Modern Japanese grammar: a practical guide
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London [u.a.]
Routledge
2014
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge Modern Grammars
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xxxii, 394 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780415571999 9780415572019 0415572010 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern Japanese grammar |b a practical guide |c Naomi H. McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian, Tomomi Kakegawa |
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Routledge |c 2014 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Routledge Modern Grammars | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Japanese language |x Grammar | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Modern Japanese grammar
Autor: McGloin, Naomi H
Jahr: 2014
Modern JAPANESE Grammar A Practical Guide Naomi H.jMcGloin Mutsuko Endo Hudson Fumiko Nazikian Tomomi Kakegawa R Routledge Taylor . Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK
Contents Introduction XX Acknow ledgments xxi Glossary of grammatical terms xxii Abbreviations and symbols xxxii Notes on romanization xxxii 3 Structures 1 Introduction: major features of Japanese grammar 3 1.1 Basic word order 3 1.2 Modification pattern 4 1.3 Particles 5 1.4 Subject and topic 6 1.5 ‘Agglutinative’ morphology 6 1.6 Ellipsis 7 2 Pronunciation 9 2.1 Inventory of basic sounds 9 2.2 Syllable and mora 9 2.3 Sequential voicing ( rendaku ) 10 2.4 Accent 10 3 Writing system 3.1 Hiragana 12 3.2 Katakana 12 3.3 Kanji (Chinese characters) 13 3.4 Roomaji (Roman alphabet) 13 4 Words 4.1 Types of words according to their origin 14 4.2 Mimetic words 14 4.3 Interrogatives 15 4.4 Indefinites 16 12 14 5 Sentences and sentence patterns 19 5.1 Sentences 19 5.1.1 Formal and informal style sentences ¡9 5.1.2 Affirmative and negative sentences 19 5.1.3 Past and nonpast tense sentences 20 v
CONTENTS 5.2 Sentence patterns 20 5.2.1 Nominal (copulative) sentences 20 5.2.2 Adjectival sentences 21 5.2.3 Existential sentences 21 5.2.4 Verbal sentences 22 5.2.5 Topic-comment sentences 22 6 Register and style 23 6. 1 Spoken and written languages 23 6.2 Informal and formal styles 23 6.3 Feminine (gentle) and masculine (rough) styles 25 7 Nouns and noun phrases 27 7.1 Types of nouns 27 7.1.1 Common and proper nouns 27 7.1.2 Verbal nouns 27 7.1.3 Formal nouns 28 7.2 Noun modification 28 7.2.1 Noun no noun 28 7.2.2 Adjective + noun 28 7.2.3 Clause (relative clause) + noun 29 7.2.4 Pre-nouns + noun 29 7.2.5 to yim noun 29 7.3 Noun and/or noun 30 8 Pronouns 31 8.1 Personal pronouns 31 8.2 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns 32 8.3 Pronoun modification 33 9 Demonstratives (ko-so-a(-do) words) 34 9.1 Concept of ko-so-a(-do) 34 9.1.1 Basic usage 34 9.1.2 Anaphoric usage 34 9.2 Types of demonstratives 35 10 Particles 36 10.1 Case particles 36 10.1.1 go 36 10.1.2 o 37 10.1.3 ni 38 10.1.4 no 38 10.2 Postpositions 39 10.2.1 ni 39 10.2.2 cie 40 10.2.3 cle vs. ni 41 10.2.4 to 41 10.2.5 e 42 10.2.6 kara , made 42 10.3 Adverbial (semantic) particles 43 vi
