Hod' do mňa kameňom: spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovak |
| Published: |
Bratislava
Slovart
2015
|
| Edition: | Prvé slovenské vydanie |
| Series: | Cast a stone at me
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Register // Personenregister Literaturverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 424 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9788055614373 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Cast a stone at me
Problematic coexistence with Roma has been deeply rooted in the
history of Europe since their arrival in the 14th century. For Slovakia, once
a part of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy, then in a
joint state with the Czechs, and a nation which became a sovereign state
twice in the 20th century, the Roma issue has a special flavour. Relative
to its total population, Slovakia has one of the largest Roma populations
in Europe. Under standingly, the coexistence aspect is much more critical,
and reaching a successful arrangement or failing to do so impacts the
entire society.
All of us living in Slovakia are intertwined with the Roma because they
have been an integral part of our civilisation for over half a millennium.
Our Roma have nowhere to go; they cannot be expelled or ousted as was
the case in Early Modern Europe. We cannot forcefully displace them to
a remote location or lock them up in forced labour camps as was done
in the first half of the 20th century. And we cannot forcefully assimilate
them as the communist government attempted to do in the second half
of the 20th century. The Roma belong by our side and they mirror the
HOD DO MNA KAMENOM
317
advancement of our civilisation. Today they matter even more than in
the past as they represent almost one tenth of the population, and this
proportion continues to grow.
If Roma are well off, we are well off and vice versa. Neglecting this part
of society, which is drowning in spiritual and material poverty, escalates
home-grown tensions that in turn fuel degradation in the long run. It is in
the interest of each and every individual living in this country to be aware
of this connection and to search for effective approaches and instruments
to alleviate the tension. The situation has evolved into one where potential
conflict is a real threat, but we still fail to recognise the urge to change our
approach.
Some observers have drawn attention to the escalation of tension and
to the threat of conflicts as early on as at the beginning of this century.
Upon Slovakia’s accession to the EU, its engagement in international
formations and the opening of doors to foreign philanthropic activities in
decision-making and real projects, many believed (at least for a short time)
that with a little help from international experts matters would somehow
be resolved on their own. But nothing has happened. And we keep sitting
on the fence. To mention one example out of many, following the approval
of a new EU programming scheme for the period from 2014 to 2020 the
government ‘dealt’ with the Roma issue by pouring a few million euros
into it and then relying on the all-powerful influence of money Now we
are facing reality; we know that this financial support is nowhere near
enough. There may even be a dark side to it because the allocation of
public finance tends to be accompanied by corruption and injustice. And
so we stand in the second decade of the 21st century witnessing even
greater tensions that are more or less kept at bay by an increasing number
of questionable police interventions.
Citizens living far away from the hot spots may believe that geographical
distance protects them. However, those who are directly confronted with
Roma criminality in their home lack such a prerogative. All the same,
both groups reside in the same country in a society clearly delimited by
national borders. Anything taking place at one end of the country has
a long-term impact on the whole country. If the government decides that
material need allowances will be paid based on the delivery of a defined
scope of public works due to their misuse in Roma enclaves in eastern
Slovakia, this decision will be applied countrywide and to all allowance
beneficiaries regardless of ethnicity. The adoption of other measures with
318
SUMMARY
no apparent immediate bearing would bring about a comparable impact.
For example, if family- and child-related allowances are granted on the
condition of active employment, this has an impact on multi-child Roma
families who often neglect the welfare of their children as well as other
parents who take due care of their children but objectively are struggling
to find a job.
The Roma problem is escalating and awakening people from their
passivity It could be a strong enough wake-up call for the Slovak society
to break the current stalemate. As soon as the decision-makers recognise
the potential strength of this trigger, they can launch a process of building
a confident society capable of solving demanding challenges on its own.
Based on this line of thinking, the trigger could actually be welcomed.
Despite almost a quarter of a century as a sovereign state, Slovakia has
failed to position itself in Central Europe as the neighbour and equal of
well-established countries. Now Slovakia is facing a difficult task which
it can strive to master; it can change the situation. Slovakia could even
become an example to be followed by other European states struggling
with similar issues.
