Handbook of neurosurgery:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York ; Stuttgart ; Delhi ; Rio de Janeiro
Thieme
[2016]
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| Edition: | Eighth edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Preceded by Handbook of neurosurgery / editor, Mark S. Greenberg. 7th ed. 2010. - Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | 1661 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781626232419 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of neurosurgery |c Mark S. Greenberg |
| 250 | |a Eighth edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York ; Stuttgart ; Delhi ; Rio de Janeiro |b Thieme |c [2016] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2016 | |
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| 500 | |a Preceded by Handbook of neurosurgery / editor, Mark S. Greenberg. 7th ed. 2010. - Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| _version_ | 1804176343955406848 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Handbook of neurosurgery
Autor: Greenberg, Mark S
Jahr: 2016
Handbook of Neurosurgery Mark S. Greenberg, MD Associate Professor Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Eighth Edition 179 illustrations Thieme New York • Stuttgart • Delhi • Rio de Janeiro
Contents Anatomy and Physiology 1 Cross Anatomy, Cranial and Spine................ 58 1.1 Cortical surface anatomy................................ 58 1.2 Central sulcus on axial imaging.......................... 60 1.3 Surface anatomy of the cranium......................... 6t 1.4 Surface landmarks of spine levels........................ 65 1.5 Cranial foramina and their contents...................... 65 1.6 Internal capsule........................................ 67 1.7 Cerebellopontine angle anatomy........................ 67 1.8 Occipitoatlantoaxial-complex anatomy.................. 68 1.9 Spinal cord anatomy.................................... 70 2 Vascular Anatomy.................................. 75 2.1 Cerebral vascular territories............................. 75 2.2 Cerebral arterial anatomy............................... 75 2.3 Cerebral venous anatomy............................... 85 2.4 Spinal cord vasculature................................. 87 3 Neurophysiology and Regional Brain Syndromes 90 3.1 Neurophysiology....................................... 90 3.2 Regional brain syndromes............................... 96 3.3 jugular foramen syndromes............................. 100 General and Neurology 4 Neuroanesthesia.................................... 104 4.1 General information.................................... 104 4.2 Drugs used in neuroanesthesia.......................... 104 4.3 Anesthetic requirements for intra-operative evoked potential monitoring................................... 107 4.4 Malignant hyperthermia................................ 108
5 Sodium Homeostasis and Osmolality............ no 5.1 Serum osmolality and sodium concentration............. no 5.2 Hyponatremia......................................... no 5.3 Hypernatremia......................................... H9 6 General IMeurocritical Care......................... 126 6.1 Parenteral agents for hypertension...................... 126 6.2 Hypotension (shock)................................... 127 6.3 Acid inhibitors......................................... 129 7 Sedatives, Paralytics, Analgesics.................. 132 7.1 Sedatives and paralytics................................ 132 7.2 Paralytics (neuromuscular blocking agents).............. 134 7.3 Analgesics............................................. 136 8 Endocrinology...................................... 144 8.1 Corticosteroids......................................... 144 8.2 Hypothyroidism........................................ 148 8.3 Pituitary embryology and neuroendocrinology........... 149 9 Hematology......................................... 153 9.1 General information.................................... 153 9.2 Blood component therapy.............................. 153 9.3 Extramedullary hematopoiesis.......................... 171 10 Neurology for Neurosurgeons .................... 174 10.1 Dementia.............................................. 174 10.2 Headache.............................................. 174 10.3 Parkinsonism.......................................... 176 10.4 Multiple sclerosis....................................... 179 10.5 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis................... 182 10.6 Motor neuron diseases................................. 182 10.7 Guillain-Barré syndrome................................ 184
10.8 Myelitis................................................ 187 10.9 Neurosarcoidosis....................................... 189 11 Neurovascular Disorders and Neurotoxicology .. 194 11.1 Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) — 194 11.2 Crossed cerebellar diaschisis............................ 194 11.3 Vasculitis and vasculopathy............................. 195 11.4 Neurotoxicology........................................ 204 Imaging and Diagnostics 12 Plain Radiology and Contrast Agents............. 212 12.1 C-Spine x-rays.......................................... 212 12.2 Lumbosacral (LS) spine x-rays........................... 216 12.3 Skull x-rays............................................. 216 12.4 Contrast agents in neuroradiology....................... 219 12.5 Radiation safety for neurosurgeons...................... 223 13 Imaging and Angiography......................... 221 13.1 CAT scan (AKA CT scan).................................. 227 13.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)...................... 228 13.3 Angiography........................................... 236 13.4 Myelography........................................... 236 13.5 Radionuclide scanning.................................. 236 14 Electrodiagnostics.................................. 238 14.1 Electroencephalogram (EEC)............................ 238 14.2 Evoked potentials....................................... 238 14.3 NCS/EMC............................................... 242 Developmental Anomalies 15 Primary Intracranial Anomalies................... 248 15.1 Arachnoid cysts, intracranial............................ 248 15.2 Craniofacial development............................... 251