CONTENTS 12 13 14 15 10.4 Sentence-final (or interactive) particles 44 10.4.1 ka 44 10.4.2 ne , nee 44 10.4.3 yo 45 10.4.4 yo ne 46 10.5 Complex particles 46 Topic marker wa 11.1 How wa-phrases are formed 47 11.2 Topic noun phrases 48 11.3 wa marking contrast 48 11.4 wa with adverbs and verbs 49 11.5 wa vs. ga (summary) 49 Verbs 12.1 Conjugation of verbs 51 12.2 Transitive and intransitive verbs 54 12.3 Action and stative verbs 54 12.4 Punctual and durative verbs 55 12.5 Controllable and non-controliable verbs 55 12.6 Potential verbs 56 12.7 Benefactive (giving and receiving) verbs 57 12.8 Verbs of wearing 60 Adjectives 13.1 /-adjectives 61 13.1.1 The conjugation pattern 61 13.1.2 The pre-nominal form conjugation of /-adjectives 62 13.2 «a-adjectives 62 13.2.1 The conjugation pattern 63 13.2.2 The pre-nominal form conjugation of «a-adjectives 63 13.3 te-form of adjectives 63 13.4 Attributive and predicative usage 64 13.5 Internal state adjectives 65 Adverbs 14.1 Meanings expressed by adverbs 67 14.2 Derived adverbs 68 14.3 Adverbs requiring specific endings 69 Negation 15.1 Negative verbs, adjectives and nouns 71 15.2 Limiting the scope of negation 72 15.3 Negative -te forms (-nakute vs. - naide ) 73 15.4 Expressions requiring a negative ending 74 15.5 Other ways of expressing negation 75 15.5.1 mono (desu) ka 75 15.5.2 Prefixes mu, hi, fu and mi 75 16 Numbers and classifiers 16.1 General remarks about numbers and classifiers 77 16.2 Types and meanings of classifiers 79 16.3 Position of numbers and classifiers 81 47 51 61 67 71 77
CONTENTS 17 Compounds 17.1 Nominal compounds 83 17.2 Adjectival compounds 83 17.3 Verbal compounds 84 18 Formal nouns 18.1 koto 85 18.2 no 86 18.2.1 no 86 18.2.2 no da/desu 87 18.3 mono 88 18.4 yoo 89 18.5 tokoro 90 18.6 wake 90 18.7 tsumori 92 18.8 hazu 93 18.9 Other frequently used formal nouns 93 18.9.1 bakari 93 18.9.2 dake 94 18.9.3 tame 95 83 85 19 Auxiliary verbs 96 19.1 General remarks on auxiliary verbs 96 19.2 V-te + auxiliary verbs 96 19.2.1 V-te ini 96 19.2.2 V-te am 98 19.2.3 V-te mint 98 19.2.4 V-teoku 99 19.2.5 V-te shimav 99 19.2.6 V-te kuru ¡00 19.2.7 V-teiku 100 19.2.8 V-te + benefactives 101 19.3 Frequently used verb stem + auxiliary verbs 104 19.3.1 V(stem) + -hajimeru/-dasu ‘begin doing .. .’ 104 19.3.2 V(stem) + -owaru ‘finish doing . . .’ 105 19.3.3 V(stem) + -sugirii ‘overdo .. .’ 105 19.3.4 V(stem) + -aru/-eru ‘there is a possibility of doing . . .’ 106 20 The causative construction 107 20.1 Causative forms 107 20.2 Regular (productive) causative 108 20.3 Adversative causative 108 20.4 Causatives + benefactives 109 20.4.1 Causative te + agent/sashiageru ‘to let X do . . .’ 109 20.4.2 Causative te + kurem/kudasam ‘someone lets me do . . .’ 109 20.4.3 Causative te + morau/itadaku ‘to be permitted to do . . 110 20.5 Other ways to express causative meaning 110 20.5.1 Lexical causative 110 20.5.2 Adjective-fe//«/ + sum 111 21 The passive construction 112 21.1 Passive forms 112 21.2 Regular passive 112
CONTENTS 21.3 ni y otte passive 1 13 21.4 Adversative passive 114 21.4.1 Adversative passive with transitive verb 114 21.4.2 Adversative passive with intransitive verb 114 21.4.3 Passive sentence with inanimate subject 115 21.5 Causative passive 116 21.6 Other ways to express passive meaning 117 21.6.1 Intransitive verbs that are passive in meaning 117 21.6.2 Some verbal nouns + ni naru 117 21.6.3 Verb (plain nonpast) + koto ni nam 117 21.6.4 Causative /e-form + morau 117 21.7 Understanding causative, adversative passive and causative passive sentences 118 22 Conjunctions and connectives 119 22.1 te- form as a conjunction 119 22.2 Coordinate conjunctions and connectives 120 22.2.1 shi 120 22.2.2 V-ba form 121 22.2.3 . . . toka . . . toka sunt 121 22.2.4 V-tari V-tari suru 121 22.2.5 Coordinate connectives 122 22.3 Sequential conjunctions and connectives ¡22 22.4 Causal