Set in stone?: war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Archaeopress Archaeology
[2015]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xii, 181 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781784912574 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Contents.....................................................................................................■
Abstract....................................................................................................xi
Introduction.................................................................................................1
1.1 The Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II...................................1
1.1.1 A modern memorial; design and purpose.........................................................1
1.1.2 Broader themes.................................................................................4
1.2 A new approach: three parallel timescales...........................................................5
1.2.1. O-P Chronological timescale...................................................................5
1.2.2. CT Time passed from conflict..................................................................6
1.2.3. MT Time passed from construction of memorial..................................................6
1.3 Chapters............................................................................................7
Background and Literature...................................................................................10
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................10
2.2 The beginnings of war memorial studies.............................................................10
2.3 Culture of memory and memory studies...............................................................10
2.4 Wider audiences for the memory of conflict.........................................................11
2.5 The First World War and its war memorials..........................................................12
2.6 Second World War memorialisation ..................................................................13
2.7 American memorial scholarship .....................................................................13
2.8 French memorial scholarship........................................................................14
2.9 Trauma and lack of memorialisation.................................................................14
2.10 An inclusive approach.............................................................................15
2.11 A biographic approach to the object ..............................................................16
2.12 The relationship between a memorial and its surroundings..........................................17
2.13 War memorials: tourism, heritage and conservation.................................................17
2.14 Conclusion........................................................................................18
Methodology.................................................................................................20
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................20
3.2 Terminology and definitions........................................................................20
3.3 Choice of study areas..............................................................................20
3.4 Choice of conflict ................................................................................22
3.5 Research Methods ..................................................................................22
3.5.1 Field Research................................................................................22
3.5.2 Documentary research .........................................................................25
3.5.3 Interviews....................................................................................26
3.6 Approach and analysis of data......................................................................26
3.6.1 War memorial as category of object............................................................27
3.6.2 War memorial tradition........................................................................28
3.6.3 Political and psychological functions.........................................................28
3.6.4 Continued significance .......................................................................28
3.6.5 A biographic approach.........................................................................28
3.6.6 Engagement ...................................................................................29
3.6.7 Three parallel timescales.....................................................................29
O-P Chronological timescale......................................................................29
CT Time passed from conflict.....................................................................30
MT Time passed from construction of memorial.....................................................30
3.7 Conclusion.........................................................................................30
Early War Memorialisation Processes: O-P =1870-1914.........................................................31
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................31
O-P = War memorial tradition 1860 -1914..........................................................31
CT =Time passed from conflict....................................................................31
MT = Time passed from memorial construction......................................................31
i
4.2 Initial post-war processes of memorialisation (CT 25 years)..............................................32
4.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................32
4.2.2 Difficult memories and monuments to defeat.....................................................33
4.2.3 Relationship between memorials and the bodies of the dead .....................................33
4.2.4 Transitional monuments.........................................................................41
4.2.5 Names and Naming...............................................................................43
4.2.6 Reflexivity of memorial process................................................................46
4.2.7 Memorialisation of non-combatants..............................................................47
4.2.8 Conclusion ....................................................................................51
4.3 Second phase processes of memorialisation (CT 25 years)...................................................52
4.3.1 Introduction...................................................................................52
