Konstantin Kacarov: pătjat kăm vărcha
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Bulgarian |
| Published: |
Sofija
Ciela
2016
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| Edition: | Părvo izdanie |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Englische Zusammenfassung mit dem Titel: Professor Konstantin Katzarov - the road to the peak Enthält auch Kurzbiographie des Verfassers |
| Physical Description: | 554 Seiten Illustrationen |
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Record in the Search Index
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Professor Konstantin Katzarov
The Road To The Peak
(Summary)
Konstantin Katzarov is a little known name to the Bulgarians of today. The
main reason for this resides not so much in the fact that he spent a large
part of his life outside Bulgaria and for a few decades is no longer among the
living. Actually, as is the case with so many other notable Bulgarians - such as
Katzarov undoubtedly is - historians simply haven t taken the time to study
and describe his personal life, professional career and his contributions to
Bulgaria.
Katzarov has a remarkable biography. He was born on 18/30 July 1898
in a well-to-do intellectual family. His father - Ivan Katzarov, was a lawyer by
profession and had received his education in the Belgian city of Liege where
he studied and subsequently defended a doctoral thesis in 1889-1892. There
he lived with his wife Tsvetanka - Konstantin Katzarov’s mother. After their
return to Bulgaria, Ivan Katzarov had a successful career as a attorney-at-law
and a civil servant. He was a member of the Sofia Court of Appeals and later
took a high administrative post at the Ministry of Finance.
I . Katzarov spent his childhood and adolescence in Sofia, where he stud-
ied in the First Boys School. In 1916 he graduated from school and after a
brief period working as a bank clerk, at the will of his father he went to study
law at the University of Bern, Switzerland. „It was no dream but reality itself,“
Katzarov wrote in his memoirs. „1 was on my way to study abroad... My heart
was aglow. Thrills of joy ran through my body... My eyes and my thoughts
were already set upon that unknown and infinite world toward which the train
was swiftly taking me. I felt that was the beginning... of my life... of my future.“
Katzarov spent four years in Switzerland. His worldview was formed
during that period, greatly influenced by the conditions under which he lived
J
534
BEHEAHH IjAHEBCKH # KoHCTAHTHH KaI(APOB. IlbTHT KIM BTjI’XA
and studied in Switzerland — a country with a well-developed democracy and
a neutrality status. „My view of the world and my mental attitude, Katzarov
wrote, „expanded and objectified. I could see that my native land was just
a part - indeed a very small part — of the world... I intuitively felt that one
should not allow one’s reasoning to run only along the narrow lines of one’s
own existence, of one’s closest people, one’s his native land. That one should
strive to understand both one’s friends and fellow-countrymen and the for-
eigners and foreign nations, as well as one’s enemies.
Unfortunately, in Switzerland Katzarov fell ill with a serious lung dis-
ease. He was forced to enter a sanatorium for treatment. This happened at
the height of World War I, when the Bulgarian students were also called to
join the colours. Katzarov managed to convince the Swiss doctors to let him
go to Lausanne where he presented himself for physical evaluation before the
draft board sent from Bulgaria. As could be expected, he was exempted from
military service.
The subsequent improvement of Katzarov’s health allowed him to con-
tinue and complete his university education. After his graduation, he began
writing a doctoral dissertation entitled „The Expropriation Process under
Swiss Law , which he successfully defended in May 1920. The dissertation
was also Katzarov’s first piece of academic research, which was printed as
a separate publication by the Buchdrucjerei Tyrolia publishing house in
Innsbruck, Austria. For many years, Katzarov’s publication was one of the
few authoritative legal studies on the subject of the expropriation of private
property in Switzerland.
During his studies in Switzerland, Katzarov proved to be not only a dili-
gent and gifted student but also a patriotically-minded individual who re-
tained an unwavering love for his native land throughout his life. He took
to heart the defeat of Bulgaria in World War I and joined actively in defence
of the cause of the Bulgarian people’s unification and against the Treaty of
Neuilly which was considered unjust for Bulgaria. This found expression in
the activities of the Bulgarian Student Society in Bern whose president he
was. In 1918 Katzarov was among the founders of the Union of Bulgarian
Societies in Switzerland. The Union published the newspaper „Nouvelles
Académiques and sent appeals and addresses in defence of Bulgaria to par-
liaments, universities, organisations and eminent political and other person-
alities in Europe. Katzarov was a member of the three-member student del-
egation who at their own initiative organised in 1919 a meeting in Lausanne
with the then Prime Minister of Bulgaria Teodor Teodorov, who was deeply
impressed by their patriotism.
Professor Konstantin Katzaxov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
535
In the summer of 1920 Katzarov returned to Bulgaria. Despite his poor
health, he managed to convince the draft board to let him serve as a transla-
tor in performing his labour service duties, which at the time had replaced
the regular military service. Overcoming difficulties of a health and personal
nature, Katzarov resolutely stepped on the road of his professional growth as
an academic and a man of law. In the 1920s he published his first academic
works and opened his own law firm. He participated in academic confer-
ences in Germany, the UK, Czechoslovakia and other countries. In 1924, he
published a guide for patent and trade mark registration and opened a pat-
ent office. His legal services were sought after by an increasing number of
Bulgarian and foreign companies and institutions.
Around that time, Katzarov’s family status also changed. He chose his
„future partner in life“ — Zinovia, who was his devoted follower and sup-
porter in his personal and professional life. Soon, the young family adopted
the little Georgi.
In 1931, Katzarov was appointed as assistant professor at the Faculty
of Law of the University of Sofia. This came in recognition of his academic
achievements, the most significant among which was the book „Material
Basis and Legal Nature of Industrial Property“(1929). It was the first mono-
graphic study which focuses on a relatively new field in Bulgarian law — in-
dustrial property law.
In 1936, Katzarov was appointed as an extraordinary professor at the
Faculty of Law at the University of Sofia. During the period between the two
world wars, he became one of the eminent Bulgarian scholars in the field of
jurisprudence. His works were published in the Yearbook of the University of
Sofia, the magazines „Legal Thoughts , „The Lawyer Review“, and others, as
well as in abroad. The focus of Katzarov’s academic research fell on commer-
cial law. In this field he became, together with Prof. Lyuben Dikov and Prof.
