Microclimate and local climate:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Cambridge University Press
2016
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 316 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9781107145627 |
Internformat
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| 650 | 4 | |a Ökologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Microclimatology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Climatology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Micrometeorology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175918608941056 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | MICROCLIMATE AND LOCAL CLIMATE
/ BARRY, ROGER G.YYQ(ROGER GRAHAM)YYD1935-
: 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INTRODUCTION
MICROCLIMATIC ELEMENTS
METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND INSTRUMENTATION
RADIATION
THE ENERGY BALANCE
MONITORING AND MODELING OF RADIATION AND ENERGY BALANCE VIA REMOTE
SENSING AND LAND SURFACE MODELS
MICROCLIMATES OF DIFFERENT VEGETATED ENVIRONMENTS
MICROCLIMATES OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
BIOCLIMATOLOGY
URBAN CLIMATES
TOPOCLIMATIC EFFECTS ON MICROCLIMATE
THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MICROCLIMATES
PROBLEMS
GLOSSARY
SYMBOLS
SI UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
DIESES SCHRIFTSTCK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
Contents
Preface page ix
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 1
A. Definitions 1
B. The Scope of the Book 3
C. Historical Development 3
D. A Central Problem of Microclimatology 4
E. A Case Study 5
Part I Controls of Microclimate 9
2 Microclimatic Elements 11
A. Temperature 11
B. Moisture 21
C. Evaporation 29
D. Precipitation 34
E. Wind 38
F. Carbon Dioxide 39
G. Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Carbon Exchange 41
H. The Nitrogen Cycle 46
I. Pollutants 48
3 Methods of Observation and Instrumentation 52
A. Introduction 52
B. Fundamentals 52
C. Measuring Temperature 55
D. Measuring Soil Temperature, Heat Flux, and Moisture 60
E. Measuring Radiation 63
F. Measuring Wind 65
G. Measuring Precipitation 67
V
Contents
vi
H. Measuring Total and Partial Atmospheric Pressures 70
I. Measuring Turbulent Fluxes 73
4 Radiation 81
A. Solar Radiation 81
B. Infrared (Longwave or Terrestrial) Radiation 94
C. Net Radiation 95
5 The Energy Balance 99
A. Introduction 99
B. Soil Heat Flux 102
C. Momentum and Mass Exchange 107
D. Sensible Heat Flux 111
E. Latent Heat Flux 114
F. Advective Effects 121
6 Monitoring Radiation, Energy, and Moisture Balance via
Remote Sensing and Modeling with Land Surface Models 126
A. Approaches 126
B. Land Surface Models 132
C. Empirical Models 135
D. Physically based Models 136
E. Downscaling 143
7 Microclimates of Different Vegetated Environments 148
A. Tundra 148
B. Grassland 156
C. Farmland 159
D. Wetlands 163
E. Forests 168
8 Microclimates of Physical Systems 187
A. Lakes 187
B. Rivers 194
C. Snow Cover 195
D. Mountains 201
E. Cities 209
9 Bioclimatology 218
A. The Energy Balance Equation 218
B. Calculations of the Energy Balance Terms 220
C. Radiation Terms 220
D. Metabolic Heat Production 223
E. Evaporative Cooling 225
F. Sensible Heat Loss: Convection 228
Contents
vii
G. Conduction 229
H. Simplified Energy Balances to Provide Effective Temperatures 231
I. Radiation Impacts on Comfort and Behavior 233
J. Examples of Behavioral Modifications: Using the Soil
and the Benefits of Burrowing 234
K. Aboveground Thermal Modification through Shelter 236
Part II Local (Topo-)Climates 241
10 Urban Climates 243
A. Modification of Atmospheric Composition 243
B. Modification of the Energy Budget 247
C. Urban Heat Islands 250
D. Modification of Surface Characteristics 255
11 Topoclimatic Effects on Microclimate 261
A. Exposition, Slope Angle, and Shade Effects 261
B. Sea and Lake Coastal Influences 265
C. Urban Local Climates 267
D. Mosaic Landscapes 270
Part III Environmental Change 275
12 Climate Change and Microclimate 277
A. Overview of Global Trends 277
B. Soil Temperatures 282
C. Permafrost 283
D. Experimental Studies 283
Problems 291
Glossary 297
Symbols 305
System International (SI) Units and Conversions 309
Index 311
A microclimate is a canopy-scale atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the sur-
rounding area. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or as large as sev-
eral square kilometers. Microclimates exist in the atmospheric boundary layer and the upper
soil. Local climates are related to landscape elements (hill slopes, valley bottoms and ridge
tops). They occur near water bodies, which may affect local temperatures and precipitation, in
heavily urban areas, as a result of rapidly changing topography, or in the shadow of a moun-
tain. Although general, larger-scale climate patterns are clearly important, local micromete-
orological factors may have impacts on many elements, including local weather, ecological
systems, soil climate, and agriculture. The topic of small-scale climate is therefore one that is
of interest not only to climatologists but also to geographers, biologists, crop scientists, envi-
ronmental scientists, hydrologists, and urban planners.
This book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of the variables and processes
of microclimate and local climate, including radiation balance and energy balance. It describes
and explains the climate within the lower atmosphere and upper soil, the region critical to life
on Earth. Topics that are covered include not only the physical processes that affect micro-
climate, but also biological processes that affect vegetation and animals, including people. A
geographic tour of the microclimates of the major ecosystems around the world is included.
All major biomes and surface types are examined, including urban areas, and the effects of
climate change on microclimate are described. This book is invaluable for advanced students
and researchers in climatology in departments of environmental science, geography, meteo-
rology, agricultural science and forestry.
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| spelling | Barry, Roger G. 1935-2018 Verfasser (DE-588)134266625 aut Microclimate and local climate Roger Barry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Peter Blanken, University of Colorado, Boulder New York, NY Cambridge University Press 2016 xii, 316 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ökologie Microclimatology Climatology Micrometeorology Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Mikrometeorologie (DE-588)4315182-6 gnd rswk-swf Mikroklima (DE-588)4039221-1 gnd rswk-swf Mikroklima (DE-588)4039221-1 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Mikrometeorologie (DE-588)4315182-6 s DE-604 Blanken, Peter D. 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)111091492X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-316-53598-1 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028779378&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028779378&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028779378&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Barry, Roger G. 1935-2018 Blanken, Peter D. 1965- Microclimate and local climate Ökologie Microclimatology Climatology Micrometeorology Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Mikrometeorologie (DE-588)4315182-6 gnd Mikroklima (DE-588)4039221-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4315182-6 (DE-588)4039221-1 |
| title | Microclimate and local climate |
| title_auth | Microclimate and local climate |
| title_exact_search | Microclimate and local climate |
| title_full | Microclimate and local climate Roger Barry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Peter Blanken, University of Colorado, Boulder |
| title_fullStr | Microclimate and local climate Roger Barry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Peter Blanken, University of Colorado, Boulder |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microclimate and local climate Roger Barry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Peter Blanken, University of Colorado, Boulder |
| title_short | Microclimate and local climate |
| title_sort | microclimate and local climate |
| topic | Ökologie Microclimatology Climatology Micrometeorology Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Mikrometeorologie (DE-588)4315182-6 gnd Mikroklima (DE-588)4039221-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökologie Microclimatology Climatology Micrometeorology Ecology Mikrometeorologie Mikroklima |
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