Burgologija: srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Croatian |
| Published: |
Zagreb
UPI-2M Plus
2014
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 367 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne |
| ISBN: | 9789537703257 9537703258 |
Staff View
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| 650 | 4 | |a Kriegsgeschichte Militärgeschichte | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Burg Studies
Medieval Fortified Towns
of Continental Croatia
Much of human history has been continu-
ously fraught with hostilities among nations
and countries in the form of either attack or
defence. The conflicts differed, however, in
terms of intensity (stronger or weaker en-
emy), geographical surroundings, financial
resources, knowledge, customs, period of
construction etc. As the living circumstanc-
es kept changing over the centuries, so did
the burgs. Burgs were obviously utilitarian
structures and thus subject to practical al-
terations: they were frequently extended,
demolished, increased or reduced in height.
They were sometimes devastated in enemy
attacks, demolished in fire, or they simply
fell into decay due to poor construction
methods and workmanship, aging of the
materials etc. Their destiny depended on
numerous random events about which we
have quite different opinions from our an-
cestors.
Little is known about the beginnings of burg
construction although it is widely assumed
that the first burgs were built quite early. Let
us mention some historical events that shed
light on the origin of fortified structures in-
cluding burgs in our regions in the Middle
Ages: the war between Ljudevit Posavski and
the Franks around 819 which led to the forti-
fication of Sisak and Klis near Split. The lat-
ter had been the fortified seat of the Croatian
dukes Trpimirovic as early as the 9th century
(852 AD).
In flat continental Croatian regions, the old-
er fortified structures were built from timber
and earth. In the mountain regions of Croa-
tia and Dalmatia the situation was entirely
different due to a strong ancient Roman tra-
dition in the coastal towns as well as abun-
dant supplies of local stone and strong over-
seas connections. Croatian noble families
had their own fortified places which were
just the improved natural sites. The coastal
towns with their burgs and castles followed
their individual tradition and development.
They thus form a separate entity which goes
beyond the scope of this research.
The burgs were more than just the forti-
fied structures: they offered their dwell-
ers the possibility of living a peaceful life
within their walls. They contained residen-
tial facilities for their owners and family
members, servants' quarters, state-rooms,
offices, storerooms, chapels, workshops
etc. The equestrian facilities ֊ stables, hay
barns and forges - were usually placed out-
side the walls due to a lack of space within
those burgs perched high on the cliffs. The
same arrangement was typical of the chap-
els, especially in the small 13th century Ro-
manesque burgs (Okie, Zumberak, Mali and
Veliki Kalnik, Ostrovica Buska). As a result,
a service area below the burg was formed
over time. It was situated at a lower level
depending on the site configuration, espe-
cially in the hilly regions.
Such facilities, which used to be fortified as
well at least by the wooden palisades and
moats, were an important part of an entire
burg complex. In some cases the whole set-
tlements inhabited by craftsmen, with their
own parish churches and squares, grew up
below the burgs. A reverse situation was also
possible: a citadel or burg with defence char-
acteristics was built within the settlement in
the course of time.
The only material traces of the burgs in the
period between the 13th and the 15th centuries
are primarily the sites on which they had
been erected until they were demolished.
Nevertheless, their positions can tell us a
great deal since they were the result of nu-
merous factors which had a key role in burg
construction. Archaeologists are familiar
with a large number of mostly anonymous
medieval burg sites, especially in the Panno-
nian region.
BURG STUDIES | 351
According to the burg layouts and positions,
the burgs fall into several categories depend-
ing on the site configuration:
֊ burgs in the mountain regions,
- burgs in the plains,
֊ burgs by the waters,
- burgs linked with a settlement.
However, these burgs have their own special
features and thus can be further classified
into subcategories.