Venelin Ganev, one of the most authoritative Bulgarian scholars. In 1937,
Katzarov published a miscellany of his lectures on commercial law. Two years
later (1939), a second, enlarged edition of Katzarov’s lectures on these issues
was published under the title „ASystematic Course in Bulgarian Commercial
Law covering 1018 pages. This work is one of Katzarov’s most significant
academic achievements.
An important event in Katzarov’s life was his five-month trip to fifteen
countries in Europe, Asia and America, which he undertook as a tourist in
1937. For him, it was a mind-altering experience. He wrote to this effect in his
book published some ten years later (1946) entitled „The World Up-Close“, in
which he described his impressions from his journey round the world. „As the
536
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train was bringing me closer to the Sofia Station,“ he wrote, „to be consumed
once again by my daily duties and cares... I realised that the most important
thing I had brought with me from my trip round the world, along with the
pleasant memories of everything I had seen and experienced in this wide
world, was a major adjustment of many of my views: on place... on time... on
people... and on the relations between them.“
Still, not everything in Katzarov s life was blue skies and sunshine.
Although stabilised, his health would frequently deteriorate and required
regular treatment, including trips to Switzerland. This led Katzarov to turn to
the Academic Council of the University of Sofia in 1937 with the request to
be reappointed from a permanent to a part-time lecturer.
During the years of World War II, Katzarov continued to work as a
scholar, lawyer and consultant although during the bombing of Sofia he was
forced to leave for a while his newly built home and live outside the city. In
1939, he published a second, and in 1943 a third revised and enlarged edition
of his systematic course of lectures in commercial law. Katzarov continued
to publish his patent guide, a third edition of which came out in 1940. He
also published research studies and articles in Bulgarian and German sci-
entific magazines. His activities as a lawyer and a consultant expanded. In
order to carry out his professional duties, on many occasions Katzarov had
to travel to European and other countries, including Japan and the British
Commonwealth of Nations. In 1942-1944 he was member of the Supreme
Bar Council in Bulgaria,
After the end of the war, despite the fact that he suffered from repression
at the hands of the totalitarian regime established on 9 September 1944 and
his health deteriorated again, Katzarov continued to publish new academic
works. For the first time, he ventured as an author into a field which was out-
side his professional interests. His travel book „The World Up-Close“ won
critical acclaim and was received enthusiastically by the reading public. The
book was quickly sold out, which necessitated the printing of a second edition
two years later, which was also sold out, while readers would pass the book
from hand to hand. According to the renowned writer, historian and diplomat
Simeon Radev, both in terms of content and design „The World Up-Close“
was „the offspring of an elevated mind, refined taste and a staunch will.“
The main subject of Katzarov’s academic research became commercial
law and in particular the study from a legal point of view of the issues connect-
ed with the nationalisation of property. As an addendum to the fourth edition
of his systematic lecture course in Bulgarian commercial law (1948), Katzarov
included a piece of academic research entitled „The Nationalisations“ which
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
537
in the following year came out as a separate publication. The high academic
level of Katzarov s work was noted both in Bulgaria and abroad. He was wide-
ly credited as one of the leading researchers in his chosen field not only in
Bulgaria but also outside the country. In 1949, Katzarov received an invitation
from the Paris Institute of Comparative Law to make a presentation and share
his views on the essence of nationalisation. Two years later, he was contacted
by publishing houses in Eastern Germany to publish a comparative study of
the legal aspects of nationalisation.
In addition to his academic and legal activities, Katzarov contributed
greatly to the strengthening of the cultural relations between the Bulgarian
and the Swiss people. He felt a deep respect toward the democratic traditions
of Switzerland which he visited on numerous occasions in connection with
his academic work and in order to receive treatment for his lung condition.
He kept regular contact with diplomatic, business and cultural representa-
tives of Switzerland in Bulgaria and lent Swiss companies legal aid and as-
sistance in their respective scope of business. After 1945, he became a legal
advisor for the Swiss legation which was housed for a while in a part of his
house on 34 Lyuben Karavelov Street.
Katzarov was among the founders and one of most active members of
the Bulgarian-Swiss Society for Cultural Rapprochement, established in early
1947. He was elected as its Vice-President and held this post until the disso-
lution of the organisation in 1951. Katzarov played an important role in the
accomplishment of the society’s goals. He gave talks about Switzerland, he
participated actively in the celebrations marking Switzerland’s national holi-
day and in organising various cultural events in Bulgaria, he provided consid-
erable additional funding to support the society’s activities, he contributed
greatly for the establishment of fruitful relationships with Swiss institutions,
organisations, scientists and intellectuals, as well as for the receiving of films,
literature, newspapers and magazines from Switzerland in Bulgaria.
Although he was a confirmed democrat, Katzarov did not participate in
any acts of opposition aimed against the totalitarian regime established after
the end of World War II in Bulgaria. However, he was seen by the rulers as a
man with bourgeois convictions and a hostile attitude toward the new power.
On 13 October 1944 he was arrested and accused of being a collaborator
working for the German and other Western intelligence services.
Katzarov categorically denied the accusations. His wife Zinovia sent to
the Directorate of Militsia a petition in which she wrote that Katzarov had
poor health and insistently requested that he should be released, since the
accusations against her husband were entirely unfounded. This was also de-
538
BEHEAHH IJaHEBCKH # KOHCTAHTHH KaUAPOB. IlLTHT K bM IVI.PXA
dared by some of his colleagues, among whom Prof. Petko Staynov, the then
Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Prof. Venelin Ganev, who at that time was a
member of the Regent s Council. On 4 December the same year, Katzarov
was released and returned to his teaching and legal activities.
Nevertheless, the communist authorities did not change their attitude
toward Katzarov, whom they still considered as „enemy of the people“. The
State Security was given the task to collect „evidence“ which would serve as
sufficient ground for Katzarov’s new arrest and subsequent conviction. This
happened at the time when the Communist Party had established its full con-
trol over the governing of the country, having forcefully removed any po-
litical opposition and keeping subdued any acts of free-thinking. Any person
considered to be an exponent of any Western influences, seen by the new
power as reactionary and pernicious to Bulgaria, came under the blows of
political repression. Katzarov became just one of the many victims of every-
day reality in Bulgaria at that time.
