Verfügbarkeit: Bones and cartilage

Bones and cartilage: developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Hall, Brian Keith 1941- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier AP 2015
Ausgabe:	Second edition
Schlagworte:	Os Os / Croissance Os / Physiologie SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Physical Bot (anatomie) Kraakbeen Skeletvorming Evolutionaire biologie Bone Bones / Growth Bones / Physiology Bone and Bones / physiology Bone Development / physiology Cartilage / embryology Musculoskeletal Development / physiology Osteogenesis Bones > Physiology Bones > Growth
Online-Zugang:	FFW01 FUBA1 UER01 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 892 Seiten) Illustrationen
ISBN:	9780124166851

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100	1		\|a Hall, Brian Keith \|d 1941- \|0 (DE-588)121395979 \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Bones and cartilage \|b developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology \|c Brian K. Hall (Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada)
250			\|a Second edition
264		1	\|a Amsterdam [u.a.] \|b Elsevier AP \|c 2015
300			\|a 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 892 Seiten) \|b Illustrationen
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b c \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b cr \|2 rdacarrier
505	8		\|a Includes bibliographical references (p. [559]-736) and index
505	8		\|a Types of skeletal tissues -- Bone -- Cartilage -- Invertebrate cartilages -- Intermediate tissues -- An evolutionary perspective -- Horns and ossicones -- Antlers -- Tendons and sesamoids -- Embryonic stem cells -- Stem cells in adults -- Osteo- and chondroprogenitor cells -- Dedifferentiation provides progenitor cells for jaws and long bones -- Dedifferentiation and urodele amphibian limb regeneration -- Cells to make and cells to break -- Skeletal origins : somitic mesoderm -- Skeletal origins : neural crest -- Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions -- The membranous skeleton : condensations -- From condensation to differentiation -- Skulls, eyes and ears : condensations and tissue interactions -- Chondrocyte diversity -- Cartilage diversity -- Osteoblast and osteocyte diversity -- Bone diversity -- Maintaining differentiated chondrocytes -- Maintenance awry : achondroplasia -- Restarting mammalian articular chondrocytes -- Repair of fractures and regeneration of growth plates -- Initiating skeletal growth -- Form, polarity and long-bone growth -- Long bone growth : a case of crying Wolff? -- The temporomandibular joint and synchondroses -- Sutures and craniosynostosis -- The limb field and the AER -- Adding or deleting an AER -- AERs in limbed and limbless tetrapods -- Axes and polarity -- Patterning limbs and limb skeletons -- Before limbs there were fins -- Vertebral chondrogenesis : spontaneous or not? -- The search for the magic bullet -- Tail buds, tails and tail-lessness -- Evolutionary experimentation revisited
505	8		\|a Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review ever assembled on the topic. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage is developed in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone reappears when we break a leg, or even regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a tail. This book also looks at the molecules and cells that make bones and cartilages and how they differ in various parts of the body and across species. It answers such questions as Is bone always bone? Do bones that develop indirectly by replacing other tissues, such as marrow, tendons or ligaments, differ from one another? Is fish bone the same as human bone? Can sharks even make bone? and many more. * Complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage * Full of interesting and unusual facts * The only book available that integrates development and evolution of the skeleton * Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution * Written in a lively, accessible style * Extensively illustrated and referenced * Integrates analysis of differentiation, growth and patterning * Covers all the vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages * Identifies the stem cells in embryos and adults that can make skeletal tissues
650		4	\|a Os
650		4	\|a Os / Croissance
650		4	\|a Os / Physiologie
650		7	\|a SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Physical \|2 bisacsh
650		7	\|a Bot (anatomie) \|2 gtt
650		7	\|a Kraakbeen \|2 gtt
650		7	\|a Skeletvorming \|2 gtt
650		7	\|a Evolutionaire biologie \|2 gtt
650		7	\|a Bone \|2 fast
650		7	\|a Bones / Growth \|2 fast
650		7	\|a Bones / Physiology \|2 fast
650		4	\|a Bone and Bones / physiology
650		4	\|a Bone Development / physiology
650		4	\|a Cartilage / embryology
650		4	\|a Musculoskeletal Development / physiology
650		4	\|a Osteogenesis
650		4	\|a Bone
650		4	\|a Bones \|x Physiology
650		4	\|a Bones \|x Growth
776	0	8	\|i Erscheint auch als \|n Druckschrift \|z 978-0-12-416678-3
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966	e		\|u http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780124166783 \|l UER01 \|p ZDB-33-EBS \|q UER_PDA_EBS_Kauf \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804176193681883136