conjunctions and connectives 122 22.5 Concessive conjunctions and connectives 123 22.5.1 keredo(mo)/kedo (colloquial) ‘but, although’ 123 22.5.2 ga ‘but’ (formal/written) 123 22.5.3 noni ‘although; despite the fact that’ 123 22.5.4 te mo ‘even if, even though’ 124 22.5.5 V-ta tte ‘even if, even though’ 124 22.5.6 kuse ni ‘although’ 124 22.5.7 monono ‘although’ 124 22.5.8 nagara ‘although’ 125 22.5.9 Concessive connectives 125 22.6 Disjunctive conjunctions and connectives 125 22.6.1 ... ka ... ka suru 125 22.6.2 . . . nari. . . nari suru 126 22.6.3 Disjunctive connectives 126 22.7 Other connectives 126 22.7.1 Summary/rephrase 126 22.7.2 Addition 126 22.7.3 Change of topic 127 22.7.4 tatoeba ‘for example’ 127 23 Temporal clauses 128 23.1 toki (ni) ‘when’ 128 23.2 ‘Before,’ ‘after,’ and ‘while’ 129 23.3 tokoro (o/e/ni) ‘when (and where)’ 129 24 Conditional clauses 130 24.1 to ‘if, when, whenever’ 130 24.2 bu and nara ‘if, provided that’ 131 24.3 tara ‘if/when’ 131 24.4 (no) nara ‘if
it is the case’ (assertion) 133
CONTENTS 25 Relative (noun modifying) clauses 25.1 Features of Japanese relative clauses 134 25.2 Gapless relative clauses 135 26 Complement clauses 26.1 no and koto ‘. . . ing, that. . .’ 136 26.2 to/tte 137 26.3 Embedded questions 138 27 Tense and aspect 27.1 Tense and aspect in Japanese 140 27.2 Tense in the main clause 140 27.3 Tense in a coordinate clause 141 27.4 Tense in relative and temporal clauses 141 27.4.1 Tense in relative clauses 141 27.4.2 Tense in temporal clauses 142 27.4.2.1 Tense in ‘before’ and ‘after’ clauses 142 27.4.2.2 Tense in ‘when’ clauses 143 27.4.2.3 Tense in a tokoro clause 144 Evidential markers 28.1 Adj.(stem) or V(stem) + soo ‘look like, seem’ 28.2 CLAUSE (plain) + yoo ‘seem, I gather’ 146 28.3 CLAUSE (plain) + rashii ‘seem, I hear’ 147 28.4 CLAUSE (plain) + soo T hear’ (hearsay) 147 28.5 Summary 148 Honorifics ( keego ) 29.1 General remarks on Japanese honorifics 149 29.2 Polite words 149 29.3 Exalting words 150 29.4 Humbling words 151 29.5 Hyperpolite words 152 29.6 Beautifying words 153 29.7 Honorific usage 153 29.8 Summary of special forms 155 Part B Functions I Social interaction and communication strategies 134 136 140 145 149 159 30 Social interaction 160 30.1 Determining the style 160 30.2 Greetings 161 30.3 Introducing oneself 162 30.4 Introducing others 162 30.5 Addressing and referring to someone 163 30.6 Visiting someone’s home ¡64 30.7 Leave taking 165 30.8 What to say when giving and receiving gifts 166 30.9 Congratulating someone 167 30.10 Other formulaic expressions 167 30.11 Using the phone 169 x
CONTENTS 31 Basic communication strategies 171 31.1 Attracting someone’s attention and responding to a call for attention 171 31.2 Initiating a conversation 172 31.3 Ending a conversation 172 31.4 Introducing and developing a topic 173 31.4.1 Introducing a topic 173 31.4.2 Changing the topic 173 31.5 Formal development of a topic 173 31.5.1 Opening remarks 173 31.5.2 Establishing a sequence 174 31.5.3 Giving examples 174 31.5.4 Summarizing and concluding 174 31.6 Being vague or indirect 175 31.6.1 «««¿a‘something’ 175 31.6.2 toka, demo 176 31.6.3 Stating one’s opinion indirectly 176 31.7 Expressing reservation (reluctance) 176 31.8 Requesting repetition 177 31.9 Making sure you are understood 177 31.10 Asking how to pronounce or write a word 178 31.11 aizuchi (listener responses) 179 31.12 Fillers (hesitation noises) 181 31.13 Repetition 181 31.14 Ellipsis 182 31.15 Afterthoughts 183 31.16 Making corrections 