of the XVIII century. Specifics of studying the history of the
Russian population in the XVIII century lies in the fact that during this period of
Siberian histoiy the proper scientific data was for the first time obtained by the
properly educated and qualified scholars with rational scientific consciousness.
Possibility to compare the official statistics with scientific materials has led a
number of researchers to the mythological conclusion about complete and total
unreliability of official data about population. The author believes that this
approach is rather one-sided and that it is useless to talk about the unreliability of all
official statistics in general and, in particular, of the census of 1710 without
establishment of the appropriate confidence interval. The present article attempts at
determining such an interval by using some data of G.F. Miller in a "thought
experiment". It was assumed that the difference between the official data and the
data collected by G.F. Miller could be a model of such confidence interval. The
available official data was multiplied by the coefficient of divergence between them
and Miller's data. The result was compared with the figures about the population of
Siberia for some later periods of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The author concludes
that the confidence interval of the official data at the beginning of the XVIII century
could not exceed 20 %, i.e. only every fifth representative of a taxable estate could
slip the authorities’ attention. However, it is possible that the accuracy of the
official statistics was even higher and confidence interval didn’t exceed 10—15%.
Keywords: the size of the Russian population, Siberia, XVIII c., official data,
census of 1710, confidence interval
296
CocrtOBHbie n couwQKynbTypHbte TpaHccfropMauMM HaceaeHHa A3naTCKOvi Poccun.
Zinoviev, Vasily Pavlovich,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Dean of the Department of History, Tomsk State
University; vpz@tsu.ru
Nature of Industrial Colonization of Siberia in the XVIII — Early XX
Century
The article raises the question of the necessity of studying the industrial
colonization of Siberia, which, unlike the agrarian colonization does not attract the
attention of researchers. The author believes that industrial development
(colonization) is not confined to the process of relocation of employees, and shall
include the transfer of capital, business traditions, the transfer of technology of
production management, i.e. relocation of entrepreneurs, engineers, managers, and
development of vocational education. The author also argues that the historical
literature overestimates the role of the free exaggerated colonization (exile and
penal labor) on the process of Siberia’s industrial development. In his opinion, the
industrial colonization was characterized mostly by the flow of free settlers. The
role of free-colonization was noticeable only during the XVIII - first half of the
XIX century, when the Siberian economy was dominated by the feudal enterprises
belonging to the State, the Cabinet, monasteries and landlords. The role of the state
in regulating industrial colonization of Siberia varied at different stages of its
development. In the XVII century local authorities could not effectively regulate the
flow of free popular colonization, often following after it. In the XVIII — first half
of the XIX centuries the state managed to subdue the industrial sphere of Siberian
periphery and to direct the workforce flows. In the second half of the XIX - early
XX century all government efforts were aimed at supporting industrial colonization
through the construction of railways, contracting and delivery personnel, cost-
cutting of machines’ delivery by lowering taxes, removing restrictive barriers to the
industry, providing training in situ at vocational and mining schools, as well as at
the Institute of Technology.
Keywords: free popular colonization, industrial development of Siberia, labor,
technology, production management, business traditions.
Vedernikov, Vitaly Valerievich,
Doctor of History, Altai Institute of Economy, branch of Saint-Petersburg
University of Management and Economy.
Questioning the Workers Super-Exploitation in Altai in the Feudal Period
The article questions the Soviet historiography thesis about super-exploitation of
workmen in Altai during the feudal period. The author refutes the common
assumption in historiography that Altai was isolated from the global economic
situation, and that its metallurgy and mining were technologically backward. It is
shown that relevant technologies were rapidly developing in the region. Stadial
reduction in world silver prices invoked technological growth both in Altai and
Saxony and Harz. Altai gave to the world such mining standards as automation of
all stages of deposit adjustment in Zmeinogorsk mine along with transportation of
the produced ore to the foundry of the same name via railway. Thus the silver
C6ophhk MaTepna/ioB BcepoccMftcKOM HayMHOM KOHcfrepeHUHH (2014)
297
production in all European centers developed uniformly. The author considered it
obvious that the very fact that Altai had the same technology level as Saxony and
Harz was indicative of the similar working conditions and accident rate. This
conclusion was further proved by the historical sources and contemporaiy Germany
historical literature. Finally the hypothesis has arisen that the yearly wages both in
Saxony, Harz and Altai must have been the same. The annual wages of about 100 —
150 thalers for the melters in Saxony and Harz were completely comparable with
wages of 120 rubles per year for the Altai workers. Therefore the author concludes
that Altai underwent the same processes of industrial modernization and hereditaiy
proletariat’s formation as in Europe, including development of urban centers with
population that was from the outset oriented at mining and smelting.
Keywords: Altai mining district, Kolyvan-Voskresensk plants, workmen, silver,
Saxony, Harz.
Kabakova, Natalya Vasilyevna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy
(Omsk); natalya-kabakova@rambler.ru
Berezhnova, Marina Leonidovna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Omsk F.M.Dostoevsky State University, Siberian Branch
of the Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage named after D.S.
Likhachev; berezh@bk.ru
Status and Rights of Single Women in the Siberian Region in the XVIII —
the First Half of the XIX Century
The article considers the status of single women in Siberia on the basis of mass
sources of the XVIII — first half of the XIX century: supervision books of Tarsky
district of 1701 and materials of the revisions of the tax-paying population (1721-1850)
in the Tarsky uezd, Tobolsk province. These materials include the unique life
stories of single women and allow us to judge about the scale of this phenomenon.
During the period under study the women, especially from the lower classes,
played a subordinate role in economic and social life. Certain independence was
granted only to the few of them who had been deprived of the masculine protection
due to various circumstances.
Further, the article examines women's rights to dispose of property: transfer of
lands based on title deeds, bills of sale, mortgage and «pleading». The authors give
a single fact proving that women had an opportunity to transfer their lands at their
own and sole discretion to a third party, ignoring the rights of relatives. However,
women were rarely left alone, even entering into a disadvantageous marriage. This
strategy is explained by the desire of women to receive certain social status. This
thesis is proved by documented facts and paralleled with ethnographic materials.
