Learning and behavior: a contemporary synthesis
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sunderland, Massachusetts
Sinauer Associates, Inc.
[2016]
|
| Edition: | Second edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xviii, 556 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780878933853 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bouton, Mark E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Learning and behavior |b a contemporary synthesis |c Mark E. Bouton, University of Vermont |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Massachusetts |b Sinauer Associates, Inc. |c [2016] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2016 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Chapter 1-----------------------------------------
Learning Theory What It Is and How It Got This Way 3
Philosophical Roots 5
Are people machines? 5
Associations and the contents of the
mind 7
Biological Roots 9
Reflexes, evolution, and early
comparative psychology 9
The rise of the conditioning
experiment 12
A Science of Learning and
Behavior 14
John B. Watson 14
B. F. Skinner 17
Edward C. Tolman 20
Computer and brain metaphors 22
Human learning and animal learning 25
Tools for Analyzing Learning and
Behavior 27
Learning about stimuli and about
behavior 28
Crows foraging at the beach 29
Human eating and overeating 31
Kids at play 31
People using drugs 33
Relations between S, R, and O 33
Summary 35
Discussion Questions 37
Key People and Key Terms 38
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 2-------------------------
Learning and Adaptation 41
Evolution and Behavior 42
Natural selection 42
Adaptation in behavior 42
Fixed action patterns 44
Innate behavior 45
Habituation 47
Adaptation and Learning:
Instrumental Conditioning 50
The law of effect 51
Reinforcement 52
Shaping 52
Adaptation and Learning:
Classical Conditioning 54
Signals for food 55
Territoriality and reproduction 56
Fear 59
Conditioning with drugs as the
outcome 60
Sign tracking 63
Other Parallels Between Signal
and Response Learning 64
Extinction 64
Timing of the outcome 66
Size of the outcome 69
Preparedness 70
Summary 74
Discussion Questions 75
Key Terms 76
Chapter 3------------------------------------
The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning 79
The Basic Conditioning
Experiment 80
Pavlovs experiment 80
What is learned in conditioning? 81
Variations on the basic experiment 83
Methods for Studying Classical
Conditioning 84
Eyebllnk conditioning in rabbits 85
Fear conditioning in rats 86
Autoshaping in pigeons 87
Appetitive conditioning in rats 89
Taste aversion learning 90
Things That Affect the Strength
of Conditioning 90
Time 91
Novelty of the CS and the US 93
Intensity of the CS and the US 94
Pseudoconditioning and sensitization 95
Conditioned Inhibition 97
How to produce conditioned
inhibition 97
How to detect conditioned inhibition 98
Two methods that do NOT produce
true inhibition 100
Information Value in
Conditioning 101
CS-US contingencies in classical
conditioning 101
Blocking and unblocking 103
Overshadowing 106
Relative validity in conditioning 106
Summary 109
Discussion Questions 110
Key Terms 111
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
Chapter 4-------------------
Theories of Conditioning 113
The Rescorla-Wagner Model 114
Blocking and unblocking 117
Extinction and inhibition 119
Other new predictions 122
CS-US contingencies 125
What does it all mean? 127
Some Problems with the
Rescorla-Wagner Model 128
The extinction of inhibition 128
Latent inhibition 128
Another look at blocking 129
The Role of Attention in
Conditioning 130
The Mackintosh model 130
The Pearce-Hall model 132
A combined approach 134
What does it all mean? 135
Short-Term Memory and
Learning 136
Priming of the US 138
Priming of the CS 138
Habituation 141
What does it all mean? 142
Nodes, Connections, and
Conditioning 143
Wagner s SOP model 144
Sensory versus emotional US nodes 148
Elemental versus configurai CS
nodes 150
What does it all mean? 153
Summary 154
Discussion Questions 156
Key Terms 157
Chapter 5--------------------------------
Whatever Happened to Behavior Anyway? 159
Memory and Learning 160
How well is conditioning
remembered? 160
Causes of forgetting 163
Remembering, forgetting, and
extinction 166
Other examples of context, ambiguity,
and interference 171
Can memories be erased? 173
Interim Summary 177
The Modulation of Behavior 177
Occasion setting 178
Three properties of occasion setters 181
What does it all mean? 183
What is learned in occasion setting? 184
Configural conditioning 186
Other forms of modulation 186
What does it all mean? 187
Understanding the Nature of the
Conditioned Response 187
Two problems for stimulus
substitution 188
Understanding conditioned
compensatory responses 190
Conditioning and behavior systems 193
What does it all mean? 197
Conclusion 199
Summary 200
Discussion Questions 201
Key Terms 202
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 6 ——-----------------------------
Are the Laws of Conditioning General? 205
Everything You Know Is
Wrong 206
Special Characteristics of Flavor
Aversion Learning 208
One-trial learning 208
Long-delay learning 209
Learned safety 211
Hedonic shift 213
Compound potentiation 216
Conclusion 220
Some Reasons Learning Laws
May Be General 220
Evolution produces both generality and
specificity 220
The generality of relative validity 222
Associative Learning in
Honeybees and Humans 225
Conditioning in bees 225
Category and causal learning in
humans 228
Some disconnections between
conditioning and human category and
causal learning 233
Causes, effects, and causal power 237
Conclusion 241
Summary 242
Discussion Questions 243
Key Terms 243