He was constantly kept under close surveillance by State Security agents
who carried out the so-called „intelligence and operation activities“ under
code names such as „Kiko“, „Panega“, „Topolnitsa“, „Mesta“ and others. The
State Security Service collected information about everything connected
with Katzarov’s personal life and with his professional activities Several piec-
es of „evidence“ were also fabricated, „presented“ by a number of witnesses
according to whom Katzarov allegedly maintained contact with and worked
for the Swiss and other Western intelligence services from which he received
substantial financial rewards.
On 6 January 1953, Katzarov was arrested and was intensively inter-
rogated at the Sofia Investigation Office for several months. He admitted to
having provided information of a legal and business nature to representatives
of Switzerland and other countries but he stated that they had not been of a
secret nature and had been taken from generally accessible publications and
information provided by governmental and other Bulgarian institutions, the
Official Gazette, daily newspapers and others, and consequently he had in no
way violated the laws of the country. In the course of the investigation, not
a single fact was found in support of the allegations against Katzarov that
he had been a collaborator working for foreign intelligence services and that
he had engaged in anti-national activities. Nevertheless, toward the end of
March 1953, at the proposal of the Prosecutor’s Office, Katzarov was brought
to trial.
The sentence pronounced by the Criminal Board at Sofia Regional Court
on 8 April 1953 was as follows:
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
539
„This Court finds the accused Konstantin Ivanov Katzarov, 54 years of
age, born and residing in the city of Sofia, Bulgarian citizen, literate, married,
not convicted prior to this day, guilty of having provided during the period
between 1944 and 1950, in the city of Sofia, a foreign nation with information
constituting a state secret, in consideration of which and on the grounds of
Art. 83, para. 1 of the Penal Law, in connection with Art. 35 and 64, para. 2
of the Penal Law this Court sentences him to 15 (fifteen) years imprison-
ment, disenfranchisement under Art. 2 of the Penal Law for a period of 18
(eighteen) years as of the moment of entering of this sentence into effect, and
a confiscation of % undivided share of his property by the state..“
The ruling was confirmed by the Supreme Court with Decision No. 565
of 8 June 1953, with which it entered into effect. In the meantime, Katzarov
had already been sent to the Varna prison, while the repressive measures of
the totalitarian power fell with all their weight on him and his family. In 1952,
when he had not yet been arrested and convicted, Katzarov’s patent bureau
was closed down. His book „The World Up-Close“ was withdrawn from the
libraries and its contents were described as „reactionary“. Katzarov was dis-
missed as a lecturer at the University of Sofia.
Katzarov spent less than a year in the Varna prison. Then, a sudden
change took place in the position of the judicial authorities regarding the sen-
tence pronounced against him. On 12 February 1954, the then Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court sent to the Prison Department of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs a short letter. In it, he ordered that Katzarov should be released. The
formal decision for the revocation of the sentence was taken on 21 April 1954,
when the General Meeting of the Criminal Boards at the Supreme Court
adopted a decision on this issue. This happened at the proposal of the Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court, according to whom the sentence passed by Sofia
Regional Court and the subsequent decision of the Supreme Court with which
it had been confirmed, had not been made in accordance with the law and had
been decreed in violation of the Penal Law and therefore had to be revoked.
No documents can be found in the archives containing information of-
fering any explanation as to what may have caused the judicial bodies to re-
peal Katzarov’s sentence. In all probability, the main reason for the decision
had been the intercession of Switzerland. Apparently, it had been made in a
discreet and diplomatic manner and it is not unlikely that it may have been an
element of a mutually beneficial settlement of some pending issues in the re-
lationships between the two countries. The most sensitive of these had been
the settlement of Bulgaria’s financial obligations to Switzerland, which was
made with the Agreement for Goods Exchange and Payments signed in 1954.
540
BEHEAHH IjAHEBCKH # KOHCTAHTHHKAIlAPOB.IIl.TaTKlMBl.PXA
Regardless of the fact that he had been rehabilitated, the State Security
Service had not forgotten about Katzarov and again placed him under sur-
veillance immediately upon his release from prison. Soon afterwards, a plan
for intelligence and operation activities was prepared as a surveillance case
file under the code name „Pun“ (Stub), pertaining to the subject Konstantin
Ivanov Katzarov. The plan began to be implemented on 26 January 1955.
Katzarov quickly became fully aware that under the current conditions in
Bulgaria he wouldn’t be able to realise his academic and professional poten-
tial and that this could only happen if he lived and worked in an environment
which corresponded with his democratic convictions.
In 1954 -1956, i.e. in the period following his release from prison and up
to his immigration to Switzerland, he hasn’t published a single piece of writ-
ing or academic article is quite significant. Although he did make the required
by the authorities amendments to the contents of his travel book „The World
Up-Close , the communist censorship did not allow a new book’s publication.
Even more disappointing to him was the silence (in fact refusal) of the then
Minister of Culture and the President of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
(BAS) in response to his request for assistance with regard to the publishing
of his work „The Theory of Nationalisation in French.
At the age of 58, Katsarov took the most important decision in his life,
which completely changed his future life and professional career. In October
1956, he parted to Czechoslovakia for a course of treatment at a sanatorium,
but on the road he decided to go to Vienna, where he stayed for a short time
in a hospital, and finally arrived in Switzerland. He settled in Switzerland as
a Bulgarian citizen and asked the Swiss authorities for permission to remain
in the country, citing as the reason for his request the need to receive medical
treatment and to carry out scientific research.
The Swiss authorities responded in the affirmative to Katzarov’s request
and issued him an identity document with which he could travel to neigh-
bouring countries as well. The fact that Katzarov neither requested political
asylum nor ever applied for Swiss citizenship and never engaged in any ac-
tions against the totalitarian regime in Bulgaria was a significant factor ac-
counting for the benevolent attitude of the Bulgarian state institutions to-
wards him. With the assistance of the Bulgarian ambassador to Paris, Evgeny
Kamenov, whom he knew from the time when he still read lectures at the
University of Sofia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs extended the validity of
his international passport.