32 ? 15.3 Dandy Walker malformation ............................ 256 15.4 Aqueductal stenosis .................................... 258 15.5 Agenesis of the corpus callosum......................... 259 15.6 Absence of the septum pellucidum...................... 260 15.7 Intracranial lipomas.................................... 260 15.8 Hypothalamic hamartomas............................. 261 16 Primary Spinal Anomalies......................... 265 16.1 Spinal arachnoid cysts.................................. 265 16.2 Spinal dysraphism (spina bifida)......................... 265 16.3 Klippel-Feil syndrome.................................. 271 16.4 Tethered cord syndrome................................ 272 16.5 Split cord malformation................................ 274 16.6 Lumbosacral nerve root anomalies...................... 275 17 Primary Craniospinal Anomalies.................. 211 17.1 Chiari malformations................................... 277 17.2 Neural tube defects.................................... 287 17.3 Neurenteric cysts....................................... 290 Coma and Brain Death 18 Coma................................................ 296 18.1 General information.................................... 296 18.2 Posturing.............................................. 297 18.3 Etiologies of coma...................................... 297 18.4 Herniation syndromes.................................. 302 18.5 Hypoxic coma.......................................... 305 19 Brain Death and Organ Donation................. 307 19.1 Brain death in adults................................... 307 19.2 Brain death criteria..................................... 307 19.3 Brain death in children.................................. 312 19.4 Organ and tissue donation.............................. 313
Infection 20 Bacterial Infections of the Parenchyma and Meninges and Complex Infections................ 318 20.1 Meningitis............................................. 318 20.2 Cerebral abscess........................................ 320 20.3 Subdural empyema..................................... 327 20.4 Neurologic involvement in HIV/AIDS..................... 329 20.5 Lyme disease - neurologic manifestations................ 334 20.6 Nocardia brain abscess.................................. 335 21 Skull, Spine, and Post-Surgical Infections........ 339 21.1 Shunt infection......................................... 339 21.2 External ventricular drain (EVD)-related infection......... 342 21.3 Wound infections....................................... 345 21.4 Osteomyelitis of the skull............................... 348 21.5 Spine infections........................................ 349 22 Other Nonbacterial Infections..................... 364 22.1 Viral encephalitis....................................... 364 22.2 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease............................... 367 22.3 Parasitic infections of the CNS........................... 371 22.4 Fungal infections of the CNS............................. 376 22.5 Amebic infections of the CNS............................ 377 Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 23 Cerebrospinal Fluid................................. 382 23.1 General information.................................... 382 23.2 Production............................................. 382 23.3 Absorption............................................. 382 23.4 CSF constituents........................................ 382 23.5 Cranial CSF fistula...................................... 384 23.6 Spinal CSF fistula....................................... 386 23.7 Meningitis in CSF fistula................................. 386
387 388 389 394 394 394 394 395 398 399 400 400 401 402 402 403 410 414 414 414 414 415 416 419 427 435 435 Evaluation of the patient with CSF fistula................ Treatment for CSF fistula................................ Intracranial hypotension (spontaneous).................. Hydrocephalus - General Aspects................ Basic definition......................................... Epidemiology.......................................... Etiologies of hydrocephalus............................. Signs and symptoms of HCP............................. CT/MRI criteria of hydrocephalus........................ Differential diagnosis of hydrocephalus.................. Chronic HCP........................................... External hydrocephalus (AKA benign external hydrocephalus).................................................... X-linked hydrocephalus................................. “Arrested hydrocephalus”.............................. Entrapped fourth ventricle.............................. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)................... Hydrocephalus and pregnancy.......................... Treatment of Hydrocephalus...................... Medical treatment of hydrocephalus.................... Spinal taps............................................. Surgical................................................ Endoscopic third ventriculostomy....................... Shunts................................................. Shunt problems........................................ Specific shunt systems.................................. Surgical insertion techniques........................... Instructions to patients.................................
Seizures 26 Seizure Classification and Anti-Convulsant Pharmacology....................................... 440 26.1 Seizure classification.................................... 440 26.2 Antiepileptic drugs..................................... 443 27 Special Types of Seizures........................... 46i 27.1 New onset seizures..................................... 461 27.2 Posttraumatic seizures.................................. 462 27.3 Alcohol withdrawal seizures............................. 464 27.4 Nonepileptic seizures................................... 464 27.5 Febrile seizures......................................... 467 27.6 Status epilepticus....................................... 468 Pain 28 Pain................................................... 476 28.1 General information.................................... 476 28.2 Neuropathic pain syndromes............................ 476 28.3 Craniofacial pain syndromes............................. 477 28.4 Postherpetic neuralgia.................................. 493 28.5 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)................. 497 Peripheral Nerves 29 Peripheral Nerves................................... 504 29.1 General information.................................... 504 29.2 Muscle innervation..................................... 506 29.3 Peripheral nerve injury/surgery.......................... 509 30 Entrapment Neuropathies......................... 515 30.1 General information.................................... 515 30.2 Mechanism of injury.................................... 515 30.3 Occipital nerve entrapment............................. 515
