Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more: ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300
The study of ritual practice in the past is an accepted part of archaeological research these days. Yet, its theoretical basis is still not fully mature. This book aims at making a contribution to the study of ritual practice in the past by assembling a theoretical framework, which is tailored to th...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Eelde ; Groningen
Barkhuis Publishing and University of Groningen Library
2015
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Groningen archaeological studies
volume 29 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | The study of ritual practice in the past is an accepted part of archaeological research these days. Yet, its theoretical basis is still not fully mature. This book aims at making a contribution to the study of ritual practice in the past by assembling a theoretical framework, which is tailored to the needs of archaeology, and which helps to identity and interpret the remains of rituals in the past. This framework is applied in a special archaeological region: the coastal area of the northern Netherlands, a former salt marsh area. In the past, people lived here on artificial dwelling mounds, so-called terps. Preservation conditions are excellent in this wetland area. This study makes use of the well-preserved remains of rituals in terps, to examine the role of ritual practice in the societies of the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age in this area |
| Beschreibung: | 447 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 A curious find
1.2 Research questions
1.3 The research area and period
1.3.1 Archaeological framework
1.3.2 Chronological framework
1.4 The study of ritual
1.5 Method
1.6 The human nature bias
Part 1 The archaeological context
2 Terp archaeology and the use of historical sources
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of terp archaeology
2.2.1 Pioneers
2.2.2 A destructive phase
2.2.3 The collection of objects
2.2.4 From finds to context
2.2.5 The start of modern terp research
2.2.6 New approaches
2.2.7 Conclusion
2.3 Historical sources, ethnic identity and historical events
2.3.1 Historical sources
2.3.2 Germani, Frisii and Chauci and their history
2.3.3 Conclusion
3 Occupation history, landscape and subsistence
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Occupation history
3.2.1 Colonization
3.2.2 Changes in the 1st century AD
3.2.3 Cultural influences from the east
3.2.4 The end of habitation
3.2.5 Summary
3.3 Life in the salt marsh landscape
3.3.1 Settling in a dynamic landscape
3.3.2 Agriculture, food and drink
3.3.3 Byres, houses and raw materials
3.4 Conclusion
4 Social and spiritual life of the inhabitants of the
terp region 40
4.1 Introduction 40
4.2 The family 40
4.3 Political organization and martial values 42
4.3.1 The Gefolgschaft-system 42
4.3.2 Contacts with the Romans 44
4.3.3 Socio-political organization in the
coastal area 46
4.4 Ritual, religion and dealing with the dead 48
4.4.1 Dealing with the dead 48
4.4.2 Religion 48
4.4.3 Ritual 51
4.5 Conclusion 53
5 Remains of rituals in surrounding areas 54
5.1 Introduction 54
5.2 The remains of rituals in settlements 55
5.2.1 Rituals associated with houses 55
5.2.2 Rituals in settlements outside houses 56
5.3 The remains of rituals outside settlements 57
5.3.1 Depositional practice and the landscape 57
5.3.2 Peat bogs 58
5.4 Burial customs 61
5.4.1 Western Netherlands 61
5.4.2 The Pleistocene inland 62
5.4.3 Germany 63
5.5 Conclusions 65
Part 2 Theory of ritual 67
6 Ritual, religion and the mind 69
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 The mind 76
6.3 Origin and function of ritual and religion 71
6.4 Religion 73
6.5 Ritual, ritualization and ritualized behaviour 74
6.6 The bond between ritual and religion 76
6.7 Definitions of religion and ritual 78
6.7.1 Religion 78
6.7.2 Ritual 78
6.8 Conclusion 79
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11