However, Katzarov’s request to gain permission for his wife to join him
in Switzerland proved harder to accomplish. It wasn’t until late 1962 that
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
541
Katzarov’s wife, Zinovia, was allowed to travel to Switzerland for a period
of six months; after the end of this period she remained permanently with
him. Katzarov’s son managed to visit his parents in 1974, which happened
with permission granted personally by Todor Zhivkov. Unlike his mother, he
returned to Bulgaria where he remained for the rest of his life.
The hardest period of Katzarov’s stay in Switzerland was during the first
couple of years when, in addition to being separated from his family, due to
his poor state of health he was constantly undergoing treatment in the sana-
torium in the Swiss city of Leysin. He also had to undergo two operations.
And yet, despite his health problems and everyday problems, the first years
of Katzarov’s life in Switzerland were exceedingly fruitful. Between 1957 and
1960, he wrote more than 25 academic studies and articles which were pub-
lished in science magazines and by top publishers. The main focus of his re-
search fell on issues in the field of nationalisation, on which he had worked
while he was still living in Bulgaria.
In the first years after his arrival in Switzerland, he devoted himself en-
tirely to the completion of his work. This was his main goal during his sojourn
at the Institute of Comparative Law at the University of Paris. There he fi-
nally completed his work on the study which came out in 1960 as a separate
publication in the series of academic research publications published by the
Institute. In the same year, the study was published as a separate book by the
prestigious publishing house La Baconnière.
„The Theory of Nationalisation“ is Katzarov’s greatest academic achieve-
ment. It is an all-encompassing academic work which studies the main legal
aspects of the process of nationalisation throughout its historical develop-
ment. The main focus is given to the legal analysis of the essence, principles,
mechanism and the consequences of the process of nationalisation in the
then USSR and the countries in Eastern Europe. The whole study is char-
acterised by a strictly academic and legal approach to the subject matter. It
lacks any idealisation or politicising of the phenomenon of nationalisation
in its contemporary dimensions. The task before the jurists, Katzarov wrote,
is no longer to debate the existence of this phenomenon but, having objec-
tively accepted its presence without any prejudice, to determine and analyse
its legal nature. This is exactly where Katzarov’s main scientific contribution
resides - adducing arguments and referring to a wealth of factological and
other data, he lays down his own views on the issue of the nature and the
consequences of nationalisation across the globe in the aftermath of World
War II.
542
Beheahh Lahebckh # Kohctahthh Kai(ai ob. IlbDn kem bt pxa
The section of the book which is devoted to the effects of nationalisa-
tion on the concept of property in international law on a worldwide basis
is of particular interest. Katzarov’s conclusion is that individual countries
or groups of countries have developed different concepts and policies with
regard to property depending on the nationalisations carried out in the re-
spective countries. He believes that the aim of the legal doctrine is to avoid
any conflicts and shocks in the process of adjusting the new to the old, and
the road leading towards it goes through overcoming existing differences en
route to the attainment of a synthesis between the different views on nation-
alisations. In this way, he wrote, the human race will head toward that ideal
which international law essentially serves, namely the harmonious coexist-
ence of nations and continents.
The brilliant legal analysis of the nationalisation process has not lost
its merit even today, despite the fact that more than 65 years have passed
since the publishing of „The Theory of Nationalisation“. This refers chiefly to
Katzarov’s conceptual approach to the study of this question, the well-sub-
stantiated necessity for legal science to take into consideration the develop-
ment changes and the policies implemented in the different countries, his
avoidance of absolutes or the forcing of outside opinions and policies in the
economic sphere, including with regards to the issues connected with nation-
alisation, the recognition of the right of every country to apply in this field
such methods and measures which reflect and protect to the fullest the public
interests in the relevant country and - as regards the international aspect of
this issue — to create conditions to facilitate and broaden the free and equal
cooperation between individual countries.
„The Theory of Nationalisation has become Katzarov’s most published
abroad academic work. It has been translated into seven languages and has
been published in eleven countries. Both academics and legal experts are
unanimous in their opinion that it is the culmination point in Katzarov’s aca-
demic achievements. It is sufficient to read the foreword to the first edition
of the book, written by Prof. Léon Julliot de la Morandière, member of the
French Academy of Sciences and honorary dean of the Faculty of Law and
Economic Sciences in Paris. Prof. Morandière described Katzarov’s work as
„original and „significant , representing a „synthesis , a comprehensive sci-
entific study in which the author has constructed a general theory of nation-
alisation as a „separate legal institution . After pointing out all the academic
merits and the contributions of Katzarov’s work in the sphere of the theory
of nationalisation, the French scholar concludes his foreword with the state-
ment that the book, „written with a deep faith in the future of humanity and
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
543
with just as much sense of scientific objectivity, is a wonderful example of all
the things that the jurists can do for the public and for peace“.
For his work „The Theory of Nationalisation“, Katzarov received inter-
national recognition not only as a scholar but also as a leading expert whose
concept and ideas were used in a number of countries, in particular in the
Middle East and Latin America. He had an especially high reputation in Chile
where in the 1970s the then President Salvador Allende and the country s gov-
ernment made wide use of his advice in the country’s nationalisation policy.
In the early 1960s, Katzarov moved on to the realisation of another im-
portant goal as a scholar and expert in the sphere of legal sciences - the open-
ing of a consultant firm in the field of industrial property, which would pro-
vide assistance for companies in the field of industrial property in the trade
and business relations between the Western and the Eastern European coun-
tries. Katzarov was deeply convinced that despite the essential differences in
the nature of property and the principles of economic policies of the Western
and the Eastern European countries, mutual cooperation was an objective ne-
cessity and would continue to grow.
On the other hand, the need to regulate the issues connected with the
registration and use of trademarks and patents was becoming increasingly
imperative. At that time, when the Cold War in Europe and the world was at
its height, the opening of such a consulting firm was truly a novel enterprise,
which showed Katzarov’s ability to assess and foresee the future of the rela-
tionships between the countries in Europe. As in his academic work, in this
respect Katzarov was ahead of the times in which he lived. This was a mani-
festation of the ideological values which motivated Katzarov in his profes-
sional activities and his everyday life. For some time, his consulting firm was
the only one in Switzerland to provide such services on a high expert level not
only to Western but to Eastern European companies, including Bulgarian.
