Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny: (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Ukrainian |
| Published: |
Kyïv
Vydavecʹ Oleh Filjuk
2015
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 478 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9786177122769 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč |d 1959-2016 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1080830898 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny |b (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine |c Dmytro Ju. Nužnyj |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kyïv |b Vydavecʹ Oleh Filjuk |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 478 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mikrolith |g Werkzeug |0 (DE-588)4169831-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028669993&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | SUMMARY
445
THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC
OF WESTERN AND NORTHERN
UKRAINE (techno֊typological
variability and periodization)
Three phases of existence and a num-
ber of the Upper Palaeolithic industries
connected with different technocom-
plexes in region of the Western and
Northern Ukraine are defined. There
are Early (37-26 Kyr B. P.)։ Middle
(25—20 Kyr B. P.) and Late (19-10 Kyr
B. P.) stages of development of Upper
Palaeolithic industries in the region
(Hg. 1).
In the Northern Ukraine the trustwor-
thy assemblages of Early stage of Up-
per Palaeolithic are still absent. In the
Western Ukraine the most ancient Up-
per Palaeolithic industry is represent-
ed Molodovian or local Early version
of so- called Eastern Gravettian. The
early phase of Molodovian version of
Eastern Gravettian is represented by
the most expressive lithic assemblage
Mezhigirtsy 1 site dated near 27,07
Kyr B.P. The blade processing was
based on usage of prismatic cores with
one or two striking platforms (fig. 2; 3).
The numerous blades have «lips-like»
blow bulb. The lithic tool assemblage
is included Gravettian points, «flech-
ettes», rectangles, «Rgani knifes» and
«denticulate» backed blades (fig. 4).
Some damaged symmetrical Pavlo-
vian points on the massive blades and
oblique truncated ones as well as leaf
and thiangular shaped bifacial points
are found (fig. 5). The angle burins are
dominated type of lithic tools. Among
the latter the expressive portion of
«Corbiac» type burins are traditionally
well presented (fig. 8). The second cat-
egory of burins are dihedral ones while
the forms on the different truncation
are not so numerous (fig. 6; 7; 8; 9; 10).
The end or even double end scrapers
on enough long and massive blades are
also existed in this assemblage (fig. 12)
as well as the single borers and «pieces
esquillee» (fig. 5; 10).
This kind of industry is repre-
sented also by assemblages of 10—8th
layers of site Molodove 5 and dated by
28,7—26 Kyr B.P. The lithic inventory
are included Gravettian and «Vachon»
points, backed blades, symmetrical
Pavlovian points on blades and single
shouldered points (two specimens in
8th layer). The dihedral and angle bur-
ins on enough massive blades are dom-
Summary
446 _____________________________________
inated category of tools. The long and
sufficiently massive end scrapers made
on blades sometimes with retouched
sides are represented too. In layer 10th
the enough specific leaf-shaped bifa-
cial point lens-like in cross section and
typical «carinated» end scraper were
found too.
The Middle stage of Upper Pal-
aeolithic in the same region of Ukraine
is represented by Molodovian version
of Easteren Gravettian (7th layer of
Molodove 5,2nd and 1st layer of Molo-
dove 1, 7—5 layers of Korman 4, 3rd
and 2nd layers of Oselivka 1, Oselivka
2 and middle layer of Babin 1 site).
The assemblage of 7th layer of Molo-
dove 5 is the most expressive assem-
blage of Eastern Gravettian in Ukraine
which well dated between 25,5—23
Kyr B.P.The microlithic assemblage is
included various Gravettian, lanceo-
late and «Vachon» points, «fléchettes»,
rectangles with ventral truncations,,
«Rgani knifes» and shouldered points
and some denticulate backed blades
(fig. 13; 14; 15; 16; 17). The symmetri-
cal Pavlovian points on blades, oblique
truncated ones and «Kostenki knifes»
are found too (fig. 18; 29; 30). However
the dominated category of lithic tools
are various burins represented first of
all by the most numerous his dihe-
dral type (fig. 19; 20; 21). The burins
on angle on broken blade and vari-
ous truncation are existred in the same
quantity (fig. 22; 25). Among the lat-
ter the enough specific «Corbiac» type
are represented too as a typical kind
of East Gravettian tool assemblage.
The sufficiently massive and long end
scrapers or even double ones made on
the blades are found too (fig. 26; 27).
The symmetrical borers are well pre-
sented (fig. 17). For the limits of Mid-
dle Dnister basin such kind of industry
are found on the site Zbitenka 1 on
Rivne loess plateau in North-Westrn
Ukraine (fig. 1, 32; 33; 34; 35), Trojan-
ové 4 on Southern Bug river basin and
in Khotylevo 2 site on Middle Desna
river basin on territory of Russia (fig.
1; 31). The most resent sites of Eastern
Gravettian in Dnister river basin (Kor-
man’ 4, layer 5) is dated by near 18,5
Kyr B.P [Chernysh, 1977, p. 35].
During the Middle stage of Upper
Paleolithic in region of the Northern
Ukraine (Middle Dnipro river Basin)
two kinds of other industries were
existed and perhaps were related. The
first one, perhaps earlier, is represent-
ed by only single Radomyshl’ 1 site
(70 km westward from Kiev city). The
lithic assemblage of latter is included
by symmetrical enough massive points
on blades with the form similar to
above described «Pavlovian» ones of
Eastern Gravettian industries (fig. 38)
but backed or oblique truncated mi-
croliths are totally absent in this lithic
assemblage. Some of these points are
combined with other kinds of tools,
burins, scrapers and drills (fig. 39, 1,
3, 4, 6, 7) as a result of reutilization .
The dihedral, angle and burins made
on various truncation are presented in
assemblage (fig. 39, 10, 11). The suffi-
ciently massive end and side scrapers
made on flakes are found in Radomy-
shl’ 1 site too (fig. 39, 2, 8, 9).
The second kind of industry is
represented by Pushkari 1, Pogon,
Klusy, Novgorod-Siverskaja and Mo-
zoliivka sites which are located main-
ly in Desna river basin. These sites are
Summary
447
dated between near 19—22 Kyr B. P.
and have some Eastrn Gravettian
tolls in lithic assemblage (shouldered
points and «kostenki knives». The
earlier site are Pushkari 1, Klusy and
Novgorod- Siverskaja, while Pogon
and Mozoliivka, perhaps, were exist-
ed later. Similarly to above described
Radomyshl’ 1 site the enough mas-
sive symmetrical and asymmetrical
points on blades are well represented
in Pushkarian industry (fig. 43, 1—9,
11; 44). These points are processed by
semi-abrupt or even semi-flat scale-
like retouch of so- called «Pushkari
tipe». Some of ones are damaged by
diagnostic projectile fractures from
their use as spear-points (fig. 44,
3—11). The various oblique truncated
blades and even microblades (fig. 43,
10, 13; 45, 13—16) as well as single
awl- borers are existed too (fig. 43,12).
But the most expressive part of Push-
karian industry are enough massive
lanceolate points processed by semi-
abrupt or specific semi-flat scale-like
retouch. The latter as a rule have vari-
ous processing of basal part (fig. 41,
1—23, 29—31). The numerous parts
of ones has diagnostic projectile im-
pact fractures from their use as spear-
or dart- heads (fig. 22, 9—30). For
production of latter the microburin
technique sometimes was used (fig.
41, 21—23, 28). Some typical shoul-
dered points are found too (fig. 42,
1—4). The second typologically de-
fined category of projectile insets are
sufficiently massive rectangles (fig. 41,
24—27). Some of ones are truncated
only from one side (fig. 12, 5—6) and
damaged with diagnostic projectile
fracture too (fig. 42, 7, 8).
The scrapers are the second nu-
merous category of tools of Pushkar-
ian industry after various points. There
are simple end forms made on blades
sometimes with retouched sides or
truncation of basal part (fig. 45, 1 —11,
18). Some double end ones as well as
sub- circular form made on enough
massive flakes are found too (45, 12,
17). The burins are not so numerous
and among the latter the angle type on
blade is dominated (fig. 46, 1—4). The
burins on different truncation (fig. 46,
8—13) and dihedral ones are not so
numerous (46, 7, 15, 16). Some burins
are formed by combination of different
their types (fig. 45, 5, 6, 14, 17). And
finally a small portion of typical «Kos-
tenki knifes» are existed in collection
of Pushkari 1 site too. The most close
analogy by afore described assem-
blage is the Klysy site situated in the
Middle Desna river basin too (fig. 1).
