Energy Economics: Markets, History and Policy
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London and New York
Routledge
2016
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | xxiv, 628 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781138858374 9781315718064 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804176394832314368 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables XVII
List of Online Matenal XIX
Preface XX111
Energy Economics and Policy 1
What. Is Energy? 1
Energy and Economics 2
Energy and the Environment 3
Air Pollution 4
Energy and Policy 5
Measuring Energy 7
The Problem Is the Size of the Problem 8
Forecasting Energy Demand 14
Short Cut for Projecting Energy Demand 17
A Model to Project Total Energy Demand 26
Problems and Projects 21
Notes 29
2 Electricity and Utility Industry 32
Electricity Is Derived Energy 33
System Operation 34
Methods of Rate Regulation 3 7
Operating Models in an Era of Deregulation/LiberaHzation 42
Smart Meters/Smart Grids 49
Utility Pools 51
It Takes Energy to Make Energy 54
Projects and Problems 57
Notes 70
3 Biomass
Yesterday *s Fuel 72
Today! Fuel 73
12
viii Contents
Around the World with Biomass 74
Biomass for Electricity Generation 16
Not All Favor Biomass for Electricity 77
Biomass Fuels for Electricity Generation 78
Biogas 84
Disposal of Biowaste 86
Tapping Biomass for Electricity Generation 88
Biofuels 89
History of Ethanol as a Motor Vehicle Fuel 93
Brazil—The Great Leap Forward for Biofuels 95
The US —The Great Leap Forward for Com Growers 102
The Great Sugar-Corn Debate 103
Other Developments in the World of Ethanol 112
Cellulosic Ethanol 114
Biodiesel 116
Palm Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock 119
Other Biodiesel Feedstocks 123
Biodiesel Development 131
Biodiesel Prospects 134
Biofuel Risks 135
Projects and Problems 138
Notes 144
4 Coa1 150
Types of Coal 154
Coal Mining 156
Coal in the Twenty-First Century 159
Coal Reserves 161
Coal Prices 163
Case against Coal 164
Clean Coal Technologies 165
Coal Gasification 166
Carbon Capture 168
Ash Disposal 170
Eliminating Coal Not So Easy 170
Problems and Project 112
Notes 176
5 The Story of Big Oil 179
History of Oil 180
Early Attempts at Oil Price Controls 180
Enter Saudi Arabia and Kuwait 182
Exit the Key Players 182
Development of Saudi Arabia’s Oil Fields 184
Contents ix
Shoes Begin to Fall 185
Birth of OPEC 187
1973 Oil Crisis 189
First Occasion for High Oil Prices 194
Era of Moderate Oil Pnces 200
Second Occasion for High Oil Pnces 201
Geopolitical Risks 214
Oil and Diplomacy 217
Oil and Environmentahsts 218
Role of Oil Companies after the Oil Crisis 220
A Changing World 222
Future Role of Oil Companies 224
Projects and Problems 226
Notes 232
6 Oil 235
Oil Reserves 235
Is Hubbert’s Peak Oil Dead? 238
Oil Consumption and Production 244
Oil Trade Patterns 247
Changing Nature of US Oil Imports and Middle East Exports 251
Oil Shale—Game Changer 253
Synthetic Crude 251
Bitumen 258
Shale Oil 265
Challenge of Oil: The Automobile 266
Automobile Population 268
Fuel Savings with Piggybacking 278
Internalizing an Externality 279
Problems and Project 281
Notes 291
7 Natural Gas 302
Background 302
Road to Deregulation 304
European Road to Liberalization 309
From Source to Consumer 311
Natural Gas as a Fuel 314
Natural Gas in the US 316
Natural Gas in Europe 318
Facing the Geopolitical Risk of Natural Gas 319
Natural Gas in Asia 324
Natural Gas in the Rest of the World 325
Transforming Natural Gas to Electricity 326
x Contents
Carbon Emissions of Natural Gas 328
Selection Procedure for Electricity Generating Plants 329
Fracking 333
Horizontal DnHing 335
Case against Fracking 338
LPG: Prelude to LNG 341
Western Way of Conducting Business 343
Japanese Way of Organizing Business 344
Evolution of the International LPG Business 345
International Natural Gas Pipeline Trade 347
Natural Gas Reserves 347