As a special case of loneliness the authors consider the fates of soldier wives—
women whose husbands were drafted as recruits. Being formally married, the
soldier wives couldn't resolve this situation by legal means. Meanwhile, life
demanded participation of men in their lives that resulted in birth of illegitimate
children.
298
CoenOBHbie v\ coquoKy/ibTypHbie TpaHafropMauHH Hace/ieHHfl A3naTCKofi Pocchh.
Having reviewed these materials the authors concluded that, despite some
legal protection, farming opportunities and settlement of transactions the norm
of female behavior was to be married. It is suggested that a woman's desire to
get married was determined not only by economic necessity, but also by her
desire to occupy a certain position in society which depended on the social
position of a man.
Keywords: women in Siberia, marriage, widowhood, social status
Leontiev, Evgeniy Victorovich,
Senior Researcher, History Museum of Minusinsk named after N.M. Martianov;
martianov-muzey@mail.ru
On Registration of Siberian Peasants’ Resettlement during the Pre-
Reform Period (Materials of Abakan and Novoselovo Volosts of the
Minusinsk District)
The article considers a debatable issue of the freedom of settlement and
migrations of Siberian peasants in the period preceding the reforms. In order
to solve this problem the author uses the information about peasant
resettlements from the Abakan and Novoselovo volosts of the Minusinsk
district based on the materials of the eighth and ninth census revisions dating
from 1834 and 1850.
The processed data concerns both officially registered and unregistered
resettlement of the village families. In the latter case local volost officials
provided census records with short remarks about actual location of peasants
who had left their villages illegally. Therefore the official list of villagers
never coincided with the actual population figures. In different villages the
number of house-owners who actually lived there or who had left the place
without registration varied.
According to the results of calculations in the second quarter of the XIX
century migration of Siberian peasants was mostly of local character. Absolute
majority of migrant families moved to the new place without leaving their
volost community. Their migrations within the volost and district often were
not registered by the officials during the regular census revision.
Sedentary life of many peasants who were involved in migrations was not
lasting. After the long absence they came back to their native villages. Others
would change their place of residence and remained absent at the place where
they originally registered.
The author comes to conclusion that in in the second quarter of the XIX
century peasant migrations within the southern areas of the Yeniseisk province
were not properly registered and, therefore, were poorly controlled by the the
officials.
Keywords: resettlement, registration, enumeration, revision, volost,
peasants, village, squatting, moving.
C6opHHK MaTepHa/iQB BcepocckiPicKOH HayMHOM KOHcfrepeHUHM (2014)
299
Berezikov, Nikolay Aleksandrovich,
Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences; warumbaum@gmail.com
Collective Memory Mobilization in Land Disputes Between Peasants — Old
Settlers in South Siberia (Second Half of the the XEX — Early XX Century)
The article discusses the role of the collective memory of Siberian peasant old
settlers in the Tomsk province during litigation proceedings connected with landed
property and conflicts with neighbor peasant communities in the second half of the
XIX — early XX century. Durkheim and Halbwachs concepts of the collective and
social memory serve as methodological basis of the research. The article is aimed at
determining the collective memory’s functions in administrative and judicial
proceedings on the local and regional level during the period under study. Another
problem is connected with reconstruction of ethno-social discourse of these social
groups involved in practical problem solving. The article is based on archival
materials from the State Archive of Tomsk Oblast and State Archive of the Russian
Federation. The author gives quantitative data about land disputes for each decade
since 1850 to 1910, describes the typical structure of the administrative
investigation and makes an attempt to reveal common arguments of the petitioners
and appellees. One of this typical arguments lay in the commune’s appealing to the
length of residence in a certain place. The author maintains peasant communities
considered such argumentation as more correct then any rational arguments of the
economic practicability, social or legal justness. It is emphasized that in such
matters as land litigation proceedings people unavoidably appeal to the past
experience and status. However such appeals went beyond the ordinary references
to the past. Siberian peasants also showed their attitude to their past, history,
memory, their place in Siberia, their rights as Siberian old residents. Another
specific feature of such collective memory manifestation was the old settlers' strong
desire to dissociate themselves not only from the Siberian aborigines but also from
the newcomers arriving from European Russia. This was evidenced by the fact that
they were deeply concerned with disruption of their own traditional way of life. The
author also considers some other administrative and court cases and peasant appeals
of additional privileges based on precedents in history including tax exemption,
land rights claims etc.
Keywords: old resident, land, Siberia, memory, mobilization, identity.
Lityagina, Alla Vladimirovna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Altai State Academy of Education named after
V.M. Shukshin; lit0419@yandex.ru
Destruction of Estates in Everyday Life of the Citizens of Western Siberia
in the Second Half of the XIX - Early XX Century
This article considers some aspects of modernization process in the cities of
Western Siberia in the second half of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries.
The article is based on the data of paperwork records from the four Siberian
archives, involving statistical reference books and memoirs of the contemporaries.
The author analyzes the devastating impact on the class system of secular schools,
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cultural and educational institutions, and municipal self-government. These
progressive social institutions united population on a common cultural basis, where
secular education played a crucial role. Activities of educational institutions,
community organizations, municipal government authorities led to destruction of
the estate system and provided formation of the new behavior and psychology of
citizens. Spread of enlightenment culture, its exposure to the growing number of
citizens helped to create a society without estates. The article considers the
increasing number of schools and students, number and scope of cultural and
educational institutions, the role of municipal government in supporting education.
Of great importance were the extra-curricular activities of educational institutions,
in particular, organizing various school festivals. Activities of public organizations
were analyzed on the basis of their reports and resolutions of the city councils that
reflected the great contribution of voluntary associations to the formation of new
civic behavior of citizens in their everyday life. The author notes the progressive
role played by the specific groups of Siberian people — political exiles. Interests of
citizens who shared common professional, cultural, philosophical aspirations were
at the forefront. In general, destruction of estates in everyday life along with
formation of a new society was a complicated, controversial, and a very long
process. However, in the Western Siberian cities of the second half of the XIX - the
beginning of XX centuries there was a clear trend of socium's transition to the civil
society.