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35
37
39
Diversity and dynamics of ritual practice 81 9.4 Approaching the meaning of rituals: a cultural
7.1 Introduction 81 biography of rituals and symbols 117
9.5 Conclusion 119
7.2 Participants 81
7.3 Types of ritual 82 Part 3 Remains of rituals in terps 121
7.3.1 Rites of passage 82
7.3.1.1 Separation, transition and incorporation 82 10 Case study 1: Remains of rituals in the terp
7.3.1.2 Rituals surrounding death 84 of Englum 123
7.3.2 Religious rituals 86 10.1 Introduction 123
7.3.2.1 Agents, patients and instruments 86 10.1.1 The excavation and its results 123
7.3.2.2 Magic 87 10.1.2 Representativeness 125
7.3.2.3 Offering and sacrifice 87 10.2 Eight human skulls in a dung heap in
7.4 The doctrinal versus the imagistic mode 90 trench 4 127
7.5 Ritual dynamics 91 10.2.1 The context 127
7.6 Conclusion 92 10.2.2 Finds 128
10.2.2.1 Human bone 130
Aspects of the meaning and interpretation of 10.2.2.2 Animal bone 133
ritual practice 94 10.2.2.3 Pottery 134
8.1 Introduction 94 10.2.2.4 Structure 134
8.2 Symbolic meaning 94 10.2.2.5 Other finds 136
8.3 Gift exchange in ritual 96 10.2.2.6 Dating 137
8.3.1 The concept of gift exchange 96 10.2.3 Reconstructing events 137
8.3.2 The role of gift exchange in ritual 98 10.2.4 Was this a ritual? 137
8.3.2.1 Sharing, charity, ritual meals and feasting 98 10.2.5 Methods for interpretation 138
8.3.2.2 Fragmentation, enchainment and 10.2.6 Ritual elements 138
accumulation 100 10.2.6.1 Human remains 138
8.4 Religious meaning 102 10.2.6.2 Dung and cattle 140
8.4.1 Gods and spirits 102 10.2.6.3 Pottery 141
8.4.2 Ancestors 103 10.2.6.4 Breaking, burying and burning 141
8.4.3 The sacred 104 10.2.6.5 Circle 141
8.5 Aspects of the concept of meaning 105 10.2.7 Interpretation 142
8.6 Interpretative biases 106 10.3 Other remains of rituals in Englum 143
8.6.1 The homo economicus bias 106 10.3.1 Introduction 143
8.6.2 The contagion bias 107 10.3.2 Discussion and interpretation 144
8.6.3 The human nature bias 107 10.3.2.1 Material categories 144
8.7 Conclusion 109 10.3.2.2 Pottery 144
The remains of rituals in the archaeological 10.3.2.3 Contexts 149
record 110 10.3.2.4 Associated actions 151
9.1 Introduction 10.3.2.5 Social categories 153
110 10.4 Summary 155
9.2 Identifying the remains of rituals 110
9.2.1 Ritual versus non-ritual 110 11 Case study II: Remains of rituals in the terp of
9.2.2 Criteria 111 Ezinge 159
9.3 The identification of rituals in terps: a toolkit 112 11.1 Introduction 159
9.3.1 The identification of the non-ritual 112 11.1.1 The excavations at Ezinge 159
9.3.1.1 Features 112 11.1.2 Representativeness 161
9.3.1.2 Refuse 113 11.2 Results 162
9.3.1.3 Material categories 113 11.2.1 Introduction 162
9.3.2 The identification of rituals 114 11.2.2 Material categories 163
11.2.2.1 Pottery 163 11.4.2.3 Diversity and the doctrinal and
11.2.2.2 Ceramic artefacts 176 imagistic modes 219
11.2.2.3 Terra sigillata 180 11.4.2.4 Non-religious and religious rituals 219
11.2.2.4 Metal objects 182 11.4.2.5 Interpretative categories 219
11.2.2.5 Wooden objects 183 11.4.3 Early Roman Iron Age 220
11.2.2.6 Stone objects 186 11.4.3.1 Material categories 221
11.2.2.7 Miscellaneous: textiles, combs, hair, 11.4.3.2 Contexts 221
beads 188 11.4.3.3 Diversity and the doctrinal and
11.2.2.8 Animal remains 190 imagistic modes 221
11.2.2.9 Human remains 194 11.4.3.4 Non-religious and religious rituals 222
11.2.3 Contexts 201 11.4.3.5 Interpretative categories 222
11.2.3.1 Inside or outside houses 201 11.4.4 Middle Roman Iron Age 223
11.2.3.2 Deposits in houses 203 11.4.4.1 Material categories 223
11.2.3.3 Deposits outside houses 205 11.4.4.2 Contexts 223
11.2.3.4 Depositional practice in relation to the 11.4.4.3 Diversity and the doctrinal and
lay-out of the settlement 208 imagistic modes 223
11.2.3.5 Differences and similarities in ritual 11.4.4.4 Non-religious and religious rituals 223
practice between households 208 11.4.4.5 Interpretative categories 224
11.3 Interpretation 210 11.5 Conclusions 225