adam_text	Bones and Cartilage Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology Second Edition Brian K Hall Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDiLBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO ! Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Contents Preface xv Epigraphs xvii Part I Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues 1 Vertebrate Skeletal Tissues 3 Bone 5 Cartilage 5 Dentine 1 11 Enamel 11 Intermediate Tissues 13 Cementum 14 Enameloid 14 Chondroid and Chondroid Bone 14 Cartilage into Bone: Direct and Indirect Ossification 15 Notes 16 2 Bone 17 Discovery of the Basic Structure of Bone 17 Cellular Bone 19 Osteocytes 21 Sclerostin 21 Osteocyte Connections, Function and Maintenance 22 Intramembranous and Endochondral Bone 23 Embryonic Origins 23 Subperiosteal Ossification and Suppression of the Cartilage Phase 23 Metabolic Differences Between Bone Types 24 Morphogenetic Differences Between Bones 25 Osteones 26 Growth 28 Regional Remodelling 29 Ageing ^ 29 Ageing at the Cellular Level 29 Ageing at Cellular and Tissue Levels 30 Ageing at the Organ Level 30 Ageing of the Skeletal System 30 Osteones Over Time 30 Acellular Bone 31 Caisson Disease and Abnormal Acellular Bone in Mammals 31 Acellular Bone in Teleost Fishes 32 Aspidine 39 Bone in Sharks and Rays (Cartilaginous Fishes) 39 Notes 40 3 Vertebrate Cartilages 43 Types 43 Chondrones 43 Cartilage Growth 46 Cartilage Canals 47 Secondary Centres of Ossification 48 Elastic Cartilage 49 Elastic Fibres 49 The Cells 49 Elastic Cartilage, Adipocytes and Intermediate Tissues 51 Shark Cartilage 52 Development and Mineralisation 52 Tesserae 53 Growth 54 Inhibition of Vascular Invasion 54 Lampreys 54 Mucocartilage 55 Lamprin 56 Mineralisation 57 Hagfish 57 Acellular Cartilage in a Freshwater Stingray 58 Notes 58 Part II Origins and Types of Skeletal Tissues 4 Invertebrate Cartilages, Notochordal Cartilage and Cartilage Origins 63 Chondroid and Cartilage 63 Odontophore Cartilage in Caenogastropods 64 Contents Branchial (Gill Book) Cartilage in the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus 65 Cranial Cartilages in Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses 65 Composition of the Extracellular Matrix 66 Tentacular Cartilage in Polychaete Annelids 69 Lophophore Cartilage in an Articulate Brachiopod, Terebratalia Transversa 69 Mineralisation of Invertebrate Cartilages 69 Cartilage Origins 74 Hemichordates 74 Notochordal Cartilage 76 Notes 77 Intermediate Tissues 79 Scleroblasts 79 Modulation and Intermediate Tissues 80 Cartilage from Fibrous Tissue and Metaplasia 82 Metaplasia of Epithelial Cells to Chondroblasts or Osteoblasts 83 Chondroid 84 Chondroid in Teleosts 84 Chondroid in Mammals 86 Chondroid Bone 87 Chondroid Bone in Teleosts 87 Chondroid Bone in Mammals 91 Tissues Intermediate Between Bone and Dentine 92 Dentine 92 Cementum 94 Enameloid: a Tissue Intermediate Between Dentine and Enamel 95 Notes 96 Lessons from Fossils 99 Fossilised Skeletal Tissues 99 All Four Skeletal Tissues Are Ancient 99 A Family of Skeletal Tissues in Fossil Agnatha 102 Dinosaur Bone, Dinosaur Growth and Life History 103 Patterns of Ossification and Bone Growth 104 Developing Skeletons in Fossils 105 Patterns of Growth and Homoeostasis 105 Paleopathology 106 Conodonts 106 What Are Conodonts? 107 Conodont Elements as Teeth and Conodonts as Chordates 108 Notes 109 Part II! Unusual Modes of Skeletogenesis 7 Horns and Ossicones 113 Horns 113 Distribution of Horns as Organs 114 Bovidae 114 Rhinos 115 Titanotheres 118 Pronghorn Antelopes 118 Giraffes 118 Horn as a Tissue 120 Development and Growth of Horns 121 Notes 122 8 Antlers 123 Antlers 123 Combat and Dominance 123 Size and Absence of Antlers 123 Initiation of Antler Formation 124 Pedicle Formation 124 The Antler Bud and Dermal—Epidermal Interactions 126 Hormonal Control of Pedicle Development and Growth 127 Antler Replacement 127 The Shedding Cycle 127 Histogenesis of Antlers 129 White-Tailed Deer, American Elk, European Fallow and Roe Deer 129 Rocky Mountain Mule Deer 131 Sika Deer 131 Hormones, Photoperiod and Antler Growth 131 Photoperiod and Testosterone 133 Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin 134 Notes 134 9 Tendon Skeletogenesis and Sesamoids 137 Tendons and Skeletogenesis 137 Difficult Cases 138 Fibrocartilage in Tendons 138 Rodent Achilles Tendons 139 Ossification of Avian Tendons 141 Formation^and Composition of Tendon Fibrocartilages 141 Sesamoids • 144 Anuran Amphibians 145 Reptiles r 146 Birds 146 Notes 148 Contents vii Part IV Bipotential Cell Populations or Bipotential Stem and Progenitor Cells Cells? Uncovering Bipotentiality 10 Embryonic Stem and Progenitor Cells 153 Discovering Bipotentiality Condylar Cartilage on the Condylar 184 10 Embryonic Stem and Progenitor Cells 153 Process of the Mammalian Dentary 189 Stem Cells 153 Histodifferentiation and Scurvy 189 Set-Aside Cells 155 One or Two Cell Populations 190 Periosteal Progenitor Cell for Periosteal Evidence Against Bipotentiality 190 Osteogenesis in Long Bones 157 Evidence Supporting Bipotentiality 191 Modulation of Synthetic Activity and Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Differentiative Pathways of Cell Population? 