In the chronology of Katzarov’s life path and professional career, the year
1963 marks a milestone — he was appointed as Privatdozent at the University
of Geneva. To his application to the Rector of the university, Katzarov at-
tached a curriculum vitae in which he listed all his academic degrees and
ranks, as well as the numerous academic and professional institutions and
organisations whose member he was - the Slovak Academy of Sciences,
the Supreme Bar Council in Bulgaria, President of the Bulgarian section
of the International Law Organisation, Vice President of the Bulgarian-
Swiss Society for Cultural Rapprochement, member of the International
Law Organisation, the American Society of International Law, the German
Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property, the International
544
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Association for the Protection of Industrial Property, etc. Katzarov attached
another list which contained 27 of his research works and articles which had
been translated and published in French, German, English and Spanish be-
tween 1950 and 1961.
Katzarov’s impressive academic biography and the international rec-
ognition of his achievements were sufficient grounds for his appointment
at the position he was interested in at the University of Geneva, for which
only a few purely formal requirements had to be met. Before a committee
of professors from the Faculty of Law at the university, Katzarov delivered
a test lesson (leçon d’eupreuve) in the sphere of the subject he was going
to teach, namely comparative commercial law. The committee was unani-
mous in its decision to propose Katzarov’s appointment as Privatdozent.
This was a sign of remarkable recognition for him, considering he didn’t
have Swiss citizenship and no practice as a lecturer in any university in
Switzerland.
Katzarov read lectures at the University of Geneva for seven years (un-
til 1969). His academic course was entitled „The Evolution of Commercial
Law into Comparative Law“ and was intended for students who had already
amassed sufficient knowledge and had advanced in their studies in the legal
field. This becomes evident from the thematic scope of the lecture course,
which covered the following topics - formation and specific characteristics of
commercial law in Germany, Switzerland and France, international conven-
tions in this field, commercial arbitration, industrial property, legal aspects
of nationalisation, status of nationalised commercial enterprises, business
planning, supranational dimensions of commercial law, international organi-
sation of trade relations, types and forms of agreements for the regulation of
foreign trade exchange between the countries, etc.
During the same decade, Katzarov wrote several books whose subject
matter was outside the legal field. In 1964 in Düsseldorf, Germany, was pub-
lished the book „Analyse des Sieges (AnAnalysis of Victory)“, which was re-
published the following year by a publishing house in Munich as „Analyse des
Sieges. Europas Schicksal aus seinem Südösten gesehen“ and in 1967 came
out in French by the publishing house la Baconnière under the title „La vic-
toire manquée. Le sort de l’Europe vu par son Sud-Est (The Failed Victory.
The Fate of Europe Seen through Its South-East)“. In fact, this was a part of a
comprehensive study in which Katzarov planned to describe the events hap-
pening in the world, including Bulgaria, during the time of the generation to
which he belonged. The whole study consists of „The Failed Victory and the
book „60 Years of Living History which was published in Bulgarian in 1970.
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
545
In the introduction to his book „The Failed Victory. The Fate of Europe
Seen through Its South-East“, Katzarov wrote that the task he had set him-
self was to attempt in his capacity as a contemporary observer „to present a
clear and succinct assessment of the global events of the past five decades“.
He focused in particular on the causes behind the outbreak of World War
II and the post-war development of the human race. He described the Cold
War period, the opposition of the two military and political blocs which took
shape under the leadership of the US and the USSR, the balance of power in
the world, the international conflicts which had arisen and the efforts for their
resolution, an analysis of communism as an ideology and practical applica-
tion, Europe’s place in the post-war world and the prospects for the future of
humanity.
The book reflected Katzarov’s anxieties about the current state and the
possible future of the world, and his answer regarding the causes which had
led to this situation in many respects differed from the opinions which domi-
nated the Western world at the time. Obviously, Katzarov was aware that his
statements will not go without criticism but he made them led by the saying
of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, which he quoted at the beginning
of his book, namely „Plato is my friend, but truth is a better friend“.
Katzarov was convinced that main cause for the problems which man-
kind had to face and deal with in the period after the end of World War II
were the „position and actions of the German adversaries during the war,
those very same [countries] which - once united in the military operations -
since then have been acting as rivals! It is precisely they that have created the
new world order after 1945.“ According to Katzarov, the West was to blame
that as a result of short-sighted policies pursued by the West „the USSR has
spread in a monstrous way and has managed to glean for itself all fruits from
the war, to transform the Allies’ victory over Germany in its personal triumph
over the Western Allies and Germany“. Another main point he makes in the
book is that the attempt made by the Western Allies to alleviate to some de-
gree the dismal outcome of the war through what became known as the Cold
War had failed.
In his book, Katzarov offered a number of arguments in support of his
conclusions. From today’s perspective, they seem to be of significance only
inasmuch as bearing any reference to a time when the communist ideology
and politics were on the rise and dominated over the territories of a large
number of countries, including Bulgaria. But even today, when Europe and
the world have changed considerably, Katzarov’s book still represents a com-
prehensive study of the post-war development of Europe and the world, the
546
Beheahh IJahebckh # Kohctahthh Kahapob. Hbtht kem bepxa
politics of the major countries and their consequences in international rela-
tions. Katzarov’s analysis of the condition and the prospects he outlined for
the future development of Europe and humanity is particularly valuable.
He expressed his opinion that the process of integration which had just
begun to take place among the countries in Europe needed to be taken further
both in the Western and in the Eastern part of the continent and saw in this
the medium for overcoming Europe’s weakness and dependence on foreign
resources. He also supported the need for broadening the relations between
the Western and the then socialist countries, which would have furthered the
development of democratic processes and the separation of Eastern Europe
from the dominance of the Soviet Union. The subsequent evolution of inter-
national relations which eventually led to the fall of communism in this part
of the world is convincing proof of Katzarov’s foresight regarding Europe’s
future development.
