Actual causality:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge, Massachusetts
<<The>> MIT Press
[2016]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | IX, 229 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780262537131 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Halpern, Joseph Y. |d 1953- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)14299734X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Actual causality |c Joseph Y. Halpern |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Probabilities | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Causation | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
IX
1
2
3
INTRODUCTION
AND
OVERVIEW
NOTES
THE
HP
DEFINITION
OFCAUSALITY
2.1
CAUSAL
MODELS
2.2
AFORMAL
DEFINITION
OFACTUAL
CAUSE
2.2.1
A1ANGUAGEFORDESCRIBING
CAUSA1ITY
2.2.2
THEHPDEFINITION
OFACTUA1CAUSALITY
2.3
EXAMPLES
2.4
TRANSITIVITY
2.5
PROBABILITY
ANDCAUSALITY
2.6
SUFFICIENT
CAUSALITY
2.7
CAUSALITY
INNONRECURSIVE
MODELS
2.8
AC2(BO)VS.AC2(B
U)
2.9
CAUSAL
PATHS
2.10
PROOFS
2.10.1
PROOF
OFTHEOREM
2.2.3
2.10.2
PROOF
OFPROPOSITION
2.4.6
2.10.3
PROOF
OFPROPOSITION
2.9.2
NOTES
GRADED
CAUSATION
AND
NORMALITY
3.1
DEFAULTS,
TYPICALITY,
ANDNORMALITY
3.2
EXTENDED
CAUSAL
MODELS
3.3
GRADED
CAUSATION
3.4
MORE
EXAMPLES
3.4.1
KNOBE
EFFECTS
3.4.2
BOGUS
PREVENTION
3.4.3
VOTINGEXAMPLES
3.4.4
CAUSAL
CHAINS
3.4.5
LEGAL
DOCTRINES
OFINTERVENING
CAUSES
3.5
ANALTERNATIVE
APPROACH
TOINCORPORATING
NORMALITY
NOTES
VB
1
5
9
10
20
20
22
28
41
46
53
56
58
62
64
64
65
67
70
77
77
79
85
86
86
88
91
92
94
97
102
VIII
CONTENTS
INDEX
107
108
114
116
117
123
124
126
127
127
128
131
135
139
140
142
143
148
151
154
158
158
160
161
167
169
171
173
179
183
187
188
192
199
201
203
204
205
207
211
212
215
225
PROOF
OFLEMMA
4.2.2
PROOF
OFTHEOREM
4.3.1
PROOFS
ANDEXAMPLE
FORSECTION
4.4
THE
ART
OFCAUSAL
MODELING
4.1
ADDING
VARIABLES
TOSTRUCTURE
ACAUSAL
SCENARIO
4.2
CONSERVATIVE
EXTENSIONS
4.3
USING
THEORIGINAL
HPDEFINITION
INSTEAD
OFTHEUPDATED
DEFINITION
4.4
THE
STABILITY
OF(NON-)CAUSALITY
4.5
THERANGE
OFVARIABLES
4.6
DEPENDENCE
ANDINDEPENDENCE
4.7
DEALING
WITHNORMALITY
ANDTYPICALITY
4.8
PROOFS
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
NOTES
COMPLEXITY
AND
AXIOMATIZATION
5.1
COMPACT
REPRESENTATIONS
OFSTRUCTURAL
EQUATIONS
5.2
COMPACT
REPRESENTATIONS
OFTHENORMALITY
ORDERING
5.2.1
ALGEBRAIC
PLAUSIBILITY
MEASURES:
THEBIGPICTURE
5.2.2
PIGGY-BACKING
ONTHECAUSAL
MODEL
5.3
THE
COMPLEXITY
OFDETERMINING
CAUSALITY
5.4
AXIOMATIZING
CAUSAL
REASONING
5.5
TECHNICAL
DETAILS
ANDPROOFS
5.5.1
ALGEBRAIC
PLAUSIBILITY
MEASURES:
THEDETAILS
5.5.2
PROOF
OFTHEOREMS
5.3.1(C)
AND5.3.2(B)
5.5.3
PROOF
OFTHEOREMS
5.4.1,
5.4.2,
AND5.4.4
NOTES
RESPONSIBILITY
AND
BLAME
6.1
ANAIVE
DEFINITION
OFRESPONSIBILITY
6.2
BLAME
6.3
RESPONSIBILITY,
NORMALITY,
ANDBLAME
NOTES
EXPLANATION
7.1
EXPLANATION:
THEBASIC
DEFINITION
7.2
PARTIAL
EXPLANATIONS
ANDEXPLANATORY
POWER
7.3
THE
GENERAL
DEFINITION
OFEXPLANATION
NOTES
APPLYING
THE
DEFINITIONS
8.1
ACCOUNTABILITY
8.2
CAUSALITY
INDATABASES
8.3
PROGRAM
VERIFICATION
8.4
LASTWORDS
NOTES
REFERENCES
8
7
6
5
4
Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction and Overview 1
Notes 5
2 The HP Definition of Causality 9
2.1 Causal Models 10
2.2 A Formal Definition of Actual Cause 20
2.2.1 A language for describing causality 20
2.2.2 The HP definition of actual causality 22
2.3 Examples 28
2.4 Transitivity 41
2.5 Probability and Causality 46
2.6 Sufficient Causality 53
2.7 Causality in Nonrecursive Models 56
2.8 AC2(b°) vs. AC2(bu) 58
2.9 Causal Paths 62
2.10 Proofs 64
2.10.1 Proof of Theorem 2.2.3 64
2.10.2 Proof of Proposition 2.4.6 65
2.10.3 Proof of Proposition 2.9,2 67
Notes 70
3 Graded Causation and Normality 77
3.1 Defaults, Typicality, and Normality 77
3.2 Extended Causal Models 79
3.3 Graded Causation 85
3.4 More Examples 86
3.4.1 Knobe effects 86
3.4.2 Bogus prevention 88
3.4.3 Voting examples 91
3.4.4 Causal chains 92
3.4.5 Legal doctrines of intervening causes 94
3.5 An Alternative Approach to Incorporating Normality 97
Notes 102
vii
viii Contents
4 The Art of Causal Modeling 107
4.1 Adding Variables to Structure a Causal Scenario 108
4.2 Conservative Extensions 114
4.3 Using the Original HP Definition Instead of the Updated Definition 116
4.4 The Stability of (Non-)Causality 117
4.5 The Range of Variables 123
4.6 Dependence and Independence 124
4.7 Dealing With Normality and Typicality 126
4.8 Proofs 127
4.8.1 Proof of Lemma 4.2.2 127
4.8.2 Proof of Theorem 4.3.1 128
4.8.3 Proofs and example for Section 4.4 131
Notes 135
5 Complexity and Axiomatization 139
5.1 Compact Representations of Structural Equations 140
5.2 Compact Representations of the Normality Ordering 142
5.2.1 Algebraic plausibility measures: the big picture 143
5.2.2 Piggy-backing on the causal model 148
5.3 The Complexity of Determining Causality 151
5.4 Axiomatizing Causal Reasoning 154
