Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli: Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku
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Zielona Góra
Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Personenregister Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 155, [4] s. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788378421870 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli |b Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku |c opracowanie i redakcja Grażyna Wyder ; [tłumaczenie na język angielski Maciej i Teolyn Wyder] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Zielona Góra |b Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 155, [4] s. |b il. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Bibliogr. s. 145-151. Indeks | |
| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Excommunicated anarchist - the socialist Jadwiga Gulińska in Poznań in the early twentieth century | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1900-1918 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1900-1918 |A z |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Wyder, Grażyna |4 edt | |
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Spis tresci
5 # Slowem wst^pu. Poznañska socjalistka Jadwiga Gulinska
21 * Listy Jadwigi Guliñskiej do towarzyszy z Oddzialu Zagra-
nicznego Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej - korespondencja
zlat 1900-1905
65 * Wiersze. Jadwiga Gulinska: „Pod skrzydlami smierci”
91 3 Noty biograficzne osób wymienianych w korespondencji
129 * Excommunicated Anarchist - The socialist Jadwiga
Guliñska in Poznan in the early Twentieth century
145 ® Bibliografía
153 * Indeks osobowy
15? € Wykaz ilustracji
Indeks osobowy
Acemus (pseud.) zob. Klonowic Sebastian
Fabian 49
Amicis Edmund de 54,147
Andrutöwna 18,142
Andrzej 25, 36
Andrzejewska Pelagia 18,142
Andrzejewski Marcin 18,142
Auer Ignaz 27, 30, 40, 53, 9L *49
Badzinski 52
„Baj” (pseud.) zob. Jçdrzejowski Boleslaw
Antoni
Bebel August 22, 29, 47, 53, 91, 92, 147
Berfus [August Stanislaw] 27, 41, 53, 92,
119, 149
Biniszkiewicz Jözef 27, 41, 53, 61, 93, 94,
145, 148, 151
Borys Klemens 33, 94,151
Bruhns Julius 53
Brzeska Wanda 18,142
Brzeskwiniewicz Antoni 38, 94, 95, 151
Brzoza (pseud.) zob. Gulinski Jözef
Budaszöwna Wladyslawa vel Gogojewiczo-
wa Slawa i8 142
Caspari Emil Edmund (pseud. Rolski) 6, 3 5,
52, 53, 95,96, 99,148
Cholewa Jan 53
Daszytiski Ignacy 8, 9, 53, 92, 107, 123
Dçbinski (Dembiriski) Antoni 45, 96
Dlugi (pseud.) zob. Kasprzak Marcin
Draba Dawid Ludwik 23, 96, 148
„Edmund” (pseud.) zob. Wojciechowski
Stanislaw
Edmund, syn Stanislawa Wojciechowskiego
127
Eberhardt Wilhelm 53
Elka zob. Golde Estera
Engels Fryderyk 59, 60, 117
„Es.” zob. Golde Estera
„Etka” zob. Golde Estera
Falski Leon 38, 55,107
Filipowicz Tytus 9, 39, 96, 97, 149, 150
Gerisch Albin 53
Gogojewiczowa Slawa zob. Budaszöwna
Wladyslawa
Gogowska, zona J. Gogowskiego 47
Gogowski Jözef 7, 39, 43, 46, 47, 56, 61, 97,
98,105, no, 149
Goldberg-Kobylanski Wladyslaw Stanislaw
36, 37, 98,148
Golde Estera 6,13, 23, 28, 31, 35,42,45, 50,
52,61,62,95,98,100102,107,114,115,
133, 145, 148,149
Goscimski Marceli 53
Görkowski Piotr zob. Gumplowicz Wla-
dyslaw
Gulihska Jadwiga 3-14,16,18-23,25, 29,36,
39,47, 50, 51, 56-59,61-63,65,100,129,
130-146, 148, 149, 151
GulinskaZofia 10,16-18, 141,142, 145
Gulinski Jözef 6,10,12,15,23-25, 30,32,34,
39, 100, 132, 133
Gulinski Kazimierz 10, 65
Gulinski Stanislaw 10,16, 25,141
Gumplowicz Wladyslaw 40, ioo, 101, 147
154
INDERS OSOBOWY
Haase Jerzy 13, 28-35, 37-44, 61, 62, 101,
115,133
Hauptmann Gerhart 59
Jadwiga zob. Gulinska Jadwiga
Jaga (pseud,) zob. Gulinska Jadwiga
Januszkiewicz Marian 44
Jasin 44
J^drzejowski Boleslaw Antoni 6, 9, 22, 25,
26, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40-42, 44» 52,
102, 104, 123,150
Jodko-Narkiewicz Witold 22, 25, 26, 31, 99,
103-105,148
Jorbajem Karusia 36
Karliriska Elzbieta 120
Karpinski 52
Karski (pseud. Stefan) zob. Filipowicz Ty-
tus
Karski (pseud.) zob. Marchlewski Julian
Baltazar
Karwik Stanislaw 26, 43, 47, 49, 105, 106,
150
Kasprzak [Marcin] 7-9, 27,30, 31,33» 34» 39»
40, 53» 55» 56, 92, 97» 99» 103, 105-107,
109, 110, 118, 119, 149, 150
Kautsky Karol 60,110
Klepsowna-Wysocka Salomea 18, 142
Klimowicz Stanislaw [Feliks] 57, 107, 108,
148
Klonowic Sebastian Fabian 49
Kobylariski Wladyslaw Stanislaw zob. Gold-
berg Wladyslaw Stanislaw
Koczorowski 53
Kolski Jan (pseud.) zob. Haase Jerzy
Konopnicka Maria 54, 140
Konrad zob. Haase Jerzy
Krakowski Wladyslaw zob. Gumplowicz
Wladyslaw
Kuhnert 6
Kujawiak (pseud.) zob. Marchlewski Julian
Baltazar
Kukwiszöwna-Paczkowska 18,142
Kwiatek Jozef 26, 44» 108,109, 147, 149
Lafargue Paul 60
Legien Karl (Carl) 22, 23, 31, 109
Liebknecht Karl 6o, 111, 115, 120, 123
Limanowski Boleslaw 40, 92
Luksemburg (Luxemburg) Roza 7,8,22,24,
27» 30, 31» 34» 43» 44» 53» 61, 92, 95 98,
102, IO5, IO7, IO9-III, II3-II6, II8-
120, 123, 126, I45, 146, 150
Malinowski Aleksander 10, 14, 26, 27, 36,
52, 111,113,122,131,132,145,147
Malinowski Marian (pseud. Wojtek) 43
Marchlewski, Julian Baltazar 110,111,113-
115.118.150
Markowska Maria (pseud. Kruk) 42, 115,
149
„Marya” (pseud.) zob. Paszkowska Gertru-
da
Maryla (pseud.) zob. Schmidt Wozniaköwna
Maria
Marylka (pseud.) zob. Markowska Maria
Materné Walentyna 18,142
Matuszewski Tadeusz 61,116, 146, 148
Mendelson Stanislaw 8, 22, 55, 60, 91, 103,
116-119,147
Merkowski [Franciszek] 27, 37-40, 53, 117,
119,148
Minkiewicz Henryk 115
Minkiewicz Romuald 26
Mletzko Pawel 56
Morawski Franciszek 8, 23, 27-31, 33-35,
38-41» 43» 46, 61, 62, 92, 98, 106, 115,
119,120, 148,150
Motteler Julius 42, 44,120
Omahkowska Janina 52,120,121,137-139,
150
Paczkowski 52
Paszkowska Maria Gertruda 10, 122, 123,
132.150
Perl Feliks 6, 26, 39, 108, 149
Peris Zygfryd 61
Pfannkuch Wilhelm 53
Pilsudski Jozef 1, 3, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18-20,
24-27, 36,39,45, 92,93,96,99,101,103,
104, 112, 122-125, 127, 132, 140-142,
144, 147» 150
Piotr 25
Pobojewska Henryka 36
Podemski Ludwik 46, 47
Pola 25
Prokosza Jan 53
INDERS OSOBOWY
155
Ratynska [Maria] 36,125
Razna Stanislawa 18, 147
Rolski (pseud.) zob. Caspari Emil Edmund