The conclusions in the last part of the book, which is dedicated to the
threat of a new world war, sound surprisingly up-to-date, despite the fact
that more than half a century has passed since. „Today (i.e. the early 1960s
- author’s note),“ he wrote, „the world is in the same state in which it was
during the interbellum, when for some fifteen years (until 1933) there had
been constant discussions and negotiations about „peace through disarma-
ment“, while in the end things turned upside down and suddenly everyone
announced that the only possible way to achieve peace was through „rear-
mament“. World War II broke out after a new course of rearmament had
been taken and one of the countries had decided that it had gained sufficient
advantage. The only difference between that particular period and the pre-
sent day is that after the second global conflict we took a step in the opposite
direction: at first, we applied the formula „peace through rearmament“, even
„through force“, while afterwards we fell into endless and futile debates about
„peace through disarmament .
Yet, as much as we approach the problem from one side or the other we
find ourselves at a standstill and it remains unresolved and irresolvable.
Therefore, it is dangerous for the Western world’s tomorrow to preach
that war is impossible and for the public opinion to get used to the idea that
any such threat has been flung into the distant future or even eradicated.
Today out situation is the same as it was on the eve of World War II, perhaps
even more alarming.
The alternative which Katzarov sees before the human race and which
sounds surprisingly topical today is that „the people need to grasp the cruel
and merciless truth: until the institutions army, justice, police, and executive
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
547
bodies, from which governments draw their material power, are given over
to a supranational organisation, there will be wars“. Unfortunately, Katzarov
was far from optimistic that this could happen any time soon. His disappoint-
ing conclusion was that „the human race is far, too far yet from the possibility
to create such an organisation“.
Katzarov’s book stirred great interest in the political and academic cir-
cles in the West. It received favourable reviews in Western newspapers, mag-
azines and other publications, which noted the thorough and well-founded
analysis of the events and international politics during and after World War
II.
„60 Years of Living History“ is another fundamental study, which fol-
lows Bulgaria s development and politics by setting them against the back-
ground of the global events at the time and coupling them with stories from
Katzarov’s personal and professional life. In his own words, the book was a
look back at the era during which his life had passed. For Katzarov, this pe-
riod was as interesting and intensive as it was cruel and painful, because of
the momentous changes which struck the world, including Bulgaria. „A large
part of the life of my generation,“ he wrote, „was spent in the dark shadow
of war, misery and suffering, of adversity and danger - for humanity, for my
compatriots, for my loved ones.“ And below are the final lines of Katzarov’s
book, in which he offers a general philosophical assessment of the live he had
lived:
„Downtrodden by the hardships of those days, many of my contempo-
raries would say despondently:
„In momentous times we lead small, pathetic lives.“
But was really the momentous and difficult period during which my gen-
eration lived a disaster or ill luck for us? No.
Because we lived through a piece of important history and the turbulent
and difficult times during which it was forged have been our advantage.
Would our lives have been better without the pain, the tears and the suf-
fering?
No.
Because it is that suffering that has given us the ability to see deeper and
to grasp the essence of events, people and things.
Only in suffering and after suffering can a man truly see and comprehend
the time he lives in.
And I am grateful for the good things I was blessed to see, learn, and
experience; but I am also grateful for the suffering which accompanied them.
Or, in Goethe’s words:
548 BEHEAHH IjAHEBCKH # KOHCTAHTHH KaUAPOB. IlETET K7,M BI,PXA
„[He] Who has never eaten his bread in tears... He knows you not, heav-
enly powers.“
Not only did Katzarov receive international recognition as a scholar and
expert in the legal field, but during his entire life in and outside Bulgaria he
worked selflessly for his native country. The realisation of the idea to establish
a charity foundation was the culmination of his patriotism. Toward the end of
the 1960s, this became a priority goal in his work. There were major difficul-
ties, especially in finding the necessary financial resources to do this. To reach
his goal, he used his personal savings. Initially, Katzarov provided 200 thou-
sand, and later another 300 thousand Swiss francs. For this purpose, he sold
his share of the capital in his consulting firm. Katzarov received the full sup-
port of his wife, as well as that of a number of Swiss financiers and scholars.
The foundation, named „Fonds Konstantin and Zinovia Katzarovi“,
was founded in January 1969 under the auspices of the General Fund of the
University of Geneva.The rules for its activity, composed under Katzarov’s
guidance, were promptly adopted. The scholarships it offered were intend-
ed for young Bulgarians who studied or wanted to raise their qualification
degree in Switzerland. At Katzarov’s insistence, one of the requirements
for the scholarship students was that after they completed their studies in
Switzerland, they should return to their native land and be of service to „eter-
nal Bulgaria“.
Katzarov managed the activities of the foundation until the end of his
life in 1980. During that time, dozens of young Bulgarians who studied or
specialised in Switzerland received scholarships. In 1974, Katzarov donated
1,500 volumes from his personal library to the National Library ,,Ss. Cyril and
Methodius“ in Sofia. The founding and the activity of the foundation is the
most significant but by far not the only manifestation of Katzarov’s love for
his country. He was one of the founders and members of the academic soci-
ety „Dr. Petar Beron“, founded in 1965 in Munich, among whose members
were more than 40 eminent Bulgarian scholars, writers, diplomats, journal-
ists and intellectuals. In the 1970s, Katzarov provided the premises, financial
resources and literature for the Bulgarian cultural centre „Trakia“, founded by
him in Geneva. He was also among the founders of the society for Bulgarian-
Swiss friendship in Switzerland, which was founded several months before he
passed away in 1980.
The world-wide recognition which Katzarov received as an academic,
coupled with the activity of his foundation, gradually changed for the bet-
ter the way the totalitarian regime in Bulgaria treated him. This would have
hardly become reality if it hadn’t been for the gradual process of rapproche-
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
549
ment in Europe, which began in the 1970, as well as the slight liberalisation of
the policies of the totalitarian regime in Bulgaria which began to broaden its
relations with the Western countries, including in the cultural and scientific
sphere. In 1975, the then President of the BAS, academician Angel Balevski,
sent a letter to Katzarov in which he expressed his „most heartfelt thanks
for the founding of the „Katzarovi“ foundation which gives opportunity to a
number of young Bulgarian scholars, including BAS associates, to increase
their qualification and to broaden their knowledge abroad..“
In the same year, Katzarov discussed with the then BulgarianAmbassador
to Switzerland, Rosa Koritarova, the possibilities for cooperation between the
Foundation and the BAS. He shared his wish that the BAS publishing house
would publish in Bulgarian his book „The Theory of Nationalisation“ and of-
fered to provide a number of copies of his book „60 Years of Living History“
to Bulgarian libraries and book stores. In early 1976, Katzarov received an
invitation to visit Bulgaria but he declined with the argument that he could
not avail himself of the offer on account of his advanced age and poor health.