183 31.16.1 Self-correction 183 31.16.2 Correcting others 184 31.17 Using and interpreting pauses and silence 185 31.18 Gaze 186 11 Giving and seeking information 187 32 Questions 188 32.1 Asking and responding to a yes or no question 188 32.1.1 Regular yes or no questions 188 32.1.2 Yes or no questions with n(o) desu ka 188 32.1.3 Responding to yes or no questions 189 32.1.3.1 Affirmative responses 189 32.1.3.2 Negative responses 189 32.2 Questions asking for specific content information 190 32.3 Negative questions 190 32.3.1 Regular negative questions 190 32.3.2 n ja nai desu ka or n ja arimasen ka 191 32.3.3 Responding to a negative question 191 32.4 Ways of asking questions less abruptly/more politely 192 32.5 Other types of questions 192 32.5.1 ‘I wonder . . .’ 192 32.5.2 -kke 192 32.5.3 Rhetorical questions 193
CONTENTS 33 Reporting 194 33.1 Direct and indirect quotations 194 33.2 Reporting statements 195 33.3 Reporting questions and answers 196 33.4 Reporting commands and requests 196 33.4.1 As a direct quotation 196 33.4.2 As an indirect quotation 197 34 Asking and giving personal information 198 34.1 Name 198 34.2 Place of origin 199 34.3 Age or year at school 199 34.4 Occupation or schooling level, 34.4.1 Occupation 199 34.4.2 School level 200 34.4.3 Area of specialization 34.5 Marital status 201 34.6 Pastimes 201 34.7 Family 202 35 Identifying 35.1 Identifying oneself and others 35.2 Identifying places 204 35.3 Identifying things 204 36 Telling the time, dates, etc. 205 36.1 Telling and asking the time 205 36.2 Telling and asking dates 206 36.3 Telling and asking when something will happen or happened 207 36.4 Telling and asking how long something takes 208 37 Describing people, places, states and conditions 210 37.1 Describing people 210 37.2 Describing places 210 37.3 Describing the weather 211 37.4 Describing the color, size, weight and condition of things 212 37.5 Describing actions and events in progress 212 37.6 Describing a state or condition 213 37.7 Describing habitual and future actions and events 214 37.8 Describing past actions and events 214 37.9 Describing the quantity of things 215 37.10 Describing what something is made out of 215 37.11 Describing the current state of something as a result of a past action 215 38 Comparisons 217 38.1 Comparisons of inequality 217 38.2 Comparisons of equality 218 38.3 Comparisons of three or more things 218 39 Contrast 219 39.1 Expressing contrast with conjunctive particles 219 39.2 Expressing contrast with connectives 220 39.3 Connectives used with conjunctive particles 220 and the area of specialization 199 200 203 203
CONTENTS 40 Location and distance 222 40.1 Expressing location 222 40.1.1 aru/arimasu 222 40.1.2 iru/imasit 222 40.2 Indicating precise location 223 40.3 Indicating distance 223 41 Possession 41.1 Expressing possession of things 225 41.2 Expressing possession of animals and pets 225 41.3 Describing body parts 226 41.4 Other ways of expressing possession 226 42 Gifts 42.1 Expressing that someone has given something to the speaker 227 42.2 Expressing that the speaker has given something to someone 227 42.3 Expressing that someone has given something to someone else 228 42.4 Other ways to say that someone has given something to someone else 228 225 227 43 Kind acts 229 43.1 Expressing that someone does something for the speaker as a favor 229 43.2 Expressing that the speaker does something for someone as a favor 230 43.3 Expressing that someone does something for someone else