The latter assemblage is included the
similar symmetrical and asymmetrical
points on the blades, enough massive
lanceolate ones with different trunca-
tion of basal parts and wide rectangles
(fig. 46—A). All points and backed mi-
croliths are processed by dorsal semi-
abrupt retouch.
The latest stage of Pushkarian in-
dustry is represented by assemblages
of Pogon (Pushkari 7) and Mozoliivka
sites. The latter is the most southern
assemblage of afore- mentioned indus-
try (fig. 1) and located in delta of Syla
river (the left tributary of the Middle
Dnieper basin). The same lanceolate
points with different processing of
curved back and basal part with semi-
flat scale-like retouch but smaller
size are well presented in assemblage
Summary
448 ________________________________
(fig. 47, 1—4) as well as symmetri-
cal and diagonally truncated points
(fig. 47, 6, 8, 9, 19). Some specific rec-
tangles processed with the same meth-
ods are found too (fig. 47, 10—12).
The burins are dominated category of
lithic tools of Mozoliivka site. There
are most numerous burins on different
truncations (fig. 47, 17; 48, 8—14) and
dihedral ones (fig. 47, 18; 18, 1—3).
Some angle burins made mostly on
blades are found too (fig. 48, 4—17).
Some simple end scrapers of enough
short proportions made on blades are
existed in collection (fig. 47, 13—15).
The common specific of
Epigravettian industries of the Western
and Northern Ukraine.
Since to the last glacial maximum
after 19—18 Kyr B. P. on the territory
of Periglacial zone of Western and
Northern Ukraine as well as the East-
ern Europe at the whole was covered by
enough specific and mosaic dry steppe
and steppe- forest landscapes. During
this time (19-10 Kyr B. P. ) a num-
ber of Epigravettian industries were
spread. Some of ones were located in
different enough limited regions or ba-
sins of rivers while others were spread
on very vast territories. On the other
hand, some of ones, perhaps, were
even coexisted on the some territories
practically at the same time (accord-
ing to numerous radiocarbon dates
in the limits of one thousand years).
Contrary to described above and pre-
ceding the different versions of local
Eastern Gravettian industries (such as
Molodovian, Khotil’ovian, Gagarin-
ian or Kostenki-Avdeevian) where the
lithic tool assemblages demonstrated
much more typological diversity that
of these industries were sufficiently
similar and simple. However there are
culturally different industries which
are grouped together in the so-called
Eastern Epigravettian technocomplex.
For the northern part of Eastern
Europe and Periglacial steppe-forest
zone, included the Middle Dnieper ba-
sin, the Epigravettian sites of so called
mammoth hunters-gatherers are char-
acterized by sufficiently complicated
settlement organization occasionally
included mammoth bone dwellings,
pits, internal and external hearths,
workshop places, garbage-dump areas
and other habitation structures. On
the other hand some these sites had no
dwelling and other substantial mam-
moth-bone constructions (fig. 1). For
both categories of sites the following
common specific of lithic and organic
materials industries can be defined. As
a rule the 80—90% of lithic tools were
produced from middle size blades, the
burins are dominated category and
among the latter specimens on various
truncation are most numerous. The
other morphologically defined types
are represented by simple short end
and double end scrapers on blades or
blade-like flakes, sometimes truncat-
ed blades, various awl-borerss, scaled
pieces etc. In fact for some exceptions
only microlithic assemblages and some
other categories of projectile points
are demonstrating the expressive spe-
cific of different local versions of East
European Epigravettian.
On the other hand again contrary
to preceding East Gravettian assem-
blages even projectile component of the
lithic artifacts in the local Epigravet-
tian industries are more typologically
Summary
449
poor and simple. Par example classic
gravettian points with ventral pro-
cessing, «fléchettes», «vachon points»,
denticulated rectangles and backed
bladelets as well as «Rgani knifes» and
various shouldered points are absent in
last industries. As a rule the microlith-
ic assemblages of Eastern Epigravet-
tian are represented by various lanceo-
late or microgravettian points with the
different processing of basal part (e. g.
with oblique or transversal truncation,
with dorsal or ventral retouch etc.)
which were used as pierced tips of ar-
rows and darts. Sometimes the typical
narrow rectangles (with two truncated
sides) and atypical ones (with single
truncation) were existed and used as
lateral composite edges of projectile
spear and darts points from organic
materials. The dominated methods of
truncation are important sign of differ-
ence of each version of Epigravettian
from another too.
However, the bone-antler-ivory
assemblages of Epigravettian sites of
Middle Dnieper basin are sufficiently
typologically developed and various.
The projectile points are represented
by cylindrical and spindle shaped
points for arrows, darts and spears of
different size and forms (5—20 cm
long) occasionally with one , two or
four slots for fixation of microliths.
The heavy very long ivory points near
100 cm long and even monolithic
spears and darts 1,2—1,5 m long and
2—3 cm in diameter cut out from tusk
(so-called Sungir’ type) were found
on some sites too. The existence of
last kind of projectile weapons was
confirmed both finds of a fragments
of ones and tusks with the slots from
remove of 3cm wide pivots and more
1,5 m long. Sometimes the projectile
points are covered by geometric orna-
ments. The hammer-exes and «baton
perces» made from reindeer antler or
ivory, bone or ivory wedges, lissoirs,
hoes from the mammoth ribs, needles
and awls are well represented in these
sites too. At the same time no har-
poons and spear-throwers were found
in these numerous and abundant as-
semblages.
The stylized female and human
figures sometimes covered by geo-
metric ornaments, pendants from am-
ber, ivory and animal teeth, bracelets,
brooches and diadems made from
ivory blades occasionally ornamented
as well as other various geometrically
ornamented pieces of ivory are typi-
cal for these sites too. On a number of
sites also the pendants from fossil and
still existed in Black Sea basin marine
shells were found as well as river and
delta-gulf ones, sometimes, in large
quantity.
The local versions of Epigravettian
industries of the Western and Northern
Ukraine.
For present day situation as a
minimum five different expressive
versions of the local Epigravettian
industries represented by the groups
of sites can be defined in the Middle
Dnieper and Dniester rivers basins
(Dnistrovian, Mezinian, Ovruchian,
Mezhirichian and Youdinovian). They
are located in the modern territory of
Northern Ukraine and neighboring
regions of European Russia (fig. 1). In
the addition two other enough specific
kinds of industries are presented only
as a single assemblage. The first one is
452
Summary
was found in assemblage of Sholomki
1 site (fig. 82, 1). The other typologi-
cally definable category of tools of
Ovruchian industry is represented by
truncated blades (fig. 70,2; 77,41—44;
81, 12; 82, 17) , notched and denticu-
late ones (fig. 81, 16; 82, 16). Only one
combined tool in form of end scraper
on blade joined with dihedral burin
and borer with three working edges
on the flake are found in collection of
Sholomki 1 site (fig. 78, 4; 81, 13).
Mezinian
The first one is represented by Mezin-
ian industry which was spread on vast
territories since Volynian Upland on
North- Western Ukraine and until the
Middle Don basin on the territory
of South- West part European Rus-
sia (fig. 1). There are two practically
identical for both lithic and ivory as-
semblages as well as and art objects of
Barmaki (the upper and lower layers)
and Mezin sites of situated in Volynian
Upland and Desna river basin accord-
ingly. Some clear signs of influence
of Mezinian industry are observed in
lithic assemblages of Syponevo site in
Desna river basin and Borshevo 1 site
in Middle Don basin in the European
Russia (fig. 198; 199; 200; 201). One
trustworthy radiocarbon date made
for mammoth tooth (15,100 +/- 200
B.R OxA-719) for Mezin site was sup-
ported by new sample made from bone
(15,6 Kyr B. R). However the date of
Barmaki site made for bone of hoofed
animal is much more younger 14,3
Kyr B. P. In Mezin site the substantial
mammoth bone dwelling construc-
tions, pits and hearths were found
contrary to Barmaki site where a part
of mud- hut near 8 m in diameter was
discovered [Nuzhnyi, Pjasetsky, 2003,
p. 58—74].