Rozplochowskie Helena i Wanda 18, 142
Roznowski Stanislaw 36
Rözia zob. Luksemburg Röza
Röza zob. Luksemburg Röza
Rudnicka 18,147
Rybicki Stanislaw 53
Rykowski [Jözef] 52
Schmidt Sonia 59
Schmidt Wozniaköwna Maria 18, 142
Schütz Oskar 53
Silberschmidt Hermann 53
Singer Paul 5 3
Smolihska z Frankowskich Wladyslawa i8
142
Sosna Jan 32, 33, 46-49» 53» 125
Stemkiewicz Karol 53
Stössel Paul 53
Strözecka zob. Golde Estera
Strozecki Jan 26, 99,118
Strzelczyk 61
Sulkiewicz Aleksander (pseud. Smolak, Ki-
zia) 112, 124, 125, 148, 149
Szczalkowski 50
Sremski [Wojciech] 53, 56, 61, 97, 126
Thiel Kazimierz 22, 27, 92, 126
Thiel Stefan 22, 23, 27, 30, 38, 41» 43» 45»
53, 126,145
Thielowa 22
Tr^balski Franciszek 53
Wasilewski Leon 6, 7, 10,13, 21, 22, 24, 26,
36, 39» 45» 92, 101, 112, 124, 146, 150
W4S zob. Wons
Wengeis Robert 53
Werbiñski Stanislaw 53
Wçclawska Walentyna 18, 147
Wçglarz 42
Wierzejewska Maria 18, 142
Wiese Rudolf 47
Witold zob. Witold Jodko-Narkiewicz
Wladek (pseud.) zob. Malinowski Aleksan-
der
Wojciechowski Stanislaw Edmund 6, 9, 10,
2i, 24-26, 32, 44, 45, 55-57» 59» 60, 52,
112, 126, 128, 146
Wojtek (pseud.) zob. Malinowski Marian
Wons, kolporter z Bytomia 48, 62
Wronski [Aleksander] (pseud.) zob. Jodko-
Narkiewicz Witold
Wysocka-Klepsöwna Salomea zob. Klep-
söwna-Wysocka Salomea
Zimmermann Kazimierz, ks. 51, 120, 130,
134» 135» 139» i4o 146* 147
„Zinek” zob. Guliñski Jözef
Ziuk (pseud.) zob. Pilsudski Jözef Klemens
f
V
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
i
J
Bibliografía
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Gulinska Jadwiga, sygn. 305/VII, t. 13.
Archiwum Archidiecezjalne w Poznaniu
Wspomnienia Zofii Rzepeckiej, sygn. SPO 212/3, s. 13.
Archiwum Pahstwowe w Poznaniu
Karty meldunkowe miasta Poznania 1870-1931, sygn. 14.470.
Zespöl: Polizei - Präsidium Posen, sygn. 4376: Jözef Gulinski i Jadwiga Gulinska.
Centraine Archiwum Wojskowe Rembertöw-Warszawa
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Gulinska Zofia, akta personalne, MN 21.04.1937.
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Thiel Stefan, akta personalne, KN 8.11.37.
Zbiory Specjalne Biblioteld Raczyhskich w Poznaniu
Jadwiga Gulinska, Wiersze, sygn. 1103/1-4.
Sprawozdanie z zebrania Wydzialu [Warta] z dnia 31.XII.1902, rkp., sygn. 1028/VII, k. 23.
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1982.
Excommunicated Anarchist -
The socialist Jadwiga Gulinska in Poznan
in. the early Twentieth century
“because a venom from their chest is leaking, which poisons their enemies”1.
These words taken from the poem by Vincent Pol concluded the correspondence
of Fr. Kazimierz Zimmermann which has the dramatic title of Socialism in Poznans
Reading Hall for Women2. This article provoked fierce, even deadly, debate lasting nearly
two months, as he wrote about the political activity of the socialist Jadwiga Gulinska
in Poznans Reading Room for Women.
Author Fr. K. Zimmermann, social activist, former editor of the “Ruch Chrzesci-
jansko-Spoieczny” periodical - a well known and influential person - disapprovingly
informed Poznans society about the dangerous “practices” established in the 1895 at
the Reading Room for the Women in Poznan, a sisterhood. This was the second such
association after the “ Warta”. The Reading Room for the Women in Poznans statement
of belief - strongly stressed by the author - was: “to create a focus of intellectual life
and revival of academic movement among women with the exclusion of any political
issues”3. This objective was pursued through the lending of books, shared reading,
lectures and talks4. Any adult woman could be a Member of the Society.
^According to Fr. Zimmermann, those intentions had been threatened by permit-
ting access to “our women and girls” to the one “known as a prominent socialist agita-
tor, a participant at local and international socialist meetings, known for her appear-
ances in Poznan itself”5. This dangerous precedent, according to the authors article,
“in our manly fellowship (mens society) - even the most radical - would be almost
impossible”6.
1 “Oj nie zginçfa jeszcze Ojczyzna. Poki niewiasty tain czuj^l Bo z ich to Serca pfynie trucizna,
Ktôrç wrogowie siç trujÿ’, W. Pol, Pierwsza rocznica 29 listopada, [w:] Piesni Janusza, Paryz 1835 (with
a date 1833); cont. ed. 2003.
2 X. Zimmermann, Socjalizm w Poznanskiej Czytelni dla kobiet, “Kurier Poznariski” (hereaf-
ter: KP), vol. 30/32,7*02.1903, p. 1.
3 ibidem.
4 Ustawy Czytelni dla kobieU “Glos Wielkopolanek” vol. 1/2,12.04.1908, p. 4.
5 X. Zimmermann, op. cit., p. 1.
6 Ibidem.
130
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JAD WIG A GULINSKA...
The presentation by Fr. Zimmermann provoked a lively reaction from the Poznan’s
press. “Dziennik Poznariski”, in an extensive article, Not This Way Dear Ladies. This
commentary called for: “Diligently and willingly we recorded any symptoms of the
social activities of our ladies, especially abundant in the field of education. Our ladies
should be credited for the creation and consolidation of funds used for the mutual
support of tutoring and education.
Groups of our aristocratic forces united in a social institution, joined in their full
strength beneath the emblem of Catholicism and Polish perseverance. This symbol is
now shattered - even at the risk of being insulted and trampled - hence our warning
to those of today: ‘Not This Way Dear Ladies!’” 7.
Furthermore the dramatic question was asked: “Where will you go if the socialist
cravings would creep into us - not from the bottom, because our people are too reli-
gious - but due to some advanced tolerance from our aristocrats? Where will you go, if
you pave the way for the whims of those that keep our household fires, and give forbear-
ance or relativity to the incomprehensible? Where will you go, if Polish education is to
sink in a sea of socialism? [...]. Whoever wants to accept socialist theory and science
as harmless, does not understand their significance, or falsely measures them against
their own assessments. This is the last chance for the irrevocable turn, the opportunity
to resist the attempts of the sneaky spirits because, ‘Not This Way Dear Ladies!”’8.