Keywords: native history, Western Siberia, towns, school, the history of
everyday life, estate system, modernization, cultural and educational organizations,
municipal government.
Koleva, Galina Yuryevna,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Tyumen State Oil and Gas University;
gukoleva@gmail.com
Cossacks "Lithuanian List" in the History of Siberia
Foreign troops were a significant element of the Siberian service people.
Originally foreigners appeared under the titles: "Lithuania”, "Lithuanians", "Polish",
"Cherkasy", "German", "Lithuanian list" Cossacks. Cossacks of the "Lithuanian
list" were included in the structure of the Siberian service class, representing a
separate military rank in the hierarchy of the service class following the “deti
boyarskie” (sons of boyars) and “podiachiys” (scriveners). This rank topped the
category of the Siberian Cossacks. This phenomenon existed in the late XVI- the
beginning of the XVIII century.
Analyzing the sources, the author notes that the earliest documents on the history
of Siberia list the terms "Lithuania", "Litvin", "Poles", "Cherkas", "German",
"Cossacks" “Lithuanian list " in one row. At the same time these terms were
differentiated just like categories of "Lithuanian list" Cossacks and mounted
Cossacks. Terms for foreign contingent were also used in different ways depending
on the Russian understanding of the period and places of origin. Documents show
that the Cossacks of "Lithuanian list" were sent to perform the most complex
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military operations, they had a unique military experience and were reinforced with
people having distinctive military knowledge. The author suggests that the
Cossacks of the "Lithuanian list" from the outset and to the middle of the XVII
century included either prisoners of war or, perhaps, those who voluntarily switched
to the Russian service but had previously served as Registered Cossacks on the
territory of the Polish-Lithuanian state.
The author emphasizes that the Cossacks of the "Lithuanian list" played an
important role in the history of Siberia, the main directions of their activities were
related to the "distant services." Representatives of this service class category
became founders of the dynasties of the Siberian service men, they were promoted
often more successfully and appointed to the senior positions on the Siberian
hierarchy in Siberia - to the “sons of boyars” from whom the majority of Siberian
noblemen stemmed.
Foreign element as a whole, as well as the Cossacks of the "Lithuanian list",
participated in colonization and development of the region, forming a system of
administration of the territory, they remained for many decades and later were
incorporated into the region's population.
Keywords: service people, Cossacks, foreigners, Lithuania, "Lithuanian list"
Cossack
Berezikov, Nikolay Aleksandrovich,
Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences; warumbaum@gmail.com
Legal and Symbolic Aspects of Political Legitimacy Established by
Cossacks in the New Territories. Siberia in the XVII Century
The article describes cultural perception of “ostrogs” (fortresses) by the Russian
population in Siberia in the XVII century. The central concept of the author’s
problem field is political identification and legitimation of territories during their
accession to Russia. Political identification is considered in a broader context
including ethno-political and social-cultural aspects. “Ostrog” is considered as a
material object, mediating political and social interaction, formatting this
interaction, consolidating it and providing objectivity. “Ostrog” is a mediator, a
material object connecting the “inner” and “external” realities, human activity and
the volatile outer world. As a material object it was an “anchor” of the political,
social, and ethno-cultural interaction. Based on the wide range of sources (including
the cossacks’ reports of the 1620s-1680s, Siberian chronicles of the XVII centuiy,
maps of S.U. Remezov dated from the late XVII — early XVIII centuries, Russian
Siberian folklore of the XVIII-XX centuries) the author shows that ostrogs were
perceived by the Russians as a poly-semantic, complex political and socio-cultural
cultural symbol. “Alien” territories were turned into “ours” owing to the
construction of fortresses — fortifications, , temporary shelter and temporary
dwelling built in the field. These military objects used as symbols of unity of the
migratory population reflected specifics of the primary stage Siberia's accession to
Russia. Symbolization of political domination was an adaptation mechanism used
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by the tsarist authorities involved for the sake of taking roots in Siberia. A fortress
mediated communications between the Russians representing Muscovy and the
Siberian indigenous peoples. Fortresses were viewed as new centers of the
territories that were to be colonized, they manifested eminence and power of the
Moscow sovereign. They were perceived as places where crucial transformation of
the political and social status of Siberia and its aboriginal population took place
after the region was annexed to Russia. The author comes to conclusion that
fortresses (ostrogs) became key symbols used in the Russian culture of the XVII
century in order to form identities of the newly arrived and indigenous population
and to ground territorial claims of the state.
Keywords: XVII century, Siberia, Cossacks, service men, Siberia's accession,
ostrog, fortress, aboriginal, new lands, historical geography, S. Remezov,
chronicles.
Borodina, Elena Vasiljevna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Brunch of the
Russian Academy of Sciences; Ural Federal University; sosnovi-bor@yandex.ru
Judicial Office as a Space of Interaction between the Social Groups of
Western Siberia and the Urals in the 1720s-1730s
The article is devoted to the problem of tribunal activity of non-Orthodox
population in the Urals and Western Siberia, its involvement in the legal
proceedings held in the local administrative and judicial bodies of the Russian
Empire. The author notes that this problem has been understudied in historiography,
in particular, researchers rarely deal with the imperial policy towards gentiles
during the reign of Peter the Great. The paper is based on the work-flow materials
accumulated in the archives as a result of judicial practices of administrative and
judicial bodies in the 1720s—1730s. Analysis of quantitative data and judicial
documents proved that the non-Christian population of Siberia to different degrees
participated in the judicial proceedings. Tatars comprised the majority of plaintiffs
and defendants, who not only lodged complaints against the Russians living in the
Urals and Western Siberia but also tried to resolve conflicts with their
coreligionists. Moreover, a lot of cases of confrontation between Tatars and other
ethnic groups representatives were fixed in the documents of judicial proceedings.