as a favor 230 44 Experience 231 44.1 Expressing one’s past experiences 231 44.2 Expressing how long one has been doing something 231 44.3 Asking people about their experiences 232 45 Intentions and plans 233 45.1 Expressing one’s intentions and plans 233 45.2 Asking about intentions and plans 234 45.3 Reporting on others’ plans 234 46 Temporal relations 235 46.1 Expressing sequence 235 46.1.1 Expressing the relationship‘before’ 235 46.1.1.1 mae (ni) 235 46.1.1.2 V(neg .) uchi ni 235 46.1.2 Expressing the relationship ‘after’ in a single sentence 235 46.1.2.1 ato (de) 235 46.1.2.2 V-/e form + kara 236 46.1.2.3 Expressions that indicate‘as soon as’ 236 46.1.2.4 -tara ‘when’ 236 46.1.3 Expressing the relationship‘after’in a separate sentence 236 46.2 Expressing simultaneous actions and situations 237 46.2.1 Indicating that two actions occur at the same time 237 46.2.2 Expressing that two situations hold during the same lime frame 237 46.2.3 Expressing that a situation is the background of an action 238 46.2.4 . . . mama 238
CONTENTS 47 Explanation, reason and purpose 240 47.1 Asking about and expressing/explaining reasons 240 47.2 no/n + copula 240 47.3 Expressing reason and consequence 242 47.4 Asking about and expressing purpose 242 47.5 Expressing purpose and consequence 243 47.6 Expressing the means by which to achieve a purpose 244 47.7 Expressing how to achieve a purpose 245 48 Cause and effect 246 48.1 Asking about cause 246 48.2 Expressing cause 246 48.3 Expressing relationships of cause and effect 248 49 Describing procedures 250 49.1 Basic phrases used in describing procedures 250 50 Changes 251 50.1 Talking about changes 251 50.2 Change in a negative direction 252 50.3 Verbs of coming and going to express changes 252 50.4 Other ways of expressing changes 253 50.4.1 Change caused by evolving events or situations 253 50.4.2 Nouns and verbs that express change 253 51 Expressing abilities 255 51.1 Enquiring and making statements about abilities using dekiru 255 51.2 Enquiring and making statements about abilities using potential forms 255 52 Needs 257 52.1 Expressing needs with regard to oneself and others 257 52.1.1 hitsuyoo 257 52.1.2 iru 257 52.1.3 V -nakereba naranai, V -nakereba ikenai 258 52.2 Expressing lack of needs 258 52.3 Asking people about their needs 259 53 Possibility and probability 260 53.1 Saying whether something is considered possible or impossible 260 53.1.1 kanoo da, fiikanoo da, muri da 260 53.1.2 V(s .em)-uru/enai 260 53.1.3 V(plain) kamoshirenai 261 53.2 Saying whether something is considered likely or probable 261 53.2.1 daroo/deshoo 261 54 Certainty and uncertainty 262 54.1 Saying how certain one is of something 262 54.2 Expressing doubt about something 262 54.3 Asking people about their level of certainty 264 55 Provisions, conditions, and hypotheses 265 55.1 Expressing open conditions 265 55.2 Expressing unfulfilled conditions 267
CONTENTS 55.3 Expressing hypotheses 267 55.3.1 Use of moshi and man ichi 267 55.3.2 {moshi, man ichi, karini). . . to shitara 268 55.4 Other conditional expressions 268 55.4.1 sae . . . ba conditional ‘if only’ 268 55.4.2 N demo, -te mo 269 56 Understanding and knowing 56.1 Spontaneous expression of understanding something 270 56.2 Saying that one understands a subject or a person 270 56.3 Saying that one knows a person, place or object 270 56.4 Expressing knowledge of a subject or a skill 272 57 Remembering and forgetting 57.1 Spontaneous expression of recalling 273 57.2 Expressing what one