30.4 Median nerve entrapment.............................. 517 30.5 Ulnar nerve entrapment................................ 526 30.6 Radial nerve injuries.................................... 532 30.7 Axillary nerve injuries.................................. 533 30.8 Suprascapular nerve.................................... 533 30.9 Meralgia paresthetica.................................. 534 30.10 Obturator nerve entrapment............................ 535 30.11 Femoral nerve entrapment.............................. 535 30.12 Common peroneal nerve palsy.......................... 535 30.13 Tarsal tunnel........................................... 538 31 Non-Entrapment Peripheral Neuropathies....... 541 31.1 Definitions............................................. 541 31.2 Etiologies of peripheral neuropathy..................... 541 31.3 Classification........................................... 541 31.4 Clinical................................................ 542 31.5 Syndromes of peripheral neuropathy.................... 542 31.6 Peripheral nerve injuries................................ 550 31.7 Missile injuries of peripheral nerves..................... 553 31.8 Thoracic outlet syndrome............................... 554 Neurophthalmology and Neurotology 32 Neurophthalmology................................ 558 32.1 Nystagmus............................................ 558 32.2 Papilledema........................................... 558 32.3 Visual fields............................................ 559 32.4 Visual field deficits..................................... 559 32.5 Pupillary diameter..................................... 560 32.6 Extraocular muscle (EOM) system....................... 565 32.7 Neurophthalmologic syndromes........................ 569 32.8 Miscellaneous neurophthalmologic signs................ 570
33 Neurotology......................................... 572 33.1 Dizziness and vertigo................................... 572 33.2 Meniere’s disease....................................... 573 33.3 Facial nerve palsy....................................... 576 33.4 Hearing loss............................................ 580 Primary Tumors of the Nervous and Related Systems: Tumors of Neuroepithelial Tissue 34 General Information, Classification and Tumor Markers.............................................. 584 34.1 Classification of nervous system tumors................. 584 34.2 Brain tumors - general clinical aspects................... 590 34.3 Pediatric brain tumors.................................. 593 34.4 Medications for brain tumors............................ 594 34.5 Chemotherapy for brain tumors......................... 595 34.6 Intraoperative pathology consultations (“frozen section”). 596 34.7 Select commonly utilized stains in neuropathology....... 598 35 Syndromes Involving Tumors...................... 603 35.1 IMeurocutaneous disorders.............................. 603 35.2 Familial tumor syndromes............................... 610 36 Astrocytomas....................................... 612 36.1 Incidence, risk factors................................... 612 36.2 Classification and grading of astrocytic tumors........... 612 36.3 Molecular genetics and epigenetics...................... 616 36.4 Miscellaneous pathological features..................... 617 36.5 Neuroradiological grading and findings.................. 617 36.6 Spread................................................. 618 36.7 Multiple gliomas....................................... 619 36.8 Treatment.............................................. 619 36.9 Outcome............................................... 624
37 Other Astrocytic Tumors 629 37.1 Pilocytic astrocytomas.................................. 629 37.2 Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA).................. 635 38 Oligodendroglial Tumors and Tumors of the Ependyma, Choroid Plexus, and Other Neuroepithelial Tumors............................ 638 38.1 Oligodendroglial tumors................................ 638 38.2 Oligoastrocytic tumors................................. 641 38.3 Ependymal tumors..................................... 642 38.4 Neuronal and mixed glial tumors ........................ 645 38.5 Choroid plexus tumors................................. 648 38.6 Other neuroepithelial tumors........................... 649 39 Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors 65i 39.1 Canglioglioma......................................... 651 39.2 Paraganglioma......................................... 652 39.3 Neuroblastomas....................................... 657 40 Pineal Region and Embryonal Tumors............ 658 40.1 Pineal region tumors................................... 658 40.2 Embryonal tumors..................................... 663 41 Tumors of Cranial, Spinal and Peripheral Nerves 670 41.1 Vestibular schwannoma................................ 670 41.2 Tumors of peripheral nerves: Perineurioma.............. 687 42 Meningiomas....................................... 690 42.1 General information.................................... 690 42.2 Epidemiology.......................................... 690 42.3 Common locations..................................... 690 42.4 Pathology............................................. 693 42.5 Presentation........................................... 695 42.6 Evaluation............................................. 695
42.7 Treatment.............................................. 696 42.8 Outcome............................................... 698 43 Other Tumors Related to the Meninges.......... 701 43.1 Mesenchymal, non-meningothelial tumors............... 701 43.2 Primary melanocytic lesions............................. 701 43.3 Hemangioblastoma..................................... 701 Tumors Involving Non-Neural Origin: Métastasés, Lymphomas, Chordomas 44 Lymphomas and Hematopoietic Neoplasms..... 710 44.1 CNS lymphoma......................................... 710 44.2 Multiple myeloma...................................... 714 44.3 Plasmacytoma.......................................... 716 45 Pituitary Tumors - General Information and Classification........................................ 718 45.1 General information.................................... 718 45.2 General tumor types.................................... 718 45.3 Epidemiology.......................................... 718 45.4 Differential diagnosis of pituitary tumors................ 718 45.5 Clinical presentation of pituitary tumors................. 719 45.6 Specific types of pituitary tumors........................ 721 46 Pituitary Adenomas - Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management......................... 730 46.1 Evaluation.............................................. 730 46.2 Management/treatment recommendations.............. 737 46.3 Radiation therapy for pituitary adenomas................ 744 47 Pituitary Adenomas - Surgical Management, Outcome, and Recurrence Management......... 747 47.1 Surgical treatment for pituitary adenomas............... 747 47.2 Outcome following transsphenoidal surgery............. 753 47.3 Management of recurrent pituitary adenomas............ 755