Khanty, Mansi and other local ethnic groups took part in the judicial proceedings
much more rarely. They usually appeared as joint plaintiffs or even joint
defendants. However, there were many trials where they could appear as individual
defendants. According to the statistical data gentiles went to the courts less often
than Russians. This situation can be explained by the substantial role played by the
patrimonial structures and local communal self-government bodies involved in
solving a great variety of trivial conflicts. In many legal conflicts gentiles appeared
as defendants. Strategy and tactics of court behavior of plaintiffs and defendants
from the non-Christian population were pretty much the same as these of the
Russians.
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Keywords: Russian Empire, reforms of Peter the Great, Ural, Western
Siberia, ethnic estate group, tribunal system, tribunal activity, administrative
colonization, tribunal chancellery, voevoda’s chancellery, foreigners, gentiles
Korusenko, Svetlana Nikolaevna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Omsk Division of the Institute of Archeology and
Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;
tomil65@rambler.ru
The Siberian “Bukhartsy”: Formation and Transformation of the
Ethno-Estates Group
The modern Siberian Tatars are a conglomeration of different ethnic
components from which one of the groups is comprised of the Boukhartsy.
Originally this word denoted settlers from the regions of Central Asia,
however during the second half of the XVII - the beginning of the XX century
this notion became an ethnic-social definition. The Boukhartsy were also
called the Sorts (e.g. as Mueller wrote, “the Boukhartsy in their own language
as well as by the Tatars are called with the word “Sart”). In the record-
keeping documents of the beginning of the XIX century there are pleas from
“the Boukhartsy and the Tashkentsy”. This unified notion, judging by the text
of the document, appeared in the second half of the XVIII century and existed
up to M.M. Speransky’s reforms. Often, in their pleas to the authorities the
Boukhartsy called themselves “aliens”. In different times, the Kalmyks ( in
small numbers), “the Karakalpucks, who are also called Boukhartsy of
Muslim law”, the Kyrgyz (the Kazakhs) were included in the Boukhartsy. In
the materials of the 1897 census the Boukhartsy are clearly differentiated on
the basis of the estates status.
The Soviet Power considered the national question one of its priorities, as it
included the issue of nationality into the 1926 census, according to which the
Tatars of Siberia were registered (old settlers and new comers together), the
Boukhartsy as well; the Barabinsk Tatars were mentioned separately. In the
local authorities’ documents of the 1920s the aborigine Tatars and the
Boukhartsy were mentioned. By the early 1930s the Boukhartsy were included
into the Tatar body, which later was reflected in the Soviet censuses.
According to the materials of the genealogies collected in the 1970s-2000s
in the places of compact habitation of the Boukhartsy in the former Tara
District (modern Bolsherechinsky and Tarsky regions of the Omsk Oblast) in
the 1970s the majority of descendants of the older Boukhartsy identified
themselves with the Boukhara Tatars. The following generations remember
their Boukhartsy origin, but call themselves Tatars.
Keywords: The modern Siberian Tatars, the Boukhartsy, the Central Asia,
the ethnic-social group, the ethnic components
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Strogova, Yekaterina Alekseevna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute for Humanities Research and the Indigenous
Peoples of the North, Yakutsk; estro@list.ru
Russian Old Residents of the Lower Kolyma and the "Period of Ethno-
Cultural Adaptation"
Lack of knowledge about the ethnic groups of Russian old residents of Yakutia
leads to the fact that the scientific literature has developed the stereotypical view of
the ethno-cultural adaptation of these groups as a long-term process, that consists in
borrowing basic life support systems from the indigenous peoples of the region.
Russian old-timers from the lower reaches of the Kolyma (pohodchans) are one of
those small groups of Russian circumpolar population that formed in the Siberian
Arctic in the XVI-XVII centuries. To date, members of this group have preserved
not only a kind of Russian dialect, and other elements of Russian spiritual culture,
but also a significant part of the traditional material culture. In 1989-1990 and in
2006 - 2013. an archaeological, folklore and ethnographic expedition was
conducted in order to explore Russian old-timers in the lower reaches of the
Kolyma and to study the written sources kept in the Russian State Archive of
Ancient Acts. Analysis of this material showed that the roots of the pohodchans'
cultural tradition go back to the local cultures of the eastern regions of the Russian
North. Elements of systems of life sustenance (dwelling, heating system, clothes
and to some extent food) )reveal genetic affinity with the traditions of the north of
European Russia, and their remarkable preservation indicates a small scale of
borrowings. Thus stereotypical simplistic approach is untenable. Apparently, it is
necessary on a basis of comprehensive study of old-timers to consider the nature
and content of the adaptation process of the Russian people in Yakutia from other
points of view, perhaps even from the standpoint of other areas of science.
Keywords:Arctic, Russian, ethno-cultural adaptation, traditional culture,
historical ethnography, comparative analysis, life-support systems.
Suvorova, Natalia Gennadievna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Omsk F.M. Dostoevsky State University,
sng 19911 @rambler.ru
Estates Practices of Integration of the Steppe Population in the Colonization
Projects of the Imperial Experts (Second Half of the XIX — Beginning of the
XX c.)
The paper analyzes projects and activities of Siberian administration aimed at
integration of population of the steppe peripheries into the social class structure of
the Russian Empire. Creation of the social category "Siberian Kirghiz" is
considered as a special case of a marginal / steppe policy and practice of the second
half of the XIX - early XX centuries relating to “inorodtsy”. Since 1850s the
Second Siberian Committee proclaimed a new course for the consistent integration
of Siberia into the Russian political-administrative and social space. Exacerbation
of national problems on the Western peripheries brought ethnic and national
vocabulary in the Siberian projects declared as a program of “Russification” of the
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region. However, colonization practices of integration remained mainly estate,
administrative, and non-ethnic in character. In the late XIX - early XX century a
class approach began to appear in the texts of the imperial estate experts, instead of
the steppe population stratification. The author identifies and characterizes one of
the factors, explaining the spreading and popularity of class stratification among
resettlement officials.
Keywords: colonization, steppe politics, integration, estate, imperial
experts, aliens, Siberian Kirghiz, volost, a semi-sedentary volost.