Full of indignation Solitarily and the other journals voiced their viewpoint: “Goniec
Wielkopolski”, “Or^downik”, “Post^p”, “Wielkopolanin”, “Ruch”, “Przyjaciel Ludu”. The
defence perspective was introduced by “Praca”, the socialist “Gazeta Ludowa” and
“Gazeta Robotnicza”. Attacked, repeatedly called by name in the press, Jadwiga Gulinska
attempted to explain the conflict by publishing at her own expense and distributing
among Poznan’s families the pamphlet The Case of the Reading Room for Women in
Poznan9 on February 15. This attempt as it turned out was in vain. In a memorandum
drawn up for the police, an unknown informer reported: “Fr. Zimmermann activates
movement against a socialist and calls for the cleaning of the Reading Room for Women
Assembly. He does this in order to push himself to the front of the pack, using the
weapons of rumours, insults and slanders... Fr. Zimmermann says that not only social-
ists, but even you - those who will fraternize with the socialists - betray God and the
homeland, hoping that nobody will dare to deny this naive fairy tale. Fr. Zimmermann
smashes his spears, surely not for God and the homeland, but for the privilege of power,
7 [H.], Glosy Obywatelskie: Nie tydy droga, szanowne panie, “Dziennik Poznariski” (hereafter:
DP), vol. 45/3i 8.02.1903, pp. 2-3.
8 Ibidem.
9 J. Gulinska, Sprawa Czytelni dla kobiet w Poznaniu, Poznan 1903; booklet issued on 10.02.1903,
consisted of 12 pages.
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULINSKA...
131
which is conditional of material strength, and to the political advantage in the districts
of Polish clergy under Prussian rule”10.
* * *
Jadwiga Gulinska, one of the prominent activists of the existing socialist movement
in the Prussian partition, did not survive until her biography11. We learn of the above-
mentioned “scandal” and the fate of its active political life in very few references. The
most extensive source is in the biography of Alice Pacholczykowa12. Jadwigas activi-
ties were mentioned by Wladyslaw Zielinski, in the work of Polish Socialist Party in
Prussian partition 1890/1893-191413. Gulinska explained in the booklet the essence of
the dispute. Some mention is found in the relations of members of the Society Reading
Room14, and in correspondence which ran among party colleagues - socialists15. The
course of the conflict - described as a scandal in the Poznan newspapers - culminated
in the heroines exclusion from the Reading Room. Gulinska did not hide her political
sympathies and the very fact of “being” socialist, practically eliminated her from the
aristocratic conservative society of Poznan, which was strongly influenced by Catholic
clergy.
“Skandalist-Gulinska” was already known at this time and was an experienced
political activist16. She became involved in the socialist movement in 189517. At this
time, she lived in Lodz, and there met with activists from the Polish Socialist Party,
10 Polish State Archives in Poznan (hereafter: APP), records: Polizei - Präsidium Posen, catalogue
number (hereafter: c.n.) 4376: Jozef Gulinski i Jadwiga Gulinska.
11 J. Gulinska awarded the Cross of Independence (hereafter: KN) in 1937 for commitment to
rebuild an independent Polish country, Military State Archive (hereafter: CAW), personal data (here-
after: ap.), KN 16.03.1937.
12 A. Pacholczykowa, Gulinska Jadwiga, [in:] Stownik biograficzny dzialaczy polskiego ruchu
robotniczego, red. F. Tych, vol. 2: £-/, Warszawa 1987, pp. 426-427.
13 W. Zielinski, Polska Partia Socjalistyczna zaboru pruskiego 1890/1893-1914. Katowice 1982,
pp. 87, 91-92,130-131,178-179 etc.
14 Archdiocese Archives in Poznan (hereafter: AAP), Wspomnienia Zofii Rzepeckiej,
SPO 212/3, pp-1-30; Z. Rzepecka, Wspomnienia, introduction and annotated J. Malinowski, “Kronika
Wielkopolski” 2004, vol. 3(11), pp. 78-97.
15 Letters kept at The Central Archives of Modern Records, included in records: “Akta dzialaczy
i czlonkow PPS - Korespondencja oraz dokumenty osobiste. Dokumenty dziafalnosci politycznej
i inne 1883-1932” (hereafter: A AN, Arch. PPS), c.n. 305/VII, vol. 13.
16 Jadwiga Gulinska, nee Lewicka, daughter of Onfury and Antonina Trokowska; alias Jaga, born
12.10.1863 (Karolöwka/Zamojszczyzna). In 1896 married to Jozef Gulihski. Mother to three children.
Kazimierz, born 5.07.1892 (Moscow); Zofia, bom 22.08.1894 (Moscow), and Stanislaw, born 18.03.1897
(Warsaw). Died on 13-03.1939 in Poznan, see: A. Pacholczykowa, op. df., pp. 426-427; CAW, Gulinska
Jadwiga, ap., KN 16.03.1937.
17 In spite of thorough studies it was not possible to establish the youth of J. Gulinska and her
family atmosphere that led her to socialistic ideology.
1-32
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JAD WIG A GULINSKA...
specifically with Aleksander Malinowski18, a close collaborator of Jozef Pilsudski, and
her future husband Jozef Gulinski19. The couple married in 1896 and as stated in the
recommendation request for the Cross of Independence, “Feeling together the deep
misery of their homeland by the Polish people, they joined the ranks of the PPS and
for several years they devoted their life, their strengths, freedom and their posses-
sions to fight for the independence of Poland”20. They settled in Warsaw, initially on
22 Hoza Street and then 5th Zurawia Street. Their apartments were the party premises,
the storage of party literature and point of distribution for the “Worker” publication.
Jozef Pilsudski was visiting them there21. Jadwiga - along with party colleague Maria
Gertruda Paszkowska22 - dealt with technical matters.
Jadwiga with her husband were known among activists, as the “spouses”. As the
wife of a German Citizen they could use her husbands permanent German passport
to carry the party paper from abroad. During one such delivery in May of 1900, while
traveling from Germany to Warsaw, they were arrested. Jozef Gulinski was incarcer-
ated in Citadel (Warsaw). After several months of investigation, he was released on bail
(led by Stanislaw Patek23) with the order, as a German subject, to leave the kingdom
“forever”24.
Jadwiga was arrested in front of the Vienna Train Station in Warsaw, when she was
getting on a carriage. She was wearing about 17,5 kg25 of secret paper. She was impris-
oned in the X Pavilion, in cell No. 27. For some time her neighbour in the prison was
Jozef Pilsudski26.
After a year-long investigation she was released, dying, as a German “subject” despite
the clear evidence of guilt, and expelled with her husband and three small children
within 24 hours “forever” from the borders of the Russian Empire. She had brought
herself to this critical state of health by starving herself for several months (she threw
18 Aleksander Malinowski (1868-1922), PPS activist, an associated of Jozef Pilsudski, see: Polski
slownik biograficzny (hereafter: PSB), vol. 19:1974, p. 328; also: J. W^grodzki, Cytadela - przedsionek
Syberii, www.muzeumniepodleglosci.art.pl/kto_jest_kim.php, p. 16 [5.03.2011].
19 Jozef Gulinski (13.03.1863 [Nieszawa next to Ciechocinek] - 18.09.1939 [Poznan]), son of Jozef;
vel Brzoza (Birch), Husband; tradesmen, socialist activist. First lived in Torun, then moved to the
Polish Kingdom in i89o’s, where he met her future wife Jadwiga Lewicka, see: B. Winnicka, Gulinski
Jozef, [in:] Slownik biograficzny dzialaczy..., vol. 2, p. 427; CAW, Gulinski Jozef, ap., KN 16.03.1937.
20 CAW, Gulinski Jozef, op. cik, text 1.
21 CAW, Gulinska Jadwiga, op. cit., text 7.
22 Maria Gertruda Paszkowska (1859-1925), daughter of Wladyslaw and Maria Wojszwill, vel
Gintra, Hetmanica, PPS activist; see: PSB, vol. 25:1980, p. 284.
23 Stanislaw Patek (1866-1944), attorney, diplomat; political lawsuits advocate, close associate of
J. Pilsudski; 1919-1920 Foreign Affairs Minister; 1921-1926 Member of Parliament in Japan; 1926-1932 -
MP in USRR; 1933-1935 the USA ambassador. Killed during The Warsaw Uprising, Nowa encyklopedia
powszechna PWN, vol. 4: M-P, Warszawa 1996, p. 799.