193 Cell Populations 160 Secondary Cartilage on Avian Membrane Fibroblast—Chondroblast Modulation 160 Bones 194 Modulation of Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis 160 Notes 198 Modulation of Synthetic Activity and Differentiate Pathways in Single Cells 161 Degradative Activity 161 Notes 164 11 Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults 167 Fibroblast Colony-Forming Cells 167 Niches and Haemospheres 169 Osteogenic Precursor Cells 169 Clonal Analysis 170 Lineages of Cells 170 Dexamethasone, Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis 170 Epithelial Induction of Ectopic Bone 1 72 Transitional Epithelium of the Urinary Bladder 172 Epithelial Cell Lines 173 Chondrogenic Precursor Cells 1 75 Conversion to Stem Cells 175 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 176 miRNAs 176 Neural Crest—Derived Stem Cells 177 Notes 177 Part V Skeletogenic Cells 12 Bipotential Osteochondroprogenitor Cells 181 Identifying Osteochondroprogenitor Cells 181 Execrable Terminology 182 Features 182 Cell Cycle Dynamics 182 Bipotential Progenitor Cells for Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis 183 13 Dedifferentiation of Chondrocytes and Endochondral Ossification 199 The Fate of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes of the Condylar Cartilage 199 The Temporomandibular Joint 199 Hypertrophic Chondrocytes Survive 200 Hypertrophic Chondrocytes Transform to Osteoprogenitor Cells 200 Meckel s Cartilage 202 Fate of Meckel s Cartilage in Mammals 202 Middle Ear Ossicles 205 The Poster Child for Evolution 205 Fossil Evidence 206 Embryological Evidence 208 Homeobox Gene Control of Mandibular Skeletal Development 209 Msx and Dlx genes 209 Prxl, Prx2 209 Alx3 212 Pitxl 212 Dedifferentiation During Endochondral Bone Formation 213 Rodent Ribs 213 Appendicular Long Bones 215 Murine Interpubic Joints 216 Notes 218 14 Dedifferentiation and Stem Cells: Regeneration of Urodele Limbs and Mammalian Fingertips 219 Urodele Limb Regeneration Dedifferentiation / Blastema Formation : More Than One Cell Fate Myoblast and Chondroblast Fates viii Contents Innervation 223 Aneurogenic Limbs 224 Electrical Signals? 226 Hox Genes 226 FgfRI and FgfR2 227 Radical Fringe 227 Why Frogs Cannot Regenerate Their Limbs 2 27 Anuran and Urodele Regeneration 228 Augmenting Regeneration 231 Fingertips of Mice, Monkeys and Humans 231 Monkeys and Humans 231 Mice 232 Demineralised Bone Matrix and Skeletal Repair 233 The Approach 233 Cartilage Induction but Bone Formation 234 The Active Agent: Bmp 235 Carriers 236 Notes 236 15 Cells to Make and Cells to Break 239 Clasts and Blasts 239 Resorption of Bone 239 Proximity to Bone Matrix 240 Vacuolar Proton Pump (V-ATPase) 240 Osteoclasts In Vitro 240 Coupling Bone Resorption to Bone Formation 241 Coupling Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts 241 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) 241 TGFG Signalling 242 Osteoprotegerin and RankL 242 Osteocalcin and Mechanical Stimulation 242 When Coupling Goes Awry 244 Osteoporosis 245 Statins 246 Trap-Staining for Osteoclasts 246 Mammalian Osteoclasts 246 Teleost Osteoclasts 246 Nitric Oxide: It s a Gas 247 Progenitor Cells for Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts 247 Japanese Quail: Domestic Fowl Chimeras 248 Osteopetrosis and Osteoclast Origins 250 IS The Lineage Macrophage - Phagocyte-• Osteoclast or is it Monocyte - Osteoclast? 252 Phagocyte—Macrophage Origin 252 Evidence Against Monocytes 255 Evidence for Monocytes 255 Chondroclasts and Osteoclasts 255 Synovial Cells and Reportion of Articular Cartilage 256 Notes 256 Part VI Embryonic Origins 16 Skeletal Origins: Somitic Mesoderm, Vertebrae, Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 261 Somitic Mesoderm and the Origin of the Vertebral Column 262 Paraxial Mesoderm-*Somites 262 Sclerotome Formation, Migration and Vertebral Development 262 Origin of Teleost Vertebrae in the Notochordal Sheath 266 Resegmentation of Somites 268 Intervertebral Discs and Nucleus Pulposus 268 Somites Provide the Muscles for Limb Buds 269 Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 271 Pectoral Girdle 271 The Clavicle: Even More Surprising 273 Clavicular Development in Humans 274 Other Mammals 274 Mammals That Lack Clavicles 275 Avian Clavicles 275 Notes 278 17 Skeletal Origins: Neural Crest Cells 281 Different Mesenchymes, Same Tissues 281 Neural Crest as a Source of Skeletal Cells 282 Evidence of Skeletogenic Potential 282 Ablation and Transplantation of Urodele Neural Crest 283 3H-Thymidine-Labelling of Neural Crest Cells in Chicken Embryos 285 Quail—Chick Chimeras and the Avian Neural Crest 286 Dil-Labelling and Lungfish Neural Crest 291 Transgenic Labelling of Zebrafish Embryos 292 Transgenic Labelling of Mouse Embryos 292 Mutants and the Neural Crest 294 Regionalisation of the Cranial Neural Crest 294 Cranial and Trunk and Neural Crest 295 Turtle Shells 295 Chondrogenesis from Trunk Neural Crest Cells 295 From Skeletal Origins to Skeletal Initiation 297 Notes 297 18 Epithelial—Mesenchymal Interactions Initiate Skeletogenesis 299 Urodele Amphibians: Chondrogenesis 301 Avian Mandibles: Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis 301 Meckel s Cartilage 302 Contents ix Mandibular Bones Maxillary Bones Mammalian Mandibular Skeleton Molecular Mechanisms The Dlx and Msx Gene Families and Murine Craniofacial Development Teleost Mandibular Arch Skeleton Dlx Genes Fgfs Hoxd4 and Retinoic Acid Mutants Lateral Line, Neuromasts and Dermal Bone Hope from a Single Trout Notes Part VII Getting Started 19 The Membranous