The Roma issue, currently deemed to be a problem, may well turn
into an opportunity. Very little is required to make the Roma equal and
valuable members of society. This transition has already taken place to
a certain extent. Surveys demonstrate that roughly half of all Roma are
actually assimilated; they live among the majority population and have
more or less adopted its culture. The target group drawing intensified
interest is the one third of Roma living in secluded settlements and clusters
on the margins of Slovak towns and villages and those living in enclosed
communities in municipalities. The unemployment rate in these enclaves
hovers at around one hundred per cent and unsurprisingly so does their
dependence on social assistance from the state. The overall statistics for
the Roma population indicate that their labour potential is extremely high.
If somehow all of them got involved as a labour force, the quality of their
personal lives would improve and annual GDP growth would leap by four
per cent. Of course, these figures are crude calculations to be considered
with a pinch of salt. Nevertheless, they do document the hidden potential
among dormant Roma for providing new growth in the state’s wealth,
something mentioned very often by top politicians to voters.
A large portion of Roma is dispersed among the rest of the population.
This might give the impression that voluntary assimilation is progressing
HOD DO MÑA KAMEÑOM
319
by its own means and that just letting it happen is a solution in itself.
Well, it is not. Figures prove that the number of Roma living in secluded
settlements in the least developed enclaves with a collapsing culture,
broken morals and total dependency on state assistance is growing. Birth
rates there are higher than in other communities and represent one of
the root causes; another is the incremental growth in migrants, i.e. those
who have lost their jobs and housing amidst the majority population, who
seek refuge in these enclaves. This sheds light on another discouraging
tendency - society is casting aside partially assimilated Roma. Therefore,
a targeted approach is desirable for Roma currently dependent on the
state and (at least to a certain extent) those living among the majority
population. They do not require special education or housing programmes
of the type presented in many studies and policies; equal treatment on the
part of the majority population would suffice.
If we believe in improving the situation for Roma, we must first and
foremost get to know them. Despite their genuine efforts, many reformists
fail in their task because they choose inappropriate instruments without
understanding Romani specifics. We ought to put in more effort and invest
more willingness in getting to know Roma. Although it may not be easy
to unearth their authentic substance under the layers of degraded culture,
we have to try again and again as there is no other alternative. Experts
are demanding multi-ethnic education at schools, which definitely
deserves our support. But our experiences to date with the Hungarian
ethnic minority testify to the complexity of this avenue. Let us recall the
limited scope of information on the Hungarian community provided at
Slovak schools even though Hungarians represent almost one tenth of our
population. Why should we expect anything different in the case of the
Roma community?
Even today the media still tend to depict the Roma as ‘unadaptable
people, freeloaders7 and criminals7. In this respect, the stance of the elites
is decisive. State representatives, politicians and other influential figures
should present attitudes and opinions in the media which position Roma
as being on an equal footing with non-Roma citizens. Racist attitudes
rooted in the majority population surface in racially-motivated repressive
police actions against Roma and equally so in the silence of top public
figures who should be defending all of their citizens, irrespective of race.
To base the prospects of a successful change in the current dilapidated
state of affairs purely on the willingness of the majority society is
320
SUMMARY
as nonsensical as expecting to rid Roma of their flaws by exerting brute
force on them. The Roma universe has inherent specific features. Some
experts actually believe that in its original form it is incompatible with
the majority population’s way of life. There are a number of differentiating
factors, the main one being that Roma consider the surrounding
population to be inferior. Often such disparagement is accompanied
by the principle of others being impure, whereby a certain form of this
impurity principle applies within the Roma community itself and even
within families. Roma racism and chauvinism is something very real, but
it is rarely spoken about. In this respect, observers apply double standards,
being much more lenient to Roma than to others, and they tend to explain
this trait as a mental burden induced by a history of continuous social
marginalisation. They turn a blind eye to the fact that the dismissive
attitude of the majority population is a reaction to the closed nature of the
Roma community and the distance it has maintained from others.