24 CAW, Gulinski Jozef, op. cit., text. 1.
25 CAW, Gulinska Jadwiga, op. cit., autobiography, text 6.
26 Ibidem.
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULINSKA...
133
her food to the toilet). She was hoping that Russia was concerned about maintaining
a good rapport with Germany; therefore, they wouldn’t want the death of a incarcer-
ated German citizen, before an investigation could be completed. And she was not
mistaken.
On November 7, 1900 Jadwiga came to Berlin, where she continued the dentist
apprenticeship programme which she previously started in Warsaw. Jozef had been
looking for work. The conditions forced him to make frequent and long journeys
through Europe. Jadwiga often stayed with the children, which did not stop her par-
ticipation in political life. In December 1900 she enrolled with her husband in the
local section of the Foreign Branch of the Polish Socialist Party, acting simultaneously
in the PPS zp.27 Together with Jerzy Haase28 and Estera Golde-Strozecka29 she greatly
influenced the content of the substantive agenda of the Sixth Congress of PPS zp. in
Berlin in May 190230. She presented a resolution, which was accepted unanimously,
critically evaluating the ratio of SPD to the PPS zp.31 She opted for the organizational
autonomy of the PPS zp.32
After a year-long stay in Berlin, on September 26,1901, the Gulinski family moved
to Poznan, living on Berlinerstrasse (now Jan Henryk D^browski Street) 19/2333. Not
knowing the political realities prevailing in Poznan, always involved in politics, on
October 20,1901 Jadwiga decided take part in a meeting of the Catholic Association
of Polish Workers in Poznan convinced by the open invitation, “Guests are welcomed”.
In the letter - probably written on the same day to Esther Golde-Strozecka - Jadwiga
wrote: “It seems to me that today I made a terrible mistake. I sit here for so many days
and I do not know anything, I do not do anything! I just do not see a way it is possible to
get through to the people! Federal Relations mean nothing for me, as a woman, though
our comrades here do not seem to exist [...]. But today I read ‘monthly meeting of cat
[Catholic] pol [Polish] work [ers]’. I am arriving. There are just a few women, several
hundred fellows, I sit, I listen. There is no discussion. I have learned that women are
only as guests without voting rights to the conclusions. Some priest preaches - about
socialism [...]. Says:
2.7 AAN, Arch. PPS, a letter from J. Gulinska Berlin send on 9 XII 1900 to ZZSP; see also:
W. vcvxZielihski, op. cit., p. 87.
28 Jerzy Haase (1878 - after 1939), vel Jan Kolski, Konrad, J.H., H., son of Maks, PPS activist;
J. Kancewicz, Haase Jerzy, [in:] Slownik biograficzny dzialaczy..., vol. 2, p. 450.
29 Estera Golde-Strozecka (1872-1938), vel Etka, Irena, daughter of Beniamin Golde, Polish and
French political and socialist activist, a doctor and a communist; K. Kawecka, A. Zarnowska, Estera
Golde Strözecka, “ / Pola Walki” 1959, vol. 1; see: J. Kancewicz, Golde Strözecka Estera, [in:] Slownik
biograficzny dzialaczy..., vol. 2, p. 286.
30 The convention took place at 27-28.05.1902; W. Zielinski, op. cit., p. 127.
31 Ibidem, p. 183.
32 A. Pacholczykowa, op. cit, p. 426.
33 Registered in Poznan on 2.10.1901, see: APP, Karta meldunkowa miasta Poznania 1870-1931
(hereafter: KMM Poznan), c.n. 14.470.
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Socialists want to teach and seduce people. Referring to the position of the church
fathers in the first centuries - yes even to Christ himself - they preached the same
doctrine that there should be no poor nor rich, that private property is created by steal-
ing and the rich are thieves. This is not true. [...]. If someone is rich, it is because he/
she had earned it through hard work, or possessed God-given talent, or experienced
fortunate circumstances. [...]. Socialists only want to dissuade people from God, from
the Church, from religion, they have found that man comes from monkeys, they want
to seduce people pretending to be their friends. They want equality [...], but because
Adam sinned in heaven, so this earth is cursed [underlined in the original] and so
equality would not ever be here and cannot ever be’.
Here begins my foolishness [underlined by the author]. I looked at the congrega-
tion. They listened without any enthusiasm like they gave up, their faces reflecting such
dejection that I could not take it. I got up slowly walked toward the door, throwing
to both sides of the hall my words, Gentlemen, this priest betrays Christ and betrays
you, tells untruths, and is a traitor!! They let me go peacefully. But on the street I was
followed by a few, then a dozen, guys asking, Missus, called the priest a traitor?’ I called
him that. Let us hear it once again. Okay, gentlemen. [...]. Are you going to give me
your voice? [...]. We went back to the room, up to the stage. The priest with eyes fired
with repressed rage, asked me. ‘You called me a traitor! I said that and I want to talk
more. [...]. The Priest said: 1 forbid it. Gentlemen, bring this lady out of the room!!
Several men rushed to me pushing and threatening. Several voices said: ‘Beat her on the
mouth! The priest was silent. Others shouted: Do not fight, do not fight! Walking quick-
ly, and in fact running through the room, I said calmly: I will bear everything brothers,
because it’s for your cause!’ Except for individual voices, the room was quiet [...]”34.
Fr. Zimmermann, nearly one and a half years later, stirred up a political storm
by his article, interpreted the situation described above in a few sentences, denounc-
ing the readers: “A few months ago on October 20,1901 at a meeting of the Catholic
Association of Polish Workers in Poznan during the lecture of the vice patron of this
Society, namely, after the sentence saying that the earth was cursed because of the sin
of our first parents in paradise. There was not equality in the past and will never be in
the future! Jadwiga Gulihska began to call him: Fraud, charlatan, this priest betrays
Christ and betrays you, by which statement she highly indignantly shocked the simple
minds of our workers”35.
Nothing helped Jadwiga Gulihska with her explanations that she felt guilty about
making a statement, without proper procedure, because it contradicts the demands of
the parliamentary system, but brought up in the Russian zone in a state of political
slavery founded on ignorance of the people” and through the dwelling place in Berlin
34 AAN, Arch. PPS, Letter from J. Gulihska, Poznan 20 X1901.
35 X. Zimmermann, op. cit.y p. 1.
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULINSKA...
135
where “through political education, the broad masses of German workers [...], step by
step, gaining for himself the rights, welfare, and higher mental and cultural levels”36.
Therefore she was not able to - as said - calmly endure the words of the Father, con-
vincing poverty workers and the people that “since Adam and Eve sinned in heaven,
so God cursed the earth and the equality flower would never bloom on it!”37.
She didn’t find understanding among the intellectual elite, as the patron of the
Society for the workers was the author of that article, who, in conclusion, remarked,
“To emphasize repeatedly, the socialist cannot be either a good true Catholic, or a Pole
is pointless today. [...] Undoubtedly, each of the ladies belonging to the Reading Room
today understands that among them there is no place for socialists, and that there are
enough errors and faults, falsehoods and treacherous acts among the public wrong-
doers, that this is too much for even those who the public sees as their source of
salvation”38.
Gulinskas Brochure gave momentum to the harsh conservative political statements
condemning not only her action, but also the political faction represented by her39.
There was an evident lack of apology. Jadwiga Gulinska stressed; however, that her at-
tacker Fr. Zimmermann, battled not for God and the homeland, but for the material
and political advantage in the districts of Polish clergy. She concluded that his political
activities terrorized public opinion.