11.3.1 Existing categories 210 11.5.1 Human remains 225
11.3.1.1 The doctrinal and the imagistic modes 210 11.5.2 The supernatural 226
11.3.1.2 Non-religious and religious rituals 210 11.5.3 Meaningful objects and identity 227
11.3.2 Categories from the Englum case study 211 11.5.4 Ritual practitioners 227
11.3.3 Interpretative categories 211 11.5.5 Tradition and change 228
11.3.3.1 Category 1: rituals concerning 11.5.6 Comparisons 228
individual persons 212
11.3.3.2 Category 2: rituals accompanying the 12 Burials and bones: remains of humans (and
life cycle of houses 213 of dogs) in the terp region 229
11.3.3.3 Category 3: rituals aimed at the 12.1 Introduction 229
household 213 12.2 The collection of human remains in the past 230
11.3.3.4 Category 4: rituals associated with 12.3 Representativeness 232
technological processes 214
11.3.3.5 Category 5: rituals concerned with the 12.4 Dating 234
community 215 12.4.1 Archaeological dates 234
11.3.3.6 Category 6: rituals associated with social 12.4.2 Radiocarbon dates 235
contacts outside the settlement. 215 12.4.2.1 Early medieval burials 235
11.3.3.7 Category 7: rituals associated with socio 1- 12.4.2.2 The use of radiocarbon dates 236
political life 215 12.4.3 Radiocarbon dates and stable isotopes 240
11.3.3.8 Category 8: rituals associated with cos¬ 12.5 Results and discussion 243
mology and with ordering the world 216 12.5.1 Inhumations 243
11.4 Changes through time 217 12.5.1.1 Sex, age and health 244
11.4.1 Middle pre-Roman Iron Age 217 12.5.1.2 Orientation 248
11.4.1.1 Material categories 217 12.5.1.3 Body posture 248
11.4.1.2 Contexts 218 12.5.1.4 Grave goods 251
11.4.1.3 Diversity and the doctrinal and 12.5.1.5 Location 253
imagistic modes 218 12.5.2 Partial skeletons 253
11.4.1.4 Non-religious and religious rituals 218 12.5.3 Human sacrifice 255
11.4.1.5 Interpretative categories 218 12.5.3.1 Argument 1: Bog bodies 256
11.4.2 Late pre-Roman Iron Age 219 12.5.3.2 Argument 2: Child burials 256
11.4.2.1 Material categories 219 12.5.3.3 Conclusion 257
11.4.2.2 Contexts 219
12.5.4 Cremations 258
12.5.5 Single bones and excarnation 262
12.5.5.1 The finds 262
12.5.5.2 Headhunting and skull cult? 269
12.5.5.3 The excarnation process 270
12.5.6 The role and meaning of dogs 275
12.5.6.1 Dogs in the archaeological record 275
12.5.6.2 The symbolical meaning of dogs 277
12.5.7 Location 278
12.6 Conclusion: burial customs and the use of
human remains in the terp region 280
Part 4 Conclusions 285
13 Ritual practice in the terp region 287
13.1 Introduction 287
13.2 The social, political, cultural and natural
environment of the terp region during the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age 287
13.3 Theory of ritual 288
13.4 The identification and interpretation of the remains of rituals in the archaeological record 289
13.5 Different types of ritual 290
13.6 Rituals in daily life and in social contacts 292
13.7 Burials customs and the use of human
remains 293
13.8 Beliefs and religious concepts 294
13.9 Changing ritual practice 295
13.10 Epilogue 296
Appendices 299
A Catalogue of remains of rituals from Englum 301
B Ezinge 315
C Catalogue of human remains from the terp region in the provinces of Friesland and Groningen 361
References 415
Samenvatting (Dutch summary) 435
Inleiding 435
De théorie van het ritueel handelen 436
De herkenning en interpretatie van de restanten
van rituelen in het bodemarchief 437
Rituelen in het dagelijkse leven en in sociale
contacten 437
Grafrituelen en het gebruik van menselijke
resten 438
Geloof en religieuze voorstellingen 439
Veranderingen 440
Epiloog 442
Acknowledgments 443
Illustrations 445
About the author 447
14 Recommendations
297 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| era | Geschichte 600 v.Chr.-300 gnd |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-25T04:00:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028767478 |
| oclc_num | 911019682 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-20 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-20 DE-29 |