Tumanik, Ekaterina Nikolaevna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the
Russian Academy of Sciences; kattum@mail.ru
Sample Business initiative in Siberia in the Mid-1870s: the Josef
Sivinsky’s Life
The article is devoted to Jozef Sivinsky’s business activity in Siberia. Jozef
Sivinsky was a young merchant from the Polish region, who contributed his
small share to the economic development of eastern Russia. The article
introduces new documents for scientific use in Russia — J. Sivinsky’s
epistolary heritage published in 2013. The archive of Sivinsky is not only a
source on the history of Siberian merchants. These documents characterize the
mentality of a young Siberian ’’business man’’ in the the second half of the
XIX century and reconstruct his identity. On the basis of these materials the
author considers the fortunes of the Siberian businessmen. It is a good
example demonstrating the contribution to the socio-cultural and economic
development of Siberia made by the joint efforts of the peoples of the
multinational Russian Empire. In many ways, Sivinsky’s life was typical of
commercial pioneers of Siberia. The article describes the everyday life of the
not too wealthy Siberian business people, considers the structure of their
business and problems of newcomers’ adaptation to local conditions both from
the economic perspective and in the sphere of private and family life.
Importantly, commercial plans of Sivinsky in Siberia foresaw the creation of
the family business. This article describes the type and psychological portrait
of a young Siberian business person from the post-reform era (age, social and
financial status, level of education, personal characteristics). Josef Sivinsky’s
type went beyond ethnic characteristics, he exemplified many typical features
of the imperial mentality. Resting upon his national identity Jozef Sivinsky
considered himself a citizen of the multinational state. These principles guided
him in his walk of life, including participation in the trade and economic
development of Asian Russia.
Keywords: economic development of Siberia, business, trade, Poles in
Siberia, history of merchants and commerce.
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Kiskidosova, Tatiana Aleksandrovna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Khakass Research Institute of Language, Literature and
Histoiy; khaknauka@yandex.ru
Trade of the Russian Entrepreneurs with "Inorodtsy" of the Northern
Yeniseisk Province in the Late XIX - Early XX century
The article is devoted to the development of trade relations between the Russian
people and «aliens» (“inorodtsy”) of the Northern part of the Yeniseisk Province in
the end of the XIX — early XX century. Severe climatic conditions, vast territory,
absence of convenient means of communication and low population density limited
the development of trade in the Turukhansk region.
Entrepreneurs having established contacts with the local population, gradually
moved to the more remote Northern areas. In the early XX century the bulk of
traders and buyers was comprised of the Russian settlers who did not come from
time to time but firmly settled down in the northern part of the Yeniseisk province.
Major role in the trade exchange was played by the firmly established credit
system. Trading operations based on credit ruined «aliens» and helped the Russian
entrepreneurs to get high profits. Such trade caused discontent among the local
population. At the same time, long-term trade allowed the indigenous people of the
North to exchange their products on-site for vital supplies.
Goods imported to the Turukhansk region were sold at high prices. These prices
were not stable. They significantly increased with the movement of traders to the
North and to the Taiga regions. Prices for goods exported from the Turukhansk
region were also not stable. Trade rules were often violated in the region. According
to a tax-paying inspector of the Yeniseisk province some entrepreneurs traded with
indigenous people without proper documents or incorrectly registered their own
trade company. Traders tried to hide the real turnover and profit of their own
commercial establishments. Entrepreneurs often gave false information about a
class of their own commercial enterprise.
The author draws attention to the fact that trade relations were necessary for both
parties. Imported goods were part and parcel of the everyday life of native people.
For the Russian population trade was an important sector of economy and
contributed to the further development of the region. In the process of economic
relations between Russian traders and «aliens» mutual influence and suppression of
representatives of different cultures occurred.
Keywords: trade, traders, Yeniseisk Province, North, North-Eastern Siberia,
«inorodtsy» («aliens»).
Bobrov, Denis Sergeyevich,
Altai State University;
B D S-eureka@yandex.ru
Mandates to the Commandants of the Upper Ob Fortresses in the Late
1710s - Early 1730s
This article attempts at a systematic analysis of typological characteristics of
such type of historical sources as mandates during the decline of the feudal law
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system in the Russian Empire. The source base of the research consists of the
materials from the holdings of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents.
The materials relating to the specific region (the upper reaches of the Ob River)
were used to trace the key structural and thematic components of mandates. The
relevant documents were studied in the context of both functional status and law
enforcement routine of commandants in stockaded towns of the upper reaches of
the Ob River as well as the hierarchy of the legislative acts. The conceptual
framework of the research is based on the assertion that the study of the mandates is
a very important requirement for both the interpretation of the administrative
doctrine in the period of annexation of the upper reaches of the Ob River and the
reconstruction of the general attitude of the authorities of different levels towards
governance challenges in the area. The author makes a conclusion that unification
of the legal and regulatory framework of administrative institutions in the upstream
areas of the Ob River began in the late 1720s and was not the result of mere
copying of the management experience accumulated in the adjacent areas. Earlier,
the content of the mandates had corresponded to the dynamics of socio-political
situation in the South-West Siberia. The mandates gave commandants clear
instructions on the financial and logistics management and the defense of the
fortresses. The resulting data provides a better understanding of the nature and
principles of interrelation inside the lower levels of administration system (voivodes
and commandants) and the chain links of this system in Siberia in general. It
illustrates the ability of voivodes to analyze management demands of the
settlements and stockaded towns remote from the district centers and develop
legislative and regulatory documents.
Keywords: mandates, commandants, voivodes, authority, the feudal law,
legislative regulation, administrative doctrine, instructions, fortresses, the upper
reaches of the Ob River.
Komleva, Evgeniya Vladislavovna.