Chapter 7—---------------------
Behavior and Its Consequences 245
Basic Tools and Issues 246
Reinforcement versus contiguity
theory 246
Flexibility, purpose, and motivation 249
Operant psychology 252
Conditioned reinforcement 254
The Relationship Between
Behavior and Payoff 257
Different ways to schedule payoff 257
Choice 260
Choice is everywhere 264
Impulsiveness and self-control 266
Nudging better choices 271
Behavioral economics: Are reinforcers all
alike? 272
Theories of Reinforcement 276
Drive reduction 276
The Premack principle 277
Problems with the Premack principle 280
Behavioral regulation theory 282
Selection by consequences 284
Summary 288
Discussion Questions 289
Key Terms 291
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
Chapter 8 —-------------------------------
How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action 293
Categorization and
Discrimination 295
Trees, water, and Margaret 296
Other categories 298
How do they do it? 301
Basic Processes of Generalization
and Discrimination 305
The generalization gradient 306
Interactions between gradients 309
Perceptual learning 313
Mediated generalization and acquired
equivalence 317
Conclusion 320
Another Look at the Information
Processing System 320
Visual perception in pigeons 321
Attention 325
Working memory 326
Reference memory 332
The Cognition of Time 335
Time of day cues 335
Interval timing 336
How do they do it? 340
The Cognition of Space 343
Cues that guide spatial behavior 343
Spatial learning in the radial maze and
water maze 346
How do they do it? 349
Metacognition 355
How do they do it? 358
Summary 359
Discussion Questions 360
Key Terms 361
Chapter 9--------------------------------
The Motivation of Instrumental Action 363
How Motivational States Affect
Behavior 364
Motivation versus learning 364
Does Drive merely energize? 366
Is motivated behavior a response to
need? 371
Anticipating Reward and
Punishment 376
Bait and switch 376
The Hullian response: Incentive
motivation 379
Frustration 380
Another paradoxical reward effect 382
Partial reinforcement and
persistence 384
Motivation by expectancies 387
General and specific outcome
expectancies 391
What does it all mean? 394
Dynamic Effects of Motivating
Stimuli 396
Opponent-process theory 396
Emotions in social attachment 399
A further look at addiction 401
Conclusion 404
Summary 405
Discussion Questions 407
Key Terms 408
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• #
XII
Chapter 10--------—------------------------------------
A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action 411
Avoidance Learning 412
The puzzle and solution: Two-factor
theory 412
Problems with two-factor theory 415
Species-specific defense reactions 420
Cognitive factors in avoidance
learning 426
Learned helplessness 431
Summary. What does it all mean? 436
Parallels in Appetitive
Learning 436
The misbehavior of organisms 436
Superstition revisited 437
A general role for stimulus learning in
response learning situations 440
Punishment 442
Summary: What does it all mean? 445
A Cognitive Analysis of
Instrumental Action 445
Knowledge of the R-0 relation 446
Knowledge of the S-O relation 452
S-(R-O) learning (occasion setting) 454
S-R and habit learning 456
Summary 461
Discussion Questions 463
Key Terms 464
Glossary 465
References 481
Author Index 529
Subject Index 539
|
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| spelling | Bouton, Mark E. Verfasser aut Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis Mark E. Bouton, University of Vermont Second edition Sunderland, Massachusetts Sinauer Associates, Inc. [2016] © 2016 xviii, 556 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Aprendizagem larpcal Cognition Cognição larpcal Comportamento larpcal Leerprocessen gtt Réflexe conditionné Behavior Conditioned response Conditioning (Psychology) Learning Learning, Psychology of Lerntheorie (DE-588)4114402-8 gnd rswk-swf Lerntheorie (DE-588)4114402-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028960472&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bouton, Mark E. Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Aprendizagem larpcal Cognition Cognição larpcal Comportamento larpcal Leerprocessen gtt Réflexe conditionné Behavior Conditioned response Conditioning (Psychology) Learning Learning, Psychology of Lerntheorie (DE-588)4114402-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114402-8 |
| title | Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis |
| title_auth | Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis |
| title_exact_search | Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis |
| title_full | Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis Mark E. Bouton, University of Vermont |
| title_fullStr | Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis Mark E. Bouton, University of Vermont |
| title_full_unstemmed | Learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis Mark E. Bouton, University of Vermont |
| title_short | Learning and behavior |
| title_sort | learning and behavior a contemporary synthesis |
| title_sub | a contemporary synthesis |
| topic | Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Aprendizagem larpcal Cognition Cognição larpcal Comportamento larpcal Leerprocessen gtt Réflexe conditionné Behavior Conditioned response Conditioning (Psychology) Learning Learning, Psychology of Lerntheorie (DE-588)4114402-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Apprentissage, Psychologie de l' Aprendizagem Cognition Cognição Comportamento Leerprocessen Réflexe conditionné Behavior Conditioned response Conditioning (Psychology) Learning Learning, Psychology of Lerntheorie |
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