On top of this, if we consider typical Romani culture, for example,
living for the present, the caste system, superstition, the family being more
important than the individual and the renouncement of schooling, it is no
wonder that Roma themselves have not been driven towards the majority
population. In general, Roma culture is in decline, yet ingrained attitudes
(particularly, it seems, the most negative ones) remain untouched in the
least developed settlements. Therefore, the success of tackling the Roma
issue hinges on the effort by Roma themselves to change things. It would
be difficult to define on their behalf what they should change and what
would be acceptable for them. That is their own dilemma, and it is up to
them to resolve it. One cannot expect that in the enclosed enclaves some
suddenly enlightened Roma will rise up and start to contemplate matters
on the basis of self-reflection. Instead, it is incumbent upon Roma elites
to act.
The role of Roma elites is vital. Their inner circle is the right place
for discussion on what Romani culture is, what is left of it, whether it is
sustainable, whether it can still be called upon and how it should change.
They should question whether Romanipen ~ the totality of the Romani
spirit - is compatible with the functioning of society as we know it in
Slovakia and Europe. Moreover, they must plunge into a discussion on
whether Roma are capable of being an ethnic minority, or even a nation,
or whether it is feasible to cultivate the Romani culture in local enclaves.
Last but not least, they are expected to answer the crucial question of
HOD do mna kamenom
321
whether the countrywide adoption of the majority culture, something
already done by many Roma, would be the solution. If they do adopt
the majority culture, and hence abandon Romanipen, would they still be
Roma? If they do not adopt it and remain segregated from the rest by
the wall of their own racism, how do Roma see their future existence?
This set of questions also includes the issue of using Romani languages
or, to stretch it even further, using a single standard Romani language
when communicating internally within the Roma community as well as
externally with the majority society.
The state as such should facilitate the engagement of Romani
intellectuals who would debate the matters at stake and present
solutions. These intellectuals should reach out to and interact with their
disadvantaged ethnic kin. Whichever direction changes may take, any
change would be better than preserving the current dilapidated status
quo. The deterioration omnipotent in Roma enclaves is primarily moral,
but it is also social and economic. Roma settlements may be perceived
as islands of absolute poverty calling for approaches known from other
global cultures of poverty, but due to remnant Romanipen specifics
these settlements will luckily always bear ethnic features. Transition to
the middle class, promoted by those highlighting the cultivation of the
culture of poverty, would mean for successful Roma nothing more than
an abandonment of their current lives and becoming part of the majority
society. But what about all those Roma who fail to succeed? Would it
not be a more appropriate solution to admit the incompatibility of their
lifestyle with the majority population by no longer turning a blind eye to
the inevitability of assimilation? As a matter of fact, by means of targeted
educational, housing and healthcare programmes we are pursuing just
this - facilitating their assimilation - while insincerely claiming that all
we want is to preserve their ethnicity.
We may be going too far in wanting to perceive the Roma issue in
a concentrated form, steering any corrective action from the centre and
hoping to devise a universal model applicable anywhere and everywhere.
This is a deeply rooted presumption we must leave behind. The government
should address this issue with a structured policy which does not imply
that it should attempt to resolve every aspect on its own. Having a policy
means identifying the basic principles, defining the central instruments
and allocating eligible funds. Everything else should be in the hands of
smaller entities.
322
SUMMARY
Slovakia is ready for another critical phase of communal reform; it
needs decentralisation. The current division of the country is artificial
and disproportionate, and the central government has excessively strong
powers. Slovakia is ready to be divided into more and smaller entities
which are delimited by habitual historical borders, unlike the current
self-governing regions, which are able to develop independently. These
would be comprised of towns and villages, which would decide on their
sovereignty status hand in hand with the new territorial entities. Apart
from matters of national importance, these entities would be the sole
decision-makers in matters affecting lives within their territories.
In these new entities, the Roma issue would be addressed locally.
The central government would demand the observance of defined basic
principles and centrally distribute funds according to needs, whereby
everything else would be in the hands of the new smaller entities, which
could transfer or share their powers with individual municipalities.