The period before the Tatar invasion by mid
13th century seems somewhat obscure: few
traces have remained although some facts
can be discerned. Even before the Tatar inva-
sion, the nobility apparently had their own
facilities for safe dwelling, administration,
management etc. These facilities could have
been predominantly made of timber which
could be later replaced by a more solid ma-
terial. The Pannonian region of Croatia sup-
ports this hypothesis. In the absence of solid
masonry structures, all the burgs there were
built on defence positions and surrounded
with concentric moats and embankments
providing safety against enemy attacks. In
the south Croatian region surrounded by
the mountains Velebit, Plješivica and Ka-
pela, timber burgs were situated on the
rocky mountain tops. Occasionally, there
are traces of masonry structures with thin
walls and modestly-sized plans (since bigger
structures could not be built there): Mogoric,
Modruš, Krbava, Kurjak, Ostrovica Lička, Os-
trovica Buška etc.
Moreover, the sites on solid rocks were a
kind of natural fortification so that in the
12th and the early 13th century they could
serve defence functions even without any
additional works. These early burgs, sur-
rounded with timber dwellings, were owned
by the Croatian families Mogorovič, Gusič,
Lapčan and others. In the Pannonian region
of Croatia a few burgs which were later
partitioned, can be also found on the cliffs
(Okie, Ozalj, Mali and Veliki Kalnik).
Tatar invasion of Central Europe, Slavonia
and Croatia between 1241 and 1242 was a
breakthrough in the history of burg con-
struction. It became evident that the newly-
fortified places could provide effective de-
fence against the Tatars. The coastal towns
that had already been fortified (Knin, Klis,
Split, Trogir etc.) were spared during this
war. In the following years, new burgs and
fortified settlements sprang up as rumours
spread in 1247 that the Tatars could return.
Among the burgs built for that purpose
are Medvedgrad, the burgs around Gradec
and Popov toranj (today Zagreb), Lipovec
(whose construction was approved by the
king Bela III), and possibly the Velika burg
near Požega whose layout is similar to the
Lipovec burg layout.
The Croatian-Hungarian king built new
burgs: besides Medvedgrad, others were
Kamengrad near Koprivnica, St Elizabeth
(nowadays known under the name “Pepe-
lara”), Krapina, Počitelj etc. Some of them
had common characteristics resulting from
a systematization of styles although they
should not be seen as mere repetitive pat-
terns. Moreover, the 13th century saw high-
quality construction with thick massive
walls. The stylistic features of these struc-
tures are not always explicit; instead they
exhibit the characteristics of a transitional
Romanesque-Early Gothic style.
Towards the end of the 14th and during the
15th century, the burgs were polygonal in
plan. Such a layout was obviously more ef-
ficiently adapted to life organization in the
burgs and even to defence and was more
economical to build (Đurđevac, Brinje,
Slunj, Šarengrad, Valpovo). The 15th cen-
tury was an interesting period. On the one
hand it can be seen as a connecting thread
I BURGOLOGiJA
between various historical periods, styles,
weapons and on the other it was marked by
the real threat of the Turkish invasion. New
burgs were erected on the sites that were
more easily accessible.
An improved standard of living in Central
Europe in the late 14th and the early 15th cen-
turies resulted in significant alterations of
the burgs, their positions on the sites and
ways of defence. The old burgs were parti-
tioned, their size increased by the addition
of new walls while great attention was giv-
en to dwelling facilities, i.e. the palace. Ap-
parently some older burgs were abandoned
due to their inappropriateness for accom-
modation and thus they no longer served
their purpose.
In Hrvatsko zagorje region, several burgs
were partitioned or extended (Samobor,
Susedgrad, Cesargrad, Vinica, Krapina,
Kostel, Grebengrad, Veliki and Mali Kalnik).
They no longer had defence towers: instead,
they were built to provide more comfortable
accommodation. Researches confirm that
they had large windows (“Czech windows”),
built-in tile stoves, generously-sized rooms,
staircases in the wall depth etc. Similar
burgs were the burg-palaces with square
plans (Čakovec, Ludbreg, Gorjan, Ilok) and
interior courtyards, designed for court life
and built to meet the requirements of the
period and new principles of Humanism. In
the absence of serious threats, they were
built without an obvious defence function.