48 Cysts and Tumor-Like Lesions..................... 756 48.1 Rathke’s cleft cyst...................................... 756 48.2 Colloid cyst............................................ 756 48.3 Epidermoid and dermoid tumors........................ 760 48.4 Craniopharyngioma.................................... 763 49 Pseudotumor Cerebri and Empty Sella Syndrome........................................... 766 49.1 Pseudotumor cerebri................................... 766 49.2 Empty sella syndrome.................................. 773 50 Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Skull..... 775 50.1 Skull tumors........................................... 775 50.2 Non-neoplastic skull lesions............................. 779 51 Tumors of the Spine and Spinal Cord............. 783 51.1 General information.................................... 783 51.2 Compartmental locations of spinal tumors............... 783 51.3 Differential diagnosis: spine and spinal cord tumors...... 783 51.4 Intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumors............ 785 51.5 Intramedullary spinal cord tumors...................... 787 51.6 Primary bone tumors of the spine....................... 792 52 Cerebral Metastases................................ 800 52.1 General information.................................... 800 52.2 Metastases to the brain................................. 800 52.3 Metastases of primary CNS tumors...................... 800 52.4 Location of cerebral mets............................... 801 52.5 Primary cancers in patients with cerebral metastases..... 801 52.6 Clinical presentation.................................... 805 52.7 Evaluation............................................. 806 52.8 Management.......................................... 806 52.9 Outcome.............................................. 810 52.10 Carcinomatous meningitis.............................. 811
53 Spinal Epidural Metastases........................ 8i4 53.1 General information.................................... 814 53.2 Primary tumors that metastasize to the spine............ 814 53.3 Presentation........................................... 814 53.4 Evaluation and management of epidural spinal metastases 815 Head Trauma 54 General Information, Grading, Initial Management........................................ 824 54.1 General information.................................... 824 54.2 Grading................................................ 824 54.3 Transfer of trauma patients............................. 825 54.4 Management in E/R..................................... 826 54.5 Radiographic evaluation................................ 832 54.6 Admitting orders for minor or moderate head injury...... 834 54.7 Patients with associated severe systemic injuries......... 834 54.8 Exploratory burr holes.................................. 836 55 Concussion, High-Altitude Cerebral Edema, Cerebrovascular Injuries........................... 84i 55.1 Concussion............................................. 841 55.2 Other TBI definitions.................................... 848 55.3 High-altitude cerebral edema........................... 848 55.4 Traumatic cervical artery dissections..................... 849 56 Neuromonitoring................................... 856 56.1 General information.................................... 856 56.2 Intracranial pressure (ICP)............................... 856 56.3 Adjuncts to ICP monitoring.............................. 865 56.4 Treatment measures for elevated ICP.................... 866 57 Skull Fractures...................................... 882 57.1 General information.................................... 882 57.2 Linear skull fractures over the convexity................. 882
57.3 Depressed skull fractures............................... 882 57.4 Basal skull fractures.................................... 884 57.5 Craniofacial fractures................................... 886 57.6 Pneumocephalus....................................... 887 58 Traumatic Hemorrhagic Conditions 89i 58.1 Posttraumatic parenchymal injuries..................... 891 58.2 Hemorrhagic contusion................................. 891 58.3 Epidural hematoma.................................... 892 58.4 Acute subdural hematoma.............................. 895 58.5 Chronic subdural hematoma............................ 898 58.6 Spontaneous subdural hematoma....................... 901 58.7 Traumatic subdural hygroma............................ 902 58.8 Extraaxial fluid collections in children.................... 903 58.9 Traumatic posterior fossa mass lesions.................. 905 59 Gunshot Wounds and Non-Missile Penetrating Brain Injuries........................................ 908 59.1 Gunshot wounds to the head............................ 908 59.2 Non-missile penetrating trauma......................... 911 60 Pediatric Head Injury............................... 913 60.1 General information.................................... 913 60.2 Management.......................................... 913 60.3 Outcome.............................................. 914 60.4 Cephalhematoma...................................... 914 60.5 Skull fractures in pediatric patients...................... 914 60.6 Nonaccidental trauma (NAT)............................ 916 61 Head Injury: Long-Term Management, Complications, Outcome.......................... 918 61.1 Airway management................................... 918 61.2 Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis................ 918 61.3 Nutrition in the head-injured patient.................... 918
61.4 Posttraumatic hydrocephalus........................... 920 61.5 Outcome from head trauma............................. 920 61.6 Late complications from traumatic brain injury........... 923 Spine Trauma 62 General Information, IMeurologic Assessment, Whiplash and Sports-Related Injuries, Pediatric Spine Injuries........................................ 930 62.1 Introduction............................................ 930 62.2 Terminology........................................... 930 62.3 Whiplash-associated disorders.......................... 931 62.4 Pediatric spine injuries.................................. 933 62.5 Cervical bracing........................................ 935 62.6 Follow-up schedule..................................... 935 62.7 Sports-related cervical spine injuries..................... 935 62.8 Neurological assessment................................ 939 62.9 Spinal cord injuries..................................... 943 63 Management of Spinal Cord Injury................ 949 63.1 General information.................................... 949 63.2 Management in the field................................ 949 63.3 Management in the hospital............................. 950 63.4 Radiographic evaluation and initial C-spine immobilization 952 63.5 Traction/reduction of cervical spine injuries.............. 957 63.6 indications for emergency decompressive surgery........ 960 64 Occiptoatlantoaxial Injuries (Occiput to C2)..... 963 64.1 Atlanto-occipital dislocation............................. 963 64.2 Occipital condyle fractures.............................. 966 64.3 Atlantoaxial subluxation/dislocation..................... 968 64.4 Atlas (Cl) fractures..................................... 971 64.5 Axis (C2) fractures...................................... 972 64.6 Combination Cl-2 injuries.............................. 982