Kazimierz Brownsford40, social activist, editor of “Poradnik Gospodarski”, “Gospo-
dyni Wiejska”, while publisher of “Kalendarz Rolniczy ‘Poradnika Gospodarskiego”’,
in an article published on the pages of “Kurier Poznanski” under the significant title,
Jadwiga Gulinska remarked: “It is necessary to open Gulinskas eyes since the local
population knows very well their socio-political duties and also knows their clergy,
with whom they always go hand in hand, not only now but with the future generations,
f...] Socialism would like to creep into our society, but we will find in us the strength
to resist it firmly. [...] We do not wish that our ladies, wives and sisters of the Reading
Room would spoil for us something on which all layers of our society are working and
against which we are defending ourselves so vigorously. It is against socialism. But if
Gulinska does not hide, but yes, she publicly declares not only that she is a socialist, but
also she has an opportunity to be openly active in this spirit, if she wishes, therefore,
our ladies do not have a choice other than to update their regulations and exclude her
from their organization [...]. This socialist expulsion of the Reading Room should be
36 ]. Gulinska, Sprawa Czytelni..., p. 11.
37 Ibidem.
38 X. Zimmermann, op. citp. 1.
39 Artcles disaproving the socialist movement were published in “Kurier Poznanski”, see: X,
Koscioi a socjalizm, KP, vol. 32/50, 3.03.1903, p. 2; Socjalizm i moralnosc, vol. 66, 21.03.1903.
40 Kazimierz Brownsford (1856-1925), social activist; editor-in-chief of “Poradnik Gospodarczy”
in 1893-1920, see: W. Jakobczyk, Brownsford Kazimierz [in:] Wielkopolski slownik biograficzny,
Warszawa-Poznan 1981, pp.82-83.
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done in the near future, or, otherwise, the audience will turn away from the Reading
Room”41.
In the pages of “Dziennik Poznahski” in the article Obscurantism, Fr. Zdzislaw
Zakrzewski42 started a polemic with the article appearing in the “Praca”, titled Respect
The Beliefs of Others43. Hiding under the pseudonym “Quis”, he accused priests of in-
tolerance44. He wrote: “It is difficult indeed to comprehend how it could happen that
the priest earnestly recommends an intelligent group of women to ignore their statutes
and show the door to one of the ladies, because she professes socialist principles, that
they should have thrown her out of fear of the phantom of socialism, in the name of
backwardness and medieval intolerance. If, however, they represent a collective of smart
women and want to extend their knowledge and they lean towards the light - they
must not close the door to the socialist. Until she faces a serious charge, or flaw, they
shouldn t allow themselves to bolt before the scare of socialism. [... ] If a socialist refers
to herself as a Pole, or claims to be a Pole (and this is sufficient in this case), therefore
her removal from the Reading Room can only be read as an act of rotten backwardness
and intolerance, leading to obscurantism, selfishness and stagnation. In the name of
spiritual freedom, tolerance and in the name of noble social good let us respect the
beliefs of others”45.
Fr. Zakrzewski, referring to the cries for tolerance, remarked: “respect for the beliefs
of others could result in consequences to the public. They can use these principles in
their private lives and social groups, but these principles cannot be used in internal as-
sociations of people who share the same beliefs and feelings and the internal life of our
nation [italic in the original]”46.
In the following paragraphs, he emphasized that the ladies of the Womens Reading
in Poznan should answer the basic question, “What do they want to be? A collection
of women of any kind and all beliefs, even the shabbiest, or do they want to be a noble
Womens Society, looking for knowledge, science and education under one common
banner, which reads, ‘With God for the Faith and Homeland”’47.
Zofia from Pfitzners Rzepecka and Rosa Erzepkowa, well known and respected
members of the Management Board in Poznaxi Reading spoke in response to the
41 K. Brownsford, Pañi Jadwiga Gulinska, KP, vol. 32/43,22.02.1903, p. 1; see also: DP, vol. 50/44,
24.02.1903, pp. 2-3.
42 Fr. Zdzislaw Zakrzewski (1870-1936), independence movement activist, historian, man of
letters, see: Rawicz city webpage: 90 anniversary ofRawicz rejoining to Poland, www.rawicz.rawicz.pl
[7.03.2011].
43 Quis, Szanujmy przekonania innych, “Praca” vol. 7,15.02.1903, p. 3.
44 The Raeding Room Society acts said: “Each adult woman may become an ordinary mamber
of The Reading Room Society”.
45 Quis, op. cit.
46 Ks. Z. Zakrzewski, Ob$kurantyzmy DP, vol. 45/43,22.02.1903, p. 2.
47 Ibidem.
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULINSKA...
Jadwiga Gulinskas pamphlet. As they wrote, they were provoked to take a stand as
a reaction from the January meeting, where despite the opposition of some members
Jadwiga Gulihska was admitted to the Reading Room48. In her explanation Gulihska
denied doing any political activity. They wrote that “her participation in the social
life was limited to once or twice a month in those innocent book exchanges with the
librarian”, although later Gulihska admitted - when she was asked about the possibility
of agitation that - she didn’t advocate her ideology in the Reading Room, even though
she should be allowed to. “No one who is indeed honest cannot waive his/her right to
do so”49. Further she inquired rhetorically, “by what kind of the moral principles can
somebody be ruled out because of his/her personal beliefs”50. The two ladies who clearly
declared that they were a group opposing her adoption, because it was not enough that
Jadwiga Gulihska “was not satisfied in the least to be only called a socialist”, but she
explicitly acknowledged that she considers as her duty the spreading of her principles
and that they will expand within the Poznan’s Reading Room for Women. To protest
against Mrs. Gulihska, they were forced by “the honest desire to defend the Catholic
character of the Society, to which as the founders of the Special Reading Room we had
the right and obligation”51.
In memoirs written at the end of her life, Zofia Rzepecka wrote, “Everyone was
fascinated by her outstanding intelligence and willingness to cooperate, especially
in distributing books among the youth. Soon we realized that - in addition to the
borrowed book - was a small socialist propaganda booklet. When it was time for the
General Assembly and election, one of members, a supporter of G., proposed her as
a member of the Board52. This proposal was objected to. Although the statute did not
state that only a Catholic can be a member of the board, there was a rule that emphati-
cally stated that there should be no books that would offend our Catholic beliefs. The
proposed Mrs. G. is a socialist and as such cannot come to the board of an organization
that is opposed to her views”53.
48 The meeting was held on 21.01.1903, see: Z. z Pfitznerow Rzepecka, R. Erzepkowa, W spra-
wie Czytelni dla kobiet, KP, vol. 32/41» 20.02.1903, p. 2; DP, vol. 45/42, 21.02.1903, p. 2; a year before
J. Gulihska tried to join The Warta Society, she was rejected by voting, against were: Aniela Tuto-
dziecka, Zofia Rzepecka, L. Hedingerowa, R. (?) Rzepecka, Bronislawa Au, J. Niedzielewska, Ojcumifa
Kusztelan; in favor of the: Janina Omankowska, J. Wrzesinska, Sprawozdanie z zebrania Wydziaiu
[Warta] z dnia 31.XII.1902, Special Archives of the Raczynski Library (hereafter: ZS BRacz), Warta,
c.n.io28/VII, p. 23.
49 J. Gulihska, Sprawa Czytelni...»p. 6.
50 Ibidem.
51 Ibidem,
52 Probably the person was Janina Omankowska (1859-1927), a famous social activist, a Member
of Silesian Parliament Sejm Sl^ski (1922-1927); she was mentioned in Gulinskas letter as an intelligent
citizen of Poznah; see: AAN, Arch. PPS, Letter from J. Gulihska, Poznan 14 X 1902.
53 AAP, Wspomnienia Zofii Rzepeckiej, op. cit.y p. 13.
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Members of the Poznans Reading Hall for Women faced a difficult task. From press
accounts, memoirs and communications, it could be inferred that among members of
the Society there was not unanimity54. They were under strong pressure, inspired by
the press55. “Kurier Poznanski”, who initiated the whole “storm”, in an editorial about
the extraordinary general meeting of the Reading room threatened “Wednesday s meet-
ing will be decisive for the position which our Polish and Catholic society takes to the
Reading Room. Will a Socialist be forced to leave the Reading Room, or will the public
have to treat the Reading Room as an institution hostile to our faith and our homeland.