Thus Ružica was actually a big palace with
an interior courtyard later fortified by a big
semi-circular round tower and additional
walls and towers.
By mid 15th century the duke Nikola Iločki
built the last monumental residential com-
plex with a sophisticated defence function
in Ilok still using conventional building
method in the circumstances of a growing
Turkish threat. His son Lovro used to build
Renaissance bastions in Italian manner
probably under the influence of Italian ar-
chitects.
Towards the end of the 15th century a new
type of fortified castle appeared. Its layout
and arrangement was adapted to defence
against fire arms. Some conventional build-
ing practices were still applied although
they did not entirely meet the new require-
ments.
Renaissance then came along.
BURG STUDIES |
PREDGOVOR 6
IZVODI IZ RECENZIJA 8
UVOD 10
IZVORI, GRAFIKE, VEDUTE, DOSADAŠNJI AUTORI 22
POLOŽAJI BURGOVA 36
ULAZI U BURGOVE 66
ZIDINE IBRANIŠTA 90
BRANIČ-KULE 112
STAMBENI OBJEKTI 138
KAPELE NA BURGOVIMA 166
KROVIŠTA 184
DRVENE KONSTRUKCIJE 200
POMOĆNE PROSTORIJE U DEBLJINI ZIDA 226
VRATA 246
PROZORI 260
GRIJANJE 278
RAZNA OPREMA I POJEDINOSTI 296
STILSKA STRATIGRAFIJA BURGOVA 322
BURG STUDIES 350
POJMOVNIK 354
LITERATURA 356
IZVORI 363
0 AUTORU 366 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Horvat, Zorislav 1937- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1084617544 |
| author_facet | Horvat, Zorislav 1937- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Horvat, Zorislav 1937- |
| author_variant | z h zh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043417803 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910375978 (DE-599)BVBBV043417803 |
| era | Geschichte 900-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 900-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd Slawonien (DE-588)4055289-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kroatien Slawonien |
| id | DE-604.BV043417803 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:26:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789537703257 9537703258 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028835861 |
| oclc_num | 910375978 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 367 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | UPI-2M Plus |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Horvat, Zorislav 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)1084617544 aut Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies Zorislav Horvat Burg studies Zagreb UPI-2M Plus 2014 367 Seiten Illustrationen, Pläne txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 900-1500 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien Slavonien Kriegsgeschichte Militärgeschichte Architektur 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 gnd rswk-swf Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Slawonien (DE-588)4055289-5 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Slawonien (DE-588)4055289-5 g Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 s Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 s Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Geschichte 900-1500 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028835861&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028835861&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Horvat, Zorislav 1937- Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies Kroatien Slavonien Kriegsgeschichte Militärgeschichte Architektur 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 gnd Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4069225-5 (DE-588)4009104-1 (DE-588)4073841-3 (DE-588)4055289-5 |
| title | Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies |
| title_alt | Burg studies |
| title_auth | Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies |
| title_exact_search | Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies |
| title_full | Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies Zorislav Horvat |
| title_fullStr | Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies Zorislav Horvat |
| title_full_unstemmed | Burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies Zorislav Horvat |
| title_short | Burgologija |
| title_sort | burgologija srednjovjekovni utvrdeni gradovi kontinentalne hrvatske burg studies |
| title_sub | srednjovjekovni utvrđeni gradovi kontinentalne Hrvatske = Burg studies |
| topic | Kroatien Slavonien Kriegsgeschichte Militärgeschichte Architektur 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Befestigung (DE-588)4069225-5 gnd Burg (DE-588)4009104-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kroatien Slavonien Kriegsgeschichte Militärgeschichte Architektur 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Siedlung Befestigung Burg Kroatien Slawonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028835861&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028835861&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT horvatzorislav burgologijasrednjovjekovniutvrđenigradovikontinentalnehrvatskeburgstudies AT horvatzorislav burgstudies |