| physical | 447 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Barkhuis Publishing and University of Groningen Library |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Groningen archaeological studies |
| series2 | Groningen archaeological studies |
| spelling | Nieuwhof, Annet 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)109093808X aut Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 Annet Nieuwhof Eelde ; Groningen Barkhuis Publishing and University of Groningen Library 2015 447 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Groningen archaeological studies volume 29 The study of ritual practice in the past is an accepted part of archaeological research these days. Yet, its theoretical basis is still not fully mature. This book aims at making a contribution to the study of ritual practice in the past by assembling a theoretical framework, which is tailored to the needs of archaeology, and which helps to identity and interpret the remains of rituals in the past. This framework is applied in a special archaeological region: the coastal area of the northern Netherlands, a former salt marsh area. In the past, people lived here on artificial dwelling mounds, so-called terps. Preservation conditions are excellent in this wetland area. This study makes use of the well-preserved remains of rituals in terps, to examine the role of ritual practice in the societies of the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age in this area Geschichte 600 v.Chr.-300 gnd rswk-swf Rites and ceremonies / Netherlands / Groningen Antiquities fast Rites and ceremonies fast Funde Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 gnd rswk-swf Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd rswk-swf Groningen (Netherlands) / Antiquities Netherlands / Groningen fast Niederlande Niederlande Nord (DE-588)4245680-0 gnd rswk-swf Niederlande Nord (DE-588)4245680-0 g Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 s Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 s Geschichte 600 v.Chr.-300 z DE-604 Groningen archaeological studies volume 29 (DE-604)BV035404814 29 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028767478&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nieuwhof, Annet 1956- Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 Groningen archaeological studies Rites and ceremonies / Netherlands / Groningen Antiquities fast Rites and ceremonies fast Funde Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 gnd Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4181634-1 (DE-588)4204578-2 (DE-588)4245680-0 |
| title | Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 |
| title_auth | Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 |
| title_exact_search | Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 |
| title_full | Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 Annet Nieuwhof |
| title_fullStr | Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 Annet Nieuwhof |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 Annet Nieuwhof |
| title_short | Eight human skulls in a dung heap and more |
| title_sort | eight human skulls in a dung heap and more ritual practice in the terp region of the northern netherlands 600 bc ad 300 |
| title_sub | ritual practice in the terp region of the northern Netherlands 600 BC-AD 300 |
| topic | Rites and ceremonies / Netherlands / Groningen Antiquities fast Rites and ceremonies fast Funde Skelettfund (DE-588)4181634-1 gnd Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rites and ceremonies / Netherlands / Groningen Antiquities Rites and ceremonies Funde Skelettfund Bestattungsritus Groningen (Netherlands) / Antiquities Netherlands / Groningen Niederlande Niederlande Nord |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028767478&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035404814 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nieuwhofannet eighthumanskullsinadungheapandmoreritualpracticeintheterpregionofthenorthernnetherlands600bcad300 |