65 Subaxial (C3 through C7) Injuries / Fractures.... 986 65.1 Classification systems.................................. 986 65.2 Clay shoveler’s fracture................................. 988 65.3 Vertical compression injuries............................ 989 65.4 Flexion injuries of the subaxial cervical spine............. 989 65.5 Distraction flexion injuries.............................. 991 65.6 Extension injuries of the subaxial cervical spine.......... 994 65.7 Treatment of subaxial cervical spine fractures............ 996 65.8 Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA)............................................ 999 66 Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral Spine Fractures.... 1002 66.1 Assessment and management of thoracolumbar fractures 1002 66.2 Surgical treatment..................................... 1007 66.3 Osteoporotic spine fractures............................ 1008 66.4 Sacral fractures........................................ 1014 67 Penetrating Spine Injuries and Long Term Management / Complications..................... 1017 67.1 Gunshot wounds to the spine........................... 1017 67.2 Penetrating trauma to the neck......................... 101 7 67.3 Delayed cervical instability.............................. 1019 67.4 Delayed deterioration following spinal cord injuries...... 1019 67.5 Chronic management issues with spinal cord injuries..... 1020 Spine and Spinal Cord 68 Low Back Pain and Radiculopathy................ 1024 68.1 General information.................................... 1024 68.2 Intervertebral disc...................................... 1024 68.3 Nomenclature for disc pathology........................ 1024 68.4 Vertebral body marrow changes........................ 1025 68.5 Clinical terms.......................................... 1025 68.6 Disability, pain and outcome determinations............. 1026
1026 1026 1029 1032 1032 1033 1033 1033 1037 1038 1039 1046 1046 1061 1069 1069 1069 1069 1070 1070 1070 1071 1083 1083 1083 1084 1086 1088 1090 1093 Differential diagnosis of low back pain................... Initial assessment of the patient with back pain.......... Radiographic evaluation................................ Electrodiagnostics for low back problems................ Bone scan for low back problems........................ Thermography for low back problems................... Psychosocial factors.................................... Treatment.............................................. Chronic low back pain.................................. Coccydynia............................................. Failed back surgery syndrome........................... Lumbar and Thoracic Intervertebral Disk Herniation / Radiculopathy........................ Lumbar disc herniation and lumbar radiculopathy........ Thoracic disc herniation................................. Cervical Disc Herniation............................ General information.................................... Cervical nerve root syndromes (cervical radiculopathy) ... Cervical myelopathy and SCI due to cervical disc herniation.............................................. Differential diagnosis................................... Physical exam for cervical disc herniation................ Radiologic evaluation................................... Treatment.............................................. Degenerative Cervical Disc Disease and Cervical Myelopathy.......................................... General information.................................... Pathophysiology........................................ Clinical................................................. Differential diagnosis................................... Evaluation.............................................. Treatment.............................................. Coincident cervical and
lumbar spinal stenosis............
72 Thoracic and Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease 1096 72.1 General information about degenerative disc disease (DDD)................................................. 10 96 72.2 Anatomic substrate.................................... 1096 72.3 Risk factors............................................ l° 72.4 Associated conditions.................................. 1099 72.5 Clinical presentation.................................... 1099 72.6 Differential diagnosis................................... noi 72.7 Diagnostic evaluation.................................. 1101 72.8 Treatment............................................. H 03 72.9 Outcome.............................................. nos 73 Adult Spinal Deformity and Degenerative Scoliosis ............................................. nn 73.1 General information.................................... nil 73.2 Epidemiology.......................................... nn 73.3 Clinical evaluation...................................... nil 73.4 Diagnostic testing...................................... 1111 73.5 Pertinent spine measurements.......................... m2 73.6 SRS-Schwab classification of adult spinal deformity....... 1112 73.7 Treatment/management................................ 1113 74 Special Conditions Affecting the Spine........... 1120 74.1 Paget’s disease of the spine............................. 1120 74.2 Ankylosing spondylitis.................................. 1123 74.3 Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). 1127 74.4 Ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL).. 1129 74.5 Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)........... 1129 74.6 Scheuermann’s kyphosis................................ 1130 74.7 Spinal epidural hematoma.............................. 1131 74.8 Spinal subdural hematoma.............................. 1131