The real reason behind Katzarov’s decision not to visit Bulgaria was his
fear that he could get arrested by the State Security Service which continued
to follow his activities as well as those of his son in Bulgaria. In addition, in
the early 1970s he was officially declared a fugitive and non-returner who was
put on a most wanted list and, if found, was to be arrested and brought before
the court. The statement with which Katzarov was declared a „non-returner“
was published in issue No. 244 of 1 February 1972 of the bulletin of the Sofia
City Directorate of the Ministry of the Interior.
Despitethechangedattitudeof the Bulgarianauthorities toward Katzarov,
not a single one of his works which had been published in the West came out
in Bulgaria during the communist regime in the country. The Bulgarian gov-
ernment offered neither financial nor any other support for the „Katzarovi
Foundation . Still, the totalitarian regime found a way to show that it viewed
in appositive light Katzarov’s academic achievements and his patriotic ac-
tivities. In December 1979, the Slavic Committee in Bulgaria sent a letter to
the State Council of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, which read that the
Bulgarian Embassy in Bern proposed that Prof. Konstantin Katzarov, resid-
ing in Switzerland, should be awarded the Order of Ss. Cyril and Methodius.
On 4 May 1980, the State Council of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria
issued Decree No. 858 which read as follows:
„The State Council of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, on the grounds
of Art. 93, item 23 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria
and Art. 35 of the Decree for Spiritual Stimulation, hereby
550
BeHEAHH L[AHEBCKH # KOHCTAHTHH KAHAPOB. ntTflT KIM BIPXA
DECREES
IT AWARDS Prof. Dr. KONSTANTIN KATZAROV - a Bulgarian re-
siding in Switzerland, with the Order of „Cyril and Methodius II degree for
his patriotic and academic activities.“
Prof. Katzarov spent the last years of his life in Clarens near Montreux.
He passed away on 7 October 1980 at the age of 82. In keeping with his will,
he was buried in Switzerland. He followed the example of a number of Swiss
people who had worked and died in Bulgaria and had requested to be buried
on Bulgarian soil.
As a remarkable scholar and expert in the field of legal sciences, history,
political science and international relations, with his activities as a patriot, do-
nor and philanthropist, Prof. Konstantin Katzarov stands out in the history of
Bulgaria and Bulgarian-Swiss relations. He was a highly erudite person, a true
democrat, with a freedom-loving spirit, a noble character, modest, honest and
respectable. Katzarov devoted his entire life to science and, despite his distress
over the political repressions he suffered at the hands of the communist re-
gime, he endlessly loved his homeland and never took part in any political or
propaganda activities against it. His life and works are worthy of respect and
admiration - sentiments which were felt by everyone who knew him.
This is what Evgeniya Markova, a relative of the professor, wrote about
him and his wife whose photographs she kindly sent me: „1 would look at
them in these photographs as if they were icons. Such bright, pure, beautiful
young people and I would sink into a virginal world, a world of spiritual vir-
tue, devotion, truth. Look how pretty they both are - Zinka and Konstantin.
What light they radiate. No, you cannot find such people any more.
Prof. Robert Patry, a long-time Chairman of the Committee /
Management Board of the „Konstantin and Zinovia Katzarovi Foundation“,
describes Konstantin Katzarov as „a big patriot with a noble heart“. „A bril-
liant jurist with a wealth of experience,“ he wrote, „Konstantin Katzarov was
a self-composed man with a very charming character. He was as demanding
of himself as he was of the people who had the honour of working with him;
he hid behind his stern, sometimes even somewhat cold face, a heart of gold.
Despite all the suffering he had gone through during the communist regime,
he remained - together with his wife Zinovia - deeply connected with his
homeland - his eternal Bulgaria.
Although a bit late, Katzarov has received his due recognition in Bulgaria.
In 1990, the fifth edition of his systematic course in Bulgarian commercial law
Professor Konstantin Katzarov. The Road To The Peak (Summary)
551
came out. Four years later, with the support of his son Georgi, the books „60
Years of Living History“ and its sequel „The Failed Victory were published. In
1995, the third edition of Katzarov’s travelogue „The World Up-Close“ came
out. At the initiative of the Department of Law at New Bulgarian University,
Katzarov s fundamental work „The Theory of Nationalisation“ came out in
2011; it was presented in the same university and in the University of Sofia
„St. Kliment Ohridski“.
In 1998, on the occasion of the centenary of Prof. Katzarov s birth and the
30th anniversary of the founding of the „Konstantin and Zinovia Katzarovi
Foundation“, a collection of stories about him shared by Bulgarian and Swiss
scholars was published. The anniversary dates were marked by an exhibi-
tion at the University of Sofia „St. Kliment Ohridski“ reflecting Katzarov’s
life and a symposium dedicated to his work and the „Konstantin and Zinovia
Katzarovi Foundation .
Katzarov received high praise not only in Bulgaria, but also in Switzerland
and many other countries in which his academic works are used by scholars,
experts and students. His biography stands side by side with those of the
most prominent personalities in the Fourth Edition of „Two thousand men on
achievement 1972“ - a biographical record of the most distinguished achieve-
ments, circulating throughout the world. His name was included also in the
biographical encyclopaedia „Who’s Who in Switzerland“ issued in 1992-93.
Katzarov has a unique place not only in history. His work as a scholar,
expert and patriotic Bulgarian philanthropist bears fruit even today, and un-
doubtedly will continue to do so in the future. His academic works remain
as important and up-to-date as ever and are re-issued again and again. The
foundation set up by Katzarov continues to support gifted and talented
Bulgarians. Its work has become even more fruitful after the amendments
introduced in the early 1990s to the foundation’s Rules, in keeping with the
political changes which took place in Bulgaria and led to the fall of the totali-
tarian regime and the country’s new democratic development. During that
period, the „Konstantin and Zinovia Katzarovi“ foundation has provided fi-
nancial assistance to over 300 Bulgarians in the sphere of education, science,
culture and art, and the total of the resources provided amounts to some 2
million Swiss francs.