4.3.2 Appropriation of the bravery of the common soldier.............................................52
4.3.3 Memorial Associations..........................................................................54
4.3.4 The site of conflict: battlefield tourism and battlefield memorials............................56
4.3.5 French and German memorials on the eastern border..............................................58
4.3.6 Reflexivity of memorials: memorialisation of earlier conflicts.................................60
4.3.7 Reflexivity of memorialisation in the lead up to the First World War...........................62
4.3.8 Reconciliatory memorials in the lead up to the First World War.................................63
4.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................64
Post-First World War Memorialisation Processes: O-P = 1914-1939.....................................................66
5.1 Introduction........................................................................................66
O-P = War memorial tradition 1914-1939....................................................................66
CT = Time passed from conflict.....................................................................66
MT = Time passed from memorial construction........................................................66
5.2 Initial post-war processes of memorialisation (CT 25 years).......................................67
5.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................67
5.2.2 Names and Naming...............................................................................68
5.2.3 Temporary Memorialisation: Local Level.........................................................70
5.2.4 Early National Memorialisation.................................................................73
5.2.5 Personal Links to Public Memorials.............................................................75
5.2.6 Personal links to memorials many years after the conflict......................................76
5.2.7 Reflexivity of memorials: French memorials referencing earlier conflicts ......................78
5.2.8 UK engagement with earlier memorialisation ....................................................82
5.2.9 Re-use, re-appropriation and the treatment of existing war memorials...........................84
5.2.9.1 Heldenfriedhof Monument Sedan.............................................................89
5.2.10 Developments in the Understanding of the Memorial Form: War Memorials within the destroyed villages.89
5.3 Second phase processes of memorialisation (CT 25 years)...................................................93
5.3.1 Introduction...................................................................................93
5.3.2 Development of conflict narratives: Metz s First World War Memorial............................94
5.3.3 Reflexivity of memorial process in the lead up to the Second World War: Guynemer s memorial...........95
5.3.4 Continued memorialisation of the Civil War in the United States................................96
5.3.5 Reflexivity of memorialisation; memorials to marginalised groups...............................96
5.3.6 Reconciliatory memorials in the lead up to the Second World War................................97
5.4 Conclusion..........................................................................................98
Post-Second World War Memorialisation: O-P = 1939- 2014.............................................................99
6.1 Introduction........................................................................................99
O-P = War memorial tradition 1939-2014....................................................................99
CT = Time passed from conflict.....................................................................99
MT = Time passed from memorial construction........................................................99
6.2 Post Second-World War processes of memorial construction...........................................100
6.2.1 Second World War memorials (CT 25 years)............................................................101
6.2.2 Reflexivity continued memorialisation of earlier conflicts....................................103
6.2.2.1 Destruction of the original memorial: the Georges Guynemer memorial, Dunkerque...................105
6.2.2.2 Inappropriate location of the original memorial .................................................105
6.2.2.3 Inappropriate form of the original memorial.......................................................109
6.2.3 Reflexivity of memorials: memorials to marginalised groups ...........................................112
ii
6.2.3.1 Memorials to marginalised groups in Washington D.C...................................113
6.2.3.2 Memorials to marginalised groups: the UK National Memorial Arboretum................116
6.2.4 Towards a common memory...................................................................118
6.2.4.1 Commonwealth War Memorial Dover.......................................................118
6.2.4.2 Battle of Fromelles..................................................................119
6.3 Second phase processes of memorialisation (CT 25 years).......................................120
6.3.1 Introduction...............................................................................120
6.3.2 Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II, Washington, D.C.............121
6.3.3 Bomber Command Memorial....................................................................123
6.3.4 Continued engagement with a memorial (MT 50 years).......................................124
6.3.4.1 Visits to memorials....................................................................124
6.3.4.2 The names of the dead................................................................126
6.3.4.3 New ways of engaging with memorials .................................................127
6.3.5 New meanings for memorials.................................................................128
6.3.5.1 Memorials as protest..................................................................128
6.3.5.2 Memorials signifying community........................................................129
6.3.6 Relocation of memorials....................................................................129
6.3.6.1 Relocating orphaned memorials.......................................................130
6.3.6.2 Relocating battlefield memorials......................................................132
6.3.7 Memorials as heritage......................................................................132
6.3.7.1 Heritage trails in eastern France....................................................133