remembers 273 57.3 Asking people whether they remember a person, place, or thing 274 51A Expressing that one has forgotten something or someone 275 57.5 Asking people whether they have forgotten something or someone 276 III Expressing emotions and sensations 58 General comments on the adjectives of emotions and sensations 59 Gratitude 59.1 General remarks on expressions of gratitude 279 59.2 Expressions of apology used to express gratitude 280 59.3 Other common expressions 280 59.4 Responding to an expression of gratitude 281 60 Apologies and forgiveness 60.1 Apologies to a social superior 283 60.2 Apologies to an equal or a subordinate 283 60.3 Responding to an apology 284 60.4 Expressing and responding to forgiveness 284 61 Empathy 61.1 Saying one is glad about something the other party has just said 285 61.2 Saying one is sorry about something the other party has just said 285 62 Likes and dislikes 62.1 Expressing one’s likes and dislikes 287 62.2 Asking about likes and dislikes 288 62.3 Reporting on others’ likes and dislikes 288 63 Desires and preferences 63.1 Expressing one’s desires 290 63.1.1 hoshii 290 63.1.2 V-tai 290 63.1.3 W-te hoshii 291 63.2 Asking about the addressee’s desires 291 63.3 Reporting and asking about others’ desires 291 63.4 Expressing one’s preferences and asking about someone
else’s 292 270 273 277 278 279 283 285 287 290
CONTENTS 64 Hopes and wishes 64.1 Expressing one’s hopes and wishes 293 64.2 Other ways of expressing hopes and wishes 294 65 Joy and sorrow 65.1 Expressing one’s joy and sorrow 295 65.1.1 Joy 295 65.1.2 Sorrow 295 65.2 Reporting on others’joy and sorrow 295 66 Fear or worry 66.1 Expressing one’s own fear 297 66.2 Reporting on others’ fear 297 66.3 Expressing one’s own worry 298 66.4 Reporting on others’ worry 299 67 Distress and regret 67.1 Spontaneous expressions of distress and regret 300 67.2 Describing one’s own distress and regret 300 67.3 Reporting on others’ distress and regret 302 68 Surprise 68.1 Spontaneous expressions of surprise 303 68.2 Expressing surprise with regard to someone or something 303 68.2.1 N ni (wa) or V (plain)/Adj. (pre-nominal) no or koto ni (wa) bikkuri suru/bikkuri da/odoroku 303 68.2.2 re-form + bikkuri suru/odoroku 304 68.2.3 Expressing surprise with the connective noni ‘although’ 304 69 Hunger, thirst, and fatigue 69.1 Spontaneous expressions of hunger, thirst, and fatigue 305 69.2 Asking about the addressee’s condition with regard to hunger, thirst, and fatigue 305 69.3 Reporting on others’ hunger, thirst, and fatigue 306 70 Pain or discomfort 70.1 Expressing one’s pain or discomfort 307 70.2 Use of mimetic words to describe pain and discomfort 307 70.3 Asking about and reporting on others’ pain or discomfort 308 70.3.1 Reporting on others’pain or discomfort 308 70.3.2 Asking about another’s pain or discomfort 308 70.4 Expressions for common medical problems 309 70.5 Expressions for common dental problems 309 71 Satisfaction and dissatisfaction 71.1 Expressing one’s own satisfaction 310 71.2 Expressing one’s own dissatisfaction 311 71.3 Ways of mitigating dissatisfaction 311 71.4 Asking about and reporting on others’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction 312 71.4.1 Asking about others’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction 312 71.4.2 Reporting on
others’satisfaction or dissatisfaction 312 293 295 297 300 303 305 307 310 xvi