Contrary to lager part of Eastern
Epigravettian industries the blade
processing of Mezinian assemblages
was based mainly on use of prismat-
ic and sub-pyramidal cores with one
striking platform (fig. 88) Prismatic
cores with two opposed striking plat-
forms are not dominated but well pre-
sented in lithic assemblage (fig. 87,
3, 4). The microlithic assemblage of
Mezinian industry includes the mi-
crogravettian points processed with
fine abrupt dorsal retouch and with
diagonal truncation or with intact
blow bulb on the basal part (fig. 90,
1—8; 91, 1—4; 92, 2—8; 113, 1—34;
113-A, 1—32). The ventral retouch
practically was not used for process-
ing of microliths. As a rule the di-
agonal truncations was the remains
of notch made on the sharp opposite
edge from blunted surface of backed
microliths (fig. 113-A, 90) and intend-
ed for breakage of prismatic blank just
in this place. The microliths with
straight back are absolutely domi-
nated type in this industry mean-
while only some lanceolate points (fig.
113—A, 89, 91, 92; 92, 1) presented in
microlithic assemblages. The narrow
typical rectangles with two diagonal
truncations (fig. 91, 5; 93, 1, 2; 113,
35—37, 40; 113-A, 35—36) and atyp-
ical ones with only single truncation
(fig. 92, 9; 113, 38, 39 ; 113-A, 37—
40) are existed in sufficiently limited
quantity too. The percentage of micr-
otiths in Mezinian industry is fluctu-
Summary
453
ated between 6—7 % of total quantity
of lithic tools.
The burins are the most nu-
merous tools of Mezinian industry
(64—60 %) and between the latter just
specimens on various truncation fre-
quently with multiple working edges
(fig. 94; 95; 102; 103; 114; 114-B) are
dominated category (as a rule more
than half of total number of burins).
A numner of latter have retouched
surfaces joined with truncated part
of burins (fig. 94, 9, 11, 15; 96, 1, 11;
98, 3; 99, 1; 100, 4; 101, 2; 105, 16, 17;
106,2; 112,8; 114, 3; 113-B , 1, 2, 5,
7, 13, 18) which is wery pypical sign
of this industry. The dihedral (near
the 3 times less than quantity of that
of on truncations) and angle ones are
not so numerous (fig. 101, 8—13; 104,
1—13; 114-A; ). After the burins the
various mainly oblique, concave or or
convex truncated blades (fig. 88, 6, 9,
12—14; 90, 33—44; 91, 36—45; 92,
38—48; 93, 23—30, 36—41) are the
second numerous typologically defin-
able category of tools (15—14 %) in
this industry. The number of one have
double truncations. The latter used
as the some cutting tools periodically
were re-sharpened and wastes of this
technology are existed in assemblages
(fig. 91, 30, 31; 92, 34, 36; 93, 31—34).
The simple end scrapers (fig. 107; 108,
1—6; 115, 1—14) sometimes made
on enough massive blades and with
truncated basal part (fig. 107, 1—4;
108, 6) are not so numerous in Mezin-
ian industry (near 7—8 %). The other
morphologically definable catego-
ries of tools are represented by awls-
borers summetrical or with multiple
working adges (fig. 90, 45— 48; 91,
26—29; 93,19, 22; 108, 98, 9; 116) and
burin-scrapers (fig. 106, 3; 108, 7; 115,
16—18). As a rule the first are near 3
% while the second less than 1% of
lithic tools. In the Mezin assemblage
the sigle symmetrical and enough spe-
cific shouldered points were found too
(fig. 113, 76, 77;116-A, 1,2).
The tool assemblage from organ-
ic materials of Mezinian industry (in
their Barmaki version) are included
the spindle shaped ivory spear and
dart points, sometimes with one or
two narrow slots directly connected
with tip (fig. 116-A, 3), needles and
their unfinished specimens and awls
made from ivory and bone, hummers-
axes from antler, lissoirs and «baton
perces». The objects of art are repre-
sented by famous stylized female fig-
ures and bracelets, frequently covered
by geometric meander and herring-
like ornaments. The specific pendants
from ivory drop- like form with hole
and with double swellings and trans-
versal trough are typical for Mezin as-
semblage [Shovkopljas, 1965, p. 212—
214]. The pendant of the same style
but much more small size and a blank
of one are found in Barmaki site too
(fig. 109, 18, 19). In the lower layer of
Barmaki site the fragments of ivory
bracelets with herring-lake ornament
was presented (fig. 109, 1, 14—17;
110) as well as the tip of spear ivory
point with two narrow slots of Me-
zin type (fig. 109, 3). In the latter as-
semblage also the stylized mammoth
chalk-stone figure is presented and
has very similar form like that of the
upper layer of Kostenki 1 site, upper
layer of Kostenki 4, second layer of
Kostenki 11 site in Don river basin
Summary
454 _______________________________
and Eliseevichi 1 site in Desna river
basin [Efimenko, 1958, p. 385—388;
Rogachev, 1978, p. 11—16; Paleolit
Kostenko-Borshvskogo raiona, 1982,
p. 79, 126; Paleolit SSSR, 1984, p. 212;
Velichko et al, 1997, p. 137—139]. The
other pendants from fossil marine
shells on the whole of «Dorsanum»,
«Cerithium» and «Trochidae» fami-
lies existed from remains of Miocene
reefs (Middle and Low Sarmatian) on
Podolyan Upland in limits of modern
Vinnitsa, Khmelnitskyi and Rivne re-
gions are typical both for Mezin and
Barmaki assemblages too. On the Bar-
maki site more then 300 such pendants
were found (fig. 111).
Mezhirichian
The numerous and well investigated
sites of third version of Epigravettian
or Mezhirichian industry are located
on the small left and right tributaries
of Middle Dnieper basin between Kiev
and Cherkassy cities (fig. 1). Only one
recently excavated Buzhanka 2 site is
situated in Desna river basin [Stupak,
2009, p. 219—229] .There are famous
Mezhirich, Dobranichivka and Gintsy
(low and upper layers), Fastiv and new
ones such as Semenivka 1, 2 and 3
sites [Nuzhnyi, 2002, p. 123—137].
These sites are represented by both
assemblages with mammoth bone
dwelling constructions and without
of latter which caused by different
models of seasonal adaptation of Epi-
gravettian population. The Semenivka
1 is kill-site of brown bear and place of
preservation of gathered and selected
mammoth bones (fig. 153). The main
typological and technological indexes
of tool assemblages of sites with mam-
moth bone dwelling constructions are
very similar and sometimes even iden-
tical , contrary to that of sites without
of such constructions . According to
large number of trustworthy radiocar-
bon dates the Mezhirichian industry
was existed in sufficiently narrow the
limits between 14,6 — 13, 4 thou-
sands years ago Haesaerts et al., in
press). Two earlier existed latest dates
made from mammoth bones both
for Dobranichivka site (12,700+/֊200
b.p. OxA-700) and for 1 Dwelling of
Mezhirich site (12,900+/-200 B. P.
OxA-712) perhaps are doubtful. The
new ones made for 1 Dwelling of Do-
branichivka and Dwelling 1 of Mezhir-
ich are 14.3 Kyr B. P. and 14.4 Kyr B. P.
accordingly. The same age 14,200+/-
180 BP (Ki-5509, mammoth rib) has
Semenivka 2 site without of substan-
tial dwelling constructions . The latest
dates of this industry are connected
with assemblages of Semenivka 1 site
(two pieces of same brown bear bone
13,6-13,4 Kyr B. P.) and Semenivka 3
site (13,7 Kyr B. P. made from «Cervi-
dae sp.» bone [Nuzhnyi, 2002, p. 123—
137; Haesaerts et all., in press].
The four dwelling assemblages
from mammoth bones surrownded by
pits, dump-ash ereas from the south-
ern part huts and fire-places were
partly investigated in famous Mezhir-
ich site (fig. 117) and the four same
constructions were totally excavated
on Dobranichivka site (fig. 134; 140).