At the same time we believe that on the top of the removal of Socialist should be held
a revision of internal relations in the Reading Room, which must obviously be very
unhealthy, when the Reading Room is led to the edge of the cliff”56.
An emergency meeting was held of the Society for Womens Reading Room on
February 25,1903. “Kurier Poznanski” - two days after the meeting - announced tri-
umphantly, “Socialist excluded from the Reading Room for Women” Describing the
decisions taken at a meeting, the editors announced: “The result of yesterdays meeting
saved the Reading Room [...]. Public opinion now sincerely pleased with the outcome
of yesterdays meeting will be interested in further developments of the Reading Room
and the atmosphere that will reign in this institution”57.
In order to carry out the selection of the new officials and changes in the laws, the
General Assembly convened in extraordinary rendition. The published minutes intro-
duced a modification in the law. The supplement to paragraph 4 read: “A member of
the Society cannot be declared a socialist agitator”58.
And it can be concluded that these minutes satisfied the Polish Catholic intellectual
elite of Poznan, because this discussion was virtually completed. Several general articles
appeared discussing the threatening dangers from the socialists.
On completion, it should be added that in defence of Jadwiga Gulinska, one of the
experienced activists of Poznan took a stand. During the General Assembly Janina
Omankowska asked to speak, giving her version of events covered in the correspon-
dence between the ladies Erzepkowa and Rzepecka. In reference to the article Janina
said that Gulinska:
1) belonged a few weeks to the Department,
2) participated in the chats arranged by Reading Room on Fridays and there she pro-
moted her socialist views,
54 Zofia Rzepecka was convinced of Gulinskas propaganda activity.
55 From 7.02.1903 to 21.03.1903 sixteen various denunciation notes and four articles concerning
the socialism danger of moral and catholic destruction were published in “Kurier Poznanski” and
was accompanied by other magazines in the Duchy of Posen.
56 Kronika miejscowa, prowincjonalna i zagraniczna, KP, vol. 32/44» 24.02.1903.
57 Socjalistka wykluczona z Czytelni dla kobiet, KP, vol. 32/47, 27.02.1903, p. 1.
58 K. Paczkowska, T. Gantkowska, Walne zebranie Czytelni dla kobiet, KP, vol. 32/49,1.03.1903,
p. 4; DP, vol. 50/4,1.03.1903, p. 4.
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULINSKA...
139
3) offered her help in publishing books for indigent members, which help, fortunately,
was rejected59.
Considering point No. 2, she stated that the ladies suggested that in the Reading Room
there were talks about socialism, and that the lectures were asked from Mrs. Gulinska,
with participants of “the number 150” Meanwhile, according to the Protocol of the
meeting of February 2,1902, additional meetings were adopted at the request of one
of its members to “Open the Reading Room one evening a week for the convenience
of members who dedicate themselves to day professional work”60. During one of these
meetings, as Omankowska noted, “When there was three of us, the conversation turned
to socialism. This could happen to quite a few people and can happen anywhere - un-
fortunately, it happened in the Reading Room. Just a few days later, the city spread the
news that at the Reading Room there were ongoing disgusting conversations about
equality. Strangely enough, when one of the ladies signed the article, she knew even
then about the case. She looked at it like so many other people, as humorous. Today, she
considers this a crime and a crime committed by the Reading Room”61. With sarcasm
Omankowska had noted further that the Reading Room itself without assistance from
existing laws was able to “remove the work of its members, which were considered to
be enemies of society and that all of this, if you say so, was unnecessary”62. Moreover,
she was authorized to declare that, “all, but that all of us worship and love the religion
and nationality and we just did not announce this in the newspapers because we did
not suspect, even for a moment, that anyone dared to doubt about it”63.
Earlier, the socialist “Gazeta Robotnicza” commenting on the event, wrote, “A year
ago, most Reading Room members adopted as an associate a person, knowing that
she is a socialist. Poznan priests decided to get rid of our socialist - initiating a witch-
hunt. When that failed, they at last worked secretly, endowing the matter to a public
audience, arranging a crusade against one single socialist. Fr. Zimmermann undertook
this mission, editor of‘Ruch Spoleczny’, known as socialist-eater. Clergy nasty job.
Exemplary deputy of Christ”64.
A few years later, Fr. Zimmermann, now, a professor at the Theological Faculty of
the Jagiellonian University, will be the ‘hero’ of press denunciations. In 1922, the case
of Jadwiga Gulinska become one of the main arguments against him during the stu-
dents upheaval (called Zimmermaniada). On the pages of the “Mysl Niepodlegla”, an
anonymous author in an extensive article discussed the events in Poznan. “He does not
59 Z. z Pfitznerow Rzepecka, R. Erzepkowa, op. cit.
60 K. Paczkowska, T. Gantkowska, Walne zebranie Czytelni dla kobiet, KP, vol 32/49,1.03.1903,
p. 4; DP, vol. 50/4,1.03.1903, p. 4.
61 ibidem.
62 Ibidem.
63 Ibidem.
64 “Ruch Chrzescijarisko-Spoleczny” vol. 1/10,15.02.1903, p. 240; see: “Gazeta Robotnicza”, vol. 14,
18.02.1903, vol. 15, 21.02.1903, vol. 16, 25.02.1903.
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flinch - this priest of Christ - against a woman who has no other weapons. He defends
the idea of police intimidation, focusing the watchful eye of the public against her and
by this the police spies on her”65. He accused the priest of the desire, “to terrorize the
public at any price”. He reported on her political activities to the police, and he did it
in a situation where the political atmosphere in the city was particularly tense. Polish
society in Poznan was heavily involved with fighting in the defence of the Polish lan-
guage in schools. The participants protested against the persecution of a school strike
in Wrzesnia and judicial process against the parents of those children who took part
in them. News of events had wide coverage in Europe66.
He indignantly stated, “Who dares say one word in Poznan, criticizing the secular
activities of the clergy, he is dead”67.
* * *
After excluding Gulinska from the Reading room, the matter subsided in Poznan.
“Dziennik Poznanski”, concluded the whole scene, saying, “The task of women is not
in politics”68. Jadwiga had been ostracized socially and professionally. They boycotted
her dental facility, which she opened after arriving from Berlin69. In a letter, dated
March 19, 1903, probably to the recipients initials signed between MT - she writes,
“In my office, the lack of business is something so terrible, that this month two people
came, mediocrity”70. But she did not abandoned political activity. “Spouses” Apartment
often served, as the place of refuge, and even the meeting place of the leading party
activists. In 1901, Jozef Pilsudski spent the night there71. Since 1903, she took an active
part in the work of the Agitation Commission of Women in Bydgoszcz, appointed by
the General Commission of Trade Unions of Greater, she led discussions and practical
65 [b.a.], Ks. Profesor Zimmermann, “Mysl Niepodlegla”, [Dekada pierwsza] 1911, vol. 171,
pp. 680-685; “Mysl Niepodlegla” (The Independent Thought), anti-clerical and study of religion
magazine. Issued from September 1906 to 1931 in Warsaw, edited by Andrew Niemojewski (1864-1921);
issued abroad 3 times per month. The magazine treated about political and social issues but also
presented national and foreign book reviews.
66 A case of a children strike in Wrzesnia was presented in French, Italian, Russian, English,
Chech, Danich, American and Argentinean newspapers and magazines. A letter by H. Sienkiewicz
about “Prussian rape” was published by many newspapers. M. Konopnicka managed to collect 111000
of signatures supporting her Appeal of Polish women to the women of world’ There were many rough
political debates over the issue in the Prussia and Germany parliaments. See: www.sdw.icpnet.pl/
historia.html [12.03.2011].
67 [b.a.], Ks. Profesor..., pp. 680-685.