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian
Academy of Sciences; feodal@history.nsc.ru
Social and Economic Development of the Turukhansk Region At the End of
the XVIII - First Half of the XIX Century
The article considers socio-economic development of the Turukhansk region at
the end of the XVIII - first half of the XIX century on the basis of literature and
archival materials. It gives a brief historical overview of the subject, characterizes
social and ethnic composition of the population, living conditions of Russian
settlers. The problems linked with negative demographic trends, extermination of
fur-bearing animals, food supply of local inhabitants are discussed. The author
analyzes measures undertaken by the government fro the development of the
region. Attempts to organize resettlement of peasants from the southern territories
to Turukhansk are considered. Attention is paid to such measures as the fight
against epidemics, establishment of schools for children of indigenous Northern
peoples, organization of bread deliveries. The activities of merchants in the region
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are characterized as well as a unique project of Yeniseisk merchant Alexander
Kobychev foreseeing to take the whole Turukhansk territory on lease. The
conclusion is made that during the period under investigation the state's attempt to
resolve the most urgent tasks for the development of the region were of incidental
and largely contradictory character, a long-term plan of its development never
existed. The authorities treated with suspicion the initiatives of private individuals
and refused from close cooperation, apparently because of the fear of possible
negative consequences for the local population, as well as of damage to the state
interests. As a result, by the middle of XIX century any noticeable shifts in solving
urgent tasks for the development of the region did not occur.
Key words: Turukhansk region, colonization, population, living conditions, state,
private capital.
Belyanin, Dmitry Nikolaevich,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, The Kuzbass State Technical University named after
T.F.Gorbachev; bdn73@list.ru
Project of S.Y. Witte on Colonization of Siberia in Connection with the
Construction of the Siberian Railroad
The paper is devoted to the little known issue of the Russian history - S.Y.
Witte's project on the organization and development of peasant resettlements to
Siberia at the turn of the XIX-XX of centuries. This project has been presented to
the Committee of the Siberian railway in 1893 and provided a wide complex of
actions on rendering the state help to immigrants. On the large factual material it is
proved, that some of Witte's proposals had been actually implemented before the
Committee of the Siberian railway was abolished. Some of his proposals opposed
the government's official course and were rejected by the majority of members of
Committee. However the government revived some of his ideas at the beginning of
XX century. The general conclusion is made, that Witte's proposals greatly
influenced the character and direction of the governmental policy and actually laid
a cornerstone of the concept of Asian Russia's agrarian colonization developed in at
the turn of the XIX - XX centuries.
Keywords: S.Y. Witte, agrarian colonization, a policy of peasant resettlements,
Siberia, Committee of the Siberian railway.
Kann, Sergey Konstantinovich,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, State Public Scientific Technological Library of the
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; skann@yandex.ru
Alexandre N. Koulomzin on the Resettlement Policy of the Siberian
Railway Committee
Facilitating migration of peasants to the Russian periphery was considered to be
the most important priority of the Committee of the Siberian Railroad (CSR).
However, the outlook and approaches of some project managers to solve this
problem substantially varied. Fundamental principles of the CSR policy regarding a
resettlement were formulated by S.Yu.Vitte at one of the first meetings that
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discussed the plans of subsidiary companies of the Siberian railway. Witte
pragmatically bound up the volume of financing for the resettlement events, terms
of their implementation, and the necessary sequence of actions with the time-lines
and plans for the construction of the entire Trans-Siberian Railway. Much deeper
and more robust approach to peasant migrations was observed in the activities of
A.N.Kulomzin, a business manager of CSR. He believed that the successful
development of agriculture in Siberia and the Far East depended not on legislative
measures to boost the formation of resettlement farms, but on long-term efforts to
improve the culture of land use, on introduction of the advanced technologies,
scientific agronomy, and general growth of the productive forces of the peasantry.
The most significant provisions of the Kulomzin’s concept were the following:
1) resettlement as the most important phenomenon of people’s life, requires constant
legislative and administrative regulation; 2) the state regulation of migration must
be put into practice using step-by-step and consistent measures; 3) officials that
were involved in resettlement actions were obliged to rely on good personal
experience and profound scientific knowledge of the subject; 4) the most stable
colonization of uninhabited territories can be provided by the most independent,
skillful, and vigorous peasants. Following these principles, Kulomzin supported a
complete agronomic assistance to the displaced persons, constructing hangars for
seeds and agricultural tools, farms organizing, setting-up provincial agronomists
positions, constructing meteorological stations, carrying out hydroengineering
works and soil and agronomic measures. During three months of summer 1896,
Kulomzin personally visited 135 resettlement villages, drove over 2200 miles by
water and over 5000 miles by unpaved roads, and talked with hundreds of farmers
and officials. A great personal experience and knowledge he gained helped him for
a certain time to overcome a strong resistance of departmental bureaucracy and
conservatives in the Ministry of Internal Affair, and to smooth somehow the
negative effects due to centralized management methods applied at the periphery.
Keywords: Trans-Siberian railway, Transsib, Committee of the Siberian railroad,
Kulomzin A.N., memoirs, Vitte S.Yu., agricultural crisis in Russia, peasant
resettlement in Siberia and Far East, colonization, peasant migrants, migration
policy.
Ankusheva, Kseniya Alexandrovna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Tyumen State University;
ank-kseniya@yandex.ru
Public Opinion as a Factor of Interaction between the Government and
Society (Example of Tyumen in the Last Quarter of the XIX - Early XX
Century)
The article is devoted to an issue of the relations between authorities and society.
The author aimed to determine the main directions of their interaction using the
example of Tyumen in the last quarter of the XIX- early XX centuries. In this case
the public opinion was a crucial point. Research of the historiography on this issue
permitted to reveal the prospective subject-matters. The people’s influence on the
310
Coc/ioBHbie h couMQKy/ibTypHbie TpaHCcfropMauHM HaceneHMfl A3naTCKOM Pocchh.
process of elaboration and realization of decisions made by the authority attracted
the most interest. In this connection, the practice of appeals made by the citizens to
the local authorities and participation in the elections of deputies for the town
council were examined in this article. During that time, the right to vote was given
only to some of the Tyumen citizens. However even possessing this right, citizens
were not eager to use it. The most practical persons treated this right as possibility
to serve to the public interest, to push forward their social status and to gain profits
as well.
Furthermore the author focused her attention on the mass media as one of the
instruments of shaping the public opinion. The amount of local periodicals was
limited; their character and orientation differed one from each other. The town press
had a mission of informing the citizens and conceiving the value judgments on the
actual questions of town life.
The graphics were used by the author as the sources for the article; among them,
caricatures of the representatives of local authorities contributed to the fixation of
stereotypes in the people’s perception.