International Trade of Liquefied Natural Gas 348
Historical Development of LNG 349
LNG Projects 350
Commodization of LNG 356
LNG Carriers 358
LNG Pricing 362
Outlook for LNG Projects 363
Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel 364
LNG as a Ship’s Fuel 364
LNG/CNG as a Railroad Locomotive Fuel 366
LNG/CNG as a Truck Fuel 367
CNG as an Automobile Fuel 368
Transformational Technologies 369
Gas to Liquids (GTL) Technology 370
Sweetening Sour Gas 371
Methane horn Coal Beds 372
Methane Hydrates 373
Problems 375
Notes 380
8 Nuclear and Hydropower
Promise of Nuclear Power 388
Contribution of Nuclear Power to Satisfying Energy 389
Subsidizing Nuclear Power Plants 393
Comparing Nuclear with Coal 395
Uranium 396
Weapons Proliferation 398
Disposal of Spent Fuel 399
Commercial Reactors 401
Fast Neutron and Fast Breeder Reactor 402
European Pressurized (Evolutionary Power) Reactor 403
Pebble Bed Reactor 404
Other Advanced Reactor Designs 407
388
Contents xi
Fusion Power 410
Hydropower 412
History 412
Birth of the Environmental Movement 415
Hydropower: Today and Tomorrow 415
Major Dams 418
Dams Affect International Relations 421
Turkey versus Iraq 421
Egypt versus Nile Raver Riparian Nations 422
Indus River 423
Hydropower for Peace 424
Problems and Project 425
Notes 429
9 Solar and Wind Power and Their Storage
Solar Power 43 6
PV Solar Energy 437
Supports for Solar Power 445
Economics of Solar Power 449
Wind Power 452
From Tiny Acorns to Mighty Oaks 452
Small Can Be Beautiful 464
Objections to Wind Power 465
Evaluating a Potential Site 467
Financial Incentives 467
Source of Employment 468
Electricity Storage 469
Non-Flow or Solid State Batteries 470
Flow Batteries 473
Gravity Batteries 475
Compressed Air Energy Storage 476
Flywheels 477
Hydrogen 477
Problems and Projects 480
Notes 485
10 Hydrogen Economy, Geothermal and Ocean Power,
and Climate Change
Hydrogen Economy 495
Hydrogen as a Motor Vehicle Fuel 496
Hydrogen Economy Tomorrow 498
Geo thermal Power 500
Geothermal Power for Heating 500
Geothermal Power for Electricity 501
436
495
xn Contents
Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) 504
Climate Change 506
Climate Dating 507
How Long Has Man Been Influencing Climate? 509
Carbon Dioxide and Temperature over Geologic Time 510
Climate Changes during Recorded History 512
Whither Thou Goest Climate? 516
Problems and Projects 531
Notes 534
11 Environment and Energy Sustainability
Environment 543
Cap-and-Trade Emissions Trading 545
Montreal Protocol 547
Kyoto Protocol 548
Efficiency and Conservation 556
Sustainable Energy 557
Native American View of Sustainability 557
Founding Fathers View on Financial Sustainability 558
Easter Island 558
We Need to Identify the Relevant Goal 562
Population 563
Towards an Energy Sustainable Society 566
Biofuels 566
Coal 568
Oil 569
Natural Gas 573
Nuclear Power 574
Hydro Power 575
Solar Power 576
Wind Power 578
Geothermal Power 584
Tidal and Wave Power 584
Efficiency and Conservation 584
Utility Adaptation 585
Summary of Disruptive Challenges Facing the Utility Industry 591
Technology Developments 593
Taxing Carbon 594
The Essential Problem Is the Magnitude of the Problem 596
There Is Always an Alternative 596
Problems 598
Notes 600
542
Index
608
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| language | English |
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| title | Energy Economics Markets, History and Policy |
| title_auth | Energy Economics Markets, History and Policy |
| title_exact_search | Energy Economics Markets, History and Policy |
| title_full | Energy Economics Markets, History and Policy Roy L. Nersesian |
| title_fullStr | Energy Economics Markets, History and Policy Roy L. Nersesian |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy Economics Markets, History and Policy Roy L. Nersesian |
| title_short | Energy Economics |
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