The blade processing of Mezhirich in-
dustry on early and late stages is based
on the use of mainly prismatic cores
with two opposite striking platforms
Summary
455
and abrasion reduction of latter (fig.
119, 15—17; 139, 8- 13; 149, 4—13).
The prismatic and sub-pyramidal
cores with one striking platform and
abrasion reduction were used too (fig,
119,12—14; 139, 1—7; 149,1—3). The
blades and bladelets have enough reg-
ular parallel dorsal scare pattern and
pointed striking platform. The per-
centage of latter with tools produced
from blades are fluctuated in limits
40—52 % of all lithics for sites with
dwelling constructions and 41—25 %
for assemblages without of ones. The
percentage of tools produced from
blades and bladelets fluctuated for sites
mammoth bone constructions in more
narrow limits 85—89 % contrary to
assemblages without of latter (77—
90 %) too. The main lithic industry
indexes of Mizhirichian are presented
on tables (fig. 183; 184; 185).
The most expressive lithic tool as-
semblage of early stage of industry is
represented by materials of first dwell-
ing of Mezhirich site (Komar, Korni-
ets et al., 2003, p. 262—277). In four
mammoth bone dwellings of latter site
as well as four same structures of Do-
branichivka site were found practically
identical lithic and bone/ivory tool
assemblages. As a rule the percentage
of backed microliths on the sites with
dwellings fluctuated in enough narrow
limits 6,4—14,9 % of all lithic tools.
In the sites without of such mammoth
bone constructions the microliths are
wholly much more numerous (23,6—
39.5 %) and fluctuated in wider limits
(since to 7,1 % in Fastiv and until
39.5 % in Semenivka 3 sites). The lat-
ter in assemblages of upper layer of
Gintsy and Semenivka 3 sites are the
most numerous category of tools.
The microlithic assemblage
of early stage of this industry at the
whole and mentioned first dwelling
of Mezhirich site contains the small
narrow lanceolate and microgravet-
tian points processed with fine dorsal
and ventral abrupt and semi abrupt
retouch and various truncations of ba-
sal parts (fig. 118, 1—6; 124, 2). Some-
times the intact bow bulb is existed on
the basal part of points too (fig. 118,
7—9; 124, 1; 135, 1, 3). The typical
narrow rectangles with two straight
or convex truncations processed with
the same methods (fig. 118, 12—20;
124, 3—9) and atypical one with only
one truncated end (fig. 118, 23—28;
124, 9, 10; 135, 6, 7). Contrary to other
Epigravettian industries of Northern
Ukraine just the rectangles are domi-
nated category of microlithic industry
of Mezhirichian. The other backed mi-
croliths of assemblage are represented
by different fragments of two main
above mentioned types (fig. 118, 29—
43; 124, 12—49).
Just the burins are dominated
category (40,3 %) of tool assemblage
of first dwelling of Mezhirich site
(fig. 119, 1—11) similar to other three
same structures of latter (43,7 %,
48,2 % and 54,6 %) and other of sites
of this industry (30,7—31 %). Only
in assemblage of upper layer of Gintsy
site burins are less numerous than mi-
croliths and scrapers. The burins on
different truncations are presented in
lager quantity among this category of
tools (fig. 119, 2—10) and fluctuated
in limits of 49—64 % of latter on the
sites with substantial mammoth bone
dwelling constructions. As a rule the
Summary
456 __________________________________
angle burins are the second numerous
category of these tools (fig. 119, 11).
On the some sites without of substan-
tive mammoth bone constructions
(i.e. Semenivka 2 site) the latter type
are more numerous than that of made
on truncation and dihedral forms
(fig. 156; 155; 157; 158). The dihedral
ones are not so numerous just in large
body of assemblages with mammoth
bone constructions. At the same time
the latter periodically are more numer-
ous than angle forms both on the sites
with such constructions (Dobranichiv-
ka, Dwelling 1) and without of ones
(Fastiv).
The simple end and double end
scrapers made on enough short blades
and flakes (fig. 138, 1—46) processed
with semi-abrupt and sometimes
with specific semi-flat fan-like re-
touch (fig. 118, 46—49) are the sec-
ond numerous category of tools on
the sites with substantial mammoth
bone dwelling constructions. As a rule
the percentage of one are fluctuated in
sufficiently narrow limits (21—26 %
for dwelling assemblages of Dobran-
ichivka site) or much more wider
ones (29—10,5 % for Mezhirich site)
[Gladkih, 2001, p. 15—21]. On some
sites without of such constructions
(Semenivka 2 and 3) the scrapers are
presented in abnormally low quantity
or totally absent (fig. 184). The part of
double end form (fig. 118, 46—49) are
fluctuated in limits of 4—16 % of total
quantity of scrapers for sites with sub-
stantial dwelling constructions. The
same indexes for sites without of lat-
ter are much more different (0—25 %).
And finally among other typologically
definable categories of tools a num-
ber truncated blades (not more than
5—8 %) and some awl- borers (fig. 118,
44, 45) are represented too. The com-
bined tools in the form of end scrapers
joined with different burins (fig. 118,
56—58) are not so numerous (or some
exceptions onlyl — 2 % of tools).
The organic material tool assem-
blage of Mezhirichian industry are suf-
ficiently abundant and included mon-
olithic heavy ivory spears, ivory or
antler cylindrical and spindle shaped
spear, dart and arrow points some-
times with slots, antler hammer-exes,
ivory or antler «baton perces», wedges,
lissoirs, hoes, needles and awls. The art
objects and adornments are represent-
ed by stylized female and human fig-
ures from ivory and amber sometimes
covered by geometric ornaments, or-
namented ivory pieces, brooches, pins,
pendants from ivory, amber, animal
teeth, fresh water shell «Theodoxus
sp.» and still existed marine shells
from Black Sea basin «Nassa Reticulata
L.» and «Cyclope Neritea L.»). It is no-
table that on the sites with substantial
mammoth bone constructions pen-
dants from marine shells were found
only in first dwelling assemblage of
Mezhirich settlement (four specimens
of «Nassa Reticulata L.») [Pidoplichko,
1969, fig. 48, 56].
The tool and adornment assem-
blages of settlements without of sub-
stantial mammoth bone constructions
of Mezhirichian industry are well rep-
resented by Semenivka 2 and 3 sites (fig.
151; 152; 154; 160). The first one are
fully excavated on the square 158 m2
and dated 14,200 +/-180 Kyr B.P. (Ki-
5509). The main concentration of Up-
per Paleolithic materials has sub-oval
Summary
457
form (17 X 13 m) directed from North
to South. Only sufficiently fragment-
ed faunal remains of mammoth were
found on Semenivka 2 site where just
ribs of young animals were absolutely
dominated among anatomically defin-
able parts of their skeleton (47 speci-
mens from 54 ones). The different skull
parts very numerous on the sites with
substantial mammoth constructions is
presented on Semenivka 2 only by sin-
gle ivory flake.
The total quantity of lithic as-
semblage of site is 3780 items when
the chipped tools are represented by
199 specimens (or 5,3 % of alllithics).
The burins (97 specimens or 49 % of
tools) are dominated category of tool
assemblage. The specimens with sever-
al working edges are not so numerous
(fig. 155, 25, 28, 45—46, 48; 157, 20,
22, 25, 27, 30). The most numerous
(40 specimens) are angle burins on
broken blades and bladelets or some-
times on flakes (fig. 155, 21-28; 76,
21—23, 26—29). The burins on vari-
ous truncations mostly on blades and
flakes (19 and 11 specimens accord-
ingly) are the second numerous group
(fig. 155, 29—32; 76, 30—34). The di-
hedral burins were made mainly on
blades (17 specimens from 27 ones)
too ( fig. 155, 34, 37, 38—46, 49; 156,
15—18).
The backed microliths and their
productions waste are the second nu-
merous category of tools (47 insets
or 27 % of latter) and represented by
small lanceolate or microgravettian
points and narrow typical or atypical
rectangles (fig. 155, 3—19; 76, 3—13).
For production of ones were used
microblades processed with low fine
abrupt and semi-abrupt dorsal re-
touch. The ventral semi-flat or semi-
abrupt retouch were used mainly for
processing of truncated basal parts of
points or sides of rectangles mainly
from the proximal end of microblades.