The article attempts to determine factors which favoured the involvement of the
citizens in the social life of the town; reveal events of social importance;
characterize the formed image of the authorities; evaluate the interaction
mechanism between the local authorities and the citizens of Tyumen.
Keywords: interaction, authority, voting rights, glasnyi (member of the town
council), town, mayor, town council, caricature, public opinion, society, press, local
government, Tyumen.
Vorobieva, Evelyna Aleksandrovna,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Novosibirsk State Technical University;
tinva@yandex.ru
“Banish in View of the Questionable Loyalty.” (Government, Society and
the Attitude towards the Japanese in the Russian Far East at the Beginning of
the XX century)
Article considers the problem of attitudes of the Russian authorities in the Far
East towards the Japanese population at the beginning of the XX century. Based on
a study of archival materials, the author reveals a hostile, suspicious attitude of the
authorities to the Japanese, desire to keep them under close control. In the Japanese
they saw the hidden spies and deported them as “unreliable” and “suspicious” on
the slightest provocation, and this attitude existed both before the Russian-Japanese
war of 1904-1905, and after its completion.
The article also provides specific examples of manipulating with the public
opinion of the Russian population of the Far East in order to create a negative image
of* Japan and the Japanese; first of all - exploitation of the myth of the "yellow
peril" (the supposed pursuit of Japan to subjugate the whole of Asia, as well as to
capture the Asian part of Russia up to the Lake Baikal). Derogatoiy image of the
Japanese (“macaque monkeys”, “narrow-eyed savages”, “Japs”) was typical before
the Russian-Japanese war of the entire Russian society, but during the war years it
C6ophhk MaTepna/iOB BcepoccHHCKofl HayMHoPi KOH(t epeHunn (2014)
311
underwent significant changes being replaced with “ambivalence” of perception of
the former enemy (the admiration and fear at the same time, “picturesque Japan”
plus “yellow peril”). Meanwhile, the authorities of the Far East even after the war
were greatly influenced by “spying mania”; the perception of the Japanese
exclusively in a negative way, as potential enemies who were striving for revenge
(as shown in the article). This attitude was actively propagated to the Russian
population of the Far East and was partially accepted by the latter. Meanwhile, there
was a friendly and positive attitude to the Japanese, both from Russian and non-
Russian population of the Far East, due to the specific facts of cooperation between
the Japanese and the local population, against which the authorities also tried to
fight with violent “restraining” measures.
Keywords. History of Russia, history of the Far East, Russian-Japanese relations,
the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the image of Japan, Yellow Peril, spying
mania, public opinion, government, authorities, non-Russians.
Kirillov, Alexey Konstantinovich,
Candidate of historical sciences, Institute of History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian
Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; alkir.nsk@gmail.com
Tax Distribution Acts of the Early XX century as a Basis for Studying the
Peasant Democracy (on the Tomsk Uyezd Materials)
The article discusses correspondence between rights and duties of the Russian
peasants at the beginning of the XX c. as a function of the peasant self-government.
Tax distribution acts of local village communes have never been used as historical
sources for studying this issue, while some documents of this kind contain
important information. Reader's attention is drawn to the distribution acts that
combine information about: 1) the political structure of a commune (number of
voters), 2) distribution of fiscal responsibility (lists of taxpayers), 3) wealth of
commune members (lists showing the amount of ploughlands, cattle and adult
workers for each of the taxpayers). Thorough study of three such acts was
undertaken in order to reveal each society's structure by comparing all the
disposable data. The research proved the commune structure, contrary to the
legislation, to be four-storeyed, not three-storeyed. Beside the lowest group -
dependants, and the upper group - house-holders of the full rights (assembly voters)
there were two intermediate groups. The first one comprised the dependant adult
workers: they were charged personally with taxes but were not responsible for their
payment and, naturally, did not participate in commune's decision-making. The
second group included voteless taxpayers who were personally responsible for
paying taxes but had no voting rights. It was further proved that the voting right did
not depend on the presence of a household in general or the tillage in particular. The
full-rights householders might as well have no tillage, while the presence of
husbandry (cattle) not always guaranteed the vote. The author tends to explain this
phenomenon by subjective factors that determined a peasant's status within his
commune.
312
CocnoBHbie n counoKy/ibTypHbie TpaHaftopMauMH HaceneHtia A3naTCKoK Pocchh.
Discovery of the four-storeyed structure of the Russian peasant commune
emphasizes the role of the peasant traditions and social needs which formed a basis
for self government no less than the acts of law did.
Keywords: Russian peasant commune, sel'skoye obshchestvo, peasant
commune assembly, mirskoy skhod, peasant householders, tax distribution act,
raskladochny prigovor.
Afanasiev, Pavel Alexeevich,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Altai State Pedagogical Academy;
pavel_afanasev@mail.ru
The Request of the State Duma of 1912 for Land Management in the
Altai District in the Context of Public Opposition to the Cabinet's Policy
The article considers the inquiry of the State Duma dated from June 9, 1912
about land management in the Altai district. The author shows that the inquiry
emerged in the heat of public criticism of the Cabinet by the beginning of
summer of 1912. The inquiry accused the Cabinet of his Emperor Majesty of
protecting its own economic interests and ignoring the needs of local
population. However, the inquiry was addressed to the Minister of Internal
Affairs and aimed at finding out his opinion on the revealed violation of law
by the Cabinet in Altai. The inquiry was based on facts that had been already
published in the press, therefore its content was not of special interest. For the
members of the Duma it was more important to pay the government's attention
to the Cabinet policy. Therefore the inquiry could serve as the beginning of
broad anti-Cabinet campaign that could implicitly result in criticism of the
Emperor. For explanations the inquiry was transferred to the Tomsk governor.
The author believes that the head of the province didn’t hurry with his
consideration as the divergence of substantial and resolutory parts of the
inquiry could testify against the governor irrespective of the position he
adopted on this issue. Attempt of the governor to shift responsibility to one of
subordinates wasn't successful. On September 24, 1912 the request was
reviewed at a meeting of Tomsk provincial administration. Abuse of the
meeting's procedure made it possible for the representatives of the Altai
district to accuse the governor of unwillingness to justify the Cabinet's actions.