Skeleton: Condensations The Membranous Skeleton Characterising and Visualising Condensations How Condensations Arise Altered Mitotic Activity Changing Cell Density Aggregation and/or Failure to Disperse Molecular Control Establishing Boundaries of Condensations Syndecan and Tenascin Notes 20 From Condensation to Differentiation Condensation Growth Lessons from Mutants Adhere, Proliferate and Grow Additional Molecular Signals and Condensation Condensation Position and Shape Establishing Condensation Size Bmps Fibronectin Chick Fore- and Hind Limb Buds Hyaluronan Persistence of Condensations Hoxa2 and Incipient Condensations From Condensation to Overt Differentiation Bmps Tenascin and NCam Runx2 Chondrogenic Genes and Early Intramembranous Ossification? Notes 21 Skulls, Eyes and Ears: Condensations and Tissue Interactions 349 The Skull 349 Avian Skull Development 350 Mammalian Skull Development 351 The Cartilaginous Skull 353 Type II Collagen 353 Otic, Optic and Nasal Capsules 353 The Otic Vesicle 354 Tympanic Cartilages 355 Scleral Cartilage 356 Chondrogenic Mesenchyme 356 Pigmented Retinal Epithelium 357 Scleral Ossicles 358 Teleosts 359 Ossicles in Domestic Chickens Callus domesticus 359 Epithelial Scleral Papillae 360 Focal Epithelial—Mesenchymal Interactions 361 Notes 365 Part VIII Similarity and Diversity 22 Chondrocyte Diversity 369 Chondrocytes Segregate from Precursors 369 Formation of Perichondria 371 Morphogenetic Specificity of Cartilages 371 Cartilages of Different Embryological Origins 373 Chondrocyte Hypertrophy 374 Vascular Invasion 374 Type X Collagen 375 Type X Does Not Always Indicate Hypertrophy 3 77 Regulation of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy 377 Type X and Mineralisation 379 Matrix Vesicles 379 Hypertrophic Chondrocytes and Subperiosteal Ossification 381 Brachypod (bpH) Mice 382 A Role for VVnts 385 Notes 385 23 Cartilage Diversity 387 Sternal Chondrocytes 387 Synthesis of Collagen and Glycosaminoglycah 387 Differential Expression of Type II Collagen 387 Differential Synthesis and Organisation of Collagen Types 387 Type X Collagen and-Hypertrophy 388 Contents Fibronectin 388 HOXD12, HOXD13 and Polyphalangy 423 Nanomelia 388 Oestrogen-Stimulated Deposition Tumour Invasion 390 of Medullary Bone in Laying Hens 424 Vascularity 390 Oestrogen-Stimulated Resorption Resisting Vascular Invasion 391 of Pelvic Bones in Mice 425 Inhibitors of Angiogenesis and Vascular Notes 425 Invasion 393 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 394 PTH-PTHrP 395 Part IY Interpubic Joints and the Transformation of Cartilage to Ligament 395 Maintaining Cartilage in Good Times Cartilage- Ligament 395 and in Bad Mediation by Oestrogen and Relaxin 398 Modulation 399 26 Maintaining Differentiated Notes 400 Chondrocytes Through Cell-Matrix Interactions 429 Osteoblast and Osteocyte Diversity and Osteogenesis In Vitro 401 Differentiated Chondrocytes Synthesis and Deposition of Cartilaginous Bone Proteins 401 ECM 429 Osteocalcin 401 Synthesis of CS 430 Osteopontin 402 Synthesis of Type II Collagen 430 Osteonectin 402 Synthesis of Collagen and CS by the Same Osteocytic Osteolysis 403 Chondrocyte 431 Hibernation 404 Collagen Gel Culture 431 Initiating Osteogenesis In Vitro from Feedback Control of the Synthesis Embryonic Mesenchyme 404 of Glycosaminoglycans 431 Osteogenic Cells In Vitro 405 Evidence from Organ Culture 431 Folded Periostea and Mass Cultures 407 Evidence from Chondrocyte Cell Cultures Establishing Isolated Osteoblasts and and from a Mouse Mutant 432 Initiating Osteogenesis In Vitro 407 Interactions Between Glycosaminoglycans Clonal Cultures 411 and Collagens Within the ECM 432 Notes 412 Synthesis of Collagen and CS Are Regulated Independently 433 Diversity of Bone as a Tissue Hypertrophy 433 Diversity of Bone as a Tissue The Interactive ECM 434 and as an Organ 415 Notes 435 Heterogeneity of Response to Sodium Fluoride 415 27 Maintenance Awry — Enhanced Cell Proliferation and Initiation of Chondrodysplasias and Osteogenesis Interaction with Hormonal Action Achondroplasia 437 Osteoporosis 417 Achondroplasia 437 Chondrogenesis 417 Ageing of Cartilage In Vivo 437 Mineralisation 417 Genetic Disorders of Collagen Metabolism 439 Mechanical Properties of Bone 417 Cartilage Anomaly (Can) Mice 439 Alveolar Bone of Mammalian Teeth 417 Achondroplasia (ac/ac) in Rabbits 440 Developmental Origin 417 Achondroplasia (cn/cn) in Mice 441 Physiology and Circadian Rhythms 420 Achondroplasia in Humans: FGFR3 441 Penile and Clitoral Cartilages and Bones 421 Fgf18 : 441 Os Penis 422 Chondrodysplasia (Cho) in Mice 442 Os Clitoridis 422 Sprouty Mice 442 Hormonal Control 422 Brachymorphic (fam) Mice 443 Digits and Penile Bones 423 Nanomelia (nm) Domestic Fowl 444 Contents Induced Micromelia Metabolic Regulation and Stability of Differentiation Notes 28 Restarting Mammalian Articular Chondrocytes Mammalian Articular Chondrocytes In Vitro A Role for Oxygen Responsiveness to Environmental Signals Mechanisms of Articular Cartilage Repair Dividing Again In Vitro Dividing Again In Vivo Notes 29 Repair of Fractured Long Bones and Regeneration of Growth Plates A Brief History of Fracture Repair Source of the Cells for Repair Standardising the Fracture Motion Nonunions and Persistent Nonunions Growth Factors and Fracture Repair Bmps Jump-Starting Repair Regeneration of Growth Plates in