The microburin technique was used
for productions of points too (fig. 155,
3; 76, 5, 11). One lanceolate point was
refitted with microburin (fig. 155, 8).
It is the first case for East European
Epigravettian. A number of microliths
are damaged with diagnostic projectile
fracture (fig. 155, 10, 17, 19; 156, 8)
from their use as arrow-heads and lat-
eral composite edges of slotted points.
The truncated blades (15 speci-
mens), awl-borers (2 items) and one
scaled piece are other typologically
definable categories of tools (fig. 155,
20—24; 156, 14, 24). The typical scrap-
ers are totally absent in assemblage of
Semenivka 2 site. Perhaps it is result
of presence of only mammoth bones
among the faunal remains of lat-
ter. Only some truncated blades have
scraper-like forms (fig. 155, 24).
The concretions of ocher of differ-
ent colors and local amber were found
on site too. One concretion of latter has
hole for use as pendant (fig. 156, 1).
There are eight «Nassa Reticulata L.»
(fig. 157, 1—3; 158,1, 2) and two «Cy-
clope Neritea L.» (fig. 155, 1; 156, 2)
marine shells from Black Sea basin.
The nearest geological deposits of last
maximal transgression (Karangatska)
of Black Sea situated more than 400 km
south from site location in mouth of
Dnieper. The seven of ones were used
as pendants similar to one other river-
gulf shell «Theodoxus sp.» (fig· 158, 3).
In addition three intact fossil marine
458
Summary
shells «Dorsanum sp.» without of holes
were found on the Semenivka 2 site
too. The latter have Upper Miocene
age and these geological deposits are
located near 200 km southwest from
site on Podolian Upland.
The other expressive assemblage
without of substantial mammoth
bone constructions is Semenivka
3 site dated for Cervidae sp. Bones
13.690+/-90 Kyr B.P. (GrA-22471)
The latter excavated on 132 m2 (75—
80 % of their common square) has
much more abundant and lager con-
centration of Upper Paleolithic re-
mains but of the same suboval form
(approximately 16x22 m) directed
from North to South. The main con-
centration of faunal remains has
subcircular form and more limited
square 6x5 m and more abundant
on northern sector. Inside the lat-
ter large bones vertically dispersed
at interval of 25—30 cm. The bones
lie in chaotic position , often directly
one top of another. Sometimes even
large mammoth bones also exhibit a
vertical or diagonal position. There
is a good reason to believe that men-
tioned structure represents the re-
mains of light hut, excavated slightly
into the ground like that of discov-
ered on Barmaki site. This conclusion
is supported by higher concentration
of lithic and organic material tools,
and especially by pendants of marine
and fresh-water shells (more than
one hundred specimens) located just
within this structure. The latter prob-
ably were sewn onto the clothing of
inhabitants, and were more easily lost
in the confined space of the dwelling.
The remains of mammoth are
absolutely dominated (269 units from
all 327 bones) as well as the just frag-
ments of their ribs are most numer-
ous (105 specimens) among the 187
definable parts of skeleton similarly to
Semenivka 2 site. Parts of mammoth
skulls are represented only by pro-
cessed ivory too. The anatomical group
in form of three young mammoth ver-
tebrae was found in the central part of
this concentration. However accord-
ing to definition of M. Patou-Mathis
and St. Pean the other species found on
Semenivka 3 are not so numerous too.
There are some bones of brown bear,
wolf (34 remains) , reindeer (one pro-
cessed bone) and saiga antelope. Also
the fragments of long bone of hoofed
animal of «Cervidae sp.» were found
and used for radiocarbon dating.
For present day situation the total
quantity of lithic artifacts of Semeniv-
ka 3 are 7045 specimens. The chipped
tools are presented in 392 units which
are 5,6 % of all lithics. The blades,
bladelets and their fragments as well
as the tools made from ones are 2218
specimens or 31,5 % of all assemblage.
The regular cores (48 units) are rep-
resented by the most numerous pris-
matic forms with two opposite striking
platforms (34 specimens). The total
quantity of latter, fragments and core-
like forms is not more than 1 % of all
lithic assemblage.
The most numerous category of
tools (155 units or 39,5 %) are vari-
ous backed microliths and wastes of
their production. The such situation
are existed only in two assemblages
(Semenivka 3 and upper layer K։
of Gintsi) of Mezhirichian indus-
try. The microliths are processed by
Summary
459
fine semi-abrupt and abrupt dorsal
retouch. The ventral kinds of one as
a rule were used on their truncated
parts on proximal end. The microbu-
rin technique was used for produc-
tion of microliths too (fig. 164, 30, 31;
165, 53, 54; 166, 1). Traditionally the
microlithic assemblage of Semenivka
3 are included two main typologically
definable categories of insets. The
first one is represented by small and
narrow lanceolate or microgravettian
points sometimes with various pro-
cessing of basal part (fig. 164, 9; 166,
1—4; 167, 1). The other kind is much
more numerous in above mentioned
assemblage. There are small narrow
typical rectangles with two trunca-
tions (fig. 164, 13—15; 165, 13—16,
18—21; 166, 5—15; 167, 2—14) and
atypical ones with single truncation
and intact blow bulb on proximal end
(fig. 164, 16; 165, 17; 166, 16). The
other backed microliths of assem-
blage are represented by different
fragments of both above mentioned
categories (fig. 164, 7, 8, 17—29; 165,
22—52; 166, 17—54; 167, 16—62).
A number of ones are damaged by
diagnostic projectile fractures from
their usage as thrusting arrow heads
(fig. 164, 7, 9, 11, 12, 23—26, 28; 165,
31,38,40,42; 166, 24,36,40,46,48;
167, 17, 18, 23, 34, 40, 44, 49, 51, 57,
60). The other kind of damage are
connected with their usage as lateral
composite edges of slotted spear and
dart points (fig. 164, 8, 17, 27; 165, 16-
15, 16, 23, 29,46, 47; 166, 5, 6, 13, 17,
23, 25, 28, 31, 33, 49, 50; 167, 4, 53,
58). Some unprocessed bladelets and
microblades have the same fractures
from both models of usage in projec-
tile weapons too (fig. 167, 73, 74).
The second numerous category
of lithic tools are various burins (131
specimens or 33,4 %). The tools with
several working edges sometimes of
different types are represented in 15 %
among the burins (fig. 164, 37—39,
48; 165,61,66,67; 166, 71; 169, 1—4,
6—8,14,17,19, 21, 23, 26,29). Among
the burins 113 specimens are made on
the blades and ones on oblique, con-
cave and convex truncations (fig. 164,
39—45; 165, 62—70; 166, 72—79; 169,
1—23) are in the larger quantity (59
specimens on blades and 6 on flakes).
The angle burins are a little less nu-
merous type (47 specimens on blades
and 5 on flakes) in this assemblage (fig.
164, 46—50, 54, 56; 169, 24—31). The
dihedral burins are presented on Se-
menivka 3 site only by 7 specimens on
blades and 5 on flakes (fig. 164, 37, 38;
165, 60,61,68—70).
The third numerous category of
tools (or 6,1 %) are truncated blades
and flakes (22 and 2 specimens ac-
cordingly). Their truncated parts have
various (as a rule of oblique, transver-
sal and convex) outlines (fig. 164, 32,
36, 53, 55; 166, 61—63; 82, 75—79).
The awls- perforates of various con-
figuration and processing with semi-
abrupt ventral and dorsal retouch (fig.
165, 55—57; 81, 55—59; 167, 63, 64,
66—70) are existed in 18 specimens
(or 4,6 %) and made mainly on blades
or bladelets (10 tools), flakes or even
burin spalls (fig. 167, 64). The scrapers
very typical for assemblages with sub-
stantive mammoth bone constructions
are represented on Semenivka 3 site
only by 8 tools (or 2% ). There are in
the main the simple end forms made
Summary
460 _________________________________
on blades or blade-like flakes (fig. 164,
35; 58, 59; 167, 71, 72), atypical double
end scraper (fig. 81, 60) and one sub
circular specimen on flake. Only one
combined tool in the form of atypi-
cal Aurignacian thick-nosed scraper
on flake was joined with angle burin
(fig. 164, 34). The other artifacts with
secondary modifications are not form
the morphologically definable types.