CONTENTS IV Speaking as performing acts 72 Advice and suggestions 72.1 Seeking advice or suggestions 316 72.2 Giving affirmative advice or suggestions 317 72.3 Giving negative advice or suggestions 318 72.4 Responding to advice or suggestions 318 73 Requests 73.1 Making requests in more formal situations 320 73.1.1 W-te itadakemasen ka, W-te itadakemasu ka 320 73.1.2 W-te moraemasen ka, W-te moraemasu ka 321 73.1.3 W-te kuremasen ka 321 73.1.4 o-negai ‘request’ 322 73.2 Making requests in informal situations 322 73.3 W-te kudasai ‘please V’ 322 73.4 Responding to a request 323 73.4.1 Giving an affirmative response 323 73.4.2 Giving a negative response 323 74 Offers and invitations 74.1 Making an offer of something or to do something 325 74.2 Accepting or declining an offer 325 74.3 Inviting someone to a place or an event 326 74.4 Accepting or declining an invitation 327 74.4.1 Accepting an invitation 327 74.4.2 Declining an invitation 327 75 Orders (commands) 75.1 Giving affirmative orders 329 75.2 Giving negative orders 330 76 Directions and instructions 76.1 Seeking and giving directions 331 76.2 Seeking and giving instructions 332 11 Confirmation 77.1 Confirming what the other party has just said 335 77.2 Requesting confirmation 335 77.3 Confirming a fact 336 78 Permission 78.1 Seeking permission 338 78.1.1 W-te mo ii desu ka and its stylistic variants 338 78.1.2 Causative form + verbs of receiving itadaku/morati 339 78.1.2.1 -(s)asete itadakemasen ka/-(s)asete moraemasen ka 78.1.2.2 -(s)asete itadakitai n desu ga/-(s)asete moraitai n desu ga 339 78.1.2.3 -(s)asete itadaitemo ii desu ka/-(s)asete moratte mo ii desu ka 339 78.1.2.4 . . . dekiru ‘can’ 340 78.1.2.5 -(s)asete itadaku wake ni wa ikanai deshoo ka 340 339 78.1.3 Causative form + verbs of giving kudasaru/ kurem 340 XVII 315 316 320 325 329 331 335 338
CONTENTS 78.2 Giving permission 340 78.3 Denying permission 341 79 Prohibition 79.1 Forbidding someone to do something 343 79.1.1 V-te wa ikemasen and its variants 343 79.1.2 V-nai koto ni natte imasu 343 79.1.3 Verbs denoting prohibition 344 80 Obligation and duty 80.1 Expressing obligation and duty with regard to oneself and others 345 80.1.1 -nakereba naranai and -nakute wa naranai 345 80.1.2 -nakereba ikenai and -nakute wa ikenai 345 80.1.3 beki 346 80.2 Other ways of expressing obligation and duty 347 80.2.1 With the word gimn ‘obligation’ 80.2.2 -neba naranai 347 80.2.3 -nai to ikenai 347 80.2.4 W-nai wake ni wa ikanai 347 80.2.5 V-zaru o enai 347 81 Complaints 81.1 Complaints directed to the addressee 349 81.2 Complaining about someone else 350 81.3 Complaints about a hotel/inn room 351 81.4 Responding to complaints directed to oneself 352 81.5 Responding to other types of complaints 353 82 Compliments 82.1 Complimenting one’s equal or social subordinate 354 82.1.1 Complimenting one’s equal or social subordinate about what he/she did 354 82.1.2 Complimenting one’s equal or social subordinate about his/her personality or ability 355 82.1.3 Complimenting one’s equal or social subordinate on possessions 355 82.2 Complimenting one’s social superior 356 82.2.1 Complimenting one’s social superior about what he/she did 356 82.2.2 Complimenting one’s social superior about his/her personality or ability 356 82.2.3 Complimenting one’s social superior’s possessions 357 82.3 Responding to compliments directed at oneself 357 82.3.1 Responding to compliments received from one’s equal or social subordinate 357 82.3.2 Responding to compliments received from one’s superior 360 83 Promises and warnings 83.1 Expressing promises 362 83.2 Warning someone to do (or not to do) something 362 xviii