The consulting firm established by Katzarov in the early 1960s in the field
of industrial property also continues to function successfully. The fact that
it bears the name of its creator - Katzarov S.A., is a sign of continuity and
recognition of his achievements. Today the company represents the hub of a
worldwide network of agencies dealing with intellectual property. In addition
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BEHEAHH L[aHEBCKH $ KoHCTAHTHH KaHAPOB. ItbTJIT KIM B1PXA
to providing consultation services, the Katzarov S.A, continues to publish the
constantly revised and updated „Manual on Industrial Property . It is highly
valued by both corporate and private users all over the world.
In 2013, Prof. Venelin Tsachevsky - a Bulgarian historian and diplomat,
devoted to Katzarov his monographic work „The Swiss Model. The Power
of Democracy , which the following year was translated and published in
English by the prestigious European publishing house „Peter Lang . At his
proposal in June 2014 the Sofia Municipal Council unanimously voted to
change the name of one of the streets in Sofia to Prof. K. Katzarov. Soon, this
street will be graced with a bas-relief of this remarkable Bulgarian scholar,
patriot and democrat.
In the course of his life, Katzarov faced a lot of hardships. During his
life he suffered from a serious health problems. He was severely repressed by
the totalitarian regime in Bulgaria, he was forced to immigrate and was never
able to return to his native land. His family’s life was also hard, especially that
of his wife Zinovia. Katzarov overcame all life’s hardships with the strength
on his will, his purposefulness, confidence in his democratic convictions, op-
timism and humanity. Katzarov reached the uttermost academic heights and
gained international recognition for his achievements and expertise in his
chosen field of work. He offered a competent analysis of Bulgarian and world
history, he was a man of spirit and action, a realist and a practical man, he
took a sober view of the realities of life, he foresaw the future developments
in Bulgaria, Europe and the world with objectivity and foresight. Above all
stood his love of his homeland and he proved his patriotism through his ac-
tions in and outside Bulgaria.
K. Katzarov is among the notable personalities in the modern history
of Bulgaria. He also made a considerable contribution for the broadening of
Bulgarian-Swiss relations, in particular in the sphere of the spiritual ties be-
tween the people of the two countries. Katzarov’s noteworthy life, his out-
standing academic achievements and amazing patriotism command admi-
ration, deserve respect and recognition, make us proud as Bulgarians. For
this reason, I have proposed the Bulgarian Institutions to award Konstantin
Katzarov with the highest state distinction - order „Stara Planina , first grade.
Table of Contents
My friendship and collaboration with Prof. Konstantin Katzarov
Jean-Claude Nicole
A big-hearted man who brings together two nations.............................16
IvetteAdam
Introduction 19
I. Childhood years........................................................... 23
II. Graduate and PhD studies in Switzerland ..................................29
III. Back in Bulgaria: A scholar and university professor..........*..........45
IV. Konstantin Katzarov before and after the political changes
in Bulgaria in 1944............................................................61
V. Konstantin Katzarov’s work at the Bulgarian-Swiss cultural society 101
VI. Being on the radar of the State security.................................117
VII. In the grip of the totalitarian regime..................................161
VIII. The verdict............................................................209
IX. The end of illusions................................................... 223
X. Konstantin Katzarov’s departure for Switzerland
281
554
BEHEAHH UlAHEBCKH ^ KOHCTAHTHH KaIJAPOB. ttbTJIT KBM BBPXA
XL Initial years of emigration..............................*...............291
XIL Hie Theory of Nationalization“ as the peak
of Konstantin Katzarov’s research work..........*...........................305
XIII. Being together again..................................................317
XIV* Looking into the future and towards history............................329
XV. Konstantin and Zinovia Katzarovi Foundation............................. 351
XVI. The invitation extended to Katzarov to visit Bulgaria................ 389
XVII. Final years...................................................... 401
XVIII. Recognition..........................................................417
Instead of a conclusion............................................... 461
Afterword............................................................. 475
Information sources.........................................................493
Timeline of events in Konstantin Katzarov’s private and professional life.. 517
Konstantin Katzarov s academic publications................................ 518
Summary in Bulgarian........................................................519
Summary in English.................................................... 533
Table of contents in English................................................. 553
About the author
556
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Cačevski, Venelin 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103648585 |
| author_facet | Cačevski, Venelin 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cačevski, Venelin 1948- |
| author_variant | v c vc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043520894 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)951631571 (DE-599)BVBBV043520894 |
| edition | Părvo izdanie |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| id | DE-604.BV043520894 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:27:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028936835 |
| oclc_num | 951631571 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 554 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Ciela |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Cačevski, Venelin 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)103648585 aut Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha Venelin Cačevski Părvo izdanie Sofija Ciela 2016 554 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englische Zusammenfassung mit dem Titel: Professor Konstantin Katzarov - the road to the peak Enthält auch Kurzbiographie des Verfassers Text bulgarisch Kyrillische Schrift Kacarov, Konstantin I. 1898-1980 (DE-588)121956121 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Kacarov, Konstantin I. 1898-1980 (DE-588)121956121 p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028936835&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028936835&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028936835&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cačevski, Venelin 1948- Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha Kacarov, Konstantin I. 1898-1980 (DE-588)121956121 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)121956121 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha |
| title_auth | Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha |
| title_exact_search | Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha |
| title_full | Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha Venelin Cačevski |
| title_fullStr | Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha Venelin Cačevski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Konstantin Kacarov pătjat kăm vărcha Venelin Cačevski |
| title_short | Konstantin Kacarov |
| title_sort | konstantin kacarov patjat kam varcha |
| title_sub | pătjat kăm vărcha |
| topic | Kacarov, Konstantin I. 1898-1980 (DE-588)121956121 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kacarov, Konstantin I. 1898-1980 Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028936835&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028936835&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028936835&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cacevskivenelin konstantinkacarovpatjatkamvarcha |
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