Rats, Opossums and Humans Notes Part X Growing Together and Growing Apart 30 Initiating Skeletal Growth What Is Growth? Numbers of Stem Cells Cell Movement and Cell Viability Epithelia, Fgf/FgfR2 and Mesenchymal Cell Proliferation Metabolic Regulation Creeper (cp) Fowl Tibia/Fibula Growth Retardation A Growth Inhibitor Mechanical Stimulation and Chondroblast Differentiation and Growth Mechanical Stimuli and Metabolic Activity Transduction of Mechanical Signals Cellular Tensegrity Membrane Potential xi Skeletal Responses Mediated by cAMP 483 Matrix Synthesis and Condensation 484 Hormones 484 cAMP and Prechondroblast Proliferation 484 Long Bones in Chick Embryos 484 Mammalian Condylar Cartilage 485 Notes 486 31 Growth and Morphogenesis of Long Bones 487 Fundamental Form 487 Polarised Secretion 488 Long-Bone Growth 488 Growth Plates 491 Growth-Plate Dynamics 493 Growth at Opposite Ends of Long Bones 497 Diurnal and Circadian Rhythms 498 Rhythms Are Under Hormonal Control 498 The Periosteum and Regulation of the Growth Plate 498 Pig Mandibular Periostea 499 Periostea of Long Bones of Japanese Quail 500 Periosteal Sectioning 500 Feedback Control 501 Notes 502 32 Long Bone Growth: A Case of Crying Wolff? 503 Wolff, Von Meyer or Roux 503 Response to Pressure 505 Continuous or Intermittent Mechanical Stimuli 505 Scaling and Variation: When Wolff Meets the Dwarfs 506 Rats as Scaled-up Mice 506 Gravity 508 Prolonged Bed Rest 509 Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli 509 Notes 510 Part XI Staying Apart 33 The Temporomandibular Joint and Cranial Synchondroses 515 MAMMALIAN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS 515 Mechanical Forces 516 Diet 519 Other Functional Approaches and the Functional Matrix 519 xii Contents Cranial Synchondroses 521 As Pacemakers 521 Limited Growth Potential 525 As Adaptive 526 Notes 526 34 Sutures and Craniosynostosis 529 Sutural Growth as Secondary and Adaptive 529 Working with the Functional Matrix 534 Sutural Cartilage 534 The Dura 536 Craniosynostosis 537 Msx2 and Ameloblastin 538 Fgf Receptors 539 Sutural Growth 539 Sutural Fusion 539 Twist and Periostin 540 Notes 541 Part XII Limb Buds 35 The Mesodermal Limb Field and the Apical Epithelial Ridge 545 Introduction 545 The Mesodermal Limb Field and Limb Bud Mesenchyme 545 Regulation 547 1 Ectodermal/Epithelial Responsiveness 550 Limb Field Mesoderm/Limb Bud Mesenchyme Specifies Limb Identity as Fore- or Hind Limb 550 Molecular Specification of Fore- and Hind Limbs 551 Positioning Paired Appendages 551 Specification of Fore- and Hind Limbs 552 Roles for the Epithelium Associated with the Limb Field 554 Limb-Bud Growth 554 Proximo-Distal Patterning of the Limb Skeleton 556 Limb Bud Mesenchyme Maintains the AER 556 Apical Epidermal Maintenance Factor (AEMF) 556 The Posterior Necrotic Zone (PNZ) 557 Specificity of Limb-Bud Epithelium 558 Distal and Proximal Limb Bud Mesenchyme 559 A Mechanical Role for the Epithelium? 560 Notes 561 36 Adding or Deleting an Apical Epithelial Ridge 563 Regeneration of the Apical Epithelial Ridge 563 Experimental Removal of the Apical Epithelial Ridge 564 Failure to Maintain an AER: Wingless (wl) Mutants 565 Mutual Interaction and Molecular Bases 566 Experimental Addition of an AER 567 Mutants with Duplicated Limbs 567 An Enlarged AER 568 Duplicating the AER 568 Narrow or Subdivided AERs 571 Polyphalangy and Extra Joints 571 Polyphalangy as Normal Phenotype 571 Polyphalangy as Variant Phenotype 572 Paraphalanges 573 Notes 574 37 Limb Buds in Limbed and Limbless Tetrapods 577 Apical Epithelial Ridges Across the Tetrapods 577 Anuran Amphibians 577 Repliles 578 Mammals 578 Limbless Tetrapods 580 Evolutionary Patterns 580 Gaining Limbs Back: Reevolution of Limbs 581 Amphisbaenians (Worm Lizards) 581 Ecological Correlates of Limblessness 582 The Developmental Basis of Limblessness in Snakes and Legless Lizards 584 Inability to Maintain an AER 585 Notes 586 Part XIII Limbs and Limb Skeletons 38 Axes and Polarity of Limb Buds and Limbs 591 Establishing Axes and Polarity 591 The A-P Axis and the ZPA 591 A Role for Fgf2 593 dHand and Shh 593 Wnts and Fgf5, 8 and 10 594 D—V Polarity 595 P—D Polarity and the Progress Zone 595 Early Specification Versus a Progress Zone 595 P—D Polarity and Amphibian Limb Regeneration 596 Contents Connecting D—V and P—D Polarity 596 Thalidomide and Limb Defects 597 Time of Action 598 Mode of Action 599 Notes 600 39 Patterning and Shaping Limb Buds and Limb Skeletons 601 Morphogenesis and Growth 601 Apoptosis 601 Posterior and Anterior Necrotic Zones (PNZ, ANZ) 602 Interdigital Apoptosis 603 Interdigital Apoptosis in Limb Buds of Mouse Embryos 604 The Opaque Patch 606 Cell Adhesion, Morphogenesis and Growth: talpid (ta) Mutant Fowl 606 talpid2 (ta2) 606 talpid3 (ta3) 607 Notes 609 40 Before Limbs There Were Fins 611 FINS AS PAIRED AND UNPAIRED APPENDAGES 611 Median Unpaired Fins in Teleost Fish 611 Lifestyle and Median Fins 612 Developmental Origins of Median Fins: Mesodermal or Neural Crest? 614 Evolutionary Origins of Median Fins 615 Paired Fins 616 Three Pairs of Paired Fins 617 Development of Paired Fins 618 Fin Buds and Fin Folds 618 Skeletons of Paired Fins 619 Retinoic Acid and Regeneration 624 A Retinoic Acid—Shh Link 624 More on Fin Regeneration 624 Pelvic Fin Loss 625 Fins into Limbs 626 Structure and Function 626 Extant Phylogenetic Bracketing 626 From Many to Fewer Digits 627 Notes 628 Part XIV Backbones and Tails 41 Vertebral Chondrogenesis: Cell Differentiation and Morphogenesis 633 Self-Differentiation or Induction? 