6.3.7.2 Deliberate lack of engagement; attempts at forgetting................................137
6.4 Conclusion......................................................................................139
Discussion...............................................................................................142
7.1 Introduction.....................................................................................142
7.2 Part One: Holistic approach: an examination of war memorial processes..........................142
7.2.1 Examination of the longitudinal approach....................................................142
7.2.1.1 Time frame 10-P: the chronological development of the war memorial tradition 1860-2014 ..143
7.2.1.2 Time frame 2 CT: the time that has passed from the conflict itself...................146
Continued processes of memorialisation after autobiographical memory CT AM....................147
Collective Memory .............................................................................148
Historical Memory..............................................................................149
7.2.1.3 Time frame 3 MT: The biography of the memorial.......................................150
7.2.2 Implications of the holistic approach ......................................................152
7.2.2.1 Challenging the assumption that memorialisation begins after the First World War......152
7.2.2.2 Challenging assumption that memorials are only important to those with autobiographical
memories of the events they commemorate........................................................154
7.2.2.3 Overcoming the dichotomy between political and person approaches.....................155
7.3 Part Two: Themes emerging from the longitudinal approach .......................................155
7.3.1 Types of monument and their uses............................................................155
7.3.1.1 Memorials to defeat ..................................................................156
7.3.1.2 Memorials that mark the location of an historical event..............................156
7.3.1.3 Memorials that unite..................................................................156
7.3.1.4 Memorials that make a geographical claim..............................................158
7.3.1.5 Memorials to marginalised individuals/groups..........................................159
7.3.1.6 The Suitability of the memorial form.................................................159
7.3.1.7 Memorials to promote or create tourism.........................................160
7.3.2 Naming/ not naming- adding names............................................................160
7.3.2.1 Petitions to add names after many years...............................................161
7.3.2.2 Individual engagement with memorials..................................................161
Conclusion...............................................................................................163
8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................163
8.2 Research and Methodology........................................................................163
8.3 Main findings ..................................................................................164
8.4 Further research................................................................................165
8.5 Conclusion.................................................................................... 165
iii
Appendix 1: Questionnaires..............................................................................166
Appendix 2: Historical Background to the Initial Development of the War Memorial Tradition..............168
Historical Background in France, the UK and the USA, 1860-1914......................................168
Introduction.....................................................................................168
United States of America.........................................................................168
France...........................................................................................168
United Kingdom...................................................................................168
Themes of direct relevance to the development of war memorialisation................................169
Attitudes to death: the rural cemetery movement..................................................169
Modern warfare...................................................................................169
Volunteers.......................................................................................169
Media............................................................................................169
Difficult memories...............................................................................170
Appendix 3:17th Maine Memorial, Gettysburg..............................................................171
Bibliography............................................................................................172
IV
List of Figures
Figure l.l Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II (2000), Washington, D.C. USA....................2
Figure 1.2 Entrance to the memorial and crane sculpture by Nina Akamu. The Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during
World War II (2000), Washington, D.C. USA......................................................................................2
Figure 1.3 Raised reflecting pool with five large rocks, the temple bell is visible on the top left of the memorial, and the quote
Here we admit a wrong. Here we affirm our commitment as a nation to equal justice under the law is inscribed on the wall. The
Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II (2000), Washington, D.C. USA......................................3
Figure 1.4 Three parallel timescales relating to the understanding of a war memorial at any given point in time................6
Figure 1.5 Chronological periods addressed within each chapter.................................................................8
Figure 3.1 Franco-Prussian War Memorial to the Prussian Infantry Regiment n.78 with surrounding graves visible behind the
monument (circa 1871) near Flavigny, France...................................................................................21
Figure 3.2 Questions addressed during field research..........................................................................23
Figure 3.3 National Memorial Arboretum, (2001) Alrewas, Staffordshire, UK.....................................................24
Figure 3.4 Historic postcard of First World War Memorial (1924), Sedan, France................................................24