75 Other Non-Spine Conditions with Spine Implications......................................... m4 75.1 Rheumatoid arthritis.................................... 1134 75.2 Down syndrome........................................ 1138 75.3 Morbid obesity......................................... H39 76 Special Conditions Affecting the Spinal Cord .... mo 76.1 Spinal vascular malformations........................... 1140 76.2 Spinal meningeal cysts.................................. 1142 76.3 Juxtafacet cysts of the lumbar spine..................... 1143 76.4 Syringomyelia.......................................... 1144 76.5 Posttraumatic syringomyelia............................ 1148 76.6 Spinal cord herniation (idiopathic)....................... 1150 76.7 Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL)......................... 1150 76.8 Craniocervical junction and upper cervical spine abnormalities.......................................... H5i SAH and Aneurysms 77 Introduction and General Information, Grading, Medical Management, Special Conditions....... use 77.1 Introduction and overview.............................. 1156 77.2 Etiologies of SAH....................................... 1156 77.3 Incidence.............................................. H57 77.4 Risk factors for SAH..................................... 1157 77.5 Clinical features........................................ 1157 77.6 Work-up of suspected SAH.............................. 1159 77.7 Grading SAH........................................... 1162 77.8 Initial management of SAH.............................. 1163 77.9 Rebleeding............................................. 1167 77.10 Pregnancy and intracranial hemorrhage.................. 1169 77.11 Hydrocephalus after SAH................................ 1170
78 Critical Care of Aneurysm Patients 1177 78.1 Neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NSC) 1177 78.2 Neurogenic pulmonary edema.......................... H78 78.3 Vasospasm............................................. 1178 78.4 Post-op orders for aneurysm clipping.................... 1186 79 SAH from Cerebral Aneurysm Rupture 1191 79.1 Epidemiology of cerebral aneurysms.................... 1191 79.2 Etiology of cerebral aneuysms........................... 1191 79.3 Location of cerebral aneurysms......................... H9i 79.4 Presentation of cerebral aneurysms..................... 1191 79.5 Conditions associated with aneurysms................... 1193 79.6 Treatment options for aneurysms....................... 1194 79.7 Timing of aneurysm surgery............................ 1199 79.8 General technical considerations of aneurysm surgery— 1200 80 Aneurysm Type by Location....................... 1210 80.1 Anterior communicating artery aneurysms.............. 1210 80.2 Distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms................ 1211 80.3 Posterior communicating artery aneurysms.............. 1212 80.4 Carotid terminus (bifurcation) aneurysms................ 1213 80.5 Middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms................ 1213 80.6 Supradinoid aneurysms................................ 1214 80.7 Posterior circulation aneurysms......................... 121 5 81 Special Aneurysms and Non-Aneurysmal SAH... 1222 81.1 Unruptured aneurysms................................. 1222 81.2 Multiple aneurysms.................................... 1226 81.3 Familial aneurysms..................................... 1226 81.4 Traumatic aneurysms................................... 1227 81.5 Mycotic aneurysms..................................... 1228 81.6 Giant aneurysms....................................... 1229 81.7 Cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage...................... 1230 81.8 SAH of unknown etiology............................... 1230 81.9
Pretruncal nonaneurysmal SAH (PNSAH)................. 1231
Vascular Malformations 82 Vascular Malformations............................ 1238 82.1 General information and classification................... 1238 82.2 Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)...................... 1238 82.3 Venous angiomas....................................... 1245 82.4 Angiographically occult vascular malformations.......... 1246 82.5 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome........................... 1246 82.6 Cavernous malformation................................ 1247 82.7 Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF)...................... 1251 82.8 Vein of Galen malformation............................. 1255 82.9 Carotid-cavernous fistula................................ 1256 82.10 Sigmoid sinus diverticulum.............................. 1258 Stroke and Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease 83 General Information and Stroke Physiology..... 1264 83.1 Definitions............................................. 1264 83.2 Cerebrovascular hemodynamics......................... 1264 83.3 Collateral circulation.................................... 1265 83.4 “Occlusion” syndromes................................. 1265 83.5 Stroke in young adults.................................. 1269 83.6 Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease.................... 1271 84 Evaluation and Treatment for Stroke............. 1280 84.1 Rationale for acute stroke treatment..................... 1280 84.2 Evaluation.............................................. 1280 84.3 Management of TIA or stroke............................ 1282 84.4 Carotid endarterectomy................................ 1290 84.5 Carotid angioplasty/stenting............................ 1297 85 Special Conditions.................................. 1301 85.1 Totally occluded internal carotid artery.................. 1301 85.2 Cerebellar infarction.................................... 1302 85.3 Malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction..... 1303
85.4 Cardiogenic brain embolism ............................ 1304 85.5 Vertebrobasilar insufficiency............................ 1305 85.6 Bow hunter’s stroke.................................... 1307 85.7 Cerebrovascular venous thrombosis ..................... 1308 85.8 Moyamoya disease..................................... 1313 85.9 Extracranial-intracranial (EC/1C) bypass.................. 1317 86 Cerebral Arterial Dissections...................... 1322 86.1 General information.................................... 1322 86.2 Nomenclature.......................................... 1322 86.3 Pathophysiology....................................... 1322 86.4 Epidemiology.......................................... 1323 86.5 Sites of dissection...................................... 1323 86.6 Clinical................................................ 1323 86.7 Evaluation............................................. 1324 86.8 Overall outcome....................................... 1324 86.9 Vessel specific information.............................. 1324 Intracerebral Hemorrhage 87 Intracerebral Hemorrhage......................... 1330 87.1 General Information.................................... 1330 87.2 Intracerebral hemorrhage in adults...................... 1330 87.3 Epidemiology.......................................... 1330 87.4 Locations of hemorrhage within the brain............... 1331 87.5 Etiologies.............................................. 1332 87.6 Clinical................................................ 1336 87.7 Evaluation............................................. 1338 87.8 Initial management of ICH.............................. 1339 87.9 Surgical treatment..................................... 1342 87.10 Outcome.............................................. 1345 87.11 ICH in young adults..................................... 1345 87.12 Intracerebral hemorrhage in the newborn ............... 1346 87.13 Other