633 xiii Morphogenesis 634 Spinal Ganglia and Vertebral Morphogenesis 636 Chondrogenesis In Vitro 636 Spontaneous Chondrogenesis? 637 Cell Division and Cell Death 639 Notes 639 42 Relationships Between Notochord and Vertebral Cartilage 641 Integrity of Notochord/Spinal Cord and Vertebral Morphogenesis 641 For How Long Do Notochord and Spinal Cord Interact with Sclerotomal Mesenchyme? 642 Can Cartilage Form from Dermomyotome or from Lateral-Plate Mesoderm? 642 The Search for the Magic Bullet 643 Cartilage Cells as Cartilage Inducers 645 Chondrocyte Extracellular Matrix 645 Notochord and Spinal Cord Extracellular Matrices 646 Functions of Notochord and Spinal Cord Matrix Products 648 The Magic Bullets 649 Pax 7 and Pax9 649 Shh 649 Bmp4, Msx1 and Msx2 650 Conclusions on Initiation of Vertebral Chondrogenesis 650 Notochord as a Type of Cartilage 650 A Transformational Series 651 Similar Kinds 651 Notochord Structure 651 Notochord, Chordoid and Chondroid 652 Notochord and Cartilage 652 Notes 655 43 Tail Buds, Tails and Taillessness 657 What Is a Tail? 657 Tail Buds 657 The Ventral Epithelial Ridge 659 Tbx Genes 660 Tail Growth 661 Genes and Environment 661 Temperature 663 Temperature-Induced Change in Vertebral Number: Meristic Variation 664 Natural Variation and Adaptive Value of Vertebral Number: 664 Studies with Teleost Fish 665 Studies with Chick Embryos 666 xiv Contents Studies with Mammals 666 Temperature Plus 666 Taillessness 667 And Thereby Hangs a Tail 667 Fish Tails 668 Lizards Tails: Autotomy 669 Notes 670 Part XV Evolutionary Skeletal Biology 44 Variation and Variability 673 Variation and Variability 673 Variation in a Single Character 674 Variability and Constraint 674 Hypotheses Tested by the Study of Variation and Variability 676 Vestigial Digits Enhance Variation 676 Variability and Variation Varies by Skeletal System 676 Diet and Altitude Influence Skull Variation 676 Shared Developmental Change Results in Convergent Variation 677 Pattern Variation in Limbs, Caudal Fins, Beaks and Jaws 677 Limbs 677 Caudal Fins 678 Beaks of Darwin s Finches and Jaws of Cichlid Fishes 678 , Metamorphosis 680 Miniaturisation as a Source of Variation 680 Urodele and Anuran Amphibians 681 Teleost Fish 682 Heterochrony 683 Heterochrony as Concept 683 Positive Allometry 684 Heterochrony as Process 684 Coupling and Uncoupling Dermal and Endochondral Ossification 687 Heterochrony and Primate Skeletal Evolution 688 Notes 691 45 Variation Outside the Norm: Neomorphs and Atavisms 693 Neomorphs 693 Origin of the Term/Concept 693 Mode of Development and Phylogenetic Retention 693 Furculae in Birds 694 The Preglossale of the Common Pigeon 694 Secondary Jaw Articulations in Birds 694 A Boid Intramaxillary Joint 695 Regenerated Joints 695 Neomorphs or Vestiges 696 Limb Rudiments in Mysticete Whales 696 Levels of Analysis and Identification of Neomorphic Features 697 Digits 697 Turtle Shells 698 Novel Modes of Ossification: Osteoderms 701 Osteoderms in Reptiles 701 Osteoderms in Xenarthrans 703 Atavisms 704 Taxic Atavisms 705 Neomorph or Atavism? 705 Homeotic Genes/Transformation and Variation Outside the Norm 705 Hox Genes 705 Homeotic Transformation of Vertebrae 706 Notes 707 References 709 Index 869
any_adam_object	1
author	Hall, Brian Keith 1941-
author_GND	(DE-588)121395979
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contents	Includes bibliographical references (p. [559]-736) and index Types of skeletal tissues -- Bone -- Cartilage -- Invertebrate cartilages -- Intermediate tissues -- An evolutionary perspective -- Horns and ossicones -- Antlers -- Tendons and sesamoids -- Embryonic stem cells -- Stem cells in adults -- Osteo- and chondroprogenitor cells -- Dedifferentiation provides progenitor cells for jaws and long bones -- Dedifferentiation and urodele amphibian limb regeneration -- Cells to make and cells to break -- Skeletal origins : somitic mesoderm -- Skeletal origins : neural crest -- Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions -- The membranous skeleton : condensations -- From condensation to differentiation -- Skulls, eyes and ears : condensations and tissue interactions -- Chondrocyte diversity -- Cartilage diversity -- Osteoblast and osteocyte diversity -- Bone diversity -- Maintaining differentiated chondrocytes -- Maintenance awry : achondroplasia -- Restarting mammalian articular chondrocytes -- Repair of fractures and regeneration of growth plates -- Initiating skeletal growth -- Form, polarity and long-bone growth -- Long bone growth : a case of crying Wolff? -- The temporomandibular joint and synchondroses -- Sutures and craniosynostosis -- The limb field and the AER -- Adding or deleting an AER -- AERs in limbed and limbless tetrapods -- Axes and polarity -- Patterning limbs and limb skeletons -- Before limbs there were fins -- Vertebral chondrogenesis : spontaneous or not? -- The search for the magic bullet -- Tail buds, tails and tail-lessness -- Evolutionary experimentation revisited Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review ever assembled on the topic. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage is developed in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone reappears when we break a leg, or even regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a tail. This book also looks at the molecules and cells that make bones and cartilages and how they differ in various parts of the body and across species. It answers such questions as Is bone always bone? Do bones that develop indirectly by replacing other tissues, such as marrow, tendons or ligaments, differ from one another? Is fish bone the same as human bone? Can sharks even make bone? and many more. * Complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage * Full of interesting and unusual facts * The only book available that integrates development and evolution of the skeleton * Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution * Written in a lively, accessible style * Extensively illustrated and referenced * Integrates analysis of differentiation, growth and patterning * Covers all the vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages * Identifies the stem cells in embryos and adults that can make skeletal tissues
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)970007988 (DE-599)BVBBV043537937
dewey-full	573.76
dewey-hundreds	500 - Natural sciences and mathematics
dewey-ones	573 - Specific physiological systems in animals
dewey-raw	573.76
dewey-search	573.76
dewey-sort	3573.76
dewey-tens	570 - Biology
discipline	Biologie
edition	Second edition
format	Electronic eBook
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spelling	Hall, Brian Keith 1941- (DE-588)121395979 aut Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology Brian K. Hall (Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada) Second edition Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier AP 2015 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 892 Seiten) Illustrationen txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [559]-736) and index Types of skeletal tissues -- Bone -- Cartilage -- Invertebrate cartilages -- Intermediate tissues -- An evolutionary perspective -- Horns and ossicones -- Antlers -- Tendons and sesamoids -- Embryonic stem cells -- Stem cells in adults -- Osteo- and chondroprogenitor cells -- Dedifferentiation provides progenitor cells for jaws and long bones -- Dedifferentiation and urodele amphibian limb regeneration -- Cells to make and cells to break -- Skeletal origins : somitic mesoderm -- Skeletal origins : neural crest -- Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions -- The membranous skeleton : condensations -- From condensation to differentiation -- Skulls, eyes and ears : condensations and tissue interactions -- Chondrocyte diversity -- Cartilage diversity -- Osteoblast and osteocyte diversity -- Bone diversity -- Maintaining differentiated chondrocytes -- Maintenance awry : achondroplasia -- Restarting mammalian articular chondrocytes -- Repair of fractures and regeneration of growth plates -- Initiating skeletal growth -- Form, polarity and long-bone growth -- Long bone growth : a case of crying Wolff? -- The temporomandibular joint and synchondroses -- Sutures and craniosynostosis -- The limb field and the AER -- Adding or deleting an AER -- AERs in limbed and limbless tetrapods -- Axes and polarity -- Patterning limbs and limb skeletons -- Before limbs there were fins -- Vertebral chondrogenesis : spontaneous or not? -- The search for the magic bullet -- Tail buds, tails and tail-lessness -- Evolutionary experimentation revisited Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review ever assembled on the topic. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage is developed in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone reappears when we break a leg, or even regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a tail. This book also looks at the molecules and cells that make bones and cartilages and how they differ in various parts of the body and across species. It answers such questions as Is bone always bone? Do bones that develop indirectly by replacing other tissues, such as marrow, tendons or ligaments, differ from one another? Is fish bone the same as human bone? Can sharks even make bone? and many more. * Complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage * Full of interesting and unusual facts * The only book available that integrates development and evolution of the skeleton * Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution * Written in a lively, accessible style * Extensively illustrated and referenced * Integrates analysis of differentiation, growth and patterning * Covers all the vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages * Identifies the stem cells in embryos and adults that can make skeletal tissues Os Os / Croissance Os / Physiologie SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Physical bisacsh Bot (anatomie) gtt Kraakbeen gtt Skeletvorming gtt Evolutionaire biologie gtt Bone fast Bones / Growth fast Bones / Physiology fast Bone and Bones / physiology Bone Development / physiology Cartilage / embryology Musculoskeletal Development / physiology Osteogenesis Bone Bones Physiology Bones Growth Erscheint auch als Druckschrift 978-0-12-416678-3 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780124166783 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028953463&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Hall, Brian