5.5 Technical Details and Proofs 158
5.5.1 Algebraic plausibility measures: the details 158
5.5.2 Proof of Theorems 5.3.1(c) and 5.3.2(b) 160
5.5.3 Proof of Theorems 5.4.1,5.4.2, and 5.4.4 161
Notes 167
6 Responsibility and Blame 169
6.1 A Naive Definition of Responsibility 171
6.2 Blame 173
6.3 Responsibility, Normality, and Blame 179
Notes 183
7 Explanation 187
7.1 Explanation: The Basic Definition 188
7.2 Partial Explanations and Explanatory Power 192
7.3 The General Definition of Explanation 199
Notes 201
8 Applying the Definitions 203
8.1 Accountability 204
8.2 Causality in Databases 205
8.3 Program Verification 207
8.4 Last Words 211
Notes 212
References 215
Index 225
Causality plays a central role in the way people
structure the world; we constantly seek causal
explanations for our observations. But what does
it even mean that an event C “actually caused”
event E? The problem of defining actual causation
goes beyond mere philosophical speculation.
For example, in many legal arguments, it is
precisely what needs to be established in order
to determine responsibility. The philosophy
literature has been struggling with the problem of
defining causality since Hume.
In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual
causality, and such related notions as degree
of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal
explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of
causality that matches our natural language usage
and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding
a legal case, a programmer looking for the line
of code that causes some software to fail, or an
economist trying to determine whether austerity
caused a subsequent depression.
Halpern applies and expands an approach
to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed,
based on structural equations. He carefully
formulates a definition of causality, and building
on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of
blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by
discussing how these ideas can be applied to such
practical problems as accountability and program
verification. Technical details are generally
confined to the final section of each chapter and
can be skipped by non-mathematical readers.
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| id | DE-604.BV043657471 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:31:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780262537131 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029070915 |
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| physical | IX, 229 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2016 |
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| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | <<The>> MIT Press |
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| spelling | Halpern, Joseph Y. 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)14299734X aut Actual causality Joseph Y. Halpern Cambridge, Massachusetts <<The>> MIT Press [2016] IX, 229 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Functional analysis Probabilities Causation Causation fast Functional analysis fast Probabilities fast Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 gnd rswk-swf Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd rswk-swf Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 s Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 s DE-604 V:DE-604 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029070915&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029070915&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029070915&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Halpern, Joseph Y. 1953- Actual causality Functional analysis Probabilities Causation Causation fast Functional analysis fast Probabilities fast Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4030102-3 (DE-588)4045791-6 |
| title | Actual causality |
| title_auth | Actual causality |
| title_exact_search | Actual causality |
| title_full | Actual causality Joseph Y. Halpern |
| title_fullStr | Actual causality Joseph Y. Halpern |
| title_full_unstemmed | Actual causality Joseph Y. Halpern |
| title_short | Actual causality |
| title_sort | actual causality |
| topic | Functional analysis Probabilities Causation Causation fast Functional analysis fast Probabilities fast Kausalität (DE-588)4030102-3 gnd Philosophie (DE-588)4045791-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Functional analysis Probabilities Causation Kausalität Philosophie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029070915&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029070915&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029070915&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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