The author shows that the real benefit from this meeting was gained by the
heads of the Altai district. The main denial of inquiry was issued by the head
of the district V.P. Mikhaylov. The article describes the authorities' attempts
to answer to the deputies based on Mikhaylov's response. However the
Minister of Internal Affairs A.A. Makarov was not going to teply to the the
deputies' request. Therefore the inquiry remained unanswered. The author
comes to a conclusion that the reason of the inquiry's futility lay in the fact
that it was made on the last day of the Third Duma’s work and also in
inconsistency of anti-Cabinet actions of all parties concerned.
C6opHHK MaTepnanoB BcepoccnftcKofi Haym-iofl KomfrepemuiH (2014)
313
Keywords: Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, the Altai district, the State
Duma, land management, Duma inquiry, N.V. Nekrasov, E.N. Volkov,
V.P. Mikhailov
Shilovsky, Mikhail Viktorovich,
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor; Novosibirsk State University; Institute of
History of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
istorik.novosib@gmail.com
Peasant Communal Self-Government in Western Siberia during the First
World War and Social Cataclysm (1914-1919)
Analysis of the processes occurring in the system of peasant communal self-
government in the West Siberian village during the First World War and the social
cataclysm of 1917-1919. suggests that the felt an increasing load on them. At the
level of the peasant self-government functionaries (rural and township officers,
clerks, tax collectors, etc.) there was a growing trend of substituting them through
elections, but on a permanent basis. The structure of the rural administrative
nomenclature grew because of the emergence of new posts. Performing
administrative functions was no longer voluntary (and paralleled with the main job)
but instead it became an independent way to provide material security for an
individual and his family. The lower level of peasant communal self-government
underwent bureaucratization and transformation into an integral element of the
overall system of governance. The breeding ground for the formation of the
professional corporation appeared owing to the marginal layer of veterans and
former Red partisans (who were usually the former front-line soldiers). There was
an increase in number of elected rural managers who received monetary
compensation on the account of the additional dues and fees collected by zemstvos
from the population under their jurisdiction. The First World War and the social
cataclysm of 1917-1919 strengthened the processes of modernization, first of al,l
not in the economy, as it was during the previous periods, but in the sphere of
sociopolitical relations.
Keywords-, public self-government, the First World War, revolution.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
Mönchen
J |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Šilovskij, Michail Viktorovič 1947- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | m v š mv mvš |
| author_GND | (DE-588)14268483X |
| author_corporate | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) (Veranstaltung) Nowosibirsk-Akademgorodok |
| author_corporate_role | aut |
| author_facet | Šilovskij, Michail Viktorovič 1947- Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) (Veranstaltung) Nowosibirsk-Akademgorodok |
| author_sort | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) (Veranstaltung) Nowosibirsk-Akademgorodok |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043672967 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)966648663 (DE-599)BVBBV043672967 |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1917 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1917 |
| format | Conference Proceeding Book |
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| spelling | 880-02 Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) (Veranstaltung) 2014 Nowosibirsk-Akademgorodok Verfasser (DE-588)1119368251 aut 880-03 Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii Institut istorii SO RAN ; otvetstvennyj redaktor - d-r ist. nauk, prof. M.V. Šilovskij 880-04 Novosibirsk Parallelʹ 2014 314 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung der einzelnen Beiträge auch in englischer Sprache Text russisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte 1600-1917 gnd rswk-swf Ständegesellschaft (DE-588)4204063-2 gnd rswk-swf Soziokultur (DE-588)4299677-6 gnd rswk-swf Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd rswk-swf Russland Asiatischer Teil (DE-588)4457321-2 gnd rswk-swf Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2014 Nowosibirsk-Akademgorodok gnd-content (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 g Russland Asiatischer Teil (DE-588)4457321-2 g Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 s Ständegesellschaft (DE-588)4204063-2 s Soziokultur (DE-588)4299677-6 s Geschichte 1600-1917 z DE-604 880-01 Šilovskij, Michail Viktorovič 1947- (DE-588)14268483X edt Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029086056&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029086056&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 700-01/(N Шиловский, Михаил Викторович edt 111-02/(N Сословные и социокультурные трансформации населения Азиатской России (XVII-начало XX века) aut 245-03/(N Сословные и социокультурные трансформации населения Азиатской России (XVII-начало XX века) сборник материалов всероссийской научной конференции Институт истории СО РАН ; ответственный редактор - д-р ист. наук, проф. М.В. Шиловский 264-04/(N Новосибирск Параллель 2014 |
| spellingShingle | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii Ständegesellschaft (DE-588)4204063-2 gnd Soziokultur (DE-588)4299677-6 gnd Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4204063-2 (DE-588)4299677-6 (DE-588)4006287-9 (DE-588)4457321-2 (DE-588)4054780-2 (DE-588)1071861417 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii |
| title_auth | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii |
| title_exact_search | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii |
| title_full | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii Institut istorii SO RAN ; otvetstvennyj redaktor - d-r ist. nauk, prof. M.V. Šilovskij |
| title_fullStr | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii Institut istorii SO RAN ; otvetstvennyj redaktor - d-r ist. nauk, prof. M.V. Šilovskij |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii Institut istorii SO RAN ; otvetstvennyj redaktor - d-r ist. nauk, prof. M.V. Šilovskij |
| title_short | Soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija Aziatskoj Rossii (XVII-načalo XX veka) |
| title_sort | soslovnye i sociokulʹturnye transformacii naselenija aziatskoj rossii xvii nacalo xx veka sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naucnoj konferencii |
| title_sub | sbornik materialov vserossijskoj naučnoj konferencii |
| topic | Ständegesellschaft (DE-588)4204063-2 gnd Soziokultur (DE-588)4299677-6 gnd Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ständegesellschaft Soziokultur Bevölkerung Russland Asiatischer Teil Sibirien Konferenzschrift 2014 Nowosibirsk-Akademgorodok Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029086056&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029086056&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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