Keith 1941- Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology Includes bibliographical references (p. [559]-736) and index Types of skeletal tissues -- Bone -- Cartilage -- Invertebrate cartilages -- Intermediate tissues -- An evolutionary perspective -- Horns and ossicones -- Antlers -- Tendons and sesamoids -- Embryonic stem cells -- Stem cells in adults -- Osteo- and chondroprogenitor cells -- Dedifferentiation provides progenitor cells for jaws and long bones -- Dedifferentiation and urodele amphibian limb regeneration -- Cells to make and cells to break -- Skeletal origins : somitic mesoderm -- Skeletal origins : neural crest -- Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions -- The membranous skeleton : condensations -- From condensation to differentiation -- Skulls, eyes and ears : condensations and tissue interactions -- Chondrocyte diversity -- Cartilage diversity -- Osteoblast and osteocyte diversity -- Bone diversity -- Maintaining differentiated chondrocytes -- Maintenance awry : achondroplasia -- Restarting mammalian articular chondrocytes -- Repair of fractures and regeneration of growth plates -- Initiating skeletal growth -- Form, polarity and long-bone growth -- Long bone growth : a case of crying Wolff? -- The temporomandibular joint and synchondroses -- Sutures and craniosynostosis -- The limb field and the AER -- Adding or deleting an AER -- AERs in limbed and limbless tetrapods -- Axes and polarity -- Patterning limbs and limb skeletons -- Before limbs there were fins -- Vertebral chondrogenesis : spontaneous or not? -- The search for the magic bullet -- Tail buds, tails and tail-lessness -- Evolutionary experimentation revisited Bones and Cartilage provides the most in-depth review ever assembled on the topic. It examines the function, development and evolution of bone and cartilage as tissues, organs and skeletal systems. It describes how bone and cartilage is developed in embryos and are maintained in adults, how bone reappears when we break a leg, or even regenerates when a newt grows a new limb, or a lizard a tail. This book also looks at the molecules and cells that make bones and cartilages and how they differ in various parts of the body and across species. It answers such questions as Is bone always bone? Do bones that develop indirectly by replacing other tissues, such as marrow, tendons or ligaments, differ from one another? Is fish bone the same as human bone? Can sharks even make bone? and many more. * Complete coverage of every aspect of bone and cartilage * Full of interesting and unusual facts * The only book available that integrates development and evolution of the skeleton * Treats all levels from molecular to clinical, embryos to evolution * Written in a lively, accessible style * Extensively illustrated and referenced * Integrates analysis of differentiation, growth and patterning * Covers all the vertebrates as well as invertebrate cartilages * Identifies the stem cells in embryos and adults that can make skeletal tissues Os Os / Croissance Os / Physiologie SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Physical bisacsh Bot (anatomie) gtt Kraakbeen gtt Skeletvorming gtt Evolutionaire biologie gtt Bone fast Bones / Growth fast Bones / Physiology fast Bone and Bones / physiology Bone Development / physiology Cartilage / embryology Musculoskeletal Development / physiology Osteogenesis Bone Bones Physiology Bones Growth
title	Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology
title_auth	Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology
title_exact_search	Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology
title_full	Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology Brian K. Hall (Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada)
title_fullStr	Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology Brian K. Hall (Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada)
title_full_unstemmed	Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology Brian K. Hall (Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada)
title_short	Bones and cartilage
title_sort	bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology
title_sub	developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology
topic	Os Os / Croissance Os / Physiologie SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Physical bisacsh Bot (anatomie) gtt Kraakbeen gtt Skeletvorming gtt Evolutionaire biologie gtt Bone fast Bones / Growth fast Bones / Physiology fast Bone and Bones / physiology Bone Development / physiology Cartilage / embryology Musculoskeletal Development / physiology Osteogenesis Bone Bones Physiology Bones Growth
topic_facet	Os Os / Croissance Os / Physiologie SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / Physical Bot (anatomie) Kraakbeen Skeletvorming Evolutionaire biologie Bone Bones / Growth Bones / Physiology Bone and Bones / physiology Bone Development / physiology Cartilage / embryology Musculoskeletal Development / physiology Osteogenesis Bones Physiology Bones Growth
url	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780124166783 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028953463&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT hallbriankeith bonesandcartilagedevelopmentalandevolutionaryskeletalbiology

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