The new entities would know the names of the Roma citizens residing
within their territories, and each entity would manage its own economic
development, school system and social programme. Provided that the
basic principles are met, these territorial entities could draw up their
own strategies, meaning that the strategies could differ from one entity
to another. Already some self-governing entities are now pursuing their
own policies which depend on the level of engagement and perseverance
of the involved individuals. The state has often defeated such efforts and
that should change. Mayors need to act on their own initiative and have
free space because in real terms only they can tackle the Roma issue.
And that is no coincidence. As in all aspects of life, personal interaction
is vital. That has been the most important missing link which we must
reintroduce. One hundred years ago, when coexistence with Roma was
much better, personal relationships were tangible. Today we are victims
of an anonymous system. Putting personal involvement and engagement
at the forefront is the right avenue for addressing the topics highlighted
in this book. By understanding this, many insurmountable issues with
controversial outcomes and irreconcilable objectives suddenly have
a chance to find common ground.
hoD do mna kamenom
323
Register
A
Ab Hortis, Samuel Augustiny 13 -
14, 28 - 29, 31, 142
Adam, Gejza 144
Antal, Herman 33
B
Bahram Gur 15
Bakalar, Petr 226 - 227, 229
Balaz, Branislav 107
Balaz, Tibor 99
Balko, Jan 64
Balogova, Helena 58
Banos, Jozef 81
Barany, Zoltán 46, 97, 99
Beatrice Aragonska 25
Beran, Rudolf 341
Berky, Jozef 206
Berky, Koloman 208
Berky, Tivadar 9 - 10, 147, 214,
253, 271,309
Bernasovsky, Ivan 227 - 228
Beseneyi, Peter 155, 161, 163, 212,
253, 283, 312
Bober, Bernard 376
Botosova, Anina 117, 122 - 123
Botto,Jan 143
Budilova, Lenka 197
C,C
Cibula, Jan 99
Cohn, Werner 172 - 173, 177,
228
Caplovic, Dusan 117
Caplovic,Jan 36
Catlos, Ferdinand 64, 68
D
Danihel, Vincent 144
Davidova, Eva 62, 85 - 86
de Gobineau, Arthur 38
Doza, Juraj 25
HOD DO MNA KAMEÜOM
421
Dubayová, Mária 101, 151 - 152,
154, 194 - 195
Dubcek, Alexander 90, 93,144, 267
Dutbovcovájana 134
Dudy, Stefan 347
Duranková, Silvia 227
Dzurinda, Mikulás 108, 111, 118
E,F
Estocák, Ladislav 64 - 65
Fabianová, Vlasta 152,159,164,
166,177,192 - 193
Farkas, Imrich 100, 356
Fedic, Vasil 59, 61, 66, 71, 75, 343
Ferák, Vladimir 228 - 229
Ferdinand Habsburskÿ 25
Fico, Roben 117,122 - 123,129 -
132, 207, 220, 250, 282
Fonsecová, Isabel 247, 258, 265
Fraser, Agnus 17, 22, 25, 32, 49, 73,
160, 166
Fridrich Viliam I. 330
G
Galbavÿ, Fudovlt 117, 123
Gara, Mikulás 19,
Gasset, José y Ortega 260, 278, 398
Gecelovskÿ, Vladimir 41
Gellner, Ernest 260, 262
Georg Athonskÿ 17
Gergel, Samuel 99
Gomâr, Andrej 75
Gorbacov, Michail 100
Grellmann, Heinrich 14
H
Hancock, Ian 15 - 16, 50, 52, 258
Hirt, Tomás 266, 270, 325
Hitler, Adolf 50, 52 - 53, 55, 56, 64
Hlinka, Andrej 36
Hodza, Milan 43
Hojsik, Marek 242