Figure 3.5 German Franco-Prussian War Memorial with German symbolism defaced (circa 1871), near Vionville, France.............25
Figure 3.6 Interviews with individuals associated with memorials..............................................................27
Figure 4.1 Three parallel timescales relating to the understanding of a war memorial at any given point in time...............32
Figure 4.2 Soldiers National Memorial, National Cemetery (cemetery 1863, monument 1869), Gettysburg, P.A., USA...............35
Figure 4.3 Detail of individual grave markers at Soldiers National Memorial, National Cemetery (1864), Gettysburg, P.A., USA.35
Figure 4.4 French and German Franco-Prussian War Memorials located opposite each other Cimetière du Faubourg (circa 1873),
Mouzon France.................................................................................................................36
Figure 4.5 Joint French and German Franco Prussian War Memorials, (circa 1873) Villemontry France......................37
Figure 4.6 French and German Franco-Prussian War memorials located opposite each other Cimetière Communal (1873),
Mouzon France...........................................................................................................37
Figure 4.7 French and German memorials located opposite each other in Mouzon Cemetery (1873), Mouzon, France..............38
Figure 4.8 Memorial and ossuary. Cimetière St Charles (original circa 1878, reconstructed circa 1912), Sedan, France......39
Figure 4.9 Ossuary, inside which are the visible remains of French victims of the conflict„(begun 1878 and completed 1890)
Bazeilles, France..........................................................................................................39
Figure 4.10 The church of Bazeilles, following the Battle of Bazeilles, 1st September 1870................................40
Figure 4.11 German memorials within the ossuary, Bazeilles, France........................................................40
Figure 4.12 Monument marking the grave of Benjamin Eugene Commander and all French soldiers killed in the municipality of
Gorze, (circa 1871) Gorze France...........................................................................................41
Figure 4.13 Memorial to the 5th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, (1888) Gettysburg, P.A. USA........................43
Figure 4.14 Franco-Prussian War memorials in the Cimetière de Madeline, Soldiers Memorial, Memorial to Captain Jean-François
Vogel (circa 1872) Amiens, France..........................................................................................44
Figure 4.15 Detail of the Franco-Prussian War memorial demonstrating the numbered marker system, 1870 memorial, Cimetière
de Madeline, Amiens, France................................................................................................44
Figure 4.16 Royal Warwickshire Regiment Memorial Fountain in its original location in Chamberlain Square (circa 1930)
Birmingham, UK.............................................................................................................45
Figure 4.17 Royal Warwickshire Regiment Sudan Campaign memorial fountain, Birmingham Central Library, Birmingham, UK......45
Figure 4.18 Original memorial to Lieutenant Joseph Felix Vever, rededicated to the Franco-Prussian War, (original circa 1855,
rededication circa 1871) Cimetière Saint-Simon, Metz.......................................................................46
Figure 4.19 Details of Franco-Prussian War Memorial, showing the original dedication to Lieutenant Vever who died during the
Crimean War, Cimetière de l Est, Metz, France..............................................................................46
Figure 4.20 Details of Franco-Prussian War Memorial, showing the subsequent dedication to those from Metz who died during the
Franco-Prussian War Cimetière de l Est, Metz, France.....................................................................47
Figure 4.21 T.L. Dunkin Memorial (circa 1886), Manassas, V.A. USA........................................................48
Figure 4.22 Engraving of Bartow Memorial, (1861) Manassas National Battlefield Park, V.A. USA............................48
v
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien USA Frankreich |
| id | DE-604.BV043672700 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:32:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781784912574 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029085799 |
| oclc_num | 953835017 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-255 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-255 |
| physical | xii, 181 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Archaeopress Archaeology |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Login, Emma Verfasser aut Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA Emma Login Oxford Archaeopress Archaeology [2015] © 2015 xii, 181 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dissertation Revidierte Dissertation Kriegerdenkmal (DE-588)4215743-2 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Frankreich (DE-588)4018145-5 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Kriegerdenkmal (DE-588)4215743-2 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-78491-258-1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029085799&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Login, Emma Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA Kriegerdenkmal (DE-588)4215743-2 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4215743-2 (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4018145-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA |
| title_auth | Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA |
| title_exact_search | Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA |
| title_full | Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA Emma Login |
| title_fullStr | Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA Emma Login |
| title_full_unstemmed | Set in stone? war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA Emma Login |
| title_short | Set in stone? |
| title_sort | set in stone war memorialisation as a long term and continuing process in the uk france and the usa |
| title_sub | war memorialisation as a long-term and continuing process in the UK, France and the USA |
| topic | Kriegerdenkmal (DE-588)4215743-2 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kriegerdenkmal Kollektives Gedächtnis Krieg Großbritannien USA Frankreich Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029085799&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT loginemma setinstonewarmemorialisationasalongtermandcontinuingprocessintheukfranceandtheusa |