CONTENTS 84 Opinions 365 84.1 Expressing one’s opinion 365 84.1.1 omou and kangaeru 365 84.1.2 beki da 365 84.1.3 Indirect ways to express one’s opinion 365 84.2 Asking for other people’s opinions 366 84.3 Reporting on other people’s opinions 367 85 Agreement, disagreement, and indifference 368 85.1 Expressing agreement and disagreement 368 85.1.1 Expressing agreement with the prior speaker’s comment 368 85.1.2 Expressing agreement with the prior speaker’s opinion, idea, or suggestion 368 85.1.3 Expressing disagreement with the prior speaker’s comment 369 85.2 Asking about agreement and disagreement 370 85.3 Expressing indifference 371 86 Choosing and deciding 86.1 Asking about and expressing choice 372 86.2 Asking about and expressing decisions 373 86.3 Changing one’s mind 373 372 87 Shopping 87.1 Asking whether something is in the store 375 87.2 Asking the price of something 375 87.3 Purchasing something 375 87.4 Asking how long the store is open 375 87.5 Complaining about a purchase 376 375 88 Ordering 88.1 Ordering food in a restaurant 377 88.2 Ordering food for delivery over the telephone 378 88.3 Ordering other things 378 377 89 Reservation 89.1 Reserving a ticket for an event or transportation 379 89.2 Reserving a place to stay 379 89.3 Canceling a reservation 380 379 Appendix I: Hiragana charts 381 Appendix II: Katakana charts 383 Appendix III: Verb basic conjugation table 385 Appendix IV: Copula and adjective basic conjugation table 386 Bibliography 387 Index 388 xix
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| language | English |
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| spelling | McGloin, Naomi Hanaoka Verfasser (DE-588)1220778176 aut Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide Naomi H. McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian, Tomomi Kakegawa London [u.a.] Routledge 2014 xxxii, 394 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge Modern Grammars Includes bibliographical references and index Grammatik Japanese language Grammar Japanese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 9780203856628 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028821287&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | McGloin, Naomi Hanaoka Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide Grammatik Japanese language Grammar Japanese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide |
| title_auth | Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide |
| title_exact_search | Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide |
| title_full | Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide Naomi H. McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian, Tomomi Kakegawa |
| title_fullStr | Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide Naomi H. McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian, Tomomi Kakegawa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern Japanese grammar a practical guide Naomi H. McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian, Tomomi Kakegawa |
| title_short | Modern Japanese grammar |
| title_sort | modern japanese grammar a practical guide |
| title_sub | a practical guide |
| topic | Grammatik Japanese language Grammar Japanese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English |
| topic_facet | Grammatik Japanese language Grammar Japanese language Textbooks for foreign speakers English Lehrbuch |
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