Hornak, Ladislav 285
Horthy, Miklös 68
Horväthova, Emilia 26, 33, 77, 85 -
86, 90 - 91,100, 160, 265
Horväthova, Irma 253
Hübschmannovä, Milena 100, 264
Huntington, Samuel 261
Hurban-Vajansky, Svetozär 143
J
Jakoubek, Marek 11, 139 - 140,
166, 197, 266, 270
Jan Pavol II. 163
Jan zo Slupska 26
Jensen, Arthur Robert 225 - 227
Jozef IL 29 - 32
Jozef Karol Ludovit 35
Jurova, Anna 77, 89
Justinovä, Eva 50
K
Kalihäk, Robert 134
Kalnÿ, Slavo 64, 80, 206
Kandert, Jozef 245
Karol IV 30
Karol Velkÿ 19, 26
Karvas, Imrich 64
Kenrick, Donald 15 - 17, 51 - 54,
73
King, Martin Luther 250
Kiska, Andrej 134
Kogälniceanu, Mihail 34
Konstantin Monomach 18
Koptovä, Anna 144, 265
422
REGISTER
Kotleba, Marian 124 - 125, 134
- 135
Kovác, Ladislav 266, 286
Kovats, Martin 119, 269 - 270
Krantz, Albert 332
Krasko, Ivan 142 - 143
Krocsány, Dezider 356
Kún, Béla 41
Kunch, Ján 331
Kwiek, Janusz I. 54
Kwiek, Rudolf 54
Kyselÿ, Ivan 227
L
Lacková, Elena 47,57,62,64,76,79,
84,160 - 161,164 - 165,176,186,
190 - 192
Ladislav (nácelník) 24
Lakatos, Mário 208
Lalik, Július 146, 314
Ledeckÿ, Vladimir 212 - 213, 253,
284, 315
Liégois, Jean-Pierre 32, 73, 176, 281
Lipsic, Daniel 126
Liptáková, Norika 154, 158, 233 -
234, 281, 303
Lombroso, Cesare 38
Luzica, René 54, 67, 69
Lynn, Richard 225
M, N
Macáková, Slavomira 305
Mach, Alexander 59, 63
Malla, Zefirín Jiménez 163
Mann, Arne 16, 32 - 33, 66, 89, 98
Mária Terézia 13, 27 - 30, 32, 37, 86
Masaryk Garrigue, Tomás 47
Matej Korvin 26
Matznerovä-Holzerovä, Gabriela
286 - 287
Meciar, Vladimir 103, 106, 108, 145
Medricky, Gejza 64
Micuda, Miroslav 215, 307
Michal (vojvoda) 24
Möric, Rudo 86
Necas, Ctibor 73
Novotny, Antonín 86, 90
O
Oläh, Dezider 99, 208
Oravec, Laco 310
Orgovänovä, Klara 111, 114, 117
P
Panuel 24
Patkänjozef 11 - 12, 211 - 212,
253, 271, 311
Perenyi, Frantisek 26
Pitohäk, Jozef 227
Pivoh, Rastislav 173 - 174, 264,
266 - 267, 269 - 270
Poläkovä, Eva 95, 169, 192 - 193,
232
Polednik, Jindfich 356
Polgäriovä, Erika 281
Polläk, Peter 132 - 133, 268 - 269,
282, 369
Puxon, Grattan 51 - 54, 73
R
Radicovä, Iveta 103, 114, 126, 129,
154 - 156, 254
Ritter, Robert 50
Rouda, Vanko 371
Rüdigerjohann 14
Rican, Pavel 153, 253, 283
HOÖ DO MÑA KAMEÑOM
423
Rosinskÿ, Rastislav 265, 267, 275,
282, 306
Rushton, J. Philippe 225 - 227
S, S
Samko, Milan 285
Sekyt, Viktor 152 - 153, 157, 168,
209 - 210, 277
Seman, Karol 87, 144
Sendrei, Vladimir 12, 146, 268,
271, 313
Seton-Watson, Hugh 260, 262
Scheffel, David Z. 125, 186 - 188,
194, 196, 198
Siegelovâ, Zuzana 228
Sivâkovâ, Danieala 228
Sobotka, Eva 121
Soros, George 120 - 121
Stewart, Michael 167, 171 - 172,
177, 283
Stojka, Peter 173 - 175
Sus, Jaroslav 85, 92
Sveton, Jân 45
Svoboda, Ludvik 74
Simon Küzelnik 18
Sindel (vojvoda) 24
Sprocha, Branislav 233 - 234, 236,
239
Stampach, Frantisek 46
stûrovci 147
T
Táñeos, Julius 54, 75
Tiso, Jozef 43, 63, 67
Todorov, Tzvetan 260, 280
Tuka, Vojtech 63
Turzo, Jân 28
V, W
Vagacová-Antalová, Ingrid 122,
154, 161, 186, 188, 189, 196,
197, 224
Vanhanen, Tatúa 225