causes of intracerebral hemorrhage in the newborn 1352
Outcome Assessment 88 Outcome Assessment.............................. 1358 88.1 Cancer................................................. 1358 88.2 Head injury............................................ 1358 88.3 Cerebrovascular events................................. 1358 88.4 Spinal cord injury....................................... 1362 Differential Diagnosis 89 Differential Diagnosis by Location or Radiographic Finding - Intracranial............... 1364 89.1 Diagnoses covered outside this chapter.................. 1364 89.2 Posterior fossa lesions.................................. 1364 89.3 Multiple intracranial lesions on CT or MRI................ 1368 89.4 Ring-enhancing lesions on CT/MRI....................... 1369 89.5 White matter lesions................................... 1371 89.6 Sellar, suprasellar and parasellar lesions.................. 1371 89.7 Intracranial cysts....................................... 1374 89.8 Orbital lesions.......................................... 1375 89.9 Cavernous sinus lesions................................. 1376 89.10 Skull lesions............................................ 1376 89.11 Combined intracranial/extracranial lesions............... 1380 89.12 Intracranial hyperdensities.............................. 1380 89.13 Intracranial calcifications................................ 1380 89.14 Intraventricular lesions................................. 1381 89.15 Periventricular lesions.................................. 1384 89.16 Meningeal thickening/enhancement..................... 1385 89.17 Ependymal and subependymal enhancement............. 1385 89.18 Intraventricular hemorrhage............................ 1386 89.19 Medial temporal lobe lesions............................ 1386 89.20 Basal ganglion abnormalities............................ 1386 89.21 Thalamic lesions........................................ 1386 89.22 Intranasal/intracranial
lesions........................... 1387
90 Differential Diagnosis by Location or Radiographic Finding - Spine 1390 90.1 Diagnoses covered outside this chapter.................. 1390 90.2 Atlantoaxial subluxation................................ 1390 90.3 Abnormalities in vertebral bodies....................... 1390 90.4 Axis (C2) vertebra lesions............................... 1391 90.5 Pathologic fractures of the spine........................ 1391 90.6 Spinal epidural masses.................................. 1392 90.7 Destructive lesions of the spine......................... 1392 90.8 Vertebral hyperostosis.................................. 1393 90.9 Sacral lesions.......................................... 1393 90.10 Enhancing nerve roots.................................. 1394 90.11 Nodular enhancing lesions in the spinal canal............ 1394 90.12 Intraspinal cysts........................................ 1394 90.13 Diffuse enhancement of nerve roots/cauda equina........ 1394 91 Differential Diagnosis (DDx) by Signs and Symptoms - Primarily Intracranial............... 1395 91.1 Diagnoses covered outside this chapter.................. 1395 91.2 Encephalopathy........................................ 1396 91.3 Syncope and apoplexy.................................. 1396 91.4 Transient neurologic deficit............................. 1398 91.5 Ataxia/balance difficulties............................... 1398 91.6 Diplopia............................................... 1399 91.7 Anosmia............................................... 1399 91.8 Multiple cranial nerve palsies (cranial neuropathies)...... 1399 91.9 Binocular blindness..................................... 1401 91.10 Monocular blindness................................... 1401 91.11 Exophthalmos.......................................... 1402 91.12 Ptosis................................................. 1403 91.13 Pathologic lid retraction................................ 1403 91.14
Macrocephaly.......................................... 1403 91.15 Tinnitus............................................... 1404 91.16 Facial sensory changes.................................. 1405 91.17 Language disturbance.................................. 1406
92 Differential Diagnosis (DDx) by Signs and Symptoms - Primarily Spine and Other.......... 1407 92.1 Diagnoses covered outside this chapter.................. 1407 92.2 Myelopathy............................................ 1407 92.3 Sciatica................................................ 1410 92.4 Acute paraplegia or quadriplegia........................ 1413 92.5 Hemiparesis or hemiplegia.............................. 1414 92.6 Low back pain.......................................... 1414 92.7 Foot drop.............................................. 1416 92.8 Weakness/atrophy of the hands/UEs..................... 1419 92.9 Radiculopathy, upper extremity (cervical)................ 1420 92.10 IMeck pain (cervical pain)................................ 1420 92.11 Burning hands/feet..................................... 1421 92.12 Muscle pain/tenderness................................. 1421 92.13 Lhermitte’s sign........................................ 1421 92.14 Swallowing difficulties.................................. 1421 Procedures, Interventions, Operations 93 General Information................................ 1426 93.1 Introduction............................................ 1426 93.2 Intraoperative dyes..................................... 1426 93.3 Operating room equipment............................. 1426 93.4 Surgical hemostasis..................................... 1428 93.5 Craniotomy general information......................... 1428 93.6 Intraoperative cortical mapping (brain mapping)......... 1432 93.7 Cranioplasty............................................ 1436 93.8 Bone graft............................................. 1437 93.9 Stereotactic surgery.................................... 1441 94 Specific Craniotomies.............................. 1445 94.1 Posterior fossa (suboccipital) craniectomy............... 1445 94.2 Pterional craniotomy................................... 1453 94.3 Temporal