68 Czytelnia dla kobiet, DP, vol. 50/48, 28.02.1903, p. 2.
69 The press informed “We would like to bring your attention that Mrs. J. Gulinska opened a den-
tal surgery in Poznan, Berliriska Street 12”, “Praca”, vol. 7/42, 20.10.1901, p. 1144; the surgery was later
moved which also attracted attention of the local press; see: DP, vol. 44/41, 19.02.1902; app. p. 5.
70 AAN, Arch PPS. Letter from J. Gulinska, Poznan 19 III [1903].
71 The information about Pilsudski s visit in her house is given by Gulinska in an KN application
form; CAW, Gulinska Jadwiga, op. cit., text 6; The visit in 1901 is confirmed by Z. Dworecki, Poznanskie
i Pilsudski, Poznan 2008, p. 28.
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULINSKA...
knowledge evenings72. She contributed to convincing women employed in the garment
and apparel printing in Bydgoszcz to join the trade union73.
The professional boycott and deepening financial difficulties forced the family
to leave Poznan. At the request for MN she wrote, “[...] rustic factors of National
Democracy and the clerics prevented my earning money and the possibility of any
material existence here [Poznan - GW], both my own and my husbands. The result was
that we had to leave Poznan and seek possible existence somewhere in exile, where he
stayed until 1915”74. In the spring of 1905 the went to Leipzig, continuing political activi-
ties. During World War I, Jadwiga took place in agitation among the Polish colony for
the Polish Legions. Her son, Stanislaw75, joined the Legion. Daughter Zofia76, from the
summer of 1915, worked in the Press Offi ce of the Military Department of the Supreme
National Committee in Piotrkow.
They returned to Poznan on May 29,1916 at 67 St. Michael Street77. Returning after
several years of absence to the city from which she was virtually expelled, Gulinska
had noted in her memoirs, After a long, arduous and adventurous ‘war journey, I ar~
rived in Poznan. What a depressing impression this city made upon me. Everywhere
were many Prussian soldiers, the atmosphere of terror on the one hand - and on the
another - depression. Sad Poles faces, silent lips, I did not hear a word in Polish unless
spoken softly5’78. During this period, as noted by Wladyslaw Zielinski, Polish socialist
activity in the Prussian partition froze completely, among other reasons due to the
selection of party activists to the military79.
She came with the task of re-establishing contact with the community of Poznan
and the mission to familiarize the residents of Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) with
72 T. Filipiak, Dzieje Zwiqzkow Zawodowych w Wielkopolsce do roku 1919, Poznan 1965, p. 367.
73 A. Pacholczykowa, op. cit., p. 426.
74 CAW, Gulinska Jadwiga, op. cit, text 6.
75 Stanislaw Gulinski (18.03.1892 [Moscow] - unknown), graduated trade school in Leipzig, next
Warsaw School of Economics; arrested for political activity in 1917. A member of the Polish Legions,
participant of two campaigns. In 5.01.1923 married Teresa Smyjewska. Since 1927 prefect of Siedlecki
district. Decorated KN, Awarded the Cross of Valors and the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland); see:
S. Loza, Czy wiesz kto to jest?, Warszawa 1938, p. 239.
76 Zofia Gulinska (22.08.1894 [Moscow] - unknown), high school graduate in Leipzig, in 1915
enrolled University in Leipzig. Since her early years devoted to political and legion activity. In 1916
a student of Psychology; since 1916 a member of POW. Along with her mother engaged in preparing
a safehouse for J. Piisudski after liberating him from the prison in Magdeburg. An employee of the
independent Polish Foreign Affairs Ministry in Denmark and Sweden. Worked as a chief executive of
press magazines in Copenhagen, awarded The Cross of Independence. See: CAW, Gulinska Zofia, ap.,
MN 21.04.1937, text 1.
77 APP, KMM Poznan, c.n. 14.470.
78 J. Gulinska, Na przelomie. (Wspomnienia poznanskie z lat 1915-1919), [w:] Sluzba ojczyznie:
wspomnienia uczestniczek walk o niepodleglosc 1915-1918, ed. by M. Rychterowna, „Wspomnienia
uczestniczek walk o niepodleglosc”, vol. 2, Warszawa 1929, PP- 297-305.
79 W. Zielinski, op. cit, p. 392.
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EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULINSKA...
the activities of Józef Pitsudski80. Most of the Polish intellectual elite did not know
him, and activists of the National Democracy judged him negatively81. Propaganda by
Jadwiga Guliriska, her husband, and fellow party members, was mainly aimed at young
people. It could be testified by attempts to contact the Polish Military Organization of
Prussian partition (POW zp.), with the POW Headquarters in Warsaw82. There was
a meeting where besides organizational matters, discussed plans for the liberation of
Jozef Pilsudski from Magdeburg fortress, with the cooperation of POW zp.83 In the
escape organization, Jadwiga Guliriska was also involved with her daughter Zofia84. The
group also included Wladyslawa Budaszowna of Poznan, a messenger for POW zp.85
Jadwiga Gulihska an activist with PPS zp. wrote about these plans.
“Two years later (1917 r.)86, when I returned to live permanently in Poznan, my
daughter came to us from Warsaw with the following case. Here was some plan for
Pilsudski s escape from prison in Magdeburg, emerging from an independence com-
mittee and my daughter was considered to be a helper in this. Since it was impossible
to predict which escape route to choose from, my daughter was preparing two shelters
in private homes in two points, i.e. in Berlin and Leipzig - both very trusted, of course
Polish”87.
“She wrote about the fact that my daughter participated in the action. My own
home was not too conspiratorial. The thought flashed through my mind then. Doctor
Niegolewski!88 - Yes, it is most certain. So what if he is in the opposite camp when
you re dealing with a man of Honour? I had a premonition that he would agree. And
80 A. Pacholczykowa, op. cit.y claims that she cooperated with PPS which is against the theory of
W. Zielinski which says that PPS activity was no longer continued, see: W. Zielinski, op. cit.y p. 392.
81 Z. Dworecki, op. cit.y p. 30.
82 According to K. Kandziora “in POW zp. two visons were fighting against each other, one,
for cooperation with J. Pitsudski, the other, against. The idea of cooperation won”, see: K. Kandziora,
Dzialalnosc P.O.W.w Poznaniu. Przyczynek do historii Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej zaborupruskiego
w latach 1918/19, Warszawa 1939, p. 82.
83 Ibidem; about Pitsudski liberation plan see also: J. Karwat, Od idei do czynu. Mysl i organizacje
niepodleglosciowe w Poznanskiem w latach i88j-i9i9y Poznan 2002, p. 329;
84 J. Gulihska, Na przelomie...y s. 299.
85 Wtadyslawa Budaszowna, vel. Stawa Gogojewiczowa (10.04.1897 - unkown), opera and
stage singer; PPS activist, daughter of Marcin and Pelagia Andrzejewska. Awarded The Cross Of
Independence as a freedom fighter, CAW, Gogojewiczowa Wladyslawa, ap., MN 20 XII 1933. Also
mentioned by K. Kandziora, op. city p. 49 i 50; K. Kandziora lists also other names of ladies in-
volved in the independence movement: Andrutôwna, Wanda Brzeska, Salomea Klepsôwna-Wysocka,
Kukwiszowna-Paczkowska, Waientyna Materné, Stanislawa Razna, Helena i Wanda Rozplochowskie,
Rudnicka, Waientyna Wçclawska, Maria Wierzejewska. Added to the: Lucja Kuzmina, Wladyslawa
z Frankowskich Smolihska, Maria Wozniakowna Schmidt, ps. Maryla, see: CAW, ap., MN
20 XI1933.
86 J. Gulihska mixed the dates, she arrived to Poznan in May 1916; but the action was planned
on May 1918.