Varjú, Katalin 284
Vasecka, Imrich 105
Vasecka, Michal 106, 135
Vavrincik, Martin 253, 304
von Bismarck, Otto 39
Watson, James 225 - 226
Z, Z
Zâpofskÿ, Jân 25
Zafko, Peter 64
Zelenÿ, Milan 254 - 255
Zigmund 19, 24
424
REGISTER
Predslov 7
Historia Romov na Slovensku 9
Indicky povod Romov 13
Diha cesta do Europy 17
Najskor vitani, neskor vyhananl 20
Uhorsko privetivejsie nez ostatni 24
Prvy osvietenecky pokus o asimilaciu 27
Spoluzitie s Romami v 19. storoci 32
Rast etnickeho napatia v Ceskoslovensku 39
Romovia ako podradna rasa 49
Diskriminacny pristup v slovenskom state 55
Nutene pracovne tabory 59
Neuspesny pokus o vypudenie 63
Vrazdenie Romov po okupacii Nemeckom 66
Zasiata hlboka nedovera 71
Prevychova v povojnovom Ceskoslovensku 75
Asimilovanie ako komunisticky vseliek 83
Odpor Romov k asimilovaniu 90
Nevydareny experiment integracie 93
Zavrhnuta etnicka odlisnost Romov 96
Zlahcovanie problemu po roku 1989 99
Narast formalizmu po vstupe do EU 108
Podceneny rozsah romskeho problemu 114
Zvysovanie napatia v spolocnosti 121
Chmurna perspektiva do buducna 129
5
Hlboká odlisnost’ Rómov od ostatnych 137
Nereálne národné zjednotenie 142
Urcujúci svet najblizsej rodiny 147
Svojské ponímanie zivota 155
Kategorizovanie ludí vo vlastnom etniku 160
Osobitnost’valasskych Rómov 171
Bariéra rómskeho rasizmu 176
Miznúca rómska kultúra 183
Upadajúce odlúcené osady 185
Rozvrat morálky u najbiednejsích 192
Pomoc podmienená zmenou postoja 199
Nevyhnutná zmena politiky 205
Prekázky zamestnávania Rómov 205
Ciastocná ochota pracovat’ 212
Nevyvázeny sociálny systém 217
Rozhodujúci spósob zivota 221
Nepriaznivy demograficky vy voj 232
Nekoncepcnost: v prístupe k Rómom 237
Zlyhávajúci anonymny systém 242
Chybajúca orientácia na jednotlivca 247
Rómovia na krizovatke 257
Etnicita ako súcast’ zivota 259
Spolocny rómsky jazyk v nedohladne 263
Umely rómsky nacionalizmus 268
Prirodzeny odpor ku skole 273
Vzdelávanie kameñom úrazu 280
Tlak na vnútorny rómsky svet 286
Hod do mña kameñom 289
Obrazová príloha 301
Summary 317
Poznámky 325
Pouzitá literatura 409
Register 421
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| title | Hod' do mňa kameňom spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku |
| title_auth | Hod' do mňa kameňom spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku |
| title_exact_search | Hod' do mňa kameňom spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku |
| title_full | Hod' do mňa kameňom spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku Jozef Hajko |
| title_fullStr | Hod' do mňa kameňom spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku Jozef Hajko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hod' do mňa kameňom spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku Jozef Hajko |
| title_short | Hod' do mňa kameňom |
| title_sort | hod do mna kamenom spoluzitie s romami na slovensku |
| title_sub | spolužitie s Rómami na Slovensku |
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