There are blades or bladelets with ir-
regular retouch and notches (53 units)
processed both with dorsal and ven-
tral their types (fig. 164,33, 51, 52; 166,
63; 167, 65) and flakes with the same
processing (12 specimens).
The assemblage of tools from or-
ganic materials of Semenivka 3 site
are represented by fragment of mas-
sive cylindrical spear ivory point with
one wide slot (fig. 177, 1), two small
pieces with remains of slots perhaps of
the same kind of point (fig. 177, 2,4),
bone awl (fig. 177, 3), two hoes from
mammoth rib (fig. 177, 5) and flake
of mammoth ivory used as wedge
(fig. 178). In addition the case for nee-
dles made from epiphysis of reindeer
metatarsal bone (fig. 177,6) was found.
The present day assemblage of
marine shells and pendants from ones
from Semenivka 3 (82 specimens) are
represented by geologically modern
species «Nassa Reticulata L.» (fig. 164,
3—6; 165, 1—8) and «Cyclope Ner-
itea L.» (fig. 164, 1, 2; 165, 9) which
still existed in Black Sea basin. At the
whole these pendants have one mid-
dle or large size hole. The forming of
latter perhaps was result of damage
of partition between two smaller holes
(fig. 165, 1). A number of shells are
enough polished and colored by red
ocher. The «Nassa Reticulata» shells
are represented by 52 pendants with
holes, 13 damaged specimens and 3
intact shells. No intact «Cyclope Ner-
itea» shells were found but 10 pendants
with holes and 4 damaged specimens
existed in assemblage. As was noted
above the most northern geological
deposits contained both these species
(connected with last maximal or Ka-
rangatska transgression of Black Sea) is
located near 400 km southward from
Semenivka 3 in the mouth of Dnieper
river near Nikopol’ city. The other del-
ta-gulf and river shell «Theodoxus sp.»
(18 pendants, 2 damaged and 2 intact
specimens) were found too (fig. 165,
10—12). The assemblage of shells of
Semenivka 3 (totally 100 specimens)
is the third numerous in Ukraine after
that of above mentioned Mezyn and
Barmaki sites of Mezhinian industry.
In the assemblage from excavations of
R Shidlovsky which carried out on this
site some years ago one intact «Dorsa-
num sp.» fossil marine shell was found.
Yudinovian
The other kind of Epigravettian assem-
blages of Middle Dnieper is represent-
ed by Yudinovian industry. The main
sites of latter (Yudinovo, Timonovka
1 and 2, Bugorok, Chulativ 2 etc) are
located in Middle Desna river basin
(fig. 1) at the whole in Western Russia
and partly in neighbouring territo-
ries of North-Eastern Ukraine. In the
current literature they are defined as
very similar and related group of sites
or even as single Yudinovo-Timon-
ovka culture [e. g. Grekhova, 1971,
Summary
461
p. 20; Abramova, Grigog’eva, 1997, p.
81—91 etc]. According to radiocarbon
method the sites of this industry dates
are in the limits of 14—15 Kyr В. P.
(Svezhentsev, 1993, p. 26—27). As it
takes place in Mezinian and Mezhiri-
chian industries the sites both with
some substantial mammoth bone
dwelling constructions (Yudinovo,
Timonovka 1 and 2) and without of
ones (Bugorok, Chulativ 2) are existed
in Yudinovian too.
One of the most expressive as-
semblage of this industry is represent-
ed by Timonovka 1 site which has one
maximally trustable date (GIN- 2003)
15.300 +/- 700 b. p. (Gavrilov, 1994, p.
63—76). Nearly situated site Timon-
ovka 2 with practically identical lithic
inventory has the same age (LU- 358)
15.110 +/- 530 b. p. (Grekhova, 1971,
p. 3—22; Svezhentsev, 1993, p. 26—
27). The statistical data of lithic tool
collections of all four excavated as-
semblages of Timonovka 1 site now
included 6023 specimens are enough
completely analysed and published
(Gavrilov, 1994, p. 63—76).
The Timonovka 1 site was in-
vestigated by M. V. Voevodsky and
V. A. Gorodtsov during 1928- 1933
years (Voevodsky, 1929, p. 59—70).
According to latter author four enough
specific mud-huts were existed on site.
However the recent excavations of
nearly located Timonovka 2 site dis-
covered the serious cryogenic destruc-
tions of both their cultural layer and
some substantive mammoth bone con-
structions (dewllings and pits) and did
not support last conclusion (Velichko,
Grekhova, Gubonina, 1977). The total
quantity of lithic collection of Timon-
ovka 1 from all four assemblages is in-
cluded now near 100.000 artifacts and
6023 tools (Gavrilov, 1977, p. 64). The
blade processing of one as other as-
semblages of Yudinovian industry is
based on use of mainly prismatic cores
with two opposite striking platforms
with abrasion reduction of latter from
the knapping of middle size blades
and bladelets with regular parallel dor-
sal scare pattern and pointed knapping
bulb. The same but subpyramidal and
prismatic cores with the single striking
platform were used too.
The most expressive category
of lithic tools of Timonovka 1 site as
well as other assemblages of this in-
dustry and Epigravettian of Middle
Dnieper basin at the whole are vari-
ous backed microliths and other lithic
points connected with usage as tips of
projectile weapons. The percentage of
microlithic insets among the tools of
each assemblage of site fluctuated in
enough wide limits (1,4 % in the sec-
ond assemblage, 6,2 % in fourth, 7% in
third and 9,1% in first one) [Gavrilov,
1994, p. 64]. The total quantity of mi-
croliths (273 specimens) is 4,5% of all
tool assemblage. The latter are pro-
cessed with enough different (fine,
low or high) dorsal semi-abrupt and
abrupt retouches. Practically no cases
of regular use of ventral retouch were
represented in microlithic assemblage
of Timonovka 1 as well as other sites
of this industry. The first and most
numerous kind of backed microliths
are included sufficiently massive, short
and wide lanceolate points sometimes
with different processing of basal part
(fig. 193, 2- 16, 19, 20; 194, 1). Howev-
er some more small short or narrow
Summary
462 _________________________________
lanceolate and microgravettian points
are existed too (fig. 193, 1, 17, 18, 35,
58). The same diversity of processing,
proportion and sizes are observed
among the typical (fig. 193, 21—25)
and atypical (with only one trunca-
tion) rectangles (fig. 193, 26—28, 31)
which are formed the second typo-
logical category of backed microliths.
Perhaps the typologically related with
atypical rectangles are specific truncat-
ed bladelets and microblades (fig. 193,
29, 30, 32, 33). Some of one has even
rhombic form (fig. 193, 45). The other
microliths of assemblage are fragments
of two afore described types (fig. 193,
36—61). A number of ones are dam-
aged by diagnostic projectile fractures
from their usage as thrusting tips of
dart or arrow (fig. 193, 9, 13, 15, 38,
41, 42, 46, 53, 55—59) or lateral edges
of composite slotted spear points from
organic materials (fig. 193,49—51,60).
The other typologically definable
category of lithic projectile weapons
tips of Timonovka 1 assemblage are
enough specific more or less sym-
metrical massive points on blades pro-
cessed by semi-abrupt or abrupt dorsal
retouch along from one, partly two or
completely both lateral sides (fig. 194,
2—14). Some of ones have various
truncation on basal part (fig. 194,
2—6, 13). Practically all these points
are damaged sometimes by diagnos-
tic projectile fracture from their use
as points of enough massive projectile
weapons like spears (fig. 194, 2—9, 11,
12, 14).
However the dominated category
of tools in all assemblages of Timon-
ovka 1 are various burins made mainly
on middle size blades (4332 specimens
or 72 % of tools). However the percent-
age of latter fluctuated in enough wide
limits in each assemblage (46,3 %,
57,9 %, 60,1% and 88,6 % for third,
fourth, first and second ones accord-
ingly) (Gavrilov, 1994, p. 64). The
most numerous type of latter (66,1 %,
65,4 %, 63,8 % and 66,2 % of all burins
from each four assemblages) are tools
made on different mainly oblique or
convex truncations (fig. 196, 1—12,
14—21; 197, 4—6, 8—10). Some of
ones have several working edges (fig.