87 CAW, Gulihska Zofia, op. cit.y text 1.
88 Felicjan Niegolewski (1868/1869-1919), eye-doctor, National Democratic Society activist, PSB,
vol. 22:1977, p. 756.
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULUNSKA...
I was not mistaken. Bound in a word, he promised not to mention the name of the
Commander. I asked for full discretion. [...]. The next day, when I was with him again,
he said to me, ‘You know what, let this “officer” arrive straight to my apartment. The
house is quiet, secluded, police commissioner lives one floor below’, he smiled - ‘No
one here would suspect anything’”89. The plan was not implemented.
In the days of November 1918 Jadwiga Gulihska participated in the rallies convened
by the Council of the People90, She reported sadly, “The correct content of the speeches
had the same password that preached almost every appeal, ‘Sit quietly and be calm,
we assure you that Poland will become reality! It will be free with the access to the sea,
Poland united. Enough blood was already shed! Be only patient’. [,..]”91.
Despite that, as she claimed, she had no intention to speak, she was provoked to the
rally by the information that goes to Poznan, “15 000 troops goes to Poznan, that after
all, the Germans are on the side of guns, ammunition and troops”92.
She recalled, “After all obstacles, made to me by the Bureau of the rally, finally they
gave me the voice. I said first that the German revolution overthrew the old govern-
ment not by force of guns, but only by the people behind it. Previous speaker subjected
himself to excessive nervousness in his warnings against the danger that is not as great
as it seems. [...]. What should we be so terribly afraid of? The old rule, the emperor,
the police disappeared and the present position is by no means such as to be out of
nowhere to shoot the Poles, like the sparrows! The first step to throw off the slavery
is - dare to be free! With these words the audience began to bother me more and more
loudly and more insistently. Facing these obstacles, I stopped talking”93.
She was also co-organizer and an official of rally convened on November 28,1918
in Poznan, which was announced PPS zp. support for the government of J^drzej
Moraczewski. This public meeting, gathering together as “Kurier Poznanski” gave
about 2000 people94, was held in a tense atmosphere. As “Kurier Poznanski” reported,
“The speaker called on was Mrs. Gulinska who, after giving a biased characteristics of
factions in the kingdom advised to choose delegates, who supposed to went to Warsaw
and express confidence in Moraczewski s government in the name of the people of
Wielkopolska (Greater Poland), who had been silent and whose voice wasn’t heard.
The resolution was read already in this spirit. [...]. Mr. Guliftskas comments were
accompanied by symptoms of dissatisfaction among the listeners”95. Content of the
resolution was not published. It was cited in Jadwiga Gulinska’s memoirs:
89 J. Gulihska, Na przelomie..., p. 299.
90 Meetings were held on 12.11.1918, see: Dwa wiece powszechne w Poznaniu. Wiec w Bazarze;
Wiec w Ogrodzie Zoologicznym, KP, vol. 14/262,14.11.1918, p. 2.
91 J. Gulihska, Na przelomie..., p. 299.
92 Ibidem.
93 Ibidem, p. 300-301; see: KP, vol. 14/262,14.11.1918, p. 2.
94 Nieudaly wiec socjalistyczny, KP, vol. 13/276,1.02.1918, p. 2.
95 Ibidem.
1.44
EXCOMMUNICATED ANARCHIST - THE SOCIALIST JADWIGA GULIÑSKA...
“We, gathered in the Polish peoples huge rally, convened by the Committee of PPS
in Poznan, on November 29,1918, declare as follows:
1. With eyes and hearts turned toward our Homeland, we send from this place, at the
hands of the Chief Pilsudski, the two liberated from the oppressors and the con-
nected parts of the Polish areas - the Polish Kingdom and Galicia, flowing from
the depths of the spirit of our greeting, worship and fellowship.
2. The pursuit of the new Government of the United Districts, expressed in an appeal
to the Polish nation and reprinted in Poznan newspapers dated Nov. 23, 1918, we
share, accept, acknowledge, and support them with all our strength and we want
to and we will.
3. Agreeing entirely with the issued by the Provisional Government program, we
demand from local Polish authoritative groups that as responsible representatives
of our district, elected by the Polish people votes, would not put up obstacles to this
program. However, Without postponing, they should join founded in Warsaw, the
Polish Government, and as soon as possible enter it with a good agreement.
4. Before the Peace Congress decides to formally join, our districts to the Polish state,
we solemnly declare that we feel today already morally bound to him forever, in
one indivisible nation and political entity.
5. Believing equally with the first Government of the People in our city, that this new
and great strength would come out from the womb of society, which would allow
our recovered forefathers’ legacy administer for the glory of Poland, for the good
of the entire Polish nation, we cry with our full hearts, Long live the united and in-
dependent Polish State, long live the Polish people, long live Pilsudski”96.
The vote on the resolution did not occur, because the Supreme Peoples Council
Chairman, Mr. [Charles] Rzepecki acted against the certain paragraphs. How “Kurier
Poznañski” wrote, “When the list of speakers was exhausted, he spontaneously chanted
national songs and, without waiting for the submission of resolutions, began ostenta-
tiously leaving the room”97.
Further events of the story was added by history - the content of a resolution was
adopted by heroic battles in the Wielkopolska Uprising.
Jadwiga Gulifiska tired and discouraged, in the year 1917 she experienced a personal
tragedy, because her eldest son, Kazimierz Gulinski98 was killed on the fronts of World
War I, in later years she did not took part in the social and political life. She died on
March 15,1939 in Poznan, reconciled with the Church, bear the sacraments99. In 1937
she was decorated Independence Cros.
96 J. Guliñska, Naprzelomie...y p. 304.
97 Nieudaly wiec..., op. city p. 2.
98 ZS BRacz, Jadwiga Guliñska, Wiersze, c.n. 1103/1-3.
99 See: obituary, DP, vol. 81/64,18.03.1939, p. 9.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author2_role | edt |
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| author_facet | Wyder, Grażyna |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043467991 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 145-151. Indeks |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)958161400 (DE-599)BVBBV043467991 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-1918 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-1918 |
| format | Book |
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| language | Polish |
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| spelling | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku opracowanie i redakcja Grażyna Wyder ; [tłumaczenie na język angielski Maciej i Teolyn Wyder] Zielona Góra Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego 2015 155, [4] s. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliogr. s. 145-151. Indeks Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Excommunicated anarchist - the socialist Jadwiga Gulińska in Poznań in the early twentieth century Geschichte 1900-1918 gnd rswk-swf Sozialistin (DE-588)4181965-2 gnd rswk-swf Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 gnd rswk-swf Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 g Sozialistin (DE-588)4181965-2 s Geschichte 1900-1918 z DE-604 Wyder, Grażyna edt Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028885076&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028885076&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028885076&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028885076&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku Bibliogr. s. 145-151. Indeks Sozialistin (DE-588)4181965-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4181965-2 (DE-588)4223407-4 |
| title | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku |
| title_auth | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku |
| title_exact_search | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku |
| title_full | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku opracowanie i redakcja Grażyna Wyder ; [tłumaczenie na język angielski Maciej i Teolyn Wyder] |
| title_fullStr | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku opracowanie i redakcja Grażyna Wyder ; [tłumaczenie na język angielski Maciej i Teolyn Wyder] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku opracowanie i redakcja Grażyna Wyder ; [tłumaczenie na język angielski Maciej i Teolyn Wyder] |
| title_short | Z Józefem Piłsudskim przez ścianę Cytadeli |
| title_sort | z jozefem pilsudskim przez sciane cytadeli jadwiga gulinska przyczynek zrodlowy do dzialalnosci politycznej socjalistek w wielkopolsce w poczatkach xx wieku |
| title_sub | Jadwiga Gulińska - przyczynek źródłowy do działalności politycznej socjalistek w Wielkopolsce w początkach XX wieku |
| topic | Sozialistin (DE-588)4181965-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialistin Großpolen |
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