craniotomy................................... 1456
94.4 Frontal craniotomy..................................... 1459 94.5 Petrosal craniotomy.................................... 1460 94.6 Approaches to the lateral ventricle ...................... 1461 94.7 Approaches to the third ventricle........................ 1461 94.8 Interhemispheric approach............................. 1466 94.9 Occipital craniotomy................................... 1466 94.10 Decompressive craniectomy............................ 1467 95 Spine, Cervical...................................... 1472 95.1 Anterior approaches to the cervical spine................ 1472 95.2 Transoral approach to anterior craniocervical junction.... 1472 95.3 Occipitocervical fusion.................................. 1474 95.4 Anterior odontoid screw fixation........................ 1476 95.5 Atlantoaxial fusion (Cl-2 arthrodesis)................... 1479 95.6 C2 screws.............................................. 1483 95.7 Anterior vertebral body screw-plate fixation............. 1486 95.8 Zero profile interbody devices........................... 1487 96 Spine, Thoracic and Lumbar....................... 1489 96.1 Anterior access to the cervico-thoracic junction/upper thoracic spine.......................................... 1489 96.2 Anterior access to mid and lower thoracic spine.......... 1489 96.3 Thoracic pedicle screws................................. 1489 96.4 Anterior access to thoracolumbar junction............... 1493 96.5 Anterior access to the lumbar spine..................... 1493 96.6 Instrumentation/fusion pearls for the lumbar and lumbosacral spine...................................... 1494 96.7 Lumbosacral pedicle screws............................. 1494 96.8 Minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas interbody fusion....................................... 1498 96.9 Transfacet pedicle screws............................... 1501 96.10 Facet fusion............................................
1502 96.11 S2 screws.............................................. 1502 96.12 Iliac screws............................................ 1502 96.13 Post-op clinic visits - lumbar and/or thoracic spine fusion . 1502
1504 1504 1504 1504 1510 1511 1512 1518 1520 1521 1524 1524 1524 1524 1528 1528 1533 1534 1537 1537 1537 1541 1541 1541 1541 1542 1544 1545 1545 1547 1550 1550 Miscellaneous Surgical Procedures..... Percutaneous ventricular puncture............ Percutaneous subdural tap.................... Lumbar puncture............................. Lumbar catheter CSF drainage................. C1 -2 puncture and cisternal tap............... CSF diversionary procedures................. Ventricular access device...................... Sural nerve biopsy........................... Nerve blocks................................. Functional Neurosurgery................. Deep brain stimulation....................... Typical targets used in functional brain surgery Surgical treatment of Parkinson’s disease...... Dystonia.................................... Spasticity................................... Torticollis................................... Neurovascular compression syndromes....... Hyperhidrosis............................... Tremor...................................... Sympathectomy............................. Pain Procedures.......................... General information......................... Choice of pain procedure..................... Types of pain procedures..................... Cordotomy.................................. Commissural myelotomy..................... Punctate midline myelotomy................. CNS narcotic administration.................. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS)................. Deep brain stimulation (DBS)................. Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions.........
1553 100 Seizure Surgery ............. 100.1 General information, indications........................ 1553 100.2 Pre-surgical evaluation................................. 1553 100.3 Surgical techniques..................................... 1554 100.4 Surgical procedures.................................... 1555 100.5 Risks of seizure surgery................................. 1557 100.6 MRI guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRGLITT) .. 1557 100.7 Postoperative management for seizure surgery (epilepsy surgery)............................................... 1557 100.8 Outcome.............................................. 1557 101 Radiation Therapy (XRT)........................... i560 101.1 Introduction........................................... 1560 101.2 Conventional external beam radiation................... 1560 101.3 Stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy.............. 1564 101.4 Interstitial brachytherapy............................... 1571 102 Endovascular Neurosurgery....................... 1575 102.1 General information.................................... 1575 102.2 Pharmacologic agents.................................. 1576 102.3 Neuroendovascular Procedure Basics.................... 1582 102.4 Diagnostic angiography for cerebral subarachnoid hemorrhage........................................... 1583 102.5 Disease-specific intervention............................ 1584 Appendix 103 Quick Reference Tables and Figures.............. 1604 Index................................................. 1633
|
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| spelling | Greenberg, Mark S. Verfasser (DE-588)131405926 aut Handbook of neurosurgery Mark S. Greenberg Eighth edition New York ; Stuttgart ; Delhi ; Rio de Janeiro Thieme [2016] © 2016 1661 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Preceded by Handbook of neurosurgery / editor, Mark S. Greenberg. 7th ed. 2010. - Includes bibliographical references and index Nervous System Diseases Neurosurgical Procedures Neurochirurgie (DE-588)4041874-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Neurochirurgie (DE-588)4041874-1 s 2\p DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-62623-242-6 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1604/2015051094-d.html Publisher description HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029014763&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
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| topic_facet | Nervous System Diseases Neurosurgical Procedures Neurochirurgie Einführung |
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