196, 1—12, 14—17, 19—21) or com-
bined with dihedral (fig. 196,22; 197,
1, 2) and angle burins (fig. 195, 23,
26—28; 196, 18). The quantity and
correlation between two other main
types of burins (angle and dihedral)
are different in each assemblage of this
site. The angle forms (fig. 196, 13)
made mainly on blades are sufficiently
in first and a little numerous in forth
assemblages (11,7 % and 9,9 % of all
burins accordingly) contrary to 3,6 %
and 5,7 % that of in first and third
ones. The dihedral burins also made
at the whole on blades (fig. 197, 11—
13) in contrast are sufficiently domi-
nated in second (8,9 %) and a little in
third assemblages (5,9 % of all burins)
but in first and forth are in 6% and
9,8 % accordingly too.
The second numerous category
of lithic tools in all assemblages of
Timonovka 1 are scrapers made main-
ly on blades too (totally 577 specimens
or 9,6 % of tools). The percentages of
latter among the tools of each assem-
bleges fluctuated in enough wide lim-
its and are 15,4 %, 0,9 %, 18,5 % and
22,1 % in first, second, third and fourth
assemblages accordingly [Gavrilov,
Summary
463
1994, p. 64]. As a rule there are sim-
ple and enough short end scrapers
(fig. 195, 1—18) made mainly on
blades (55,2 %—78,6 % of all these
tools) or rarely near two times less on
blade-like flakes (fig. 195, 1—5). The
percentage of short double end type
specimens (fig. 109, 26—28) among
the scrapers are fluctuated in limits of
7,1 %—15 % [Gavrilov, 1994, p. 71].
Some of ones are retouched along one
lateral side (fig. 194, 30, 31). The same
processing are existed on a number
of end scrapers on flakes (fig. 194, 33,
34) which sometimes are received the
subcircular form (fig. 194, 32, 35, 36).
As it take place in larger body
of Epigravettian industries of East-
ern Europe, after burins, scrapers
and microliths the forth numerous
category of lithic tools of Yudinovian
are blades with various (transversal,
oblique, convex and concave) trun-
cations (totally 224 specimens or 3,7
% of tool assemblage). The most ex-
pressive kind of ones are represented
by oblique truncated forms (fig. 194,
15—23) which at times typologically
are well connected with some above
described lanceolate points (fig. 193,
3, 4, 13, 14). In addition a number of
these tools have diagnostic projec-
tile fracture from their use as spear
or dart points (fig. 194, 19- 22). And
finally the last typologically definable
category of tool assemblage of Timon-
ovka 1 are represented by different
borers-awls (totally 40 specimens or
0,6% of all tools) made mainly on
blades or bladelets (fig. 194, 24, 25).
The assemblage of tools from
organic materials of Timonovka 1 site
are represented by fragments of cy-
lindrical ivory projectile points and
pivots, awls from arctic fox bone and
ivory and fragments of ivory needles
and lissoir, hoes from mammoth ribs
etc. A number of adornments such
as three fragments of ivory bracelets
with linear ornament and hole, pen-
dants from deer tooth and shell with
holes are found on site too. There are
23 objects of art in form of pieces of
tuck or ivory blades covered by rhom-
bic shape engraving (stylized fishes ?)
or rarely triangles filled by diagonal
net ornament [Abramova, Grigoreva,
1997, p. 120]. According abundant
assemblage of pendants from marine
and river shells of Yudinovo site the
main species of this industry are the
same as that of Smenivka 3 site. There
are more than one hundred geologi-
cally modern shells from Black Sea
basin «Nassa (Tritia) Reticulata L. »
and «Cyclope Neritea L.». The delta-
gulf or river shells are represented
by «Theodoxus fluviatilis» species
[Abramova, Grigoreva, Kristensen,
1997, p. 133].
Zhurivka site
And finally, perhaps, the most late stage
of development of Epigravettian tech-
nocomplex in the region is represent-
ed by Zhurivka site [Rudinsky, 1929,
p. 141—151]. The lithe assemblage of
latter included 1216 flakes and chips,
240 blades, bladelets and their frag-
ments and 14 crested blades, six core
tablets and two burin spalls. The blade
processing was carried out mainly with
cores of sub-pyramidal and prismatic
forms with one striking platform (Fig.
464
Summary
100, 8—12). The total quantity of lithic
tools are 47 specimens. There are mi-
crolithic tools (30 insets), 14 burins,
two truncated (fig. 186, 31, 32) and
one retouched blade (fig. 186, 33).
The microlithic assemblage is in-
cluded the short lanceolate points
of «Federmesser» type sometimes
with retouched base (fig. 186, 1—4,
6—8), sub-triangular forms (fig.
186, 7) and oblique truncated points
so called atypical «Zonhoven» (Fig.
186, 16)). For production of ones
was used the microburin technique
which confirmed by both micro-
burins (fig. 186, 25, 26) and micro-
liths with the remains of microburin
spalls (fig. 99, 5). Some atypical rec-
tangles are found too. One fragment
of backed point has diagnostic pro-
jectile fracture from use as thrusting
arrow- head (Fig. 186, 10). Contrary
to other Epigravettian assemblages
in region the dominated kind of
burins are angle and dihedral ones
(Fig. 186, 37—40; 100, 1—5, 7), but
some specimens on truncation are
existed too (Fig. 186, 35, 36). One
enough specific end scraper with re-
touched side (Fig. 187, 6) presented
now in modern assemblage was not
published with main collection and
perhaps has neo-eneolithic age. The
bone industry of site are represented
only by bones of steppe bobak with
the traces of processing. There are
no carbon dates for Zhurivka site but
absence of mammoth bones among
the faunal remains (dominated
steppe bobak, bison, red deer, wild
boar, wolf and red fox) and finds
of fir «Picea excelsa» charcoal are
significant.
Velika Bugaivka site
There is enough specific site
(concerned with both seasonal, func-
tional and industrial variability). But
the latter is a common sign of all Epi-
gravettian assemblages of warm sea-
son of the Middle Dnipro river basin
situated on the most elevated terraces
or even plateau [Nuzhnyi, 2002, p.
73—81]. The industry of one is con-
nected with domination of «pieces
esquillee» between the lithic tools (fig.
189,2, 3, 5—10.17,18) as well as other
forms which were transformed for
this function (fig. 189, 11). The other
tools are included the burins on trun-
cation, angle and dihedral ones made
on the short blades or flakes (fig. 188;
189). The single scrapers periodically
joined with burins were produced on
short blades or flakes too (fig. 188, 4,
15). The truncated blades and flakes as
well as some borers are existed in this
assemblage (fig, 188; 189).The micro-
lithic assemblage of this site is includ-
ed the typical trapeze of Osokorivka-
Rogalik type with retouched upper
part (fig. 188, 1) which was the main
indicative sign of for final Pleistocene
Epigravettian industries of southern
steppe regions of Ukraine [Nuzhnyi,
1992, p. 30—31].
The faunal remains of this site are
included the fragment of mammoth
mandibula and piece of horn or red
dear (definition of O. Zhuravlev).
So there is a good reason to believe
that as a minimum five different Epi-
gravettian industries well represented
by a number of sites can be defined in
Middle Dniester and Dnieper basin
(Dnistrovian, Ovruchian, Mezinian,
465
Mezhirichian and Yudinovian). In ad-
dition two other sufficiently specific
ones are represented by single assem-
blages (Eliseevichi 1, Zhurivka and
Velika Bugaivka). Perhaps some these
industries even were coexisted in the
same territories during enough nar-
row chronological limits 15—14 Kyr
B. P. like Mezinian and Yudinovian
in Desna river basin. The main typo-
logical and technological characteris-
tics tool assemblages of these indus-
tries are enough similar and included
dominated burins on various trunca-
tions and simple enough short end
or sometimes double end scrapers on
the blades. For some exceptions the
sufficient difference of latter are con-
nected mainly with morphology of
used types of backed microliths and
other specific kinds of lithic projectile
points. Some of ones are represented
by «backed points industries» (Dn-
istrovian, Ovruchian, Mezinian and
Yudinovian) and «rectangles» ones
(Mezhirichian).
For given reasons the use of mi-
croburin technique for production of
backed points in Mezhirichian indus-
try just only in two assemblages Se-
menivka 2 and 3 (dated 15 and 14 Kyr
B. P. accordingly) sites is very signifi-
cant. The reason of latter is still ques-
tion. Is it result of a little younger age
of ones or their sufficient seasonal
specific as hunting camps of warm time
? From other hand both these assem-
blages can to represent also the other
different version of local Epigravettian
industry and coexisted in the same re-
gion with classic sites of Mezhirichian
industry such as Mezhirich, Dobran-
ichivka , Gintsi, Fastiv sites. The obvi-
ous southern cultural connections of
assemblages of Semenivka 2 and 3 site
with Epigravettian of steppe zone of
Southern Ukraine, where microburin
technique was wide used for produc-
tion of backed points practically since
to the second part of Upper Palaeo-
lithic [Nuzhnyi, 1992, p. 76] confirmed
also by the numerous marine shells of
Black Sea basin.
The cultural connection of Mezi-
nian industry with both Mezhirichian
and Yudinovian ones is not clear yet
too. The fist kind of industry had ex-
pressive east- western cultural connec-
tion (in form of fossil marine shells
from Podolian Upland contrary to lat-
ter which contained the southern ex-
ports of modern Black Sea species. For
present day situation some influence
of preceded local Pushkari industry
(dated in limits of 22—19 Kyr B.P.) on
typology of Yudinovian assemblage of
lithic tools is more or less understand-
able.
ЗМІСТ
ВСТУП.........................................................9
РОЗДІЛ І. ПАМ’ЯТКИ РАННЬОЇ ПОРИ ВЕРХНЬОГО ПАЛЕОЛІТУ
(30—26 тис. РОКІВ ТОМУ)......................................13
1. Перша, давня фаза Східного Гравету Середнього Подністров’я. 13
РОЗДІЛ II. ПАМ’ЯТКИ СЕРЕДНЬОЇ ПОРИ
ВЕРХНЬОГО ПАЛЕОЛІТУ
(25—20 тис. РОКІВ ТОМУ)......................................29
1. Друга, пізня фаза Східного Гравету Середнього Подністров’я та
сусідніх територій...........................................29
2. Індустрія типу Радомишль у басейні Середнього Дніпра.......67
3. Індустрія Пушкарівського типу у басейні Середнього Дніпра.69
РОЗДІЛ III. ПАМ’ЯТКИ ПІЗНЬОЇ ПОРИ ВЕРХНЬОГО ПАЛЕОЛІТУ
(19—10 тис. РОКІВ ТОМУ)......................................93
1. Ранній Епігравет середньодністровського типу........ 93
2. Епігравет Прикарпаття....................................125
3. Епігравет Овруцького кряжу...............................133
4. Епіграветська індустрія мізинського типу та проблема
її визначення.............................................. 158
5. Епіграветська індустрія межиріцького типу................210
6. Епіграветська індустрії типу Журавка та Велика Бугаївка..344
7. Епіграветська індустрія Юдіновського типу................357
8. Епіграветські індустрії суміжних територій...............366
РОЗДІЛ IV. ПРОБЛЕМА ВАРІАБЕЛЬНОСТІ ЕПІГРАВЕТСЬКИХ
ІНДУСТРІЙ ЗАХІДНОЇ ТА ПІВНІЧНОЇ УКРАЇНИ.....................399
1. Проблема виділення археологічних культур в Епіграветі
Середньодніпровського басейну у кам’яному віці............. 399
6
2. Господарська та сезонна варіабельність епіграветських
комплексів ........................................409
РОЗДІЛ V. ІНДУСТРІАЛЬНА ВАРІАБЕЛЬНІСТЬ,
ХРОНОЛОГІЯ І ПЕРІОДИЗАЦІЯ ВЕРХНЬОГО ПАЛЕОЛІТУ
ЗАХІДНОЇ ТА ПІВНІЧНОЇ УКРАЇНИ...................425
ВИСНОВКИ...........................................441
SUMMARY............................................445
ЛІТЕРАТУРА.........................................467
СПИСОК СКОРОЧЕНЬ ................................. 478
7
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.....................................................9
CHAPTER I. ASSEMBLADES OF EARLY STAGE OF THE UPPER
PALAEOLITHIC (30֊ 26 Kyr BP)...............................13
1. The first, early phase of Eastern Gravettian of the Middle Dniester
river basin.................................................... 13
CHAPTER II. ASSEMBLAGES OF MIDDLE STAGE OF THE UPPER
PALEOLITHIC (25- 20 Kyr BP)................................29
1. The second, late phase of Eastern Gravettian of the Middle Dniester river
basin and neighbouring territories..............................29
2. Industry of Radomyshl’ type in the Middle Dnipro river basin.........67
3. Industry of Pushkari type in the Middle Dnipro river basin...........69
CHAPTER III. ASSEMBLAGES OF LATE STAGE OF THE
UPPER PALEOLITHIC (19- 10 Kyr BP)...............................93
1. Early Epigravettian of the Middle Dniester river type.,................93
2. Epigravettian of Eastern Carpathian area.............................125
3. Epigravettian of Ovruch’s mountainous ridge.................133
4. Epigravettian industry of Mizyn type and problem of their definition.158
5. Epigravettian of Mezhirich type.............................210
6. Epigravettian industries of Zhyrivka and Velyka Bugaivka types.......344
7. Epigravettian industries of Yudinovo type............................357
8. Epigravettian industries of neighbouring territories........366
CHAPTER IV. THE PROBLEM OF VARIABILITY OF EPIGRAVETTIAN
INDUSTRIES OF THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN UKRAINE ...........399
1. The problem of definition of archaeological cultures in Epigravettian
of the Middle Dnipro river basin and in the Stone Age...................399
2. Economic and seasonal variability of Epigravettian assemblages.......409
8 _________________________________________________
CHAPTER V. THE INDUSTRIAL NARIABILITY, CHRONOLOGY
AND PERIODIZATION OF OF THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC
OF THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN UKRAINE.............425
CONCLUSION .................................... 441
SUMMARY........................................ 445
LIST OF ABBREVLATONS............................467
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1080830898 |
| author_facet | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 |
| author_variant | d j n dj djn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043247763 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)952717416 (DE-599)BVBBV043247763 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043247763 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:21:28Z |
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| isbn | 9786177122769 |
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| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | 478 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Vydavecʹ Oleh Filjuk |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 Verfasser (DE-588)1080830898 aut Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine Dmytro Ju. Nužnyj Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine Kyïv Vydavecʹ Oleh Filjuk 2015 478 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text ukrainisch Kyrillische Schrift Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd rswk-swf Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 gnd rswk-swf Jungpaläolithikum (DE-588)4140116-5 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine Süd (DE-588)4317022-5 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine West (DE-588)4329560-5 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine West (DE-588)4329560-5 g Ukraine Süd (DE-588)4317022-5 g Jungpaläolithikum (DE-588)4140116-5 s Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 s Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028669993&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028669993&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nužnyj, Dmytro Jurijovyč 1959-2016 Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 gnd Jungpaläolithikum (DE-588)4140116-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057175-0 (DE-588)4169831-9 (DE-588)4140116-5 (DE-588)4317022-5 (DE-588)4329560-5 |
| title | Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine |
| title_alt | Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine |
| title_auth | Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine |
| title_exact_search | Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine |
| title_full | Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine Dmytro Ju. Nužnyj |
| title_fullStr | Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine Dmytro Ju. Nužnyj |
| title_full_unstemmed | Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine Dmytro Ju. Nužnyj |
| title_short | Verchnij paleolit zachidnoï i pivničnoï Ukraïny |
| title_sort | verchnij paleolit zachidnoi i pivnicnoi ukrainy techniko typolohicna variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija upper palaeolithic of the western amd northern ukraine |
| title_sub | (techniko-typolohična variabelʹnistʹ ta periodyzacija) = Upper Palaeolithic of the Western amd Northern Ukraine |
| topic | Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd Mikrolith Werkzeug (DE-588)4169831-9 gnd Jungpaläolithikum (DE-588)4140116-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Steingerät Mikrolith Werkzeug Jungpaläolithikum Ukraine Süd Ukraine West |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028669993&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028669993&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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